CHAPTER-1

Number Theory
Number is a fundamental concept of mathematics. The first conceptions of numbers were acquired by man
in remote antiquity. It began with the counting of people, animals and various articles. The process of
counting produced the numbers one, two, three, etc. In ancient times numbers were denoted by straight-
line strokes. This notation was found inconvenient to write large numbers. Therefore symbols were invented
for large numbers. These symbols are known as numerals. The most popular and widely used number
system is the Hindu-Arabic system that consists of the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
Addition (+), Multiplication ( ), Subtraction (-), Division ( ), Involution (raising a number to a power) and
Evolution (finding the root of a number) are the six fundamental arithmetic operations. Addition and
subtraction, multiplication and division and involution and evolution are pair wise inverse operations.
Natural Number
The Nos 1, 2, 3, . . . . . are called natural numbers. They are also known as counting no positive
integers. The set of natural nos is usually denoted by N i.e. N={1, 2, 3,}
Note: 1. 1 is the least natural no.
2. There is no greatest natural no.
Whole Numbers
The No. 0, 1, 2, 3,. . . . . are called whole Nos. They are also known as non-negative integers.
The set of whole no is usually denoted by W.
W= {0, 1, 2, 3,..}
Note: 0 is he only whole no which is not a natural no.
Integers
The natural nos together with their negative counterparts and zero called integers. The set of
integers is denoted by I or Z.
Z = {.-2, -1, 0, 1, 2,..}
Note: 1. The set Z = {-1, -2, -3,..} is called the set of negative integers.
2. 0 is neither a positive nor a negative integer.
1
Rational Numbers
A number which can be expressed in the form P/Q, where P is an integer and Q is a natural number
is called a rational number. The set of rational numbers is denoted by Q.
Example: 2, -2, -5.5, 5.5 and 10.8752 etc are all rational numbers.
Note: Every integer is as rational number, for eg if x is an integer, if can be written as x/1
Irrational Numbers
A number which cannot the expressed in form P/Q, P is an integer and Q is a natural number is
called irrational number. An irrational number is also known as incommensurable quantity. The set
of irrational numbers is usually noted by Q.
Examples: 2=1.414 , 3=1.732 , 5=2.236 ., are all irrational numbers.
Note:
1. The ratio of the circumference to diameter of a circle is an irrational number and is denoted by
. Its value is 3.14159.. The rational number 22/7 very often taken as an approximated value
of . In fact a better approximation of is 355/113.
2. The sum 1+1/1+1/1 2+1/1 2 3+.. is an irrational number and is denoted by e and its
value is 2.718.
Real Numbers
The rational numbers and irrational numbers are together called real numbers. The set of real
numbers is denoted by R.
The German mathematician Richard Dedekind established that Every real number can be
represented by a point on a line called the real number line and conversely every point on the
real number line represents a real number
Concepts of Decimals
Terminating Decimals
A real number is called a terminating decimal if the number of digits succeeding the decimal part is
finite.
Example: 1, 2, 12, 34 and 123.456 are all terminating decimals.
Non-terminating recurring decimals
A real number is called a non-terminating recurring decimal if a certain number of continuous digits
repeat infinitely after the decimal point. It is also known as a non-terminating periodic decimal.
Examples: 0.333.and 5.23467467.are non-terminating recurring decimals. They are
denoted by 0.3 and 5.23467 respectively.
Note: Every non-terminating non-recurring decimal is an irrational number.
Concepts of Fractions
2
A common fraction is a part of units or several equal parts of units. The numbers which indicated
how many parts a unit is divided into is called the denominator of the fraction and the number
indicating how many parts are taken is the numerator of the fraction. 4/7. 2/3, 5/1, are examples of
common fractions.
Proper Fractions
A proper fraction is one in which the numerator is less than the denominator.
Example: 4/7, 1/3, 1/7, 1/5 etc. A proper fraction is always less than 1.
Improper Fractions
An improper fraction is one in which the numerator is greater than or equal to the denominator.
Example: 5/4. 3/2, 9/5, 7/3, etc. Improper fractions are a form of mixed fractions.
An improper fraction is always greater than or equal to1.
Mixed Fraction
Fraction consisting of whole numbers and fraction are mixed fractions.
Example: 5, 3 etc.
To change a mixed number into a fraction:
a. Multiply the whole number by the denominator of the fractional part.
b. Add the result to the numerator of the fractional part.
c. Divide the result by denominator of the fractional part.
Example: 5
Step 1 5 2=10
Step 2 10+1=11
Step 3 11/2 Result
Complex Fractions
Fractions whose numerator and denominators are fractions are known as complex fractions.
Decimal Fractions
A set of digits after a decimal is known as a decimal fraction. For example 0.464, 0.5, 0.33, 0.49
etc. The numbers are known as decimal fraction because they can be converted to proper fractions
by dividing and multiplying them by 10
n
(where n is the number of digits after the decimal point)
Arithmetical Operations With Fractions
3
Multiplying Fractions
In order to multiply fractions, multiply their numerators and divide the result by the product of their
denominators.
Examples:
1. a/b c/d = ac/bd 2. a/b c/d e/f = ace/bdf
Dividing Fractions
In order to divide two fractions, multiply one fraction by the inverted second fraction
Example: a/b d/c = a/b c/d
Equivalent Fractions
Two fractions are equivalent if on reducing both the fraction to their lowest terms they are found to
be equal.
Example: 4/5 and 40/50 are equivalent fractions because 40/50 = 4/5 on being reduced to its
lowest terms.
Note: The value of a fraction is not changed if the numerator and denominator are multiplied by
the same number.
Example: 4/5= 4*3/5*3= 12/15
This is known as reducing the fraction to higher terms. The value of the fraction is not changed if the
numerator ad denominator are both multiplied (or both divided by the same number)
Even and Odd Numbers:
An integer is called an even number if it is a multiple of 2, otherwise it is called an odd number.
Thus the set of the even integers is {0, +2, +4..} and the set of odd integers is {+1, +3, +5, }
Note:
1. The sum, difference and product of two even numbers is again an even number. For example
8+4=12 is even, 16-12=4 is even 6 4=24 is even.
2. The sum and difference of two odd numbers is an even number. For example 3+5=8 is even
and 21-7=14 is even.
Prime Numbers
The integers P > 1 is called a prime number if and only if the integer has got exactly two distinct
factors.
Example: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, are all prime numbers.
Note:
1. Around 2,500 years age. Euclid established that shore are an infinite number of primes.
4
2. The largest prime number known till date is 2
30,21,377
-1 and has 9,09,526 digits. It was
discovered very recently day a 19-year old student called Roland Clarkson from the California
State University.
3. 2 is the only even prime number, for any other even number will have 2 as a factor.
Composite Numbers
An integer C > 1 is called a composite number, if and only if it has at least three or more factors
including 1 and the integer itself.
Example: 4, 9, 10..are all composite numbers.
Twin Primes
Prime numbers differing by 2 are called twin primes.
Example: 3 and 5, 5, and 7, 11 and 13 are all twin primes.
Prime Triplet
A set of three prime numbers, differing by 2 in called a prime triplet.
Example: The only set of prime triplets is {3, 5, 7}.
Perfect Numbers
A number is known as a perfect number it the sum of all the possible divisors of the number
(excluding the number itself) is equal to the value of the number. For example, take integer 6.
The possible divisors of 6 are 1, 2 and 3 and 1 + 2+ 3 = 6. Similarly for 28, 496, 8128 etc., the
sum of the possible divisors equal the number itself.
Complex Numbers
There is no real number which when squared given a negative number. In higher mathematical
calculations often we come across such situations where in we need to find the roots of negative
numbers. The set of real numbers is inadequate in handling such calculations. In order that these
calculations are facilitated, imaginary numbers were defined. Imaginary numbers are root of
negative numbers. The number I = -1 was defined with the property that is i
2
=-1.
The sum of the real number and an imaginary number constitutes a complex number. For example
2 + -5 can also be denoted an 2 i5 (where I = square root of 1).
Factors
Any natural number will have at least two factors, they are 1 and the number itself.
Only the number 1 has a single factor i.e. itself consider for example:
i. 2 Factors of this number are 1, 2.
ii. 4 Factors are 1, 2, 4
iii. 6 Factors are 1, 2, 3, 6
5
iv. 28 Factors are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28
Multiple
When a given a number X is multiplied by an integer (Y) we get the multiple of that number X. It
like adding the value X, Y times say 12. It is multiple of 3, 4, also 2, 6
3 4 = 3+3+3+3=12
| |
X Y
2 6 =2+2+2+2+2+2=12
| |
X Y
Highest Common Factor (HCF)
It is the highest common factor to two or more given numbers. It is also known as greatest or
highest common factor and is denoted as either HCF or GCF
Example: (a) 5 is the HCF of 10, 25
(b) 1 is the HCF / GCF of 7, 9, 2.
Note: The HCF of any to prime numbers is always One.
Method to find other HCF / GCF of given numbers.
i. Factorization method:
Express each number is product of primes. Now take the product of common factors, this is
HCF.
Example: 30, 24, 36, 810
30 =2 3 5
24 =2 2 2 3
36 =2 2 3 3
810 = 3 3 3 3 2 5
HCF = 2 3 = 6
ii. By division method:
Suppose two number are given, Divide the greater number by lesser number, divide the
lesser by the reminder, Divide the first reminder by the second reminder and so on till there
is no reminder. The last divisor is the HCF required.
Example:
a. Find HCF of 2002, 182
By Division Method:
6
182) 2002 (11
2002
0000
HCF = 182;
b. 189, 1197
189) 1197 (6
1134
63) 189 (3
189
000
HCF = 63
The HCF of 189, 1197 is a factor of 1197 (189 6) =63
Again the common factor of 63, 189 is 63 which gives a reminder of zero after dividing it
with 189 The HCF of these two numbers is 63.
Note: In case of more than two numbers, say three nos. choose any two of them and find their
HCF. The HCF of these two and the third gives HCF of the third numbers.
Least Common Multiple (LCM):
Least common multiple of two or more numbers is the smallest (least) number that is exactly
divisible by each of them. Eg: 24
a. The number 24 is the LCM of 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12.
b. 45, is the LCM of =3, 5, 9, 15
Method to find out LCM of a given number:
i. By method of factorization:
Resolve each one of the given numbers into prime factors, them their LCM is the product of
highest power of all factors, that occur in these numbers.
Ex: LCM of 40, 81, 256, 111
40 = 4 10 = 2
2
2 5 = 2
3
5
81 = 3
4
111 = 3 37
LCM = 2
3
3
4
5
1
37 = 119880
ii. By Formula:
Product of numbers = HCF LCM
LCM= Product of Numbers/HCF
7
Ex. LCM 21, 54, is LCM= 21 54/3 = 378
iii. Using factors:
LCM of 15, 24, 64, 100
LCM = 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 5 5
= 2
6
3 5
2
= 4800
Important Rule
Let A and B be two numbers, then
Product of A and B = HCF(A, B) LCM (A, B)
HCF and LCM of fractions
1. HCL of fractions = HCF of Numerators/LCM of Denominators
2. LCM of fractions = LCM of Numerators/HCF of Denominators
Example: Find the HCF and LCM of 2/7 = 4/24
i. HCF = 2/7 4 = 1/140 = 1/14
ii. LCM = 4/7
Concepts of Divisibility of Numbers
We will categories the Divisibility criteria in three broad types:
i. For Numbers 2 to 11
ii. Using the concept of seed for bigger prime numbers (not discussed in this booklet as it is not
required for Campus Placements)
iii. Using co-prime concept for composite numbers(not discussed in this booklet as it is not required
for Campus Placements)
Divisibility for Numbers from 2 to 11
i. Divisibility by 2: A number is said to be divisible by two if its units digit is even or zero.
E.g.: 24, 36, 100, 10, 2 etc.
ii. Divisibility by 3: A number is said to be divisible by three, if the sum of the digits is
divisible by 3.
E.g.: 27=2+7=9 is divisible by 3 27 is div. by 3
339=3+3+9=15 is divisible by 3 339 is div. by 3
The method is known as digit sum, where in we add up the individual digits of a given
umber and divide the result to check for divisibility.
8
iii. Divisibility by 4: If the last two digits of a given number is divisible by 4 or the last two
digits of the given number is 00, then the number is divisible by 4.
E.g.: 256, 5120, 1336
iv. Divisibility by 5: A number is said to be divisible by if the units digits of the given number
is 5 or 0
E.g.: 225, 125, 100 etc
v. Divisibility by 6: A number is said to be divisible by 6 if it is divisible by 2 and 3 both.
This will be further explained in the co prime concept for composite numbers.
E.g.: 12, 216, 78 etc.
vi. Divisibility for 7: Test for divisibility of 7.
See if the number is a large number i.e. more than 6 digits then, Do the following.
E.g.: Consider this numbers: 8235437
The above number is divisible by 7 if the sum of the product of the digits of the number
from left to right with 1, -2, -3, -1, 2, 3.Successively us divisible by 7 or is equal to 0.
= 8x(1) + 2x(-2) + 3x(1-3) + 5x(-1) + 4x2 + 4 2 +3 3+ +7 1
= 8 4 9 - 5 + 8 + 9 + 7
= 23 9
= 14 is divisible by 7
We would discuss this again in the seed concepts of divisibility.
vii. Divisibility of Eight: A number is said to be divisible by eight if its, last three digits are
divisible by eight or if the last three digits are 000.
E.g.: 2512, 14256, 17200
viii. Divisibility by Nine: A number is said to be divisible by 9 is the sum of the digits is
divisible by 9. I.e., we are again taking into account the digits um
E.g.: 43731 = 4 + 3 +7 +3 +1 = 18 is div. By 9.
ix. Divisibility by ten (10): A number is said to be divisible by 10 if it last digits is 0
E.g.: 1000, 500, 100, etc.
x. Divisibility for 11: A number is said to be divisible by 11 if the difference between the sum
of the digits in odd position and even position is zero or eleven or a multiple of eleven.
E.g.: 1331 = 1+3 = 4
3 +1 = 4 4 4 = 0, is divisible by 11.
9174 = 9+ 7 = 16 sum of digits of even position
1+4 = 5 sum of digits of odd position
16 5 = 11 is divisible by 11.
9
Square of a number
When a number is multiplied by itself the number obtained is called the square of that number.
E.g.: Square of 5 = 5 5 = 25;
Square of 13 = 13 13 = 169;
Square of 9 = 9 9 = 81; etc
Perfect Square:
The square of a natural number is called perfect square.
Some properties of square number:
i. Square of a number cannot end with odd number of zeros.
ii. Square of a number cannot end with 2, 3, 7, 8.
iii. Square of 1, 5, 6 always end with the digits 1, 5, 6 respectively.
iv. Square of an even number is always even.
v. Square of an odd numbers is always odd.
vi. Every square number is a multiple of 3, or exceeds a multiple of 3 by unity.
vii. Every square number is a multiple of 4, or exceeds a multiple of 4 by unity.
viii. Square of a negative number is always positive.
ix. To find the square of a number ending in 5, multiply the tens digits by next higher integer
and annex 25.
E.g.: 105
2
= 10 (tens digits) 11 (next higher integer) = 11025; 25 is annexed to get the
Ans.
xi. If a square ends in 9, the proceeding digit is even.
Cube of Number
Cube a number is obtained by multiplying the number twice by itself: * *
i. Cube of a number can end in any integer from 0 to 9.
ii. Cube of a negative number will always have negative sign in the result.
Square & Cube roots
10
1. The number of digits in the square root of a n digit number is
a. n+1/2 when n is odd
b. n/2 when n is even
2. The square root of any number is either positive or negative.
3. The cube root of any positive number is always positive.
Square root of a number
1. Prime factorization method
Find square root 3600 = 3600
2 2 2 2 3 3 5 5 = 2 2 3 5 = 60
2. Division method: Find the square root of 2116. Do the following steps
Square Root of a Perfect Square:
Step 1: The integers are grouped in pair (2 at a time)
From the RHS of number i.e. from the units digits
We have two groups 21, 16
Step 2: The integer whose square is less than or equal total first group is written on the top
and the left of the number.
Step 3: The Square of the integer is subtracted from the first group
Step 4: Now take the next pair of numbers. We get 516 as divided.
Step 5: Double the divisor (which make it 8) and add a number (in this case 6) which
multiplied by 8 (in this care 86) gives a numbers less than or equal to 516. 86
6 = 516; But (here 6) in the quotient. There is no reminder. So square of 2116
is 46.
Square Root of not a Perfect Square:
a. To find the square root of 51
First find the nearest square to 51 i.e. 49. Subtract 49 from 51 = 2
Now, 49 is the reminder of 7.
Now, divide the reminder 2 by two times 7, (2 7) to get
= 2/2 7 = 1/7 = 0.1412.
Add this to 7, and you have 7.14 as the square root of 51.
Step 1: 51 - 49=2
Step 2: 2/14 = 1/7 =0.14
11
Step 3: 7 + 0.14 = 7.14 square root
b. To find square root of 80
The nearest square number is 81.
Subtract 80 from 81. = 1
Now 81 is square of 9.
Divide the reminder 1 by two times 9.
= 1/2 9=1/18 = 0.055;
Subtract this from 9 = 8.95 as the square root of 80
Step 1: 80 = 81 1
Step 2: -1/18 =-0.05
Step 3: 9 0.05 = 8.95
Memorize the following
i. Square from 1 to 60, look in for some pattern.
ii. Square roots from 1 to 50; look in for some patterns
iii. Cube from 1 to 30
iv. Cube roots from 1 to 30
v. Reciprocals from 1 to 30;
Concepts of Last digit
For any no. the digit in units place is called as last digit.
Observe some important facts in the last digits and memorize till the fourth power.
1. Even numbers:
2
1
= 02 4
1
= 04 6
1
= 06 8
1
= 08
2
2
= 04 4
2
= 16 6
2
= 36 8
2
= 64
2
3
= 08 4
3
= 64 6
3
= 216 8
3
= 512
12
2
4
= 16 4
4
= 256 6
4
= 1296 8
4
= 4096
2
5
= 32 4
5
= 1024 6
5
= 7776 8
5
= 32768
* Observe the fifth power of the above number will have the same last digit as the first power.
2. Odd numbers:
3
1
= 03 5
1
= 05 7
1
= 07 9
1
= 09
3
2
= 09 5
2
= 25 7
2
= 49 9
2
= 81
3
3
= 27 5
3
= 125 7
3
= 434 9
3
= 729
3
4
= 81 5
4
= 625 7
4
= 2401 9
4
= 6561
3
5
= 243 5
5
=3125 7
5
= 16807 9
5
= 59049
* Observe that again the fifth power of the above given odd number will have the same digit as the
first power.
* See that fourth power of even number is ending with 6 multiplied by any even number (say x)
when multiplied with this number 6 will have the same last digit of (x).
Example: 6 12 = 72
16 4 = 64
6 18 = 108
* Also observe that the fourth power of every odd number ends in 1; when any given number is
multiplied with this fourth power, the product will have the same last digit as the no. used as
multiplier.
81 7 = 567
81 6 = 486
* Observe that for numbers ending in 0, 1, as 5 the last digit is 0, 1, 6 and 5 respectively.
Some examples of last digit concept
1. Say the number is of the form x
y
.
* Observe x: Is the last digit odd or even? If it is even, any power of that should end in even only.
If last digit of x is odd, any power of this should end in odd only.
* Break up y as a multiple of 4 + odd /even depending on the example (case) i.e express y = 4g
+ k (k can be odd or even and will be definitely less than 4)
13
* Now x to power of 4g + odd /even will have the same last digit as power of last digit of x
k
if x is
even.
Example: What is the last digit in the following?
1. 28
98
Step 1: x = 28 even last digit should be even.
Step 2: y = 93 = 4 23 + 1 = 92 + 1

4g + k (odd)
Step 3: 28
4g+k
= 8
k
= 8
1
= 8 Where z = 23
The last digit is eight = 8.
2. 23
34
Step 1: x = 23 =Odd Last digit should be odd
Step 2: y = 34 = 4 8 + 2 = 32 + 2
|
4g + k (even)
Step 3: 23
4g+k
= 3
k
= 3
2
= 9
2. Binomial expansion: How last digit is obtained?
(a+b)
n
=
n
C0a
n
+
n
C1a
n-2
b
2
+ ----- +
n
C2a
n-2
ba +
n
Cn-1a
1
b
n-1
+
n
Cn-1a
1
b
n-1
+
n
Cna
0
b
n
Remember this expansion will always have (n+1) terms.
= a[1
st
n terms] + b
n
where M is the polynomial expansion
Remember this for applications
last term
In general
(a + b)
n
= aM + b
n
(a b)
n
= aM + (-b)
a
Lets consider the same example as given before
1. (28)
93
= (20+8)
93

= 20 M + 8
93
= 8
(92+1)
= 8
(4g+1)
= 8
4z
81, where g=23

This will always end in 6
Using the fact that any even number when multiplied when multiplied with six will give the same
last digit we have, 6 8
1
= 8. Since we are only concerned about the last digit is 8.
14
2. Lets take an easy example:
2
7
= (0+2)
7
= O M +2
7
where z=1
= 2
4x1+3
= 2
4xg+3
= 2
4g
2
3
= 16
g
8 = ---6 8
= ----8
3. Lets see for an odd no.: What is the last digit
(23)
34
= (20 +3)
34
= 20 M + 3
34
= 3
32+2
= 3
4 8+2
= 3
4g+2
= ---1 3
2
(Since 3
4g
will always end in 1)
=3
2
= 9
The last digit is 9
4. Lets do 1 more:
(43)
75
= (40+3)
75
= 40 M + 3
75
=3
72+3
= 3
4xg+3
= ---1 3
3
= -----7
The last digit is 7.
Remember:
Even
4x
will always end in the digit: 6
Odd
4x
will always end in the digit: 1
Computations using Vedic Methodology
Computations form the most important aspect of problem solving in tests that disallow the use of
computation devices. All of us, over a period of time would have become conversant with small numbers and
hence computations involving small numbers are quick and accurate. As we have not developed the same
type of instincts with large numbers and fractions, it takes us more time to compute with these numbers.
Vedic Mathematics takes this fact into account and reduces large computations into small numbers with the
help of formulae so that computations can be quicker and more accurate. For example, the usual procedure
in schools and colleges in case of multiplication is to cram up multiplication tables up to 20 and 30. But
according to Vedic Mathematics, the multiplication tables are not required above 5. With the help of simple
15
sutras any multiplication work can be performed. We shall examine some of the simple sutras and their
application in computations.
Multiplication
Using Bases 10, 100, etc.
Suppose we have to multiply 99 by 97.
(a) We should take, as base for our calculations, that power of 10 which is nearest to the number to
be multiplied. In this case 10
2
or 100 is that power.
(b) Put the numbers 99 and 97 above and below on the left hand side.
99 -1
97 -3
96 3
(c) Subtract each of them from the base (100) and write down the remainders (01 and 03) on the
right hand side with a connecting minus sign (-) between them, to show that the numbers to be
multiplied are both less than 100.
(d) The product will have two parts, one on the left side and one on the right. A vertical dividing line
may be drawn for the purpose of demarcation of the two parts.
(e) Now the left hand side digits (of the answer) can be arrived at in one of 4 ways.
(i) Subtract the base 100 from the sum of the given numbers (99 and 97) i.e., 196, and put
196-100 i.e., 96 as the left hand side part of the answer. 99 + 97 - 100 = 96
(ii) Subtract the sum of the two deficiencies (01 + 03 = 04) from the base (100) and you get
the same answer (96) again. 100 - (01 + 03) = 96
(iii) Cross subtract deficiency 3 on the second row from the original number 99 in the first row.
And you get (99 - 3) i.e., 99 - 03 = 96 or
(iv) Cross subtract in the converse way i.e., 1 from 97). And you get 96 again as the left-hand
side of the portion of the required answer. 97 - 1 = 96.
(f) Now vertically multiply the two deficiencies (01 and 03). The product is 03. And this is the
right hand side portion of the answer.
(g) Thus 99 x 97 = 9603
This method holds well in all cases and is therefore capable of infinite application.
Solved Examples
1. 9 x 9 (Base: 10) 2. 999 x 996 (Base: 100)
9 -1 999 -1
9 -1 996 -4
8 1 995 4
16
3. 8 x 8 (Base: 10) 4. 9 x 6 (Base: 10)
8 -2 9 -1
8 -2 6 -4
6 4 5 4
The algebraic explanation for this is (x - a) (x - b) = x(x - a - b) + ab, where x takes the base value,
a and b are deficiencies.
In cases where the multiplication of deficit digits yields a product consisting of more than one digit,
the second digit must be carried forward to the left-hand side.
For example, 7 x 6
7 -3
6 -4
3 +
1
2
4 2
Here 3 x 4 yields 12 and 1 is carried forward to the left hand side and is added to 3 to get the product
as 42.
Further Examples
1. 8 x 5 2. 93 x 95
8 -2 93 -7
5 -5 95 -5
3 0 -2 * -5 = 10 88 35
1 (Carry)
17
4 0
3. 89 x 95 4. 87 x 87
89 -11 87 -13
95 -5 87 -13
84 55 74 169
74+1 69
75 69
As you must have observed, we have till now considered only examples in which the multiplicands are
both on the lower side of the base. If both the multiplicands are on the higher side of the base, the
story remains the same.
Solved Examples
1. Multiply 101 with 103
101 + 1
103 + 3
104 / 03 = 10403
Do not forget to put an extra 0 on the right hand side, since in this case our base 100 has 2 zeros.
We must have 2 digits on the right hand side.
2. Multiply 109 with 121
109 + 09
121 + 21
130 / 189 = 130 + 1 / 89 = 13189
The algebraic explanation for this is : (x+a) (x+b)= x(x+a+b) + ab
3. Multiply 1021 with 1034
1021 + 21
1034 + 34
18
1055 / 714 =1055714
(As base is 1000, there should be 3 digits on the right side. No carry-over is required)
4. Multiply 10134 with 10111
10134 + 134
10111 + 111
10245 /
We multiply 134 x 111 as
134 + 34
111 + 11
145 / 374 = 14874
10134 + 134
10111 + 111
10245 / 14874 = 102464874
The method is applicable for numbers as large as possible.
5. 1001 x 101
This one is not so tricky as it looks, we choose our base as 100 (remember that the differences for
both the numbers have to be calculated from the same base)
1001 + 901
101 + 1
1002 / 901 = 1002 + 9 / 01 = 101101
Further down the line, we will see how to multiply numbers choosing different bases for them.
6. 102 x 97
How should we go about multiplying these? One of the numbers is above the base (100) while the
other one is below. Before proceeding with solving such kind of problems, we will have to learn the
concept of vinculum in Vedic Mathematics.
Concept of Vinculum
We will come across a lot of numbers with Vinculum above them in Vedic Mathematics, e.g. 10201, 10
1 .
The bar is the Vinculum. How do we convert between the normal numbers and Vinculum numbers, and
actually first of all, what does the Vinculum mean?
We will first see how the numbers with Vinculum above them are converted to normal numbers, can you
then figure out what does it mean?
19
The 2 shlokas which deals with vinculum state, All from 9 and last from 10 and One less from the
previous digit.
So suppose we have to convert 21091 to a normal decimal number. Then we proceed as follows:
1. All from 9 and last from 10: All the digits under the vinculum should be subtracted from 9,
except for the last one, which should be subtracted from 10.
So in this case, 9 should be subtracted from 9 and 1 from 10. Thus we get the last 2 digits of our
answer as: 09
2. One less from the previous digit: One should be subtracted from the digit preceding the
vinculum.
Since in this case it is 0, we borrow 1 from the digit to the left of it (as we do in normal mathematics) to
arrive at the first part of our answer: 209
Thus, answer is: 20909
Solved Examples
1.
1012
Step 1 yields 88
Step 2 yields 09
So our answer is 988.
2.
2346
Step 1 yields 54
Step 2 yields 22
So our answer is 2254.
Further Examples
1. 19 2.
234
Step 1 yields 1 Step 1 yields 66
Step 2 yields 0 Step 2 yields 1
Answer is 01 Answer is 166
Just try to see whether you have understood the concept of vinculum by trying out the following
examples:
1.
567
2.
9999999
3.
2789
4.
2343
Answers are:
1. 433 2. 9980001 3. 2611 4. 2257
Do you see a pattern?
20
567=433=500-67
2789=2611=2700-89
2343=2257=2300-43
So does that tell you what actually does a vinculum signify?
Lets get back to the problem of multiplying 102 with 97. The method is still essentially what it was,
except that a vinculum comes into play.
102 + 2
97 3
99 / 06
We cross-subtract (or cross-add) as we used to do earlier for the left hand side of our product. Since for
the right side, we are multiplying + 2 with 3, we should put 6, our vinculum is exactly that, as you
can see from the patterns above.
Our method of converting vinculum numbers to normal numbers is essentially to carry out the
subtraction. Now 9906 = 9894 and that is our answer.
Solved Examples
1. 103 97 2. 111 91 3. 1024 981
103 + 03 111 + 11 1024 + 24
97 03 91 - 9 981 - 19
100 / 09 = 9991 102 / 99 = 10101 1005/ 456 = 1004544
4. 121 x 81 5. 9 x 11 6. 976 x 1041
121 + 21 9 1 976 - 24
81 19 11 + 1 1041 + 41
102 /399 10 / 1 = 99 1017 / 984 = 1016016
= 102 3 / 99
= 99 / 99 = 9801
21
7. 46 x 51
In this case, we can choose our base as 10 or 100, but the difference with the base in both cases will be
very large. Wouldnt it be better if we could choose 50 as our base? We certainly can and this brings us
to our new extension of this method of multiplication.
Using Sub-Bases
1. First of all, choose the normal base, the sub-base will be calculated from that. Lets choose, in this
case, our base to be 10.
2. Choose the sub-base, in this case, it is 50. Calculate the differences from the sub-base.
3. Multiply the number as we used to do earlier, the only extension being that the left part of the
answer has to be multiplied by
base
base sub
. The right hand side of the answer should have number
of digits equal to number of digits in base (not sub-base), and it will be obtained by multiplying the
differences.
Thus:
46 4
51 + 1
47 / 4 (
10
50

= 5, hence multiply by 5)
= 235 / 4 = 2346
Note that we can also use 100 as our base, in which case:
46 4
51 + 1
47 / 04 (
100
50
= )
2
1

= 23
2
1
/04 (Take
2
1
on the right hand side, it becomes 50)
= 23 / 46 (since 50 04 = 46)
= 2346.
Solved Examples
1. 241 x 263
Choose 1000 as the base and 250 as the sub-base.
22
241 9 (Calculate the differences from the sub-base)
263 + 13
254 /
117

,
_

4
1
1000
250

4
1

= 63
2
1
/
117
(take
2
1
on the right-hand side, it becomes 500)
= 63 / 383 (500 117 = 383)
= 63383
2. 313 x 283
It will be better to take 100 as the base and 300 as the sub-base in this case, instead of taking 250
as the base.
313 + 13
283 17

,
_

3
100
300
296 /
221
3
= 888 /
221
= 886 /
21

(As, right hand side can have only two digits, take 2 on the left side, so it becomes 888 2 = 886)
= 88579
3. 486 x 486
Take 1000 as the base and 500 as the sub-base.
486 14
486 14

,
_

2
1
1000
500
472 / 196

1
2
= 236 / 196
23
= 236196
4. 1024 x 1031
Take base as 1000 sub-base is also 1000.
1024 + 24
1031 + 31
1055 / 744 = 1055744
Thus we see that this method encompasses the previously encountered methods.
How did we multiply 24 and 31 (the differences) in the previous example? One method is to use the
normal mathematics, another one is to use Vedic Mathematics (take 10 as base and 30 as sub-base) but
there is a third much easier method.
24 x 31 = 24 x 30 + 24 x 1 = 720 + 24 = 744
The basic law of number theory that we use here: a (b + c) = a b + a c is, as you will
remember, called the distribution of multiplication over addition. Used properly, it is a much more
powerful tool for some kind of multiplications than both the conventional multiplication and Vedic
Mathematics.
Example:
98 x 34 = 98 x (30 + 4) = 98 x 30 + 98 x 4
Now 98 x 30 = 98 x 3 x 10, so we find 98 x 3 and then put a 0.
How do we calculate 98 x 3? One way is to multiply. Other is to realize that:
98 x 3 = (100 2) x 3 = 100 x 3 2 x 3 = 300 6 = 294
Similarly, 98 x 4 = 400 2 x 4 = 392.
Or, since we know from the first step that 98 x 3 = 294, add 98 to it to arrive at 98 x 4.
How do we add 98 to 294? One method is to add. Other is to add 100 to 294 and then subtract 2 to
arrive at our answer 392.
Hence,
98 x 34 = 2940 + 392 = 2940 + 400 8 = 3332
The calculations are always much faster and accurate if we try to find some bases (multiplies of 10) near
our numbers.
We have seen till now how to multiply 2 numbers both of which are closer to some base (or sub-base).
Can we multiply two numbers one of which is closer to one base and another to another base?
Yes we can. Lets see how we can do that with an example.
Example:
24
Multiply 34 with 87.
Our base for 34 is 10, and for 87 too is 10.
For 34, our sub-base is 30, for 87 our sub-base is 90.
87 3

,
_

9
10
90
34 + 4

,
_

3
10
30
The left hand side of the answer is calculated as:
1. Let n1 and n2 be the two numbers; d1 and d2 their differences, b1 and b2 the bases and r1 and r2 the
ratio of the sub-bases with bases.
Then left hand side = n1 x r2 + d2 x r1 = n2 x r1 + d1 x r2
Here n1 = 87, n2 = 34, d1 = - 3, d2 = 4, r1 = 9, r2 = 3, b1 = b2 = 10
(n1 x r2 + d2 x r1) = 87 x 3 + 4 x 9 = 297
(n2 x r1 + d1 x r2) = 34 x 9 3 x 3 = 297
2. Right hand side will have same number of digits as the base
Thus,
87 3
34 + 4
297 /
12
= 296 /
2
= 2958
Example:
Multiply 897 with 21.
Here the two bases two are different. For 897, it is 100; for 21 it is 50. Let the ratio of the bases be b,
and the ratio of the sub-bases to the respective bases be r1 and r2. Then the left side will be calculated
as:
n1 x r2 x denominator of b + d1 x r1 x numerator of b
= n2 x r1 x numerator of b + d1 x r2 x denominator of b
Thus in this case:
Sub-base for 897 = 900

r1 = 9
Sub-base for 21 = 20 r2 = 2
25
And, b =
10
100
= 10
Left side = 897 x 2 x 1 + 1 x 9 x 10 = 1794 + 90 = 1884
Left side = 21 x 9 x 10 3 x 2 x 1 = 1890 6 = 1884
The right side will be obtained by multiplying the differences, and will contain the minimum number of
digits between the two bases.
Thus,
897 3
21 + 1
1884 / 3 = 18837
Example:
2013 x 521
1. For 2013, the base is 1000 and sub-base is 2000.
2. For 521, lets choose the base as 100 and sub-base 500. (We could have chosen 1000 as the base
too)
r1 = 2 r2 = 5 b =
100
1000
= 10
2013 + 13
521 + 21
/ 273
Left hand side = 2013 x 5 + 21 x 2 x 10 = 10065 + 420 = 10485
Its also equal to = 521 x 10 x 2 + 13 x 5 = 10420 + 65 = 10485
Right hand side should have 2 digits.
Thus:
2013 + 13
521 + 21
10485 / 273 = 1048773
Solved Examples
1. 789 x 341
Choose base as 100 for both. Right hand side will have 2 digits.
26
r
789 11
8
100
800


341 + 41
3
100
300

341 x 8 11 x 3 / 451
= 2728 33 / 451 = 2695/ 451= 269151= 269049
2. 10179 x 449
Base is 10000 for 10179, and 1000 for 449 .

b = 10
r
10179 + 179 1
449 51
2
1
1000
500

10179 x
2
1
- 5 / 9129
= 5089
2
1
- 510 /
= 4579
2
1
/
= 4579
2
1
- 9 / 129 (Right hand side can have only 2 digits)
= 4570
2
1
/ 129 = 4570 / 500 129 = 4570371
What exactly does mean? It means to carry over 5 or 50 or 5000 as the case may be to the right-
side, the number of digits determined by the number of digits that should be on the right-side.
3. 12441 x 12441
12441 + 2441
12441 + 2441
14882 /
r
Now, 2441 59 Base is 10000, sub-base 2500
2441 - 59
2441 x
4
1
- 59 x
4
1
/ 3481 = 2382 x
4
1
/ 3481 = 595
2
1
/ 3481 = 5958481
27
14882 / 5958481 = 14882 + 595 / 8481 = 154778481
(To calculate 14882 + 595, do 14882 + 600 5)
4. 331 x 623
Choose base as 100 for both.
r
331 + 31 3
623 + 23 6
331 x 6 + 23 x 3 / 713 = 2055 / 713 = 206213
Note:
31 x 23 = 23 x 30 + 23 = 690 + 23 = 713.
You will be able to do all this mentally after some time if you practice enough, and there wont be
any need of writing all the steps.
Similarly, 331 x 6 = 300 x 6 + 30 x 6 + 1 x 6 = 1986
1986 + 69 = 1986 + 70 1 = 1986 + 100 30 1 = 2055
It is not so long winded as it seems, it all becomes very quick with very little but continuous effort.
5. 7723 x 1541
Choose 1000 as base for each
r
7723 277 8
1541 + 541 1
7723 + 541 x 8 /
= 7723 + 4328 /
= 12051 /
r
277 23 3 (Choose base as 100 for both)
541 + 41 5
277 x 5 + 41 x 3 / 943
= 1385 + 123 /
= 1508 / 943
28
= 1499 / 43 = 149857
Thus, our final answer is 12051/ 149857 = 12051 149 / 857 = 11902 / 857 = 11901143
Though we see that we are able to arrive at the answers, we see that it becomes more and more
complex as the deviations from the base become higher and higher. In such cases, the method below
becomes much more useful and economical.
Cross Multiplication Method
The method discussed earlier is convenient only when the two numbers being multiplied are close to
each other. In cases when the difference is large, the method takes time. There is another method
which can be used for such multiplication.
Suppose we need to multiply 12 by 21.
(a) Multiply the left-hand most digit 1 of the multiplicand vertically by the left-hand most digit 2 of the
multiplier, and set this down as the left hand most part of the answer.
(b) Then multiply 1 and 1 and 2 and 2 cross-wise, add the two to get 5 as the sum and set this down as
the middle part of the answer.
(c) Multiply the right hand most digit 2 of the multiplicand vertically by the right hand most digit 1 of
the multiplier and set this down as the right hand most part of the answer.
12
21
1 x 2; 1 x 1 + 2 x 2; 2 x 1 = 252
Examples
1. 43
23
4 x 2; 4 x 3 + 3 x 2; 3 x 3 = 9; 18; 9 = 8 + 1; 8 ; 9 = 989
2. 17
31
1 x 3; 1 x 1 + 7 x 3; 7 x 1
3 : 22 : 7 = 3 + 2; 2 ; 7 = 527
3. 15
24
1 x 2 : 1 x 4 + 5 x 2 : 5 x 4
2 : 14 : 20 = 2 + 1 : 4 + 2 : 0 = 360
29
The algebraic explanation for the method is (ax + b) (cx + d) = acx
2
+ (ad + bc) x + bd
In the first example of 12 21, x = 10, a = 1, b = 2, c = 2 and d = 1.
The same method can be extended for multiplying higher numbers also.
4. 123 x 31
(Add a 0 before 31 and then carry out calculations as before.)
123
031
3/ 7 / 11 / 3 = 3813
3 x 1 = 3, 2 x 1 + 3 x 3 = 11, 1 x 1 + 3 x 0 + 2 x 3 = 7, 1 x 3 + 2 x 0 = 3, 1 x 0 = 1
5. 12441 x 12441
12441
12441
1/4/12/ 24 / 34 / 36

/ 24 / 8 / 1 = 154778481
We see that we can arrive at our answer in one-line by this method and the power of this method
becomes all the more visible as the multiplicands become more and more bigger.
Did you notice another thing about this method? We can calculate the answer both from left to right as
well as right to left.
6. 12
23
2 /
2 x 1 = 2, 3 x 1 + 2 x 2 = 7 gives the second digit of our answer, and 3 x 2 = 6 the last digit.
Thus 12 x 23 = 276.
Just try all our examples from the bases and sub-bases section using this method of get a hang of it.
Squaring of Numbers
61
2
=
We can calculate the square of a number (a+1)
2
if we know the square of a, as (a+1)
2
= a
2
+ 2a + 1
Thus, 61
2
= 3600 + 121 = 3721
Similarly, 79
2
= 6400 159 = 6241
Besides, we can use all the other methods for multiplying we have learned so far.
30
This introduction to Vedic Mathematics will enable you to cut down your basic computation time
significantly. We will explore more such techniques in the next module. Let us now examine a few other
approaches which will help you carry out regular computations faster.
Digit Sum Method
Let us examine this method with the help of an example.
Example: What is the value of 28981 x 129?
1. 3798549 2. 3738549 3. 3738547 4. 37358459
The conventional approach would be to multiply the two numbers and refer to the correct answer choice.
This obviously takes time.
The simpler approach would be to use the method of estimation. Instead of choosing the correct answer
out of the four, we can eliminate three wrong answers and arrive at the correct answer. Let us now
examine the approaches to eliminating the wrong answers.
28981 has 1 in the unit place and 129 has 9 in its unit place. When we multiply 28981 and 129 the unit
place of the product should be 9 x 1 = 9. Answer choice (3) has a number ending with 7 and hence
cannot be the answer. Therefore eliminate answer choice (3). 28981 is close to and less than 29000
and similarly 129 is close to and less than 130. 29000 x 130 gives 3770000. The product of 28981 and
129 should therefore be less than 3770000. But answer choice (1) has a number greater than 3770000
and hence can be eliminated. Now we are left with only two answer choices, (2) and (4) and we can use
the digit sum method to find the correct answer.
According to the digit sum method, the digit sum of the product of digit sums of two numbers must be
equal to the digit sum of the product of two numbers. Digit sum of 28981 is 2 + 8 + 9 + 8 + 1 = 28 = 2
+ two numbers is 1 x 3 = 3. As per the digit sum rule, the digit sum of the product of 28981 and 129
must also be equal to 3. Consider answer choice (4). Digit sum of 3735845 is 3 + 7 + 3 + 5 + 8 + 4 + 5
+ 9 = 8. Hence (4) cannot be the correct answer choice. The only choice left now is (2) and therefore
the correct answer must be (1). (The digit sum of 3738549 is 3 + 7 + 3 + 8 + 5 + 4 + 9 = 3).
Fractions
1. A fraction always has a numerator and a denominator. It can be defined in the form of
p
q
, where p
and q are integers.
2. If the denominators of two fractions are equal, then the fraction which has a higher numerator will
be higher in value.
3. If the numerators of two fractions are equal than the fraction which has a lower value of
denominator will be higher in value.
Example:
Which of the following has the highest value?
31
1.
21
4
2.
37
7
3.
69
13
4.
17
3
The conventional method would be to find the decimal value of the fractions and then compare. This
method would be tedious and time consuming. You will be quicker if you convert all fractions to the
same value of denominator or numerator. For example, in this case, it would be convenient for us to
convert all fractions into fractions with a numerator value of 1. Therefore,
21
4
can be written as
25 . 5
1

and so on. Then it becomes easier to compare them. Converting all fractions with numerator value of 1
we get the following:
1.
25 . 5
1
2.
28 . 5
1
3.
30 . 5
1
4.
66 . 5
1
Since all fractions have the same numerator value, the highest fraction will be the one which will have
the lowest denominator value.
In this case, answer choice (1) has the lowest denominator value and hence will be the highest fraction.
Example:
Which of the following is the lowest?
1.
2
10
2. 3 3. 1.5 4.
5 . 0
1
The conventional approach followed here would be to find the value of each of the fractions. This would
be tedious and time consuming. Since three of the answer choices have numbers with square root it
would be better to convert all the numbers under the square root.
2
10
can be written as
4
10
or 5 . 2
. Similarly 1.5 can be written as
2
) 5 . 1 (
or 25 . 2 and
5 . 0
1
as 2 or
5 . 0
1
. The answer choices
would become
1. 5 . 2 2. 3 3. 25 . 2 4. 2
Obviously the lowest is 2 and hence the answer is (4).
Factorials
A Factorial, n!, is defined as an integer, F = n (n 1) (n 2) 2 1
Example:
What is the highest power of 3 that can divide factorial 10 perfectly?
1. 3 2. 4 3. 7 4. None of these
32
Factorial of a number n is defined as the product of all numbers from 1 to n. Therefore factorial 10 is
the product of all numbers from 1 to 10. In order to find the highest power of 3 that can divide factorial
10, we must determine the numbers in 1 to 10 that are divisible by 3. 3, 6 and 9 are the three numbers
that are divisible by 3. 3 and 6 are divisible by 3
1
while 9 is divisible by 3
2
.
n 1 1 2
10! 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x 10
=
3 3 x 3 x 3
Therefore the highest power of 3 that can divide factorial 10 is 4 and the answer is (2).
Worked Examples
1. If 97 is multiplied by a certain number, it is increased by 7566. Find the number.
1. 87 2. 79 3. 75 4. 81
Solution:
Let the number be x, 97x = 97 + 7566, 97x = 7663, x =
97
7663
= 79
2. The area of a square park is 53361 m
2
. Find the length of wire required for the fence.
1. 924 2. 797 3. 533 4. 764
Solution:
Side of the square park = 53361
Side of the square = 231
Length of the wire = 231 x 4 = 924 m
3. A general wishing to draw up his 17429 men in the form of a solid square found that he had five
extra men. Find the number of men in the first row.
1. 120 2. 264 3. 178 4. 132
Solution:
No. of men in the form of a square = 17429 - 5 = 17424
No. of men in the front row = 17424 = 132 men.
4. Find the number whose 7th part multiplied by its 11th part gives 1232.
1. 306 2. 308 3. 309 4. 301
Solution:
Let the number be x

11
x
7
x

= 1232 x
2
= 1232 x 7 x 11
33
x
2
= 94864 x = 94864 = 308
5. Which one of the following is the smallest?
1.
129
13
2.
20
3
3.
265
12
4.
49
6
Solution:
13
129
1
=
129
13
,
3
20
1
=
20
3
,
12
265
1
=
265
12
,
6
49
1
=
49
6
These fractions are now
8.16
1
,
22.08
1
,
6.66
1
,
92 . 9
1
. The smallest fraction is
265
12
.
6. A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9. Which of the following is divisible
by 45?
1. 63345 2. 72365 3. 72144 4. 98145
Solution:
For a number to be divisible by 45, it should be divisible by 9 and 5. Choice (3) is not divisible by 5
and can be eliminated.
The sum of the digits in (a), (b) and (4) are 21, 23, 27 respectively. Only 27 is divisible by 9.
Therefore, choice (4) is the correct choice.
7. (235)
2
equals
1. 56225 2. 55225 3. 55275 4. 58225
Solution:
[TIP: A square of a number ending in 5 can be obtained by multiplying the tens digit by the next
higher integer and annexing 25.]
23 x 24 = 552
2352 = 55225. Answer is (2)
8. Which of the following is a perfect square?
1. 26579 2. 25779 3. 26569 4. 26659
Solution:
If a number n ends in an odd digit, then its square can be calculated as follows:
Let number n = an an-1 a1 (where a1, a2 an are the digits)
Then, n x n = anan-1.a2a1
anan-1.a2a1
The last digit = a1 x a1 = a1
2
The second last digit = a2 x a1 + a2 x a1 = 2a1a2 + carry over from a1
2
34
If a1 is odd, then carry over for a1
2
is always even.
2a1a2 + carry over of a1
2
is always, even if a1 is odd.
Thus, the second last digit of the square of an odd number is always even.
Hence (3).
9. 7
5
= ?
1. 14843 2. 15941 3. 16807 4. 16813
Solution:
7
5
= 7
2
x 7
2
x 7
Now, 7
2
= 49
7
2
x 7
2
will end in the last digit of 9 x 9 = 81, i.e., 1
7
2
x 7
2
x 7 will end in the last digit of 1 x 7 = 7. Hence (3).
10. Can you determine what does 3
343
end in?
3
343
ends in 7.
[TIP: For even numbers ending in 0, 2 and 8, the second last digit of the square is even.]
11. The LCM of two numbers is 312 and the HCF is 4. If one of the numbers is 24, find the other
number.
1. 62 2. 64 3. 52 4. 48
Solution:
The product of two numbers is equal to the product of the HCF and LCM of the numbers.
312 4 = 24 x
x =
24
4 x 312
= 52
Answer is (3)
12. Which one of the following numbers are divisible by 11?
1. 9,163,627 2. 4,176,737 3. 8,142,672 4. 7,264,916
Solution:
The number 11 divides, only those numbers whose sum of digits occupying odd positions is either
equal to the sum of digits occupying even positions or differs from it by a number which is divisible
by 11.
9 + 6 + 6 + 7 = 28; 1 + 3 + 2 = 6
28 - 6 = 22 11 = 2
Answer is (1)
35
13. Which of the following divide 17
81
- 5
81
?
1. 11 2. 6 3. 10 4. 4
Solution:
17
81
= (17
2
)
40
x 17
= ((A number ending in 9)
2
)
20
x 17 (As 17
2
will end in the last digit of 7
2
, which is 9)
= (A number ending in 1)
20
x 71
= A number ending in 1 x 17
= A number ending in 7
5
81
will end in 5.
Thus the difference will end in (7-5) = 2
Since any multiple of 11 ends with 1, while any multiple of 10 ends in 0, (a) and (c) are ruled out.
Now, a
81
b
81
= (a
27
)
3
- (b
27
)
3
= (a
27
- b
27
) (a
2x27
+ a
27
b
27
+ b
2x27
)
(As x
3
y
3
) = (x y) (x
2
+ xy + y
2
), here x = a
27
and y = b
27
We can see that similarly a
27
- b
27
will give us a multiple of the form a
9
b
9
, which in turn will give a
multiple a
3
b
3
, which in turn will give a multiple a b.
Here, a = 17, b = 5. a b = 12
Since both 6 and 4 divide 12, they will divide 17
81
- 5
81
.
Hence both (2) and (4) divide 17
81
- 5
81
14. The remainder when 7
84
is divided by 342 is:
1. 0 2. 1 3. 49 4. 341
Solution:
There should be some relation between the numbers involved, otherwise the question wouldnt have
been asked in the first place.
There exists such a pattern: 7
3
= 343, thus 7
84
= (343)
26
So we have to find the remainder of
342
) 343 (
26
Let x = 342, then this becomes
x
) 1 x (
26
+
Now (x+1)
2
= x
2
+ 2x + 1, (x+1)
3
= x
3
+3x
2
+3x+1 and so on.
The point to note is that x occurs in each term of the expansion except for the last one, which is
always 1. Thus, on dividing by x, the remainder will be 1, one x of each of the remaining terms will
cancel out with the x in denominator.
Hence (2).
36
Practice Exercise 1
1. What least number must be subtracted from 4564 to get a number exactly divisible by 35?
1. 14 2. 15 3. 16 4. 17
2. What least number must be added to 5364 to get a number exactly divisible by 80?
1. 14 2. 76 3. 16 4. 17
3. Find the number which is nearest to 2344 & exactly divisible by 34.
1. 2346 2. 2345 3. 1234 4. 4321
4. Find the number which is nearest to 6443 and exactly divisible by 42.
1.2346 2. 6425 3. 1234 4. 4321
5. Find the number nearest to 5030, which is exactly divisible by 64.
1. 2346 2. 6425 3. 5056 4. 4321
6. What is the unit digit of 7
34
+ 6
91
?
1. 6 2. 5 3. 3 4. None of these
7. 1924 x 436 = ?
1. 838864 2. 828864 3. 838874 4. None of these
8. What is the tens digit of 340
46
?
1. 8 2. 2 3. 4 4. None of these
9. The LCM of two numbers is 3528. If you divide the LCM by 126, you will get the HCF of the two
numbers. If one of the numbers is 504, what is the other number?
1. 49 2. 245 3. 196 4. None of these
10. 1075 x 92 = ?
1. 99870 2. 98900 3. 97950 4. None of these
11. Let x be a natural number. Then (x-1) x (x+1) is divisible by: (All x 1, x, x+1 > 0)
1. 3 2. 6 3. 12 4. (1) and (2)
12. What is the last digit in the given 12441 x 12441
1. 3 2. 6 3. 12 4. 1
37
13. What is the last digit in the given 123 x 31
1.2 2. 3 3. 12 4. (1) and (2)
14. To find the HCF of 12, 9, 24
1. 3 2. 6 3. 12 4. 1
15. To find the HCF of 2002, and 182
1. 233 2. 623 3. 182 4. 13
Practice Exercise 2
1. The area of a square is 124 sq. cm. The length of each side should be
1. 11.126 2. 11.234 3. 11.016 4. 11.136
2. A wholesale carpet dealer sold 1839 carpets for Rs.8,632.10 each. How much money did he get?
1. 1,58,5,431.9 2. 1,58,74,431.9 3. 1,78,71,431.9 4. 1,58,73,431.7
3. Which is the largest of the following?
1.
13
16
2.
10
13
3.
17
21
4.
15
19
4. Which of the following is the smallest?
1.
61
2.
4
0.3
3. 3
7
4. 10
5. What is the highest power of 2 which can divide 16!?
1. 10 2. 8 3. 13 4. 15
6. The product of 39463.7 and 4597.3 is
1. 181426568.01 2. 181426468.01 3. 1814264680.1 4. 1814265680.1
7. Find the smallest fraction amongst
1.
1
2
2.
1
2
3.
3
3
81
4.
4
5
8. 48632 x 224 equals
1. 10994525 2. 10893568 3. 11325448 4. 12093658
9. 842.3 x 19.7 equals
1. 16593.31 2. 16462.31 3. 17092.02 4. 15262.41
10. 497.27 x 5.4 equals
1. 2686.438 2. 2590.348 3. 2685.258 4. 2728.532
38
11. The LCM of two numbers is 312 and the HCF is 4. If one of the numbers is 24, find the other
number.
1. 62 2. 64 3. 52 4. 48
12. Which one of the following numbers are divisible by 11?
1. 9,163,627 2. 4,176,737 3. 8,142,672 4. 7,264,916
13. Which of the following divide 17
81
- 5
81
?
1. 11 2. 6 3. 10 4. 4
14. The remainder when 7
84
is divided by 342 is:
1. 0 2. 1 3. 49 4. 341
15. Let a, b, c be distinct digits. Consider a two digit number ab and a three digit number ccb, both
defined under the usual decimal number system. If (ab)
2
= ccb and ccb > 300 then the value of b
is:
1. 1 2. 0 3. 5 4. 6
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 1
1 1 6 2 11 4
2 2 7 1 12 4
3 1 8 4 13 2
4 2 9 3 14 1
5 3 10 2 15 3
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 2
1 4 6 2 11 3
2 2 7 3 12 1
3 1 8 2 13 2
4 2 9 1 14 2
5 4 10 3 15 1
39
CHAPTER-2
Ratio and Proportion
Ratio
Ratio is the relation which one quantity has to another of the same kind. Ratio is the comparison of two
quantities.
Example: 2 kg : 3 kg, 5 men : 10 men.
Note that in both the examples the quantities we have compared have the same unit.
The ratio of two quantities l and m denoted by l : m (read as l is to m). Here l and m are called the
terms of the ratio where l is called the antecedent and m is called the consequent.
Example: In the ratio 32 : 51, 32 is called the antecedent and 51 is called as the consequent.
Important points to remember
1. The ratio of 2 quantities x and y denoted by x : y (read as x is to y the first term x is called the
antecedent and second term y is called the consequent.)
2. In order to find the ratio of two quantities of the same kind they must first be expressed in terms of
a common unit.
For instance, the ratio of Rs. 3 and 45 Ps. is 300 : 45.
300 20
=
45 3
Or 20 : 3
3. Two or more ratios may be compared by reducing their equivalent fractions to a common
denominator.
For instance to compare 5 : 2 and
1
3
as
53
15
=
6
23
and
1
3
as
12
2
=
6
32
Since >
15 2
6 6
, we get 5 : 2 > 1 : 3
4. A ratio is a pure number and has no units.
40
5. Comparison of Ratios
a. l : m is called the ratio of greater inequality, if l > m.
b. l : m is called the ratio of lesser inequality, if l < m.
c. l : m is called the ratio of same inequality, if l = m.
Examples: 1. 3 : 2 is a ratio of greater inequality since 3 > 2
2. 1 : 6 is a ratio of lesser inequality since 1 < 6
3. 5 : 5 is a ratio of equal inequality since 5 = 5
Two ratios can l : m and n : p can be compared. The different comparisons are as given below:
a. If lp > mn then l : m > n : p
b. If lp < mn then l : m < n : p
c. If lp = mn then l : m = n : p
Examples:
1. Compare the ratios 6 : 5 and 3 : 2.
Clearly (6 x 2 = 12) < (5 x 3 = 15). Hence 6 : 5 > 3 : 2
2. Compare the ratios 4 : 7 and 7 : 2.
Clearly (4 x 2 = 8) < (7 x 7 = 49). Hence 4 : 7 < 7 : 2
3. Compare the ratios 9 : 2 and 4 : 7.
Clearly (9 x 7 = 63) > (4 x 2 = 8). Hence 9 : 2 > 4 : 7
6. Commensurable Quantities
Two quantities are said to be commensurable, if their ratio can be expressed as the ratio of two
integers.
Example:
Show that
1
6
2
and
1
2
6
are commensurable quantities.
Consider
1
6
2
:
1
2
6
=
13
2
:
13
6
= 78 : 26 = 6 : 2. This is the ratio of 2 integers.
Hence
1
6
2
and
1
2
6
are commensurable numbers.
7. Some Important Results on Inequality
a. If the same positive number is added to both the terms of ratio of greater inequality then the ratio is
diminished.
Example :
7
2
is ratio of greater inequality.
41
A positive number 4 is added to both the terms of ratio i.e.,
( )
( )

7+4 11
2+4 6
Since <
11 7
6 2
, the result is proved.
b. If the same positive number is added to both the terms of ratio of less inequality then the ratio is
increased.
Example :
4
7
is ratio of lesser inequality.
If 3 is added to both the terms of the ratio
( )
( )
4+3 7
i.e., =
7+3 10
Since >
7 4
10 7
, the result is proved.
8. Compound Ratio
If a : b and c : d are two ratios then the ratio ac : bd is called their compound ratio.
For example the compound ratio of 2 : 5 and 3 : 1 is 6 : 5.
9. Important terms and definitions on Ratio
i) Duplicate ratio of a : b is a
2
: b
2
ii) Triplicate ratio of a : b is a
3
: b
3
.
iii) Sub duplicate ratio of a : b is a

: b

.
iv) Compounded ratio of a : b and c : d is ac : bd.
v) Duplicate ratio of a : b is a
2
: b
2
.
vi) Sub triplicate ratio of a : b is a
1/3
: b
1/3
.
vii) Reciprocal ratio of a : b is
1
a
:
1
b
Proportion
Let us consider two ratios a : b and c : d. When we compare these two ratios i.e., when we compare ad
and bc, if ad = bc then we say the ratios are in proportion.
Example:
Consider two ratios 2 : 3 and 4 : 6.
a = 2, b = 3, c = 4, d = 6.
ad = 2 x 6 = 12 and bc = 3 x 4 = 12.
42
Since ad = bc the two ratios are in proportion and is denoted by a : b :: c : d and we read it as a is
to b is to c is to d.
When a : b :: c : d then a and d are called extremes and b and c are called means.
The product of the means is equal to the product of the extremes.
Important points to remember
1. Mean Proportion
In the proportion a : b :: b : c, the term b is called the mean proportion.
Since the product of the means is equal to product of the extremes, we get
2
b =ac
Or
b = ac
.
2. Third Proportional
In the proportion a : b :: b : c, the extreme c is called the third proportional.
3. Fourth Proportional
In the proportion a : b :: c : d, the extreme d is called the fourth proportion.
4. Direct Variation
One quantity A is said to vary directly as another B, when the two quantities depend upon each other in
such a manner that if B changes, A changes in the same ratio. Ratio of A and B is a constant always.
Example: If a train moving at a uniform rate travels 40 miles in 60 min, it will travel 20 miles in 30 min,
80 miles in 120 min. This is expressed by telling the distance is proportional to time.
5. The symbol is used to denote variation
A B is read as A varies as B.
6. The ratio of A and B is always a constant.
A B A = constant B
i.e.,
A
B
= constant.
Hence, if A1, A2 are distinct values of A and B1, B2 are distinct values of B, and if
A1 B1 and A2 B2
then,
1
2
A
A
=
1
2
B
B
43
Example: The number of men working is directly proportional to units of work completed. More men,
more work can be completed.

7. Directly Proportional Graph
If, X Y
Then, X = KY
where, K CONSTANT
The graph illustrates this relationship.
8. Inversely or Indirectly Proportional
One quantity A is said to vary inversely as another quantity B, when A varies directly as the reciprocal of
B.
i.e., A
1
B
A =
K
B
AB = K, where K = constant.
Hence, if A1, A2 are distinct values of A and B1, B2 are distinct values of B, and if
A1
1
1
B
and A2
2
1
B
then,
1
2
A
A
=
2
1
B
B
The graph illustrates this
relationship.
44
Worked Examples
1. Two numbers are in the ratio 5 : 6. If 8 is added to each they are in the ratio 9 : 10. Find the
numbers.
Solution :
Since, the two numbers are in the ratio 5 : 6,
let us assume that the numbers are 5x & 6x.
If 8 is added to each number, we get 5x + 8 & 6x + 8 respectively.
The new ratio =
8 6x
8 5x
+
+
.
But according to the condition given, this ratio is 9 : 10
Equating the two ratios we get
10
9
9 6x
8 5x

+
+
10(5x + 8) = 9(6x + 8) 50x + 80 = 54x + 72
4x = 8 x = 2
first number = 5 x 2 = 10 & second number = 6 x 2 = 12
2. Two numbers are in the ratio 3 : 5. If 6 is subtracted from each they are in the ratio 5 : 9. Find the
numbers.
Solution:
Since, the two numbers are in the ratio 3 : 5,
we can assume that the numbers are 3x & 5x.
Subtracting 6 from each of them, they are in the ratio 5 : 9.
i.e.,
9
5
6 5x
6 3x

9(3x - 6) = 5(5x - 6) 27x 54 = 25x 30 2x = 24 x = 12

The first number is 3 x 12 = 36 & the second number is 5 x 12 = 60
3. What should be subtracted from each term in the ratio 3 : 5 so that it becomes 5 : 9 ?
Solution:
Let x be subtracted from each term then
3- x 5
=
5- x 9
9(3 - x) = 5(5 - x) 27 - 9x = 25 - 5x 27 - 25 = 9x - 5x
2 = 4x x =
2 1
4 2
Thus
2
1
should be subtracted from each term so as to change the ratio from 3 : 5 to 5 : 9.
45
4. What should be added to each term in the ratio 7 : 9 so that it becomes 5 : 6 ?
Solution :
Let x be added to each term then
6
5
x 9
x 7

+
+
6(7 +x) = 5(9 +x) 42 + 6x = 45 + 5x
6x 5x = 45 42 x = 3
5. The prices of two sites are in the ratio 6 : 11, 6 months later when the price of the first site was
raised by Rs. 600 and the price of the second site was raised by Rs. 800, the ratio of their prices
become 3 : 5. Find the original prices of the sites.
Solution :
Let the original prices of two sites be 6x & 11x respectively.
6 months later, the price of first site will be 6x + 600 & the price of second site will be 11x800.
It is given that, six months later, the ratio of two sites will be 3 : 5. Thus we have
5
3
800 11x
600 6x

+
+
5(6x + 600) = 3(11x + 800)
30x +3000 = 33x + 2400
600 = 3x x = 200
Thus the original price of the first site is 6 x 200 = 1,200
and the original price of the second site is 11 x 200 = 2,200
6. In a 1,200 meters race, A beat B by 200 meters and C beat B by 400 meters. If As speed is 400
mts/min, find Cs speed.
Solution :
time same the in B by covered distance
time given a in A by covered distance
speed s B'
speed s A'

Distance covered by A is 1,200 mts in the given time

Distance covered by B is 1,200 - 200 = 1000 mts in the same time

Speed of A 1,200 12 6
Speed of B 1,000 10 5
Similarly,
Speed of B 800 8 2
Speed of C 1,200 12 3

Speed of A Speed of B 6 2
x x
Speed of B Speed of C 5 3

Speed of A 4
Speed of C 5
46
Cs speed =
4
5
As speed =
4
5
x 400
m
min
= 500
m
min
7. There are two clerks A and B drawing the same salary. A saves 15% of his salary while B spends
80%. Find the ratio of the savings made by the former to that made by the latter.
Solution :
Let us assume that A and B have Rs. 100 as salary.
Then A saves Rs. 15 and B saves 100 - 80 = Rs. 20
The ratio of their savings is 15 : 20 i.e. 3 : 4.
8. If x : y : z = 4 : -3 : 2 & 2x +4y -3z = 20, find the values of x, y, z.
Solution :
Let
2
z
3
y
4
x

= k (say)
x = 4k, y = -3k & z = 2k and 2x + 4y - 3z = 20

(2 4k) + (4 - 3k) - (3 2k) = 20

8k -12k - 6k = 20
-10k = 20 k = - 2
Hence,
x = 4(-2) = - 8
y = (-3)(-2) = 6
z = 2(-2) = - 4
9. Three numbers are in the ratio 4 : 5 : 7. The sum of their cubes is equal to 4256. Find the
numbers.
Solution :
Let the first number be 4x, then the second number will be 5x & the third number will be 7x.
Further it is given that, the sum of their cubes is equal to 4256.
(4x)
3
+ (5x)
3
+ (7x)
3
= 4256 64x
3
+ 125 x
3
+ 343 x
3
= 4256
532 x
3
= 4256 x
3
=
532
4256
= 8 x = 2
Thus: first number is 4x = 4 x 2 = 8
second number is 5x = 5 x 2 = 10 and
third number is 7x = 7 x 2 = 14
10. Two lecturers A and B whose salaries are Rs. 7,500 and Rs. 14,500 received an increase in their
salaries. If their salaries were increased in the same ratio, what increase did B receive when As
salary reached Rs. 9,000?
Solution:
47
As old salary = Rs. 7,500
Bs old salary = Rs. 14,500
A s new salary = Rs. 9,000
Thus increase in As salary = Rs. 9,000 - Rs. 7,500 = Rs. 1,500
Thus ratio of increase =
75
15
.
Let us assume the ratio increase of B salary as
145
x
.
Then
14,500
x
=
7500
1500
(because the increase of A & B are in the same ratio)
Thus x : 14,500 :: 1,500 : 7500
7500x = 14,500 x 1,500
x =
14,500 x1,500
7500
= 2,900
Thus Bs salary was increased by Rs.2,900.
Practice Exercise 1
1. Two numbers are in the ratio of 5 : 8. If 9 is added to each they will be in the ratio 8 : 11. The
original number in the numerator is
1. 24 2. 15 3. 8 4. 5
48
2. The ages of a man and his son are in the ratio of 3 : 1. Fifteen years hence the ratio will be 2 : 1.
How old is the father now?
1. 45 years 2. 30 years 3. 40 years 4. None of these
3. The ratio of the areas of two squares is 9 : 1. The ratio of their perimeters will be
1. 1 : 2 2. 3 : 1 3. 3 : 2 4. None of these
4. X and Y have their annual incomes in the ratio of 8 : 5 and their annual expenditure is in the ratio
5 : 3. If they save Rs.1400 and Rs.1000 per year respectively, find their annual incomes.
1. Rs.19200, Rs.13000 2. Rs.6400, Rs.4000
3. Rs.12000, Rs.7500 4. Rs.7200, Rs.4500
5. Find three numbers in the ratio of 3 : 2 : 5 such that the sum of their squares is equal to 1862.
1. 21, 14, 35 2. 11, 14, 25 3. 20, 24, 30 4. 30, 34, 37
6. Two numbers are in the ratio 7 : 1. The difference between them is 44. What is the sum of these
two numbers?
1. -208 2.
160
3
3.
176
3
4. None of these
7. A college has 53 boys and girls in the ratio 5 : 4. If there is an increase of 20% in the number of
girls, what is the new ratio of boys to girls?
1. 25 : 24 2. 235 : 570 3. 196 : 531 4. 4 : 5
8. For what value of x will the ratio (7 + x) : (12 + x) be equal to the ratio 5 : 6?
1. 20 2. 13 3. 22 4. 18
9. The ratio between the numerator and denominator of a number is 3 : 7. If the difference between
the denominator and numerator is 28, what is the sum of the numerator and denominator?
1. 60 2. 70 3. 65 4. 75
10. The ages of Anil and Sagar are in the ratio of 6 : 5 and the sum of their ages is 44 years. What will
be the ratio of their ages after 8 years?
1. 7 : 6 2. 3 : 4 3. 8 : 7 4. 2 : 5
11. Two numbers are in the ratio of 3 : 5. If 9 is subtracted from each, they are in the ratio of 12 : 23.
What is the second number?
1. 55 2. 25 3. 40 4. 30
12. A greyhound pursues a hare and takes 5 leaps for every 6 leaps of the hare, but 4 leaps of the
hound are equal to 5 of the hare. The ratio of distance traversed by the hound and hare area :
1. 24 : 25 2. 25 : 24 3. 5 : 6 4. 6 : 7
13. The ages of A and B are in the ratio 4 : 5; the ages of B and C are in the ratio 3 : 2. The eldest of
the three is
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. Can t say.
14. A contractor undertook to build a road in 100 days. He employed 70 men. After 30 days, he found
that only
4
1
of the road could be built. How many additional men should be employed to complete
the work in time ?
1. 6 2. 20 3.10 4. None of these
49
15. The age of a man and his son are now in the ratio of 3 : 1. Fifteen years hence the ratio will be 2 :
1. How old is the father now?
1. 45 years 2. 30 years 3. 40 years 4. None of these
50
Practice Exercise 2
1. An alloy consists of two metals iron and copper which are in the ration 1 : 2 and another alloy
contains the same metals in the ratio 2 : 3. How many parts of each alloy must be taken to obtain a
third alloy which would contain the same metals in the ratio 5 : 8 ?
1.2 : 3 2. 4 : 5 3. 1 : 1 4. 3 : 10
2. If
3
a
+b = 2b find a : b.
1. 3 : 1 2. 1 : 3 3. -1 : 3 4. 1 : -3
3. If 9 men and 6 boys can do in 2 days what 5 men & 7 boys can do in 3 days, what is the ratio of
work rate of a man to a boy.
1. 3 : 1 2. 2 : 1 3. 3 : 2 4. 4 : 3
4. Rama and Sita started a business with initial investments in the ratio 6 : 5. Their profits were in the
ratio 16 : 5. If Rama had invested his money for 8 months, find for how long had Sita invested her
money.
1. 4 months 2. 2 months 3. 6 months 4. 3 months
5. 50 lts of wine are mixed with 10% water. How much water must be added to make the mixture
contain wine water in the ratio 4 : 1 ?
1.10 lts 2. 7.5 lts 3. 12 lts 4. 8 lts
6. The ratio of the ages of mother and son is 5 : 3. If the sum of their ages is 64 years, find the
difference of their ages.
1. 20 years 2. 16 years 3. 25 years 4. 21 years
7. In a country, in a decade, the population increased by 15.9%. If the increase in the urban
population was 18% and that in the rural population was 4%. Find the ratio of the urban to rural
population at the beginning of the decade.
1. 5 : 1 2. 17 : 3 3. 10 : 3 4. 19 : 5
8. Vessels A and B contain milk and water in the ratio 4 : 5 and 5 : 1 respectively. In what proportion
would quantities be taken from the vessels A and B respectively to form a mixture in which milk :
water is in the ration 5 : 4.
1. 2 : 5 2. 4 : 3 3. 5 : 2 4. 3 : 4
9. A piece of wire 78 cm long is bent in the form of an isosceles triangle. If the ratio of one of the equal
sides to the base is 5 : 3, the length of the base in cms is
1. 19 cm 2. 18 cm 3. 16 cm 4. 17 cm
10. One man adds 3 liters of water to 12 liters of milk and another man adds 4 liters of water to 10
liters of milk. Compare the amount of milk in the two mixtures.
1. 25 : 26 2. 28 : 25 3. 3 : 2 4. None of these
11. If A : B = 3 : 4 and B : C = 5 : 6 then A : B : C is _____
1. 15 : 20 : 24 2. 2 : 3 : 4 3. 3 : 2 : 7 4. None
12. Two numbers are in the ratio 4 : 5. If each is diminished by 6, they would be in the ratio 3 : 4.
Find them.
1. 24, 30 2. 12, 15 3. 16, 19 4. 80, 100
51
13. Write 6
1
2
: 5.2 as the ratio of integers
1. 5 : 4 2. 6 : 5 3. 8 : 7 4. 13 : 1
14. The incomes of A and B are in the ratio 4 : 3 and their expenditures are in the ratio 2 : 1. If each
one saves Rs.1000, their incomes are
1. Rs.2000 and Rs.1500 2. Rs.3000 and Rs.2250
3. Rs.4000 and Rs.3000 4. None of these
15. Divide 27 into two parts so that 5 times the first and 11 times the second are together equal to 195
1. 17 : 10 2. 16 : 11 3. 15 : 12 4. None of these
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 1
1 2 6 3 11 1
2 1 7 1 12 2
3 2 8 4 13 3
4 2 9 2 14 2
5 1 10 3 15 1
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 2
1 3 6 2 11 1
2 3 7 2 12 2
3 4 8 3 13 4
4 2 9 2 14 4
5 1 10 3 15 1
CHAPTER-3
52
Percentages
Concept of Percentage
The French word Cent or the Latin word Centum means hundred.
Therefore the word percentage means per hundred or hundredths.
Any fraction with hundred in the denominator is called percentage.
Percent is indicated using the symbol: %
80% is
80
100
; 5% is
5
100
; 365% is
365
100
A percentage can be represented by a fraction or a decimal.
Important points to remember
1. Converting Fractions, Numbers and Decimals to Percentages
5 can also be written as 500%
1.25 can also be written as 125%
3.75 can also be written as 375%
0.575 can also be written as 57.5%
2. A fraction can be converted to percentage by multiplying by 100
Percentage Fraction Decimal
75%
75
100 0.75
30%
30
100 0.3
65%
65
100 0.65
23%
23
100 0.23
66%
66
100 0.66
53
4
5
100 = 0.8 x100= 80%
1
6
100 = 0.1666 x 100 = 16.66%
3. Finding a percent of a given number.
P% of A =
_

,
P
A
100

Example:
a) 10% of 50 =
_

,
10
50
100
=5
b) 25% of 120=
_

,
25
120
100
=30
4. Percentage Comparison.
Given x and a, to find x is what% of a
Multiply the ratio
x
a
by 100 and add % sign, i.e.,
_

,
x
100 %
a
Example:
a) 4 is what percent of 60?
4
60
100 = 6.67%
b) 10 is what percent of 100?
10
100
100 = 10%
c) 207 is what percent of 100?
207
100
100 = 207%
5. Percent Increase and Decrease
In many cases we are interested in knowing by how much fraction of its origin
value a quantity has changed. If the value is given in percentage then:
Percentage change =
change
100 %
original
6. Percentage Error
Error
Percentage error = x100
Actual value
Error = Actual value - Value taken (AV>VT)
Error = Value taken - Actual value (VT>AV)
If the value of x is taken as y then error is y - x
54
_

,
y - x
Error percentage = 100 %
x
, where (y x) is error and x is the actual value
7. Relative Percentage
In relative percentage, there is percentage comparison between two or more
quantities.
Example:
If As income is 20% less than Bs, then by what percentage is Bs income more than A?
Solution:
Let Bs income be Rs.100
As income would be 20% less than B
Hence, As income = 80% of Rs.100 = Rs.80
The percentage by which Bs income would be more than A
=
(100- 80)
100
80
% = 25%
Worked Examples
1. Find 5 percent of 400.
Solution:
5% =
5
100
= 0.05
Hence, the required amount = 0.05 x 400 = 20
2. Find 2% of Rs.18.75 to the nearest paise.
Solution:
2% of Rs.18.75
2
100
18.75 = 0.02 x 18.75 = 0.375 = 38 paise.
3. In a school the strength of the students is 260 out of which 65% are boys. Find the
number of boys and girls in the school.
Solution:
Total number of students = 260
Given that 65% of the students are boys. Hence, 35% of the students are girls.
No. of girls =
35
100
260 = 91 and, No. of boys = 260 91 = 169
There are 169 boys and 91 girls in the school.
4. A piece of cloth 50 meters long shrinks by 0.6%. How much did it shrink?
55
Solution:
0.6% of 50 meter = 0.3 meters = 30 cm
5. In a spelling test of 80 words, Ravi spelt 80% of the words correctly. How many words
did he spell right?
Solution:
The number of words in the spelling test = 80 words.
Ravi spells 80% words correctly.
No. of words spelt correctly by Ravi =
80
100
80 = 64 words.
6. A man spends 25% of his money and then Rs.75 and then 5% of the remainder. If he
had Rs.3291.75 left with him, how much money did he possess initially?
Solution:
Let the money before spending 5% be Rs.100.
So, amount after spending 5% is Rs.(100 - 5) = Rs.95
Actual amount of money after spending 5% = Rs.3291.75
So, actual amount of money before spending 5% = Rs.
3291.75100
95
= Rs.3465
Therefore, amount of money left before spending Rs.75 = Rs.3465 + Rs.75 = Rs.3540
If the original money is Rs.100, then the amount of money left after spending 25% of
Rs.75.
Money left after spending 10% Original money
Rs.75 Rs.100
Rs.3540 Rs.4720
Therefore his original sum of money is Rs.4720.
7. Find the percentage error in writing 2.54 as 2.5.
Solution:
Actual value=2.5
Value taken=2.54
Error value=2.54-2.5=0.04

error
Therefore percentage error = 100
actual value
0.04
= x100
2.54
4
= =1.574%
2.54
56
8. The price of rice is raised by 30%, by what percent should a house wife reduce
consumption so as to not to increase her total expenditure on rice?
Solution:
Let her initial consumption be 100 kg at a price of Rs.10 per kg.
Hence her total expenditure = 100 10 = Rs.1000
The new price after increase of 30% is 13 per kg
Let the consumption be X kgs
Then,
13X = 1000
1000
X = =76.92
13
100- 76.92
percentage reduction= x100 =23.08%
100
Alternative Method
_

,
X
x100 %
100+X
30
= x100
130
300
= =23.08%
13
where X is the increase in percentage.
9. Satishs income is 20% more than that of Sanjanas. By what percentage is Sanjana
income less than that of Satish?
Solution:
Method 1
Let Sanjana income be Rs.100
Satishs income is
( ) 100+20
100 =120
100

Sanjana income is less than Satish by
difference of the income
100
satish's income

20
= 100
120
=
4
16
6
%
Method 2
x
100%
100+x
, where x is percentage difference
57
i.e.,
20
= 100
120
4
=16 %
6
10. If the present population of a town is 20000, which is increasing at r rate of 10% every
year what will be population of the town after 2 years?
Solution:

( )
( )
let the present population be 100
In the first year it will be=10% 100 +100
=10+1 00
=110
In the second year it will be= 10% 110 +11 0
=110+11
=121
present after 2 years
100 121
20,000 ?
20,000x121
=24,200
100
we notice that the above is a co
1 _

1
, ]
1 _ _
1
, , ]
n
2
mpound intrest problem where
p=20,000 r =10% t =2 years
r
population after n year =p 1+
100
10
population after 2 year =20,000 1+ =24,200
100

(Or Original price - 15% of Rs.40, 000) =
85
100
40,000 = Rs.34,000
Practice Exercise 1
1. Xs salary is half that of Y. If X got a 50% increase in his salary while Y got a 25%
increase, then what is the percentage increase in the total salary received by both?
58
1. 50% 2. 25% 3. 33
1
3
% 4. 66.66%
2. A man spends 30% of his salary on food and 60% of the balance on clothing. If his total
savings per month is Rs.265, what is his total annual income?
1. Rs.11,352 2. Rs.12,815 3. Rs.10,582 4. Rs.12,102
3. As income is 10% more than Bs. By what percentage is Bs income less than As?
1. 10% 2. 9.09% 3. 10.9% 4. 11%
4. Kumar earns 25% more while Raman earns 75% more than their colleague Mohan. If
the monthly income of Raman is Rs.1750, what is Mohans salary as a percentage of the
combined salary of the three colleagues?
1. 50% 2. 25% 3. 33
1
3
% 4. 40%
5. A mango trees height is 30% less than that of a coconut tree. By what percent is the
coconut tree taller than the mango tree?
1. 42.8% 2. 40% 3. 28.3% 4. 34.15%
6. What is 20% of 50%?
1. 10% 2. 40% 3. 25% 4. None of these
7. If the population of a town increases by r% every year, then the population after t
years is
1.
t
r/100) + 1 (
p
2.
_

,
t
r
p 1+
100
3.
p
r/100) + 1 (
t
4.
100
prt
8. When the price of a radio was reduced by 20% the quantity sold increased by 80%.
What was the net effect on the sales revenue?
1. 44% increase 2. 44% decrease 3. 20% decrease 4. 34% increase
9. A man spends 40% of his salary on books. Out of this amount, 60% is spent on buying
text books, 20% on novels and the remaining on journals. If 80% of the money on
journals is spent on buying foreign journals and the remaining on Indian journals, what
percentage of his salary is spent on Indian Journals?
1. 2.4% 2. 1.6% 3. 6.4% 4. 3.2%
10. 50% of a% of b is 75% of b% of c. What is c?
1. 0.5a 2. 0.667a 3. 1.25a 4. 1.5a
11. The drivers of 65% of BTS buses are on strike today. 4% of the remaining buses are
under repair due to accidents. If the number of buses still operating is 168, what is the
total number of BTS buses operating under normal circumstances?
1. 542 2. 500 3. 600 4. 550
59
12. In a test, a student gets 80% of what he expected. His expected score happens to be
60% more than the class average. What is his score as a percentage of the average
score?
1. 115% 2. 160% 3. 144% 4. 128%
13. Two sides of a cuboid are increased by 10% and the third side is decreased by 20%.
What is the percentage volume change?
1. No change 2. 3.2% increase 3. 3.2% decrease 4. 2.9% decrease
14. A block of ice is to be carried through a certain distance. The ice melts by
1
50
th of its
own weight for every
1
3
rd of the total distance. What percent of ice remains at the end?
1. 94% 2. 72% 3. 33.33% 4. 66.66%
15. Mohan spends 50% of his monthly allowance on food, 18% on magazines, 10% on
writing material and 15% on miscellaneous items. If he saves Rs.840 at the end of the
year out of his allowance, what is his monthly allowance?
1. Rs.3000 2. Rs.2200 3. Rs.1000 4. Rs.750
Practice Exercise 2
1. Star TV is presently connected to 2 million houses in India. If 1000 new connections are
given every day, what is the annual percentage growth in star TV viewer-ship?
1. 18.25% 2. 22.15% 3. 7.07% 4. 11.11%
60
2. The price of wheat drops by 20%. How many kg can be bought now with the same
money that was sufficient to buy 16 kg prior to price change?
1. 18 2. 20 3. 20.5 4. 17
3. In a village, 12% of goats were lost in a flood and 5% of the remainder died due to
starvation. If the number of goats remaining is 8,360, what was the original number of
goats before the flood?
1. 10,000 2. 8,800 3. 9,400 4. 10,240
4. Anupamas income is 15% greater than Sivakamis. By what percent is Sivakamis
income less than Anupamas?
1. 13.04% 2. 15% 3. 20% 4. 17.1%
5. A salt solution contains 5% salt and the remaining water. The total volume of the
solution is 10 litres. If 2 litres of water evaporate, what percent of the remaining
solution is salt?
1. 6
3
2
% 2. 5% 3. 7
4
1
% 4. 6
4
1
%
6. The price of Vadilal ice cream is 50% more than Dollops and that of Walls is 50% more
than Vadilal. By what percent is Dollops cheaper than Walls?
1. 50% 2. 66.66% 3. 55.55% 4. 60%
7. The sales of a business in 1977 was 20% less than in 1976. By what percent must the
sales in 1978 be increased to bring it to the level of 1976?
1. 20% 2. 25% 3. No increase 4. 30%
8. The price of sugar is increased by 20% and its consumption is reduced by 20%. Find out
the net increase/decrease in expenditure on sugar.
1. 4% increase 2. 6% decrease 3. 4% decrease 4. No change
9. If the price of each cup of tea served in a restaurant is reduced by 20%, one can buy 3
more cups of tea for Rs.30. What is the price of tea per cup?
1. Rs.2.00 2. Rs.2.25 3. Rs.2.30 4. Rs.2.50
10. A company manufactures electric tube lights which are priced at Rs.25 each. The tube
lights consume power @ Re.1 per hour. The company is planning to launch a new type
of tube-light which, as per the tests conducted, can cut the electricity bill by 50%. What
higher percentage of price can the company fix for the new tube over the old variety if
the extra cost is to be recovered in just 10 hours of lighting?
1. 50% 2. 35% 3. 20% 4. 48%
11. A and B are two cinema halls in a city. A charges an entrance fee of Rs.10.80 which
includes entertainment tax @ 20% on Basic fee. Basic fee at B is cheaper by 60%, tax
being 25%d on basic fee. By what percentage is the entrance fee of A costlier than that
of B?
1. 350% 2. 140% 3. 235% 4. 180%
61
12. A fruit vendor is sanctioned a loan of Rs.5000 from a bank. The loan carries an interest
of 40% compounded half-yearly. The vendor intends to recover the entire annual
interest within 4 months of operation. By what percent should he load the prices, if he
currently has an average monthly income of Rs.4400 and has 100% margin.
1. 25% 2. 5% 3. 15% 4. 30%
13. A rectangle shaped orchard has trees planted in 12 rows and 48 columns. The adjoining
land is empty and square in shape, with two sides being half and double of the existing
rectangular orchard farm. How many trees can be planted in the square land if the same
spacing between trees is followed?
1. 400 2. 900 3. 121 4. 576
14. Suresh weighs 65 kg. He has an attack of viral fever and loses 1/5 of his weight. Within
a few days he recovers and gains 25% weight. But when the fever relapses after two
weeks, he loses 10 kg. By what percentage should he improve his weight in order to
reach his normal weight?
1. 20% 2. 18.2% 3. 25% 4. 15%
15. The price of an article is cut by 20%. By what percent should it be increased to sell it at
the original price?
1. 15% 2. 20% 3. 25% 4. 30%
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 1
1 3 6 1 11 2
2 1 7 2 12 4
3 2 8 1 13 3
4 2 9 2 14 1
5 1 10 2 15 3
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 2
1 1 6 3 11 2
2 2 7 2 12 1
3 1 8 3 13 4
4 1 9 4 14 2
5 4 10 3 15 3
CHAPTER-4
Profit, Loss & Discount
Important points to remember
62
1. Cost Price (CP) : The price at which a commodity is purchased is called the COST PRICE of the
commodity.
2. Selling Price (SP): The price at which a commodity is sold is called the SELLING PRICE of the
commodity.
3. The amount that is deducted from the marked price is called Retailers Discount.
The difference between the marked price (List price) and the discount becomes the new selling
price.
The reduction made on the marked price of the article is called the Discount.
DISCOUNT = Market price Selling price.
4. The difference of cost price and selling price gives LOSS or PROFIT.
Profit = Selling price Cost price
Loss = Cost price Selling price
Cost price = Selling price Profit
Selling Price = Cost price + Profit
Cost price = Selling price + Loss
Selling price = Cost price Loss
If the selling price is equal to the cost price then there is neither Profit nor Loss.
5. When profit or loss is calculated for Rs.100 (or any currency of 100 denominations), we get Profit
Percentage and Loss Percentage.
_

,
_

,
Profit 100
Profit %=
CP
Loss100
Loss%=
CP
Discount% =
Discount
Marked price
100.
6. To find Selling Price, when Cost Price and Profit /Loss Percentage are given
(100+PROFIT%)
SP = CP
100
(100 - LOSS%)
SP = CP
100
7. The Selling Price of 2 commodities being the same, if one of them is sold at a Loss of R% and the
other sold at a Profit of R%, then there will be an overall LOSS Percentage of
square of %
100
i.e.,
2
R
100
and, Loss =
( )
2
2 2
2R
100 -R
63
Worked Examples
1. A man sells two cars for Rs.2,00,000 each. On one he gains 5% and on the other he
loses 5%. Find his gain or loss percent on the whole transaction.
Solution:
Loss % =
_

,
2
common gain or loss%
10
=
_

,
2
5
1
= = 0.25%
4
10
.
2. If the selling price of 10 articles is the same as the cost price of 15 articles, find the gain
percent.
Solution:
Let C.P. of each article be Re.1.
C.P. of 10 articles = Rs.10.
S.P. of 10 articles = C.P. of 15 articles = Rs.15.
Gain =

_

,
5
100 % 50%
10
.
3. By selling 100 bags, a shopkeeper gains the selling price of 25 bags. Find his gain
percent.
Solution:
(S.P. of 100 bags) - (C.P. of 100 bags) = S.P. of 25 bags
S.P of 75 bags = C.P. of 100 bags
Let C.P. of each bag be Rs.1
then C.P of 75 bag = Rs.75
S.P of 75 bags = Rs.100
Gain =
25
100
75
= 33.33%.
4. Santosh sells 2 bags at Rs.200, each he gets a profit of 15% on one bag an a loss of 15% on the
other bag. What is overall profit or loss?
Solution:
CP = SP
( )
100
100+p%
= 200
( )
100
100+15
CP = 200
100
115
= Rs.173.91
64
CP = SP (
100
100- L%
) = 200(
100
100- 15
) = 200
100
85
= 235.2
Total CP = 235.24 + 173.91 = Rs. 408.25
Total SP = 400
He has loss.
Loss% =
loss
100
CP
=
9.15
100
408.25
= 2.25%
In the previous problem % profit and % loss was 15%.
Then loss% =
2
R
100
=
2
15
100
= 2.25%
Loss =
( )
2
2R
2 2
100 -R
Loss =
( )
22.25200
10000- 225
=
90000
98775
= 8.022
But the above is not valid when the cost price of both the articles are same.
5. A dishonest dealer prefers to sell his goods at cost price but uses a weight of 950 gms for 1 kg. Find
his gain percent.
Solution:
Gain % =

_

,
Error
x100 %
True value error
= %
19
5
5 % 100 x
950
50

,
_

.
6. By selling an article of Rs.120, one gains Rs.20. Find the gain percent.
Solution:
S. P. = Rs. 120, Gain = Rs. 20
C. P. = Rs. (120 - 20) = Rs. 100
Gain of Rs. 100 is Rs. 20
So, gain % = 20% % 100 x
100
20

,
_

.
7. By selling an article for Rs.100, a man loses 20% for how much should he sell it to gain 8%?
65
Solution:
S.P. = Rs.100, loss = 10%
C.P = Rs.
,
_

100 x
80
100
= Rs.125
Now C.P = Rs.125, Gain required, = 8%
S.P = Rs.
1
]
1

125 x
100
108
= Rs.135.
8. A man loses Rs.50 by selling some pens at the rate of Rs.3 per piece and gains Rs.100,
if he sells them at Rs.4 per piece. Find the number of pieces sold by him.
Solution:
Suppose the no. of all pieces sold is x. Then, the difference of selling prices at the new
rates is Rs.150.
Rs.4x Rs.3x = 150 x = 150
Thus the number of pens sold = 150.
9. The percent profit made when an article is sold for Rs.50 is twice that when it is sold for
Rs.45. Find the C.P of the article.
Solution:
Let C.P. be Rs.x. Then

_

,
50 x
100
x
=

(45 x)
2 100
x
50 - x = 2(45 - x) x = 40
Thus, C.P. of the article = Rs.40.
10. X spends 80% of his income. His income was increased by 10% and his expenditure was
increased by 5%. By what percentage did his savings increase?
Solution:
Let the original income of X = Rs.100
Expenditure = 80% of 100 or Rs.80
His savings = Rs.100 - Rs.80 = Rs.20
Xs new expenditure = (100 + 5)% of 80 = Rs.84
Savings = Rs.110 - Rs.84 = Rs.26
Increase in savings = Rs.26 - Rs.20 = Rs.6
Percentage of increase in savings =
26 - 20
100
20
= 30%
66
Practice Exercise 1
1. Find the selling price if the cost price is Rs.150 and the profit is 20%.
1. 120 2. 180 3. 210 4. 100
2. Find the cost price if selling price is Rs.200 and profit is 12%.
1. Rs.175.87 2. Rs.170 3. Rs.178.57 4. Rs.185.77
3. Find the percentage profit if the cost price is Rs.175.00 and selling price is 250.00.
67
1. 42.8 2. 48.2 3. 48 4. 40.8
4. Find the selling price if cost price is Rs. 1,000 and percentage loss is 10.
1. 1100 2. 1010 3. 1001 4.
900
5. A sells a cycle to B at a profit of 20% and B sells it to C at a profit of 25%. If C pays Rs.
225 for the bicycle, how much did A pay for it?
1. Rs.150 2. Rs.120 3. Rs.125 4. Rs.225
6. A merchant sells two articles for Rs. 150/- each. He sells one at a loss of 10% and the
other at a profit of 10%. What is his net profit or loss?
1. Loss of Rs.1.50 2. Gain of Rs.3.03 3. Loss of Rs.3.03 4. No profit, no loss
7. A fruit seller bought some oranges at 4 per rupee and an equal number at 5 per rupee.
He then sold the entire quantity at 9 for two rupees. What is his percentage gain or loss?
1. 8
9
8
% 2. 2% 3. 1
81
19
% 4. No profit, no loss
8. A tape recorder is sold at Rs.935 at a profit of 10%. What would have been the actual
profit or loss if it had been sold for Rs.810?
1. Rs.55 loss 2. Rs.75 loss 3. Rs.20 gain 4. Rs.40 loss
9. A merchant sells rice and makes a profit of 6%. His cost price increases by 10% and as
a result he increases his selling price also by 10%. What percent profit does he earn now?
1. 6% 2. 6.6% 3. 10% 4. None of these
10. Ram buys a Maruti car at a 20% discount and immediately sells it at 20% more than the
list price. What will be his profit?
1. 40% 2. 50% 3. 60% 4. 20%
11. The printed sale price of a book is Rs.60. The trader offers two successive discounts of
20% and 30%. The net sale price is subject to a sales tax of 5%. How much does the buyer
pay?
1. Rs.35.28 2. Rs.31.50 3. Rs.36.00 4. Rs.32.48
12. John sells two cameras at Rs.1000 each. On one camera he gets a profit of 10%, while
on the other he incurs a loss of 10%. What is his overall profit or loss?
1. Gain of Rs.20 2. No profit, no loss 3. Loss of Rs.20.20 4. None of these
13. A retailer buys a dozen pens for Rs. 96. The wholesaler gives him a pen free on the
condition that he should sell at Rs. 8 per pen. What will be the retailers percentage profit?
1. 8.33% 2. 10% 3. 6.66% 4. 12.25%
14. A cloth merchant sells at a profit of 10%. What is his net profit if he sells goods and bills
Rs.1000 on a particular day, given that the measuring tape of the merchant measures 995 mm,
instead of 1m?
1. Rs.95.45 2. Rs.82.33 3. Rs.110.25 4. Rs.78.75
68
15. A trader buys 78 kg of wheat for Rs.892. He sells 40% of this quantity at a loss of 20%.
What should be his percentage mark up on the remaining in order that he earns an
overall profit of 25%?
1. 40% 2. 55% 3. 28% 4. 45%
Practice Exercise 2
1. Sheela buys eggs at Rs. X per dozen and sells them at 8 times that price per hundred.
What is her percentage profit or loss?
1. 16% profit 2. 4% profit 3. 4% loss 4. 16% loss
69
2. Ram buys an article at
3
4
th
its value and sells it at 50% more than its value. What is his
percentage profit?
1. 50% 2. 100% 3. 75% 4. 125%
3. A manufacturers list price for an item is 40% more than its cost. If he allows a discount
of 10% on the list price, what will be his percentage profit?
1. 30% 2. 28% 3. 26% 4. 24%
4. Krishna buys three articles at Rs.800 each. He sells the first at 15% profit and the
second at 20% loss. What should be his percentage profit on the third article to ensure
that he makes an overall profit of 10%?
1. 30% 2. 35% 3. 40% 4. 25%
5. X buys 6 books for Rs.100 and sells 5 books for Rs.100. What is his percentage profit?
1. 30% 2. 35% 3. 40% 4. 25%
6. Shyam buys X eggs to resell them at a profit of 10% but loses 10% of the eggs due to
transit damage. By how much should he mark up the selling price of the eggs in order to
retain a 10% profit?
1. 30% 2. 40% 3. 33.33% 4. 22.22%
7. A man sells 2 goats at Rs.120 each. By doing so, he gains 25% on one goat and loses
25% on the other. What is his loss/gain percent if any?
1. 0 2. 6.25 3. 4.3 4. 2
8. A merchant loses 7% on a certain tea, but he uses a weight of 900 gm instead of 1 kg.
Find his profit %.
1. 3.33 2. 2.05 3. 4.67 4. 4.21
9. A sells a bicycle to B at a profit of 20% and B sells it to C at a profit of 25%. If C pays
Rs.225 for the bicycle, how much did A pay for it?
1. 100 2. 125 3. 150 4. 200
10. How much percent above the C.P. should a shop keeper mark his goods so that he gains
26% after allowing a discount of 10%?
1. 40 2. 50 3. 70 4. 30
11. A trader marks his goods 25% above the C.P. and allows his customers a discount of
12%. What is his profit%?
1. 6 2. 8 3. 10 4. 9
12. A saree was priced at Rs.1,200/-. After two successive discounts, the selling price was
Rs.816. If the first discount was 15%, find the rate of the second discount.
1. 10% 2. 15% 3. 20% 4. 33
1
3
%
70
13. By selling 25 metres of cloth at Rs.50 per metre, a merchant earns a profit equivalent to
the cost price of 5 metres of cloth. The percentage profit is
1. 15% 2. 25% 3. 20% 4. 18%
14. A man buys 50 chairs for Rs.5,000/- but 20 of them are damaged. He decides to sell the
damaged chairs each at
3
4
th
the price of the normal one. What should be the price of a
normal chair in order that the person makes a profit of 35% for the whole lot?
1. Rs.125 2. Rs.170 3. Rs.130 4. Rs.175
15. An article was bought for Rs. 1,300 and sold immediately for Rs. 1,436.50 payable in 10
months time. Find the loss or gain accrued if the rate of interest is 10% per annum?
1. 2% gain 2. 2
1
2
% gain 3. 2% loss 4. 5% loss
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 1
1 2 6 1 11 1
2 3 7 3 12 4
3 1 8 4 13 1
4 4 9 1 14 1
5 1 10 2 15 2
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 2
1 2 6 4 11 3
2 3 7 2 12 3
3 2 8 1 13 3
4 3 9 3 14 4
5 2 10 1 15 1
CHAPTER-5
71
Simple & Compound Interest
Interest
The word interest has been taken from the Latin word Interesse.
1. Interest is the money paid for the privilege of using another persons money. When a lender lends
the money to the borrower, the money that is lent is called the PRINCIPAL and the sum of money
paid for the use of it is called the INTEREST.
2. In other words, the principal is the amount of money that is borrowed and interest is the
proportionate sum of money paid for the use of it. The sum of the interest and principal at the end
of any time is called the AMOUNT.
Interest: It is money paid for the privilege of using another persons money.
Principal: When Lender lends the money to the borrowers, the money that is lent is called the
principal.
Amount: Amount = Principal + Interest.
The sum of the interest and principal at the end of any time is called the Amount.
Simple Interest
1. Simple interest is the interest calculated on the original P rincipal . It is sum of money paid to the
lender by the borrower for particular period.
2. Simple Interest on Principal P for T number of years, at then Rate of R% per annum is given by,
PTR
SI =
100
And the Amount,
A = P + I where I =
PTR
100
A = P +
PTR
100
_ _

, ,
TR
A =P 1+
100
The principal amount does not change for any time period, while calculating Simple
Interest.
Compound Interest
1. In compound interest calculations, the interest for each period is added to the principal
before interest is calculated for the next period. With this method the principal grows as the
interest is added to it. This method is used in investments such as savings account and bonds.
72
2. When the compound interest is calculated Yearly:
1. Let Principal = P
Rate = R%
Time = n years

_

,
n
R
A =P 1+
100
2. Let the rates of interest for 2 successive years be R1% & R2% per annum, respectively. Let
A be the amount after 2 years, then
_ _

, ,
R R
1 2
A =P 1+ 1+
100 100
If R1%, R2% and R3% be the interest rates for 3 successive years then the amount after 3
years will be
1 _ _ _
1
, , , ]
R R R
3 1 2
A =P 1+ 1+ 1+
100 100 100
3. If the period is not complete number of year:
If it is n years and m months and interest is R% p.a. compounded yearly, then

_ _ _

, , ,
n
R m R
A =P 1+ 1+
100 12 100
3. Simple Interest and Compound Interest for 1 year at a gi ven Rate of Interest per
annum are always Equal.
4. When the compound interest is calculated Half-Yearly:
Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum, Time = n years.
Since interest is earned half yearly, the rate of interest will be
R
%
2
for every half year, and time will
be 2n half years.
Let A be amount after n years, then
_ _

, ,
2n
R
A =P 1+
2100
5. When the compound interest is calculated Quarterly:
Rate of interest is
R
%
4
per quarter.
Time = 4n (quarterly)
73
Then the Amount,
_ _

, ,
4n
R
A =P 1+
4100
Worked Examples
1. Mr. Christy borrowed Rs. 7,500 from a bank on 1st June 1994 at 6
3
4
% p.a. S.I. and paid the
amount back on 3rd June 1995. Find the amount paid.
Solution:
Amount = Principal + S.I.
Principal = Rs. 7500
S.I. =
100
PNR
, R =
27
4
% p.a.
N = 12 months + 3 days 1 year
S.I. =
400
1 27 7500
= Rs. 506.25
Amount = Rs. 8006.25.
2. Find S.I on Rs. 8000/- at 16
1
2
% p.a. for the period from 7
th
June 1997 to 8
th
September 1997.
Solution:
P = Rs. 8000, N = June 23 days + September 8 days + 2 months
N =(
365
31
+
12
2
) years = 0.252 years
R =
2
33
% p.a.
So, I =

8000 33 0.252
2 100
= Rs. 332.64
3. On what capital will S.I. for 3 weeks and 4 days at 12% p.a. amount to Rs. 16?
Solution:
S.I. =
100
PNR
; R = 12% ; S.I. = 16
74
N = 3 weeks + 4 days =
365
25
years
N = 0.0685 years
16 =
P 0.0685 12
100

P =

1600 1600
0.0685 12 0.822
= Rs. 1946.5
Capital or Principal amount = Rs. 1946.5
4. A sum of money trebles itself in 15 years 6 months. In how many years would it double itself?
Solution:
Let the sum i.e. P = x
When the sum trebles itself, S.I. = 2x, N = 15
1
2
years =
2
31
years
2x =
xR 31

100 2
R =
31
400
%
When the sum doubles itself, S.I. = x
x = x N

400
31 100
N =
4
31
= 7.75 years
i.e., 7 years 9 months.
5. Find the compound interest on Rs.6500 for 3 years at 10% p.a. compounded annually.
Solution:
C.I. = A - P
A = P (1 + r)
n
P = 6500 A = 6500
3
100
10
1

,
_

+
A = 6500(1 1)
3
= 8651.5
C.I. = 8651.5 - 6500= Rs. 2151.5
6. At what rate percent of compound interest will Rs.970 earn Rs.250 as interest in 10 years?
Solution:
C.I = Rs. 250
P = Rs. 970
75
A = P + C.I = 970 + 250 = Rs. 1220
A = P (1 + r)
n
+
10
1220
(1 r)
970
1.258 = (1+r)
10
1 + r =
( )
1
10
1.258
7. A certain sum put at S.I. amounts in 4 years to Rs.780 and double the same sum amounts to
Rs.2000 in 6 years. Find the sum and rate of interest.
Solution:
Amount = P +
100
PNR
780 = P +

_

,
P 4 R R
=P 1+
100 25
.......... (1)
and,
2000 = + +
_ _

, ,
6R 3R
2P 1 2P 1
100 50
......... (2)
Equation (2) Equation (1)

+
_

,
_

,
3R
2P 1
2000 50
R 789
P 1
25
2000 + +
_ _

, ,
R 34
1 2 78 1
25 50

100R 234
R 78 100
25 50
R
1
]
1

25
17
= -22
R =
22 25
17
= 32.4% p.a.
8. Mr. Christy and Mr. Clint lend Rs.400 for 2 years at 4% p.a. compound interest. Mr. Christys
interest is paid half yearly and Mr. Clints interest is paid yearly. Find the difference between the
amounts.
Solution:
Christys case
P = Rs. 400
76
n = 2 years
R = 4%
(Because interest is payable half yearly.)
A = P +
_

,
2n
R/2
1
100
= 400 +
_

,
4
2
1
100
= 400 (1.02)
4
= Rs. 432.97
Clints case
A = P
n
100
R
1

,
_

+ = 400
2
100
4
1

,
_

+
= 400 (1.04)
2
= Rs. 432.64
Difference between the amounts is Rs.0.33/-
9. Find the compound interest on Rs.5600 for 1
1
2
year at 10% p.a. compounded annually.
Solution:
A = 5600 + +
_ _

, ,
1
10 10
1 1
100 200
= Rs.6468
C.I = 6468 - 5600 = Rs.868
10. Find the CI on Rs. 10,000 in 10 years if the rate of interest is 5% for the first 2 years, 8% for the
next 3 years, 9% for the 6
th
and 7
th
years and 10% for last 3 years.
Solution:
CI = A - P
A = 10,000 + + + +
_ _ _ _

, , , ,
2 3 2 3
5 8 9 10
1 1 1 1
100 100 100 100
= Rs. 21,965
CI = 21,965 - 10,000 = Rs. 11,965
{Note using varying rate of interest of interest formula}
Practice Exercise 1
1. A sum of money placed at CI doubles itself in 5 years. It will amount to eight times itself in how
many years?
1. 15 years 2. 20 years 3. 33 years 4. 21 years
77
2. In how many years will a sum at Rs.800 at 10% per annum compounded semi-annually become
Rs.926.10?
1. 4.5 years 2. 1.5 years 3. 4 years 4. 6 years
3. A sum of money, compounded, amounts to Rs.6690 after 3 years and to Rs.10035 after 6 years.
Find the sum.
1. Rs.1110 2. Rs.5560 3. Rs.5432 4. Rs.4460
4. A certain sum amounts to Rs.7350 in 2 years and to Rs.8575 in 3 years. Find the sum and rate
percent.
1. Rs.5900, 15% 2. Rs.5200, 16.6% 3. Rs.5400, 16.7%. 4. Rs.5500, 5.6%
5. A man deposited in a bank Rs.5178 for his 2 sons aged 12 years and 15 years, so that the sum
should be divided in such a way that the 2 sons get the same amount when they attain the age of
18 years. The rate of CI is 5% p.a. What should be the share of the elder son at the beginning?
1. Rs.2400 2. Rs.5600 3. Rs.3450 4. Rs.2100
6. If the simple interest on a certain sum of money at 5% per annum for 3 years is Rs.1200, find the
compound interest on the same sum for the same period at the same rate?
1. Rs.1006 2. Rs.3210 3. Rs.990 4. Rs.1261
7. If the compound interest on a certain sum for 2 years at 3% be Rs.101.50, what would be the
simple interest?
1. Rs.98 2. Rs.100 3. Rs.110 4. Rs.220
8. Find the effective rate of compound interest when the money is lent at 6
2
3
% interest payable 6
monthly.
1. 2.3% 2. 8% 3. 2.89% 4. 6.78%
9. Find the effective rate of interest, when money is lent at 10% interest payable quarterly.
1. 10.43% 2. 10.38% 3. 9.98% 4. 11.11%
10. Find the effective rate of compound interest when Rs.8000 is lent at 6% p.a. interest payable
monthly.
1. 3.6% 2. 1.6% 3. 6.17% 4. 5.2%
11. What would be the value of a machine that had an original cost of Rs.3000, at the end of 4 years, if
the depreciation rate is 16% p.a.?
1. Rs.1494 2. Rs.2564 3. Rs.980 4. Rs.1878
12. Machinery costing Rs.32000 has an estimated life of 10 years. If the depreciation is 8% p.a. what
will be the value of the machine at the end of its life time.
78
1. 32000(1 - .06)
10
2. 32000(1 - .12)
10
3. 32000(1 - .08)
10
4. 32000(1 - .08)
9
13. A machine costing Rs.16000 is being depreciated at 10% p.a. After how many years will its value
be reduced to Rs.5000?
1. n =
( )
( )
log 0.3125
log 0.9
2. n =
( )
( )
log 0.03125
log 0.9
3. n =
( )
( )
log 0.3125
log 0.09
4. n =
( )
( )
log 0.3125
log 0.6
14. If the value of the machine after 5 years is Rs.17910 and at the end of 7 years is Rs.12500, find the
rate of depreciation.
(Note: log(0.6979) = -0.1562), antilog(-0.078) = 0.8354)
1. 33.33% 2. 16.46% 3. 83.98% 4. 32.98%
15. A property is worth Rs.20000 today. It is depreciated by
1
20
of its book value every year. Find
depreciated amount by the end of the 10
th
year. (Note: (0.95)
10
= 0.5987)
1. Rs.6890 2. Rs.2870 3. Rs.5906 4. Rs.8030
Practice Exercise 2
1. The population of a town is 10,00,000 today. What will be it population after 2 years if the rate of
increase is 10% p.a. of that of the preceding year?
79
1. 1,210,000 2.1,45,890 3.1,12,100 4.2.98.000
2. A tree increases annually by
1
8
th
of its height. By how much will it increase after 2 years, if it
stands 64 cm high today?
1. 66 cm 2. 98 cm 3. 22 cm 4. 81 cm
3. In a certain village the annual birth rate for 1000 is 44.8 and annual death rate for 1000 is 24.8. In
how many years will the population of the village double itself?
Note: log(2) = 0.3010, log(1.02) = 0.0086
1. 6.4 years 2. 12.5 years 3. 35 years 4. 25 years
4. Find the annual installment if the amount of a loan is Rs.500 at 12% p.a. for 4 equal installments.
1. Rs.164.61 2. Rs.133.10 3. Rs.196.69 4. Rs.120
5. Ramaswami borrowed Rs.33100 at 10% p.a. compound interest and agreed to repay in three equal
installments. Find the approximate amount of the annual installment.
1. 14,685 2. 13,780 3. 9,900 4. 13,310
6. A sum of Rs.1100 was taken as a loan. This is to be repaid in 2 equal installments. If the rate of
interest be 20% compounded annually, then find the value of each installment.
1. Rs.660 2. Rs.720 3. Rs.780 4. Rs.210
7. Mr. Ravi, Mr. Ram and Mr. Sham borrowed Rs.11730 from a money lender at 5% p.a. simple
interest and paid back equal amounts in full settlement of their respective debts after 4, 10 and 12
years. Find the sum borrowed by Ravi?
1. Rs.890 2. Rs.2600 3. Rs.4600 4. Rs.5200
8. A sum of money doubles itself in
12
1
2
years at a certain rate percent on SI. How long will it take to
double at the same rate on compound interest?
1. 6.5 years 2. 5 years 3. 1.5 year 4. 9 years
9. The difference between CI and SI on a sum of money for 5 years at 13% p.a. was Rs.46.80. Find
the approximate value of the sum.
1. Rs.3500 2.Rs.9890 3. Rs.5050 4. Rs.1200
10. The compound interest on a sum of money for 3 years at 10% is Rs.827.50. What is the SI,
calculated at the same rate, for the same period?
1. Rs.120 2. Rs.750 3. Rs.640 4. Rs.650
11. The SI on a certain sum of money for 2 years is Rs.1550 and CI is Rs.1588.75. Find the sum and
rate of interest.
1. Rs.15500 2. Rs.18500 3. Rs.15321 4. Rs.21500
80
12. A claim of Rs.19720 due after a certain period is worth only Rs.9000 today. Find the period if the
rate of CI is 4% p.a.
1. 13 years 2. 11 years 3. 20 years 4. 15 years
13. A lends to B a sum of Rs.1200, partly at 5% p.a. SI and partly at 6% p.a. SI. If at the end of 2
1
2
years A received Rs.160 as interest, find the portion lent out at 5% p.a.
1. Rs.300 2. Rs.600 3. Rs.500 4. Rs.800
14. A sum of money doubles itself at compound interest in 15 years. In how many years will it become
eight times?
1. 25 years 2. 45 years 3. 15 years 4. 5 years
15. If the CI on a certain sum for 2 years at 12% p.a. is Rs.159, find SI for the same period, rate and
sum.
1. Rs.56 2. Rs.90 3. Rs.120 4. Rs.150
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 1
1 1 6 4 11 1
2 2 7 2 12 1
3 4 8 4 13 1
4 3 9 2 14 2
5 1 10 3 15 4
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 2
1 1 6 2 11 1
2 4 7 2 12 3
3 3 8 4 13 4
4 1 9 3 14 2
5 4 10 2 15 4
Chapter 6
Average, Alligation & Mixtures
Averages
81
Sum of all quantities
Average =
Number of quantities
Examples:
1. The average age of 30 kids is 9 years. If the teachers age is included, the average age becomes 10
years. What is the teachers age?
Total age of 30 children = 30 9 = 270 yrs.
Average age of 30 children and 1 teacher = 10 yrs
Total of their ages = 31 10 = 310 yrs
Teachers age = 310 270 = 40
2. The average of 6 numbers is 8. What is the 7
th
number, so that the average becomes 10?
Let x be the 7
th
number
Total of 6 numbers = 6 8 = 48
We are given that = 10
7
x 48

+

x = 22
3. Five years ago, the average of Raja and Ranis ages was 20 yrs. Now the average age of Raja, Rani
and Rama is 30 yrs. What will be Ramas age 10 yrs hence?
Total age of Raja and Rani 5 years ago = 40
Total age of Raja and Rani now = 40 + 5 + 5 = 50
Total age of Raja, Rani and Rama now = 90
Ramas age now = 90 50 = 40
Ramas age after 10 years = 50
4. Out of three numbers, the first is twice the second and thrice the third. If their average is 88, find
the numbers.
Third number = x (say)
First number = 3x
82
Cost price of a unit C.P. of a unit
Cheaper quantity (c) quantity of dearer (d)
Mean Price (m)

d m m c
Second number =
2
3x
Total =
2
3x
3x x + +
Average = 88 )
2
3
3 (1
3
x
+ + (given)
i.e., 88
2
11
3
x

x = 48
48, 144, 72 are the numbers.
5. The average of 8 numbers is 21. Find the average of new set of numbers when 8 multiplies every
number.
Total of 8 numbers = 168
Total of new 8 numbers = 168 8 = 1344
Average of new set = 168
8
1344

Mixtures
Typical Problems related to Mixtures
1. The proportion of prices and quantities of the constituents are known and the effective price of the
mixture is to be established.
83
Cost price of a unit C.P. of a unit
Cheaper quantity (c) quantity of dearer (d)
Mean Price (m)

d m m c
C.P. of 1kg of cheaper C.P. of 1 kg of
Wheat dearer wheat
(285 paise) (610 paise)
Mean Price
(400 paise)
210 115
Wine with 30% Wine with 15%

Spirit Spirit


22
7 8
2. The prices of the constituents are known and it is required to determine the proportion in which the
constituents must be mixed in order to achieve the required profit percentage.
When different quantities of same or different ingredients, of different costs are mixed together to
produce a mixture or mean cost, the ratio of their quantities are inversely proportional to difference
of the mean cost.
Alligation
1. Alligation is a rule to find the proportion in which two or more ingredients at the given price must be
mixed to produce a mixture at a given price.
2. Cost per Price of unit Quantity of the mixture is called the Mean price.
Rule of Alligations
If two ingredients are mixed in a ratio, then
cheaper) (C.P.of price) (Mean
price) (Mean dearer) (C.P.of
dearer of Quantity
cheaper of Quantity

Cheaper Quantity: Dearer Quantity = (d m) : (m c)

Worked Examples
1. How many kg of wheat costing Rs.6.10 /kg must be mixed with 126 kg of wheat costing Rs.2.85/kg,
so that 15% may be gained by selling the mixture at Rs.4.60/kg.
C.P. of mixture = Rs.4 4.60
115
100

84
Cost price of a unit C.P. of a unit
Cheaper quantity (c) quantity of dearer (d)
Mean Price (m)

d m m c
C.P. of 1kg of cheaper C.P. of 1 kg of
Wheat dearer wheat
(285 paise) (610 paise)
Mean Price
(400 paise)
210 115
Wine with 30% Wine with 15%

Spirit Spirit


22
7 8
wheat dearer of Quantity
wheat cheaper of Quantity
=
23
42
115
210

If cheaper wheat is 42 kg then dear one is 23 kg.

If cheaper wheat is 126 kg, then dearer one = 69kg 126
42
23

2. A waiter stole wine from a bottle of sherry, which contained 30% of spirit, and he filled the join with
wine, which contains only 15% of spirit. The strength of the jar then was only 22%. How much of
the quantity did he steal?
By alligation rule
8
7
spirit of 15% with wine
spirit of 30% with wine

They must mixed in the ratio 7:8.

The waiter removed
15
8
of the jar.
3. x covers a distance of 60 km in 6 hrs partly on foot at the rate of 4 kmph and partly on a cycle at
14 kmph. Find the distance traveled on foot.
Average distance traveled in 1 hr = 10 km
Suppose x travels y hrs at 4
Km
hr
He travels (6 y) hrs at 14
Km
hr
85
C.P. of 1kg of cheaper C.P. of 1 kg of
Wheat dearer wheat
(285 paise) (610 paise)
Mean Price
(400 paise)
210 115
Wine with 30% Wine with 15%

Spirit Spirit


22
7 8

Total distance travelled = 4y + (6 y) 14 km
4y + (6 y)14 = 60
y = 2.4
4. A mixture of 40 litres of milk contains 20% of water. How much water must be added to make the
water 25% in the new mixture?
Water quantity initially = 8 40
100
20
litres.
Quantity of milk initially = 40 8 = 32 litres
Milk + Water = (32) + (8 + x) = 40 + x
We are given that
25 100
x 40
x 8

+
+

3
8
x
3
2
6 litres of water must be added.
5. Four litres of phenol is drawn from a can. It is then filled water. Four litres of mixture is drawn again
and the bottle is again filled with water. The quantity of phenol now left in the bottle is to that of
water is in the ratio 36:13. How much does the bottle hold?
Hint:
Amount of liquid left after n operation, if x is the capacity of the container from which y units are
taken out each time is

'

,
_

n
x
y
1 x units.
Here y = 4 n = 2
49
36
2
x
4
1 4

,
_

49
9
2
x
4
1

,
_

7
3
x
4
1
x = 7
86
The bottle holds 7 litres
Practice Exercise 1
1. The temperatures are recorded on June 7th every year at a certain place during five consecutive
years. Temperatures are 98F, 103F, 95F, 102F and 97F. Find the average temperature on June
7th.
1. 98F 2. 99F 3. 91F 4. 97F
2. The following table gives the monthly income of 6 lecturers in Bangalore City. Find the average
income of the lecturers.
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
87
Income (Rs.) 3500 3800 4200 4800 5200 5100
1. 4433.3 2. 3549.7 3. 4233.3 4. 5366.7
3. The height of students in inches is given below. Find the average height (in inches) of the students.
61, 62, 66, 68, 69, 67, 61, 67, 68, 66, 65, 66
1. 61 2. 65.5 3. 66 4. 62
4. A motor cyclist travels at an average speed at 50 kilometers per hour for 40 minutes and then
travels at an average speed at 80 kmph for the next 50 minutes. Find the average speed for the
whole period.
1. 66 2. 64 3.66
2
3
4. 75
5. An automobile went up a hill at a speed of 20 km per hour and down the hill at a speed of 30 km per
hour. Find the average speed for the round trip.
1. 24 2. 23 3. 22 4. 21
6. An electric train passes 12 poles in 30 seconds. If the distance between 2 poles is 50 meters, find
the speed of the electric train (in km per hour).
1. 66 2. 65 3. 32 4. 34
7. The average age of students in a class of 40 is 16 years. 12 more students of average age 19 years
are admitted to the class. Find the average age, in years, of the class.
1. 16.7 years. 2. 16 3. 14 4. 15
8. A furniture shop sells 40 chairs at an average cost of Rs.14 each per day and 20 tables at an
average cost of Rs.18 each per day. Find the approximate average income of the furniture shop per
day.
1. 23 2. 32 3. 24.8 4. 15.3
9. A cycle shop sells 3 types of cycles. The average per day income of the shop is Rs.200. This shop
sells 10 type I cycles at an average cost of Rs.150 per day. Again it sells 20 type 2 cycles at an
average cost of Rs.180 and type 3 cycles at an average cost of Rs.210 per day. Find the total
number of cycles that the shop sells per day.
1. 100 2. 120 3. 140 4. 160
10. The average age of a class of 35 students is 14.35 years. By admitting one more student the
average age increased by 0.05 years. Find the age of the new student.
1. 16.15 2. 18.25 3. 17.15 4. 15.75
11. If 5 kg of salt costing Rs.5/kg and 3 kg of salt costing Rs.4/kg are mixed, find the average cost of
the mixture per kilogram.
1. Rs.4.50 2. Rs.4.45 3. Rs.4.75 4. None of these
88
12. A mixture of 125 gallons of wine and water contains 20% water. How much water must be added to
the mixture in order to increase the percentage of water to 25% of the new mixture.
1. 8.33 gallons 2. 10 gallons 3. 8.67 gallons 4. None of these
13. The average salary per head of all employees of a company is Rs.600. The average salary of 120
officers is Rs.4000. If the average salary per head of the rest of the employees is Rs.560, find the
total number of workers in the company.
1. 1000 2. 1050 3. 1032 4. None of these
14. 400 students took the CP Mock CAT in Vijayanagar. 60% of the boys and 80% of the girls clear the
cut-off in the examination. If the total percentage of the students qualifying is 65%, how many girls
appeared in the examination?
1. 120 2. 100 3. 150 4. 180
15. A merchant purchased two qualities of pulses at the rate of Rs.200 per quintal, and Rs.260 per
quintal. In 52 quintals of the second quality how much pulse of the first quality should be mixed, so
that by selling the resulting mixture at Rs.300 per quintal, he gains a profit of 25%?
1. 26 quintals 2. 104 quintals 3. 58 quintals 4. None of these
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 1
1 2 6 1 11 4
2 1 7 1 12 1
3 2 8 4 13 3
4 4 9 2 14 2
5 1 10 1 15 1
Practice Exercise 2
1. The average weight of patients on a particular day in a hospital is recorded as 50 kg. Of these there
were 20 children of average weight 30 kg, 40 males of average weight 60 kgs and 50 female
patients. Find the average weight of the female patients.
1. 40 2. 50 3. 30 4. 25
2. The average income in a cake shop is Rs.440 per day. That shop sells 3 types of cakes. The shop
sells 200 cakes of the first type at an average cost of Rs.250, 300 cakes of the second type at an
average cost of Rs.300 and the third type of cakes at an average cost of Rs.600. Find the number of
the third type of cakes that the shop sells per day.
1. 500 2. 100 3. 5 4. 1000
89
3. In a factory the average hourly wage of 15 workers was $4, the average hourly wage of 5 workers
was $10 and that of remaining workers was $15 each. What was the average wage paid to 30
workers?
1. 6.7 2. 7.7 3. 8.7 4. 5.7
4. A juice shop sells 20 glasses of orange juice for Rs.6 each, 15 glasses of apple juice for Rs.10 each
and 25 glasses of grape juice for Rs.8 each per day. Find the average income per glass.
1. 1.83 2. 9.83 3. 8.83 4. 7.83
5. In a car race there are 25 signal points. The average distance between 2 signal points is 2 kms and
a particular car takes
1
2
min. to complete the distance between 2 signal points. Find the average
speed of the car.
1. 240 kmph 2. 210 kmph 3. 220 kmph 4. 230 kmph
6. In a cycle rally, a particular cyclists speed was 20 kmph to cross the first part of a distance of 3
kms. His speed was 30 kmph for the second part of the distance 4 kms and his speed was 40 kmph
for the remaining part. Find the average speed of the cyclist if the total distance is 10 kms.
1. 23.7 kmph 2. 27.9 kmph 3. 24.7 kmph 4. 29.9 kmph
7. Jaya bought 4 sarees in all, the average price being Rs.150. The average price of the best 2 sarees
is Rs.170. If the price of the other 2 sarees are in the ratio 7: 6. Find the price of the cheapest
saree.
1. 120 2. 140 3. 160 4. 18
8. Mr. Thomas had taken 8 subjects at B.E Examination in March 1971. In the first 5 subjects he
scored 52 marks on an average while he scored 16 marks on an average in the last five subjects. If
he scored 480 marks in all and ten marks more in the fifth subject than he scored in the fourth, find
the number of marks scored by him in the fifth subject.
1. 40 2. 45 3. 50 4. 60
9. A polish boy earned Rs.36 in 6 days. His average earning for the first 5 days was Rs.5.66 per day
while his earning for the last 4 days was Rs.6.25 per day. On the 4th day he earned Re.1 more than
what he earned on the 3rd day but Rs.3 less than what he earned on the fifth day. What was his per
day earning for the last two days?
1. 8 2. 7 3. 6 4. 5
10. The daily average wages of a group of 25 males, 15 females and 10 children working together
amount to Rs.2.80. If the female worker gets twice what a child is paid and a male worker gets
twice what a female worker is paid as daily wages, find the daily wages paid to a male worker, a
female worker and a child.
1. 1, 2, 3 2. 4, 2, 1 3. 5, 6, 8 4. 1, 3, 5
11. Two vessels contain spirit and water, mixed respectively, in the ratio of 1:3 and 3:5. Find the ratio
in which the contents of the vessels are to be mixed so as to get a new mixture in which the ratio of
spirit to water is 1:2.
90
1. 1:1 2. 1:2 3. 2:1 4. None of these
12. In what proportion must water be mixed with milk so as to gain 20%, by selling the mixture at the
cost price of the milk? (assume that water is freely available).
1. 2:7 3. 1:5 3. 3:4 4. None of these
13. If a mixture of 20 litres of brandy and water contains 10% water, how much water should be added
to it to increase the percentage of water to 25%.
1. 5 litres 2. 6 litres 3. 2 litres 4. None of these
14. If a man decides to travel 80 kilometers in 8 hours, partly by bicycle and partly by foot. His speed
on foot is 8 kmph and that on bicycle is 16 kmph. What distance would he cover on foot?
1. 48 km 2. 30 km 3. 64 km 4. None of these
15. Two solutions of 90% and 97% purity are mixed, resulting in 21 litres of mixture of 93% purity.
How many litres of the first solution were used?
1. 9 2. 18 3. 12 4. None of these
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 2
1 2 6 2 11 1
2 1 7 1 12 2
3 3 8 4 13 4
4 4 9 1 14 1
5 1 10 2 15 3
Chapter-7
Time, Speed & Distance
Important points to remember
1. The rate at which the distance is traveled is called SPEED.
2. Average Speed is the ratio of the total distance traveled to the total time taken.
i.e., Average Speed =
Total distance travelled
Total time taken
Speed =
t
s
v where s = Total distance, t = Total time
91
Hence, (a) s = vt
(b)
v
s
t
3. Relative Velocity
The relative velocity of two bodies moving at velocities u and v (u>v) in the same
direction is u v.
The relative velocity of two bodies moving in opposite directions is u + v.
4. Motion downstream or upstream:
Velocity of boat downstream = u + v
Velocity of boat upstream = u v
where u is the velocity of the boat in still waters and v is the velocity of the
stream.
5. Speed Change
If a man changes his speed in the ratio u : v, the corresponding ratio of traveled times
will be v : u.
6. Races
Race: A contest of speed in running, riding, driving, sailing or rowing is called a race.
Dead-heat race: If all the persons contesting a race reach the goal at the same time,
then it is called a dead-heat race.
7. Useful Points:
1. A train or a moving body of known length has to travel its own length in passing
a lamppost or a fixed body of insignificant size.
2. A train or a moving body must travel its own length plus the length of the
stationary body in question, if the train or the moving body has to pass a
stationary body i.e. a bridge, a railway platform etc.
3. Time taken by the moving train to pass a stationary object is the time taken to
cover its own length in the speed it is moving.
If a train is moving at speed at R kmph of length L mts, then the time
taken to pass the stationary object is the time taken to cover distance L
mts in R kmph.
4. Time taken by the moving train of a meters to pass a stationary object of b
meters is the time taken by the train to cover (a+b) metrers in its own speed.
92
5. If two trains of length x meters and y meters move along the same direction at
a m/s and b m/s, then the time taken by them to move across each other form
the time they meet is
t =
sum of their lengths
relativespeed
Worked Examples
1. A train travels at 18 km/hr. How many metres will it travel in 12 minutes?
Solution:
Distance traveled in 1 hour, i.e., 60 minutes = 18 km = 18 1000 metres.
Distance traveled in 12 minutes =
18100012
60
= 3600 metres.
2. A passenger train running at 60 km/hr leaves the railway station 5 hours after a goods
train had left. The train overtakes the latter in 4 hours. What is the speed of the goods
train?
Solution:
93
Let the speed of the goods train be x km/hr.
Distance traveled by goods train before the passenger train overtakes it
= Speed time
= x (5 + 4) = 9x km -------(1)
Distance traveled by passenger train before it overtakes the goods train
= 60 4 = 240 km -------(2)
Equate (1) and (2), We get 9x = 240
x =
240 2
26 km/hr
9 3
Alternatively:
The slower train covers in 9 hours the distance of 240 km covered by the faster train in
4 hours.
Hence speed of slower train =
240
9
or 26
2
3
km/hr.
3. A certain distance is covered with a certain speed. If
1
4
th
of the distance is covered in
twice the time, find the ratio of this speed to that of the original speed.
Solution:
Let the distance be x and the speed be y,
Time taken =
x
y
In the second instance, distance =
1
x
4
and time=
3x
y
Speed =
distance x/4 x y y
= = =
time 3x/y 4 3x 12
Ratio of speed =
y/12 1
=
y 12
= 1 : 12
4. A train 300 m. long passes a pole in 15 sec. Find the speed.
Solution:
Distance = 300 m, Time = 15 sec
94
Speed =
distance 300
= =20m/sec
time 15
5. How many seconds will it take for a train 120 metres long moving at the rate of 15
m/sec to overtake another train 150 m long running from the opposite side at the rate
of 90 km/hr?
Solution:
Speed of the first train = 15 m/s.
Speed of the second train =
5
90 =25m/s
18
Since both the trains are moving in opposite directions,
Relative speed = sum of the speed of the two trains.
= (15 + 25) = 40 m/ sec.
Total distance = sum of the length of the two trains
= 120 + 150 = 270 metres.
Time taken =
distance 270
= =6.75seconds
speed 40
Note: From km/hr into m/sec, the conversion ratio is
5
18
. From m/sec to km/hr
conversion ratio is
18
5
.
6. A train running between two stations A and B arrives at its destination 15 minutes late,
when its speed is 45 kmph and 36 minutes late when its speed is 36 kmph. Find the
distance between the stations A and B.
Solution:
Let x km be the distance between the station A and B.
Speed of the train = 45 km/hr
Time taken =
x
hours
45
Since the train is late by 15 minutes (=
1
hr
4
),
95
Actual time = ...................(
_

,
x 1
- hrs 1)
45 4
Time taken when the speed is 36 km/hr =
x
hrs
36
Now, since the train is late by 36 min i.e.,
36 3
=
60 5
hrs
Actual time = .....................
_

,
x 3
- hrs (2)
36 5

Equating (1) and (2), we get,
x 1 x 3
- = -
45 4 36 5

x x 3 1
- = -
36 45 4 4

5x-4x 12-5 7
= =
180 20 20

x 7
=
180 20
x = 63 km
7. If a man travels at a speed of 20 km/hr, then reaches his destination late by 15 minutes
and if he travels at a speed of 50 km/hr. Then he reaches 15 minutes earlier. How far is
his destination?
Solution:
Let x be the distance of his destination from his starting point.
When his speed is 20 km/hr,
Time taken =
x
20
hrs
Since, he is late by 15 minutes ie.,
1
4
hrs
Actual time =
x 1
-
20 4
hrs (1)
When his speed is 50 km/hr,
Time taken =
x
50
hrs
96
Now, since he reaches early by 15 minutes ie.,
4
1
hrs.
Actual time =
x
50
+
1
4
hrs (2)
Equating (1) and (2), we get,
x 1
-
20 4
=
x
50
+
1
4

x
20
-
x
50
=
1
4
+
1
4
=
1
2

5x-2x 1
=
100 2
3x 1
=
100 2
100 50 2
x= = =16 km
23 3 3
8. A person is standing on a railway bridge 70m long. He finds that a train crosses the
bridge in 6 secs., but himself in 4 secs. Find the length of the train and its speed in
km/hr.
Solution:
Let the speed of the train be x m/sec and the length of the bridge = y metres.
When the train crosses the bridge, speed = x m/sec
Distance = (90 + y) m
Time =
90+y
x

90+y
x
= 6
90 + y = 6x 6x y = 90 ----------1
When the man is crossed by the train, speed = x m/sec and distance = y m
Time =
y
x

y
x
= 4 y = 4x ---------2
Solving 1 and 2, 6x 4x = 90 2x = 90
97
x = 45 m/sec, y = 4x = 4 45 = 180 metres
Speed = 45 m/sec = 45
18
5
= 9 18 = 162 km/hr
Length of the train = 180 metres.
9. A wheel rotates 12 times in a minute and moves 5 metres during each rotation. What is
the time taken for the wheel to move through 930 metres?
Solution:
For one rotation, distance moved = 5 metres
For 12 rotations, distance moved = 12 5 = 60 metres
Distance covered in 1 minute = 60 metres
Total distance covered by the wheel = 930 minutes
Total time taken =
930
=15.5
60
minutes.
10. A boat sails 6 km upstream at the rate of 4 kmph. If the stream flows at the rate of 3
km/hr., how long will it take for the boat to make the return journey?
Solution:
Speed of stream = 3 km/hr
Speed of boat in still water = speed of stream + speed of boat upstream
= 3 + 4 = 7 km/hr.
Distance to be covered during the return journey downstream = 6 km
Speed of the boat downstream = Speed of the boat in still water + speed of the
stream
= 7 + 3 = 10 km/hr.
Time taken for return journey = Distance downstream/Speed of boat Downstream
=
6 6
hrs = 60 =36
10 10
min.
11. A car covers a distance PQ in 32 minutes. If the distance between P and Q is 54 km.,
find the average speed of the car.
Solution:
Average speed of the car =
98
Distance(inkm) 54 5460 2715 405
= = = = =101.25
Time(inhrs) 32/60 32 4 4
km/hr
12. A train traveling at y km/hr arrives at its destination 1 hour late after describing a
distance of120 km. What should have been its speed in order that it arrives on time?
Solution:
Normal time + 1 hour =
120
y
Normal time =
y
y 120
Normal speed = _

,
120 km 120
=
120- y Normal time
y
=
120y
120- y
km/hr.
13. A boy rides his motorcycle 45 km at an average rate of 25 km/hr and 30 km at an
average speed of 20 km/hr. What is the average speed during the entire trip of 75 km?
Solution:
Total distance traveled = 45 + 30 = 75 km
Total time taken = Time for the first 45 km + Time for the next 30 km
=
45 30 9 3 18+15 33
+ = + = =
25 20 5 2 10 10
hours.
Average speed for the entire journey,
=
Total distance 75 7510 750 24
= = = =22
Total time 33/10 33 33 33
km/hr.
14. A motorist travels from P to Q in the rate of 30 km/hr and returns from Q to P at the
rate of 45 km/hr. If the distance PQ = 120 km, find the average speed for the entire
trip.
Solution:
Time from P to Q =
Distance 120
4
speed 30
99
Time from Q to P =
120 24
45 9
Average speed for the entire journey,
=
Total distance 120+120 240 2409
= = = =36
24 60
Total time 60
4+
9 9
km/hr
15. A wheel rotates 15 times each minute. How many degrees will it rotate in 12 seconds of
time?
Solution:
In 12 seconds or
1
5
of a minute, the wheel rotates
15
5
or 3 times. Angle through which
it turns = 3 360 = 1080
16. The distance between the cities M and N is 275 km along the rail-route and 185 km,
along the aerial route. How many hours shorter is the trip by plane traveling at 250
kmph than by train traveling at 80 kmph?
Time taken along the rail-route =

Distance 275
speed of train 80
hours ________ (1)
Time taken to travel by air =

aerial distance 185

speed ofplane 250
hours _________ (2)
(1) (2) gives:


275 185 55 37 25 55 37 8 1375 296 1079 279
2
80 250 16 50 400 400 400 400

= 2 hours 41 min. 51 sec.
17. An elevator in a 12-storey building travels at the rate of 1 floor every 15 seconds. At the
ground floor and the top floor, the lift stops for 50 sec. How many round trips will the
elevator make during a 5 hour period?
Solution:
Time taken for the elevator to make 1 round trip starting from the ground,
= 50 sec + 50 sec + 12 15 sec + 12 15 sec
= 100 + 180 + 180 = 460 sec
100
Total number of round trips,
=
Total time
Time taken for one round trip
=
1
5 6060
116060
2
= =43
460 2460
approx.
18. A can run a km in 3 min and 54 sec and B can run the same distance in 4 min and 20
sec. By what distance can A beat B?
A beats B by 26 sec.
Distance covered by B is 260 sec = 1000 m
Distance covered by B is 26 sec = 100 26
260
1000
m A beats B by 100 m
19. A and B run a km and A wins by 1 min. A and C run a km and A wins by 375 m. B and
C run a km and B wins by 30 sec. Find the time taken by B to run a km.
Solution:
A beats B by 60 sec.
B beats C by 30 sec.
Hence A beats C by 90 sec. But we are given that A beats C by 375 m, i.e., C covers 375
m in 90 sec.
Hence, time taken by C to cover 1 km = 240 1000
375
90
sec
Time taken by B to cover 1 km = 240 30 = 210 secs.
20. In a race A has a start of 100mtrs and sets off 6 min before B, at the rate of 10 kmph.
How soon will B overtake A, if his speed of running is 12 kmph.
Speed of A =
60
10
Distance run by A is 6 min = 1000 6
60
10
m.
A has a start of 1000 + 100 = 1100 m. In order to overtake A, B should gain 1100 m.
But B gains 2000 m in 60 min.
101
The time taken by B to gain 1100 m = 33 1100
2000
60
min.
Practice Exercise 1
1. A & B are two stations, 660 km apart. A train starts from A at 8 am and travels towards
B at 120 kmph. Another train starts from B at 9 am and travels towards A at 150 kmph.
At what time do they meet?
1. 11 am 2. 12 pm 3. 1 pm 4. 2 pm
2. Running at
5
6
of its usual speed, a train is 20 minutes late. Find its usual time to cover
the journey.
1. 1000 min 2. 100 min 3. 10 min 4. 1 min
3. A car can finish a certain journey in 20 hours at a speed of 96 kmph. In order to cover
the same distance in 16 hours, the speed of the car must be increased by what speed?
1. 6 kmph 2. 12 kmph 3. 24 kmph 4. 18 kmph
4. A train covers a certain distance in 25 min, if it runs at a speed of 24 kmph on an
average. What will be the speed at which the train must run to reduce the time journey
to 20 min?
1. 1 kmph 2. 10 kmph 3. 21 kmph 4. 30 kmph
5. Walking at
3
4
of his usual speed, a man is late by 5 hours. What would have been his
usual time?
1. 10 hrs 2. 5 hrs 3. 15 hrs 4. 25 hrs
102
6. If a boy walks from his house to school at the rate of 16 kmph, he reaches the school 40
minutes earlier than the scheduled time. However, if he walks at the rate of 12 kmph,
he reaches 40 minutes late. What is the distance between his school and house?
1. 74 kms 2. 64 kms 3. 54 kms 4. 44 kms
7. A car travels a distance 1430 km at a uniform speed. If the speed of the car is 10 kmph
more, it takes 4 hours less to cover the same distance. What is the original speed of the
car?
1. 55 kmph 2. 44 kmph 3. 33 kmph 4. 22 kmph
8. Two trains start from stations A & B at the same time and travel towards each other at
speeds of 60 kmph and 50 kmph respectively. At the time of their meeting the second
train has traveled 240 km less than the first. Find the distance between A & B.
1. 2460 km 2. 2640 km 3. 2600 km 4. 2400 km
9. A walks at 8 kmph and 8 hours after his start, B cycles after him at 20 kmph. How far
from the start does B catch up with A?
1. 320 km 2. 3 km 3.
320
3
km 4.
3
320
km
10. In covering a certain distance, the speeds of A & B is in the ratio of 3 : 4. A takes 60
min more than B to reach the destination. What is the time taken by A to reach the
destination?
1. 1 hr 2. 2 hrs 3. 3 hrs 4. 4 hrs
11. A train starts from station X at the rate of 240 kmph and reaches station Y in 180
minutes. If the speed is reduced by 24 kmph, how much more time will the train take to
return from station Y to station X?
1. 5 minutes 2. 10 minutes 3. 20 minutes 4. 30 minutes
12. From point A, Ashok drives 300 km to point B, in 4 hours and returns to point A in 6
hours. Then, what is the difference in the average speed and the speed with which he
traveled the distance from A to B?
1. 10 kmph 2. 15 kmph 3. 20 kmph 4. 25 kmph
13. A bullock cart has to cover a distance of 40 km in 5 hrs. If it covers half of the journey in
5
3
th
of the time, then what should be its speed to cover the remaining distance in the
time left?
1. 10 kmph 2. 15 kmph 3. 20 kmph 4. 25 kmph
103
14. In covering a certain distance, the speeds of A & B are in the ratio of 3 : 4. If A takes 30
minutes more than B to reach the destination, what is the time taken by A to reach the
destination?
1. 1 hours 2. 2 hours 3. 3 hours 4. 4 hours
15. A is twice as fast as B & B is thrice as fast as C. In how much time would a particular
distance, that is covered by C in 48 min, be covered by B?
1. 4 min 2. 8 min 3. 16 min 4. 12 min
Practice Exercise 2
1. Anita covers two-third of a certain distance at 8 kmph and the remaining at 10
kmph. What distance will be covered by him, if he takes 30 minutes in all?
1. 4.28 2. 5.28 3. 6.28 4. 7.28
2. Sudarshan traveled 2400 km by air which formed
5
2
of his trip. One-third of the
whole trip, he traveled by car and the rest of the journey he performed by train. Find
the distance, in km, traveled by him by train.
1. 1500 2. 1600 3. 1700 4. 1800
3. Soumya covers 200 km in 3 hours and 15 min, Radha covers 300 km in 4 hours, and
Sindu covers 150 km in 2 hours and 25 min. Which two are faster than the third
one?
1. Soumya & Radha 2. Sindu & Soumya 3. Radha & Sindu 4. Cant determine
4. A man takes 6 hours in walking to a certain place and riding back. He would have
gained 2 hours by riding both the ways. What time would he take to walk both ways?
1. 5 2. 6 3. 7 4. 8
5. The ratio between the rates of walking of A & B is 4 : 5. If the time taken by B to
cover a distance is 40 min, what time will A take to cover the same distance?
1. 10 2. 20 3. 50 4. 60
6. A man is standing on a railway bridge which is 200 m long. He finds that a train
crosses the bridge in 20 seconds but himself in 10 seconds. Find the length of the
train and its speed.
104
1. 52 2. 72 3. 62 4. 32
7. A train 300 m long is running with a speed of 60 kmph. In what time will it pass a
man who is running at 10 kmph in the same direction in which the train is going?
1. 18 sec 2. 12 sec 3. 16 sec 4. 20 sec
8. A train running at 60 kmph takes 30 seconds to pass a platform. Next it takes 18
seconds to pass a man walking at 5 kmph in the opposite direction in which the train
is going. Find the length of the train and the length of the platform.
1. 150 m 2. 175 m 3. 200 m 4. 225 m
9. A train crosses a platform 200 m long in 120 seconds at a speed of 90 kmph. How
much time does the train take to cover an electric pole, of negligible width?
1. 28 sec 2. 26 sec 3. 82 sec 4. 62 sec
10. The length of a running train A is 20% less than the length of another train B
running in the opposite direction. If the length of train B is 240 meters, find the
speed of the train B, if the speed of train A is 100 kmph & they take 11 seconds to
cross each other.
1. 11 kmph 2. 22 kmph 3. 33 kmph 4. 44 kmph
11. A man sees a train passing over a bridge 2 km long. The length of the train is half
that of the bridge. If the train clears the bridge in 4 min, what would have been the
speed of the train?
1. 15 kmph 2. 30 kmph 3. 45 kmph 4. 60 kmph
12. A man can row 24 kmph in still water. If it takes him twice as long to row up as to
row down the river, find the rate of the stream?
1. 6 kmph 2. 8 kmph 3. 4 kmph 4. 10 kmph
13. In a stream running at 5 kmph, a motor boat goes 12 km upstream and back again
to the starting point in 60 minutes. Find the speed of the motor boat in still water.
1. 25 kmph 2. 50 kmph 3. 75 kmph 4. 100 kmph
14. A man can row 40 km upstream and 20 km downstream in 30 hours. Also he can
row 30 km upstream & 45 km downstream in 30 hours. Find the ratio speed of the
man in still water and the speed of the current?
1. 2 : 9 2. 7 : 5 3. 5 : 7 4. 9 : 2
15. A boat covers 24 km upstream & 36 km downstream in 6 hours while it covers 36
km upstream & 24 km downstream in 6
1
2
hours. Find the velocity of the current.
105
1. 1 kmph 2. 3 kmph 3. 2 kmph 4. 8 kmph
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 1
1 1 6 2 11 3
2 2 7 1 12 2
3 3 8 2 13 1
4 4 9 3 14 2
5 3 10 4 15 3
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 2
1 1 6 2 11 3
2 2 7 1 12 2
3 3 8 2 13 1
4 4 9 3 14 2
5 3 10 4 15 3
Chapter-8
Time and Work
Work
Work is of many kinds. It may be traveling from one place to another, constructing a bridge or wall,
eating the food, sitting at a place for some time, etc.
But what ever may be the work it is always considered as one unit.
Basic assumptions made in the study of time and
work
Following are the assumptions, which are made in the study of time and work. These assumptions may
not be specifically mentioned in every problem but they are taken for granted and we proceed unless
and until its specifically mentioned.
Assumption 1.
If a one person completes the work in certain number of days then we assume that he does
the same amount of work everyday, i.e. work get distributed uniformly.
For example, let us say a person completes the work in 10 days. Then per day he does
1
10
th
of the
work.
In general a person, who completes the work in n number of days, will be doing
1
n
th
of the work per
day.
106
Assumption 2.
If two persons or more than two people complete the work in certain number of days then
we assume that both of them do the work uniformly.
For example, if two people complete the work in ten days then they do the same amount of work
everyday, i.e. they do
1
10
th
of the work per day.
This in turn means that if they are doing
1
10
th
of the work per day they will finish of the work in 10
days.
Concept of Unitary Method
The method of converting the total time taken by a person to do the work, to per-day-work is known as
the unitary method.
Variables in the study of Time and Work
In the study of time and work, we consider Time, Work and Man {or Woman} as the variables, as the
concept of time and work is dependent entirely on these three entities.
Relations between the Variables
Relation 1:
Men are directly proportional to work when the time is kept constant.
Explanation:
Let the work be construction of road of length 2 kilometers.
There are 5 worker involved in completing the work taking 10 days.
But if the work increases i.e. instead of 2 kilometers it becomes 4 kilometers and the time limit is given
as same 10 days then we have to increase the number of workers so as to complete the work in given
time limit or vice versa.
In general as work increases the number of men required to complete the given work in the same time
limit, also increases and vice versa.
Relation 2:
Time is directly proportional to work when the number of men is kept constant.
107
Explanation:
Let the work be construction of a house.
There are 5 worker involved in completing the work taking 10 days.
But if the work increases i.e. instead of 1 house construction it becomes construction of 2 houses with
the limitation that it has to be done with the same 5 workers then we have to increase the number of
days so as to complete the work with given number of people {which is 5 in this case} or vice versa.
In general as work increases the number of men required to complete the given work in the same time
limit, also increases and vice versa.
Relation 3:
Time and men are inversely proportional.
Explanation:
Consider the same example of constructing a road by certain number of people in certain number of
days. In this example we are keeping the work as constant. Let us say construction of a road of length
2km. If there are more number of men are involved in the work the gets finished in less number of days
on the other hand if there are less number of people who are doing the work then it takes a long time
for them to complete the same work.
t
1
w
In general more the number of men less will be the time taken to complete the work and less the
number of men more will be the people required to complete the same work
Concept of Man days
It is the total time taken multiplied by the total number of people to complete the work.
If 10 people take 30 days to complete the given task then the time taken by them is given as 10 30.
In general if n number of persons do the work in m number of days then the total time taken is given
as m*n.
In the study of time and work we encounter the problems on regular types which are based on the basic
concepts, people working on alternate days, problems on efficiency, two people out of three people
working, etc.
108
Worked Examples
1. A can do a piece of work in 20 days which B alone can do in 24 days. In how many days will they
finish the work, both working together?
Solution:
As 1 days work =
20
1
Bs 1 days work =
24
1
(A + B)s 1 day work =
120
11
120
5 6
24
1
20
1

+
+

,
_

Both will finish the work in

11
10
10
11
120
days.
2. Two persons A & B working together can dig a trench in 24 hours while A alone can dig it in 36
hours. In how many hours can B alone dig such a trench?
Solution:
(A + B)s 1 hours work =
24
1
As 1 hour work =
36
1
Bs 1 hours work =
72
1
72
2 3
36
1
24
1

Hence B alone can dig the trench in 72 hours.
3. A & B can do a piece of work in 48 days; B & C can do it in 60 days; A & C can do it in 80 days. In
how many days will A, B & C finish it, all working together?
109
Solution:
(A + B)s 1 days work =
48
1
(B + C)s 1 days work =
60
1
and
(A + C)s 1 days work =
80
1
Adding, we get 2(A + B + C)s 1 days work =
20
1
80
1
60
1
48
1
2 + +

,
_

(A + B + C)s 1 day work =

1 1
20 2 40
Thus A, B & C together can finish the work in 40 days.
4. A can do a piece of work in 30 days and B alone can do it in 20 days. B works at it for 10 days and
then leaves. In how many days will A alone finish the remaining work?
Solution:
Bs 10 days work =
2
1
x10
20
1

,
_

Remaining work =
2
1
2
1
1

,
_

A can do
1
2
the work in 15 days.
5. A is four times as good a workman as B and together they finish a piece of work in 28 days. Find the
number of days A alone takes to finish the work?
Solution:
(As 1 days work) : (Bs 1 days work) = 4 : 1
(A + B)s 1 day work =
28
1
Divide
28
1
in the ratio of 4 : 1
As 1 days work =
35
1
5
4
x
28
1

,
_

110
Hence, A alone can finish the work in 35 days.
6. A & B can do a piece of work in 20 days. B & C can do it in 28 days. A & C can do it in 16 days. Who
among these will take the least time if put to do it alone?
Solution:
(A + B)s 1 days work =
20
1
(B + C)s 1 days work =
28
1
& (A + C)s 1 days work =
16
1

2(A + B + C)s 1 days work =
560
83
560
35 20 28
16
1
28
1
20
1

+ +
+ +

,
_

(A + B + C)s 1 days work =

1120
83
As 1 days work =
1120
43
1120
40 83
28
1
1120
83

,
_

Bs 1 days work =
1120
13
1120
70 83
16
1
1120
83

,
_

Cs 1 days work =
1120
27
1120
56 83
20
1
1120
83

,
_

Thus time taken by A, B, C is

27
1120
,
13
1120
,
43
1120
respectively.
Clearly time taken by A is the least.
7. If 20 men or 36 boys can do a piece of work in 15 days, then 50 men and 30 boys together will do
twice the work in how many days?
Solution:
20 men 36 boys
1 man =
20
36
boys
50 men + 30 boys =
,
_

+ 30
20
36
50x boys = 120 boys
111
Now, more work more days
More boys, less days
36 boys can do one work in 15 days
then 120 boys will do twice the work in
120
36 x 2 x 15
days = 9 days.
8. Two pipes can fill a cistern in 7 hours & 8 hours respectively. The pipes are opened simultaneously
and it is found that due to leakage in the bottom 16 min extra are taken for the cistern to be filled
up. In what time will the leak empty it?
Solution:
Work done by the two pipes in 1 hour =
56
15
8
1
7
1
+

,
_

Time taken by these pipes to fill the tank =

15
56
hours
Due to leakage, time taken =
,
_

+
60
16
15
56
hours =
15
60
= 4 hours.
Work done by (two pipes + leak) in hour =
4
1
Work done by the leak in 1 hour

,
_

4
1
56
15
=
56
1
56
14 15

Work done by the leak in 1 hour =

56
1
hours
The leak will empty the full cistern in 56 hours.
9. Two pipes A & B can fill a tank in 12 min & 16 min respectively. If both the pipes are open,
simultaneously, after how much time B should be closed so that the tank is full in 9 minutes?
Solution:
Let B be closed after x minutes. Then part filled by (A + B) in x minute + part filled by A in (9-x)
min =1
x
12
1
x) (9
16
1
12
1
+ +

,
_

=1
or x 1
12
x) (9
48
3 4

+
+

,
_

112
1
12
x 9
x
48
7

+
1
12
x 9
48
7x

+ or
48
4x 36 7x +
= 1
3x + 36 = 48
3x = 12 x = 4
Hence, B must be closed after 4 minutes.
10. Two pipes A & B can fill a tank in 72 minutes & 90 minutes respectively. A water pipe C can empty
the tank in 60 min. First A & B are opened. After 14 minutes, C is opened. In how much time, the
tank is full?
Solution:
Let it take x minutes after the first 14 minutes for the tank to fill, then
1
360
6x 4x 56 5x 70
1
60
x
90
x 14
72
x 14

+ + +

+
+
+
x = 78 minutes
Total time taken to fill the tank = (78 + 14) minutes = 92 minutes
= 1 hour 32 minutes.
Alternative method of Solving Problems on TIME AND
WORK.
Example:
Sangam and Krishna are two friends. They work together and finish off the work in twelve days. If
Sangam has to work alone, he takes 16 days to finish off the work. They work together for 4 days and
Sangam quits. In how many more days Krishna completes the work?
Solution:
Step I: Write down the data given.
Step II:
Find out the size of the work.
This is nothing but the LCM of given two numbers.
In this case, it is 48 (LCM of 12 and 16) 48 units of work.
(Sangam+Krishna) Sangam Krishna
12 16 ?
113
This is the amount of work which must be completed irrespective of people working in a group or
together or alone.
So let us re-write the equation.
If together they are completing 48 units of work in 12 days, then per day they together do 4 units of
work.
Similarly, Sangam is completing the work in 16 days. So, per day, he will be doing 3 units of work.
That means units of work done by Krishna will be
= [(Sangam+Krishna)work units/day] [Sangam work units/day]
= 4 3 = 1 unit.
So Krishna will be doing 1 unit of work per day, which means, in order to complete 48 units of work, he
will take 48 days.
Step III:
According to problem, we know that together they have worked for 4 days, together they can do 4
units of work. So in 4 days, they will finish off 4 x 4 = 16 units of work.
Step IV:
But we know that total amount of work which needs to be completed is 48 units. But already 16 units of
work got over. So amount of work remaining is 48 16 = 32 units.
Step V:
Krishna is doing 1 unit of work per day. So in order to complete remaining 32 units of work, he takes 1 x
32 = 32 days
(Sangam+Krishna) Sangam Krishna
12 16 32
114
Practice Exercise 1
1. A can do
3
1
of the work in 10 days & B can do
5
2
of the work in 20 days. In how many days can
both A & B together do the work?
1.
3
18
4
2.
1
18
4
3.
1
17
4
4.
3
17
4
2. A can do a piece of work in 40 days. He works at it for 5 days and B alone finishes the remaining
work in 21 days. How many days will the two together take to complete the work?
1. 12 2. 13 3. 14 4. 15
3. A is four times as good a workman as B and together they finish a piece of work in 28 days. Find the
number of days A alone takes to finish the work?
1. 20 2. 15 3. 35 4. 25
4. A can do a piece of work in 28 days which B can do in 42 days. They begin together but 6 days
before the completion of the work, A leaves off. Find the total number of days to complete the work.
1.
3
84
2.
5
84
3.
1
82
4.
8
82
5. 24 men can complete a work in 36 days. Twelve days after they started working, 8 men joined
them. How many days will all of them take to finish the remaining work?
1. 18 2. 20 3. 22 4. 24
6. 8 men & 12 women finish a job in 16 days while 6 men and 14 women finish in 20 days. In how
many days will 20 women working together finish it?
1. 60 2. 70 3. 80 4. 90
7. 12 children take 16 days to complete a work which can be completed by 8 adults in 12 days. 16
adults started working and after 3 days 10 adults left and 4 children joined them. How many days
will it take them to complete the remaining work?
1. 6 2. 7 3. 8 4. 9
8. Ram can do a piece of work in 16 days which Shyam can finish in 24 days. If they work at it on
alternate days with Ram beginning, in how many days, the work will be finished?
1. 17 2. 18 3. 19 4. 20
9. A can do a piece of work in 24 days & B alone can do it in 32 days. A & B undertook to do it for Rs.
2560. With the help of C, they finished in 12 days. How much is paid to C?
1. 200 2. 320 3. 480 4. 209
115
10. A does half as much work as B & C does half as much work as A & B together. If C alone can finish
the work in 80 days, in how many days will they finish the work together?
1.
2
26
3
2.
2
27
4
3.
2
29
5
4.
1
27
5
11. A can do a piece of work in 20 days while B can do it in 30 days. A starts the work and works for 10
days when B joins him and both finish the work. If they together receive Rs. 480 for the job, find
the share of A?
1. Rs.400 2. Rs.384 3. Rs.340 4. Rs.320
12. A, B and C together can complete a piece of work in 20 days. A and B together complete half the
work in 12 days and the rest is finished by B and C in 15 days. How long will it take for B alone to
complete the work?
1. 40 days 2. 25 days 3. 36 days 4. 48 days
13. Two pipes can fill a cistern in 14 and 16 hours respectively. The pipes are opened simultaneously
and it is found that due to leakage in the bottom 32 minutes extra are taken for the cistern to be
filled up. When the cistern is full, in what time will the leak empty it?
1. 114 hrs 2. 112 hrs 3. 100 hrs 4. 80 hrs
14. A tank has a leak which would empty it when full in 8 hrs. A tap is turned on which admits 6 litres a
minute into the tank and it now requires 12 hrs. to be emptied. How many litres does the tank hold?
1. 8640 litres 2. 5760 litres 3. 7200 litres 4. 6480 litres
15. If 15 women or 10 men can complete a project in 55 days, in how many days will 5 women and 4
men working together complete it?
1. 75 2. 95 3. 55 4. 85
116
Practice Exercise 2
1. Ram and Shyam are constructing roads, working individually. Ram alone can do it in 50 days where
as Shyam is two times efficient than Ram. If they work together, how long they take to complete
the work?
1. 10 hrs 2. 12 hrs 3. 15 hrs 4. 16 hrs
2. There are two pipes X and Y involved in filling a tank. There is also a drain Z that is emptying the
tank. X and Y alone can fill the tank in 20 and 30 hours respectively, while Z empties the tank in 40
hours. After how long from starting, the tank will be filled?
1. 17
1
7
hrs 2. 15
1
5
hrs 3. 15 hrs 4. 18 hrs
3. There is a pipe filling the tank in 8 hours. Then there is a drain created because of which, now the
tank is filled in 12 hours. The flow rate is 4 ltr/min. Find the size of the tank.
1. 3457 litres 2. 5760 litres 3. 3567 litres 4. 6546 litres
4. A man can paint a room in 6 hours. His son can paint the same room I in 8 hours alone. How
long will it take for the man and his son to paint the room if they work together?
1.
24
7
hrs 2.
23
6
hrs 3.
34
6
hrs 4.
35
7
hrs
5. Sangam and Krishna are two friends. They work together and finish off the work in twelve days. If
Sangam has to work alone, he takes 16 days to finish off the work. They work together for 4 days
and Sangam quits. In how many more days Krishna completes the work?
1. 40 days 2. 45 days 3. 48 days 4. 52 days
6. If 10 men can do a piece of work in 20 days, how long will 8 men take to do the job if they work at
the same rate?
1. 30 days 2. 35 days 3. 40 days 4. 45 days
7. If 20 cows eat 380 bales of hay in 15 days, how man bales of hay will 15 cows eat in 10 days?
1. 170 2. 180 3. 190 4. 200
8. A garrison of 60 men has food for 28 days. Eight days later, reinforcement arrives reducing the
number of days the food would last to 15. What was the strength of the reinforcement?
1. 20 2. 30 3. 40 4. 50
9. A is thrice as good a workman as B and is therefore able to finish a piece of work 60 days earlier
than B. Find the time in which they can finish the job by working together?
1. 33 days 2. 35.5 days 3. 40 days 4. 22.5 days
117
10. Two pipes can fill a cistern in 7 hours & 8 hours respectively. The pipes are opened simultaneously
and it is found that due to leakage in the bottom 16 min extra are taken for the cistern to be filled
up. In what time will the leak empty it?
1. 56 hrs 2. 58 hrs 3. 62 hrs 4. 70 hrs
11. Two pipes A & B can fill a tank in 12 min & 16 min respectively. If both the pipes are open,
simultaneously, after how much time B should be closed so that the tank is full in 9 minutes?
1. 4 mins 2. 6 mins 3. 8 mins 4. 10 mins
12. Two pipes A & B can fill a tank in 72 minutes & 90 minutes respectively. A water pipe C can empty
the tank in 60 min. First A & B are opened. After 14 minutes, C is opened. In how much time, the
tank is full?
1. 45 mins 2. 56 mins 3. 92 mins 4. 108 mins
13. Pipe A can fill a tank in 6 hours and pipe B can fill it in 4 hours. If they are opened at alternate
hours and if pipe A is opened first, in how many hours will the tank be full?
1. 5 hrs 2. 8 hrs 3. 6 hrs 4. 7 hrs
14. A thin candle 8 inches long, which burns at the rate of 3 inches in 2 hours and a thick candle 5.5
inches long which burns at the rate of 2 inches in 3 hours are lighted at the same time. After how
long will (i) they be the same length? (ii) the thinner candle 1 inch longer than the thicker?
1. 1.5 hrs 2. 1.8 hrs 3. 2.6 hrs 4. 4hrs
15. There are two people Sita and Gita capable of finishing the work on 20 days and 30 days,
respectively. If they work alternatively, how long do they take to complete the entire work?
1. 24 days 2. 35 days 3. 40 days 4. 28 days
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 1
1 1 6 3 11 2
2 4 7 1 12 1
3 3 8 3 13 2
4 2 9 2 14 1
5 1 10 1 15 1
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 2
1 1 6 4 11 1
2 1 7 3 12 3
3 2 8 1 13 1
4 1 9 4 14 2
5 3 10 1 15 1
118
CHAPTER-9
Theory of Indices
Indices
If m is a positive integer then a a a ......... m times is symbolically written as a
m
here a is called
the base and m is called the power, index or exponent.
The above statement leads us to questions like, what is a
0
? What does a
4
mean, how do we understand
a
3
4
etc. The basic laws of indices help us to understand these numbers better.
Laws of Indices:
1. a
m
. a
n
= a
m+n
2.
a
a
m
n
= a
mn
if m > n and
a
a a
m
n n m

1
if m < n
3.
( )
a
m
n
=
a
mn
4. a
0
= 1 whenever a 0
5. a
m
=
1
a
m
6.

1
m
m
a a
7.
( )
ab a b
m
m m
;
a
b
a
b
m
m
m

_
,

Rules used in solving problems on Indices:
Rule 1:
When the bases of two equal numbers are equal then their powers also will be equal.
(If the bases are non- zero and non-unity).
For ex: If 3
n
= 3
4
, then it means, n = 4.
Rule 2:
119
When the powers of two equal numbers are equal (and not equal to zero), two cases arise:
a) If the powers are odd numbers, then the bases are equal
For ex: If x
5
= 2
5
, then x = 2.
b) If the powers are even numbers, then the bases are numerically equal but can have different
signs.
For ex: If x
4
= 2
4
, then x =+2 or 2
Types of Questions on Indices
The questions associated with indices are normally of three types:
1. Simplification:
In this type the problems will contain different bases and powers which have to be simplified using
the Rules / Laws discussed above.
Example: Simplify
_ _ _

, , ,
1
-1
3
8 64 256
.
27 81 9
Solution:
_ _ _

, , ,
1
-1
3
8 64 256
.
27 81 9
=
_ _
_

,
, ,
1 1
-1
3 2
3 2
3 2
2 8 256
.
3 9 9
=

_ _ _

, , ,
1 1
3 2
3 2
2 8 9
. .
3 9 256
=
_ _ _

, , ,
2 8 9
. .
3 9 256
=
_ _

, ,
2 1 1
. =
3 32 48
2. Solving for the value of an unknown:
In this type, the problem will have an equation where an unknown (like x or y) will appear in the
power and using Rule 1 and Rule 2 discussed above, values of unknown are to be determined.
Example: Simplify
_ _ _

, , ,
3 -2 2
2 3 4 2 3 3
4 -3 2
l .m m .n n .l
. .
n l m
Solution:
_ _ _

, , ,
3 -2 2
2 3 4 2 3 3
4 -3 2
l .m m .n n .l
. .
n l m
=


2 3 3 3 4 -2 2 -2 3 2 3 2
4 3 -3 -2 2 2
l .m m .n n .m
x x
n l m
120
=
6 9 -8 -4 6 6
12 6 4
l .m m .n n .m
x x
n l m
=
6+6-6 9-8-4 -4+6-12
l .m .n
=
6
3 10
l
m .n
3. Comparison of Numbers:
In this type two or more quantities will be given each being a number raised to a certain power.
These numbers have to be compared in magnitude either to find the largest or smallest of the
quantities or to arrange the given quantities in ascending or descending order.
Example: Solve for y,
_

,
x+3
4
5 125
=
2 8
Solution:
_

,
x+3
4
5 125
=
2 8

_

,
(x+3)/4
3
3
5 5
=
2 2

_ _

, ,
x+3
3
4
5 5
=
2 2

x+3
=3
4
x+3=12 x =9
Worked Examples
1. A certain number of persons agree to subscribe as many rupees each as there are subscribers. The
whole subscription is Rs.2582449. Find the number of subscribers?
Solution:
Let the number of subscribers be x, since each subscriber agrees to subscribe x rupees.
The total subscription = no. of persons subscription per person
= x x = x
2
given x
2
= 2582449
x = 1607
2. Simplify:
3 4 3
192a b
121
Solution:
Use the relations
( )
m m m m
abc =a b c
( )
n
m mn
a =a
( )
1
3 4 3 4 3
3
192a b = 192a b
3 4
3b 4a.
3
1
3b 4a.

,
_

3. Simplify
9 12
3
x y
Solution:
( )
1
9 12 9 12
3 3
x y = x y
( ) ( )
1 1
9 12
3 3
= x y
3 4
= x y
4. Find the number whose square is equal to the difference between the squares of 75.12 and 60.12.
Solution:
Let x be the number required
x
2
= (75.12)
2
(60.12)
2
= (75.12 + 60.12) (75.12 60.12)
= 135.24 15 = 2028.60

x = 2028.60 =
45.0399
5. Reduce
15 +1
15 - 3
to an equivalent fraction with a rational denominator.
Solution:
15 +1
15 - 3
+ + + +

15 3 15 15 3 18 4 15
15 3 12
122

9+2 15
6
6. Find the value of
10
9
55
7
2
44
21
14
Solution:
5.26
10
9
55
117
44
637
10
9
55
7
2
44
21
14 approx.

7. An army general trying to draw his 16,160 men in rows such that there are as many men as there
are rows, found that he had 31 men over. Find the number of men in the front row.
Solution:
Let a be the number of men in the front row.
a
2
+ 31 = 161610
No. of men in the front row = 127
a
2
= 161610 31 = 16129
a = 127
8. A man plants his orchid with 5625 trees and arranges them so that there are as many rows as there
are trees in a row. How many rows are there?
Solution:
Let x be the number of rows and let the number of trees in a row be x say
x
2
= 5625
x = 75
There are 75 trees in a row and 75 rows are arranged.
9. Evaluate
_ _ _

, , ,
b+a c+b a+c
b-c c-a a-b
a-c b-a c-b
x x x
. .
x x x
Solution:
The given expression is
( ) ( ) ( )
b+a c+b a+c
b-c+a+c c-a-b+a a-b-c+b
x . x . x
=
( ) ( ) ( )
b+a c+b a+c
b-a c-b a-c
x . x . x =
2 2 2 2 2 2
b -a c -b a -c
x .x .x

=
2 2 2 2 2 2
b -a +c -b +a -c
x
= x
0
= 1.
123
10. If P = 2
x
, q = 2
y
and
z
)
x
.q
y
(p = 4, find xyz.
Solution:
( )
z
x
.q
y
p
=
( ) ( ) [ ]
z
x
y
2 .
y
x
2
=
( )
z
yx
2 .
xy
2
=
2
2 4
2xyz
2
(given).
2xyz = 2 or xyz = 1.
Practice Exercise 1
1. Find
2
3
4
3

_ _

, ,
1 1

216 27
124
1.
3
6
2.
2
3
3.
4
9
4.
1
8
2.
n+4
-3
n+3
n
2 - 2.2
+2
2.2
is equal to:
1.
n+1
2
2.
n+1
1
-2 +
8
3.
n
9
- 2
8
4. 1
3. Solve for x and y:
x+y
3 =27
,
x-y
3 =3
1. 3, 1 2. 2,3 3. 2,1 4. 5,3
4.
3
2

3 a+2
5 5 5 5 =5
, the value of a is:
1. 4 2. 5 3. 6 4. 8
5. Solve the equations:
x-y
7 = 49
and
x+y
7 =343
.
1.
1
x =2
2
,
1
y =
2
2.
1
x =
2
,
3
y =
2
3.
5
x =
2
,
1
y =1
2
4.
1
x =
2
,
7
y =
2
6. If
n
2
=64, then the value of n is:
1. 2 2. 4 3. 6 4. 12
7.
_ _ _

, , ,
0 -1
-1
3
(0.6) - (0.1)
3 3 1
. -
2 2 3
is equal to:
1.
3
-
2
2.
1
-
2
3.
2
3
4.
3
2
8. If
3 n 5
4
9 3 (27)
=27,
3(81)
then n equals:
1. 0 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4
9. If
x y -z
2 =3 =6 , then
_

,
1 1 1
+ +
x y z
is equal to:
1.0 2.1 3.
3
2
4.
1
-
2
125
10. The simplified form of
7
3
2
5
2
x . y
is :
x . y
1.
2
x
y
2.
3
2
x
y
3.
6
3
x
y
4. xy
Practice Exercise 2
1. Solve
( ) ( ) ( )
b-c c-a a-b
a b c
x . x . x if x 0 .
1.0 2.1 3.2 4.x
126
2.
_

,
n-m m-n
1 1
+
1+x 1+x
is equal to:
1. 0 2. 1 3.
2
1
4.
m+n
x
3. If x, y, z are real numbers, then the value of
-1 -1 -1
x y. y z. z x
is:
1. xyz 2. xyz 3.
1
xyz
4. 1
4. Find the value of
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) b-a c-a a-b c-b b-c a-c
1 1 1
+ +
1+x +x 1+x +x 1+x +x
1.
a-b-c
x
2. 1 3. 0 4. 3
5. Find
( )
_

,
b+c-a
b
c
x
x
.
( )
_

,
c+a-b
c
a
x
x
.
( )
_

,
a+b-c
a
b
x
x
1.
abc
x
2.
a+b+c
x
3.
ab+bc+ca
x
4. 1
6. If
a b
2 +3 =17
and
a+2 b+1
2 - 3 =5
, the values of a and b respectively are:
1. 2,3 2. -2,3 3. 2,-3 4. 3,2
7. Find
( ) ( ) ( )
_ _ _

, , ,
a+b b+c c+a
a b c
b c a
x x x

x x x

1. 0 2.
abc
x
3.
a+b+c
x
4. 1
8. If
_ _

, ,
x-1 x-3
a b
=
b a
, then the value of x is:
1.1 2.
1
2
3.2 4.
7
2
9. If
( )
3x-4
x+3
5 = 25 , then the value of x is:
1.
5
11
2.
11
5
3.
11
3
4.
13
5
10. Find the value of x ( )
x x
9 -10 3 +9 =0 .
127
1. 0, 2 2. 1, 3 3. 0, 1 4. 2, 1
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 1
1 3 6 4
2 4 7 1
3 1 8 3
4 1 9 4
5 1 10 4
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 2
1 2 6 4
2 2 7 4
3 4 8 3
4 2 9 2
5 4 10 1
CHAPTER-10
128
Surds
Rational numbers are the numbers which can be expressed in the form of
p
q
where p and q are
integers are called Rational Numbers.
When the root of number is not a rational number, the Root is called a SURD.
For example
4
2, 3, 7
are surds.
Important points to remember
1. Order and Radicand of a Surd:
Let a be a rational number and be a positive integer such that
n
a
is irrational, then
n
a
is called a
surd or a radical of the order n, and a is called the radicand and n is the called the order.
Example: Find the order and radicand of the following:
3
4
,
3
,
4
7
,
6
8
1.
3
4
in this order is 3 and radicand is 4
2.
3
in this order is 2 and radicand is 3
3.
4
7
in this order is 4 and radicand is 7
4.
6
8
in this order is 6 and radicand is 8
2. Pure Surds: A pure surd is one which is made up of only the irrational number
3 4
2, 3, 7
, etc.
3. Mixed Surds: A mixed surd comprises of one rational and other irrational
2 2,5 2
, etc.
4. Similar Surds: When two or more surds are similar they can be reduced so as to have the same
irrational parts.
147
and
27
are similar surds.

2
147 = 7x7x3 = 7 x3 =7 3
The irrational part
3
is the same.
2
27 = 3x3x3 = 3 x3 =3 3
129
5. Order of Surds:
If a
1/m
is a surd then a
1/m
is said to be a surd of order m .
6. Similar and Dissimilar Surds:
Surds having the same base and order are called similar surds.
3
,
3 3
,
4 3
are similar surds.
Surds which are not similar are dissimilar surds-clearly,
2
, 2
3
,
5
are dissimilar surds.
7. To convert a Surd of order n into a Surd of the order m:
Let
n
a
be a given surd of order n.
Then,
n
a

( )
1
1 m m m
m
n n n
=a = a = a

m
m
n n
a = a
, i.e.,
( )
1
1 m m
n n
a = a
8. Comparison of Two Surds:
If two surds are of same order then the one whose radicand is larger is the larger of two.
Examples: (i)
15 > 12
, (ii)
3 3
19 > 16
,(iii)
5 5
92 > 83

Note:
If any two surds are of different orders are to be compared then we reduce them to the same but
smallest order and then compare them as above.
Operations on Surds:
1. Addition and Subtraction of Surds
Similar surds can be added or subtracted by adding on subtracting the rational part and prefixing
the sum or difference obtained to their common irrational parts. In order to add or subtract surds
the first step is to reduce them to their lower terms before adding or subtracting their rational
coefficients.
For example,
3
,
5 3
,
8 3
, can be added but
3
,
2
and
4 6
can be neither be added nor
subtracted.
Example: Solve:
2
8 + 32 + 50 -
9
Solution:
2
8 + 32 + 50 -
9
130
_

,
2
2 2 2
= 2 .2 + 4 .2 + 5 .2 -
9
1
=2 2 +4 2 +5 2 - 2
3
1
= 2+4+5- 2
3
2 32
=10 2 = 2
3 3
2. Multiplication and Division of Surds
When multiplying or dividing surds, a convenient method used, to convert the surds into quantities
with fractional indices and to then use the rules of indices to multiply or divide
Multiplication and division of surds are governed by the laws of indi ces.
i.e., a
m
. a
n
= a
m+n

m
a
n
a
= a
m-n
Examples
1. Multiply:

4 4 4
7 3 2 6 5


4
7 2 3 6 5
=

4
14 90

2. Multiply:

3 4
3 5 2


( )
1
1 1 1 3 6 4
12
3 4 2 12 12 12
3 6 4
3 5 2 =3 5 2 = 3 5 2
3. Divide:
4
6
By
4
6

_ _

, ,
1 1
1 1
4 4
4 4
6 6 6 2
= = =
1 2 2
3
3
2 4
3 3
3. Rationalisation of Surds
If the product of two irrational quantities is rational each is called the rationalizing factor of the
other.
1. If on multiplying two surds we get a rational product, then each of the surds is said to be
rationalised.
2. A surd consisting of two terms is known as Binomial Surd. Two Binomial Surds are said to be
conjugate if they differ from each other only in the sign which connects the two pairs.
Example:
131
p+ q is conjugate to p- q .
3. The product of 2 conjugate surds is rational.
( ) ( )
2 2
p+ q p- q =p - q , which is a rational
number.
4. When the denominator of a fraction is a binomial quadratic surd, it can be rationalised by
multiplying the denominator and numerator by its conjugate surd.
4. To find the square roots of the surd
a
+
b
Example: Express the given surd in the form
a
+
2 c
i.e.
a
+
b
=
a
+
2 c
Solution:
Let
a+2 c
=
x
+ y squaring both sides,
a
+
2 c
= x + y + 2 xy .
Therefore x + y = a, and xy = c which can be solved for the values of x and y.
Worked Examples
1. Convert
2
into a Surd of the order 6
Solution:
We have,
_

,
1
6 1 1 6
6 6 2 2
2 =2 = 2 =8 = 8

2. Convert
3
2 4
into a Surd of the order 6
Solution:
We have,
( )
1
1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 4 =2.4 = 2 .4 =8 .4
( ) ( )
1 1
3
3 3
= 8x4 = 32 = 32
Now,
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
1 1
]
]
1
1
6 1 6
2 6
3
3 3
32 = 32 = 32 = 32
( )
1
6
6
= 1024 = 1024
132
3. Convert
5
8
2
into a Surd of the order 4
Solution:
We have,
1
_ _
1

, ,
1
]
1
1
2 2
1 1 1 2
5 5 5 25
2 2 2
8 = .8 = .8 = .8
2 2 2 4
( )
_

,
1
1 2
1
25
2
2
= x8 = 50 = 50
4
Now,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
1 1
]
]
1
1
1 4 1 4
2 4
4
4 2 2
50 = 50 = 50 = 50 = 2500 = 2500
4. Convert
4
3
and
6
2
into Surds of same but smallest order.
Solution:
Given surds are of order 4 and 6 respectively.
LCM of 4 and 6 is 12.
So, we shall convert each of the given surds into a surd of the order 12.
Now,
( )
( )
_

,
1
1
1 12 12
1
3 12 12 4 4 4
12
3 =3 = 3 = 3 = 27 = 27
And,
( )
( )
_

,
1
1
1 12 12
1
2 12 6 12 6 6
12
2 =2 = 2 = 2 = 4 = 4
5. Which surd is larger:
2
or
3
3
Solution:
The given surd are of order 2 and 3.
The LCM of 2 and 3 is 6.
So, we reduce each to a surd of the order 6.
Now,
( )
_

,
1
1
6 1 1 6
3 6
6 2 2
2 =2 = 2 = 2 =8
=
6
8
133
And,
( )
_

,
1
1
6 1 1 6
2 6 3 3 3 6
3 =3 = 3 = 3 =9
=
6
9
Clearly,
6 6
9 > 8
Hence,
3
3 > 2
6. Write the following surds in ascending order:
4
6, 2
and
3
4
.
Solution:
The given surds are of the order 4, 2 and 3
The LCM of 4, 2,3 is 12
So, we reduce each to a surd of the order 12.
Now,
( )
( )
_

,
1
1
1 12 12
1
3 12 4 12 4 4
12
6 =6 = 6 = 6 = 216 = 216
( )
( )
_

,
1
1
1 12 12
1
6 12 12 2 2
12
2 =2 = 2 = 2 = 64 = 64
And,
( )
( )
_

,
1
1
1 12 12
1
4 12 3 12 3 3
12
4 =4 = 4 = 4 = 256 = 256
Clearly,
12 12 12
64 < 216 < 256
Hence,
3 4
2 < 6 < 4
7. Arrange the following surds in descending order:
3 6
2, 3
and
9
4
Solution:
The given surds are of the order 3, 6 and 9
The LCM of 3, 6, 9 is 18
So, we reduce each to a surd of the order 18.
134
( )
( )
_

,
1
1
18 1 18
1
6 18 3 18 3 3
18
2 =2 = 2 = 2 = 64 = 64

( )
( )
_

,
1
1
18 1 18
1
3 18 18 6 6 6
18
3 =3 = 3 = 3 = 27 = 27

( )
( )
_

,
1
1
18 1 18
1
2 18 9 18 9 9
18
4 =4 = 4 = 4 = 16 = 16
Clearly,
18 18 12
64 > 27 > 16
Hence,
3 9 6
2 > 3 > 4
8. Which is greater:
2
3
or
3
3
4
Solution:
The given surds are of order 2 and 3
The LCM of 2 and 3 is 6
So, we reduce each to a surd of the order 6.
Now,
1
1
_ _ _ _
1
1

1 , , , ,
1
]
]
1
1
6 1 1 6
3 6
2 2 6
2 2 2 2 8 8
6
= = = = =
3 3 3 3 27 27
And,
1
1
_ _ _ _
1
1

1 , , , ,
1
]
]
1
1
6 1 1 6
2 6
3 3 6
3 3 3 3 9 9
3 6
= = = = =
4 4 4 4 16 16
Clearly,
9 8
>
16 27
,since 927>168

9 8
6 6
>
16 27
Hence,
3 2
3
>
4 3
9. Rationalise the denominator of
( )
3 2
2+ 2
.
135
Solution:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
]
3 2x 2- 2
3 2 6 2 - 3 2 2 6 2 - 6
= = =
2 4+2 2 - 2 2 - 2 2+ 2 2+ 2 2- 2
=3 2 - 3=3 2 -1
10. Find the square root of, 12 +
128
.
Solution:
12 +
128
= 12+2 32
Let 12+2 32 =
x
+ y
Squaring both sides,
12+2 32 = x + y + 2 xy
Therefore, x + y = 12, xy = 32. i.e., x = 4, y=8
Hence, 12+2 32 =
4
+
8
= 2 +
2 2
.
Practice Exercise 1
136
1. Convert
2
into a surd of order 10;
1.
10
30
2.
10
34
3.
10
32
4.
10
28

2. Convert
3
and
3
4
into surds of the same but smallest order and find which one is smaller?
1.
6 3 6
3 = 27, 4 = 30
and the smaller one is
3
4
.
2.
6 3 6
3 = 27, 4 = 16
and the smaller one is
3
4
.
3.
3 6 6
3 = 30, 4 = 18
and the smaller one is
3
.
4.
3 6 6
3 = 45, 4 = 12
and the smaller one is
3
.
3. Which one of the two
3
or
3
7
is greater?
1.
3
7
2. 3 3.
3
7
equals 3 4. Cant determine
4. Arrange
3 4
3, 4, 6
in ascending order
1.
3 4
3, 4, 6
2.
3 4
3, 6, 4
3.
3 4
4, 6, 3
4.
3 4
6, 4, 3
5. Arrange
3 6
5, 9, 105
in descending order
1.
6 3
5, 105, 9
2.
6 3
105, 9, 5
3.
3 6
5, 9, 105
4.
3 6
9, 105, 5
6. Rationalize the denominators of
3+ 2
1+ 3
1.
3- 3+ 6 + 2
2
2.
3+ 3+ 6 - 2
2
3.
3- 3 - 6 - 2
2
4.
3- 3+ 6 - 2
2

7. Rationalize the denominator of
1
2- 3
1.
2+ 3
2.
2- 3
3.
1+ 3
4.
1- 3

8. Simplify:
5+1 5 +1
+
5 - 2 5+ 2
1.
( )
1
10+2 5
3
2.
( )
2
10- 2 5
3
3.
( )
2
10+2 5
3
4.
( )
1
10- 2 5
3
137
9. Simplify:
4 3 2 3
-
6 - 2 6 + 2
1.
( )
1
9+ 3
2
2.
( )
1
9- 3
2
3.
( )
1
9- 3
2 2
4.
( )
1
9+ 3
2 2
10. If
5+ 3
x =
5 - 3
and
5 - 3
y =
5+ 3
, find the value of
2 2
x - y
1.
15 18
2.
16 15
3.
15 14
4.
16 14
138
Practice Exercise 2
1. Convert
3
9
into a surd of order 9;
1.
9
639
2.
9
966
3.
9
759
4.
9
729

2. Convert
4
6
and
6
12
into surds of the same but smallest order and find which one is larger?
1.
6 14 14 4
6 = 216, 12 = 144
and the larger one is
6
12
.
2.
6 6 6 4
6 = 240, 12 = 160
and the larger one is
4
6
.
3.
6 12 12 4
6 = 216, 12 = 144
and the larger one is
4
6
.
4.
6 12 12 4
6 = 234, 12 = 122
and the larger one is
6
12
.
3. Which one of the two
3
6
or
4
8
is greater?
1.
3
6
2.
4
8
3.
3
6
equals
4
8
4. Cant determine
4. Arrange
3 6 9
2, 5, 6
in ascending order
1.
3 9 6
6, 2, 5
2.
3 9 6
6, 5, 2
3.
3 6 9
5, 2, 6
4.
3 6 9
2, 5, 6

5. Arrange
10 5
3, 15, 227
in descending order
1.
10 5
3, 15, 227
2.
10 5
3, 227, 15
3.
10 5
227, 15, 3
4.
10 5
15, 227, 3

6. Rationalise the denominators of
2+1
2-1
1.
6+2 2
2.
3- 2 2
3.
3+6 2
4.
3+2 2

7. Find the square roots of 6 -
4 2
1.
2+ 2
2.
2- 2
3.
2- 8
4.
2- 2 2
8. Rationalize the denominator of
1
2+ 2 + 6
1.
( )
1
1+ 2 + 3
2
2.
( )
1
1+ 2 - 3
2
3.
( )
1
1+ 2 + 3
4
4.
( )
1
1+ 2 - 3
4

9. Simplify:
1 1
+
5+ 3 5 - 3
139
1.
5
2.
2 5
3.
3
4.
2 3
10. Simplify:
8+ 28 - 8- 28
8+ 28 + 8- 28
1.
1
28
2.
1
8
3.
1
18
4.
1
7
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 1
1 3 6 4
2 2 7 1
3 1 8 1
4 4 9 4
5 1 10 2
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 2
1 4 6 4
2 3 7 1
3 1 8 4
4 1 9 1
5 2 10 4
CHAPTER-11
140
Linear Equations
Simple Equations
A simple equation is an equation in a single variable, whose value must be determined.
a. ax + b = 0
a
b
x is called a Simple Equation in one Unknown.
b. ax + by + c = 0 is the general form of a Linear Equation in Two Variables.
ax + by + c = 0 is a Single Linear Equation in two variables which admits infinite number of
solutions.
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 . (1)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 . (2)
For the above equations (1) and (2) in two variables x and y, the solution is

1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
b c b c
x
a b a b
and

1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
c a c a
y
a b a b
(i). The above system of equations has a unique solution if

1 1
2 2
a b
a b
. Such a system is a
consistent system. The graph consists of two intersecting lines.
(ii). If

1 1 1
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
, then there is no solution to the system. It is an inconsistent system. The
graph would consist of two parallel lines.
(iii). If

1 1 1
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
, the system has infinite solutions. The graph would consist of two
coincident lines.
Linear Equations
General linear equation in two variables, ax + by + c = 0 where a, b and c are constants always
represents a straight line in a plane.
If b = 0 then the equation takes the form, ax + c = 0. Clearly, x =
c
a
satisfies this equation and
hence is a root.
Simultaneous Linear Equations
141
If two or more equations are satisfied by the same values of variables (two or more
variables) the equations are said to be simultaneous equations.
For example, x + y = 2 and 3x + y = 4 are both satisfied for x = y = 1 and hence are simultaneous
equations.
To solve simultaneous equations in two variables, we eliminate one of the unknown quantities, find
the value of the other unknown and substitute this value in any of the given equations which results
in the solution.
Example
Solve 2x + y = 16 .... (1) x y = 2 ...... (2)
From (2), x = y + 2, substitute in (1), 2(y + 2) + y = 16
2y + 4 + y = 16 or 3y = 12 y = 4
Since x = y + 2 and y = 4 we have, x = 6
Hence x = 6, y = 4.
Note :
Geometrically the solution of simultaneous equations represents the point of intersection of the two
lines represented by the two given equations.
Solving Linear Simultaneous Equations
Consider the equations x + y = 8 and x y = 6.
Both are simple simultaneous equations in two unknowns x and y and both the equations are
satisfied by the same values, x = 7 and y = 1 which are known as the solutions (or roots) of the
equation.
When a pair of simple simultaneous equations in two unknowns, say x and y, is given, we first
eliminate any one of the two unknowns, say x, and find the value of other unknown y. Then by
substituting the value of y in any of the equations the value of x is found.
Using the Rule of Cross Multiplication
The solutions of linear simultaneous equations
a x + b y + c = 0
1 1 1
and a x+ b y + c = 0
2 2 2
are given by:
x
b c b c
y
c a c a a b a b
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2
1

where a1b2 - a2b1 0

x =
b c b c
a b a b
y
c a c a
a b a b
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 2

,
142
Example: Solve 3x 7y + 10 = 0 and 2x y + 3 = 0
We have, 3x 7y + 10 = 0 ......... (i)
and 2x y + 3 = 0 ......... (ii)
from (i) and (ii) by method of cross multiplication, we get
x
b c b c
y
c a c a a b a b
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
1

or
x y
+

+ 21 10 20 9
1
3 14

x y 1 11 11
or or x 1 and y 1
11 11 11 11 11
Hence the required solutions are x = 1 and y = 1.
Linear Systems with Two Variables
A linear system of two equations with two variables is any system that can be written in
the form.
ax + by = p
cx + dy = q
where any of the constants can be zero with the exception that each equation must
have at least one variable in it.
Also, the system is called linear if the variables are only to the first power, are only in the numerator
and there are no products of variables in any of the equations.
Here is an example of a system with numbers.
3x y = 7
2x + 3y = 1
Before we discuss how to solve systems we should first talk about just what a solution to a system
of equation is. A solution to a system of equations is a value of x and a value of y that, when
substituted into the equations, satisfies both equations at the same time.
For example, above, x=2 and y=-1 is a solution to the system. This is easy enough to check.
3(2)-(-1)=7 and, 2(2)+3(-1)=1
So, sure enough that pair of numbers is a solution to the system. Do not worry about how we got
these values. This will be very first system that we solve when we get into examples.
Note that it is important that the pair of numbers satisfy both equations. For instance x=1 and y=-4
will satisfy the first equation, but not the second and so isnt a solution to the system. Likewise,
143
x=1 and y=1 will satisfy the second equation but not the first and so cant be a solution to the
system.
Now, just what does a solution to a system of two equations represent? Well if you think about it
both of the equations in the system are lines. So, lets graph them and see what we get.
As you can see the solution to the system is the coordinates of the point where the two lines
intersect. So, when solving linear systems with two variables we are really asking where the two
lines will intersect.
We will be looking at two methods for solving systems in this section.
The first method is called the method of substitution. In this method we will solve one of the
equations for one of the variables and substitute this into the other equation. This will yield one
equation with one variable that we can solve. Once this is solved we substitute this value back into
one of the equations to find the value of the remaining variable.
Example:
Solve the equations: 7x 5y = 30, 12y + 4x = 136.
Solution:
7x 5y = 30 (1)
12y + 4x = 136 (2)
From equation (2): y =
136- 4x 34- x
=
12 3
Substituting y in equation (1), we get,
7x 5
34- x
3
= 30
21x 170 + 5x = 90
26x = 260
x = 10
Substituting x in equation (1), we get,
7 10 5y = 30 5y = 40 y = 8
Hence, x = 10 and y = 8.
As with single equations we could always go back and check this solution by plugging it into both
equations and making sure that it does satisfy both equations. Note as well that we really would
need to plug into both equations. It is quite possible that a mistake could result in a pair of
numbers that would satisfy one of the equations but not the other one.
Lets now move into the next method for solving systems of equations. The method of substitution
will often force us to deal with fractions, which adds to the likelihood of mistakes. The next method
will not have this problem. Well, thats not completely true. If fractions are going to show up they
will only show up in the final step and they will only show up if the solution contains fractions.
144
This second method is called the method of elimination. In this method we multiply one or both
of the equations by appropriate numbers (i.e., multiply every term in the equation by the number)
so that one of the variables will have the same coefficient with opposite signs. Then next step is to
add the two equations together. As one of the variables had the same coefficient with opposite
signs will eliminated when we add the two equations. The result will be a single equation that we
can solve for one of the variables. Once this is done substitute this answer back into one of the
original equations.
Example:
Solve the equations: 7x 5y = 30, 12y + 4x = 136.
Solution:
7x 5y = 30 (1)
12y + 4x = 136 (2)
(1) 12 + (2) 5 104x = 1040 x = 10
Substituting x in equation (1), we get
7 10 5y = 30 5y = 40 y = 8
Hence, x = 10 and y = 8.
.
Worked Examples
1. Solve
2
1
8
3
12
5x

Solution:
8
7
8
3
2
1
12
x 5
+
145
1 . 2
10
21
5
12
8
7
x
2. Find a number such that the difference between nine times the number and four times the number
is 55.
Solution:
Let the number be x say.
9x 4x = 55
5x = 55
x = 11
3. A father is now three times as old as his son. Five years ago. he was four times as old as his son.
Find their present ages.
Solution:
Let the present age of the son be x years, say.
Fathers present age = 3x years
Five years ago, age of the son = (x 5) years
Fathers age = (3x 5) years
Given that, 5 years ago. Fathers age = 4 sons age
3x 5 = 4(x 5) = 4x 20
x = 15
Sons present age = 15 years
Fathers present age = 45 years
4. If A gives B Rs.4. B will have twice as much as A. If B gives A Rs.15, A will have 10 times as much
as B. How much each has originally?
Solution:
Let the amounts with A and B be x rupees y rupees respectively
A gives 4 rupees to B.
A will have (x 4)
B will have (y + 4)
Given, y + 4 = 2(x 4) = 2x 8
2x y = 12 (1)
Secondly, if B gives 15 rupees to A.
B will have y 15
146
A will have x + 15
Given, x + 15 = 10(y 15) = 10y 150
-x + 10y =165 ..(2)
(2) 2 -2x + 20y = 330 .. (3)
2x y = 12 .. (1)
(3) + (1) 19y = 342
18
19
342
y
Put y = 18 in (1), we get 2x 18 = 12
2x = 30
x = 15
As original possession = Rs.15
Bs original possession = Rs.18
5. Find two numbers which are such that one-fifth of the greater exceeds one-sixth of the smaller by
4; and such that one-half of the greater plus one-quarter of the smaller equals 38.
Solution:
Let the two numbers be x and y say
Let x > y, say
Given 4 y
6
1
x
5
1

6x 5y = 120 (1)
Given secondly 38 y
4
1
x
2
1
+
2x + y = 152 (2)
Solve for x and y from (1) & (2)
(2) 5 10x + 5y = 760 (3)
(1)+ (3) 16x = 880
55
16
880
x
From (2), 110 + y = 152
y = 152 110 = 42
The numbers are 55 and 42.
147
6. I have a certain number of apples to be divided equally among 18 children. If the number of apples
and the number of children were increased by 2, each child would get 5 apples less. How many
apples have to distribute?
Solution:
Let the number of apples be x, say
Number of children = 18
Since each should get equal number of apples,
No of apples for each child =
18
x
Now, when the number of apples and the number of children were
Increased by 2, each child gets 5 apples less.
5
18
x
20
2 x

+
5
20
2 x
18
x

+

20x 18(x + 2) = 360 5

20x 18x 36 = 1800
2x = 1800 + 36 = 1836
918
2
1836
x
The number of apples is 918, so that equal distribution among 18 children is quite likely.
7. Two friends A and B start on a holiday together, A with Rs.380 and B with Rs.260. During the
holiday, B spends 4 rupees more than A and when holidays end, A has 5 times as much as B. How
much has each spent?
Solution:
Let x rupees be the amount spent by A.
(x + 4) rupees would have been spent by B.
Initially A had Rs.380 and B had Rs.260.
At the end of the holidays A had an amount of 380 x
B had an amount of 260 (x + 4)
i.e., 256 x
Given, 380 x = 5(256 x) = 1280 5x
4x = 1280 380 = 900
148
225
4
900
x Rupees
A spent Rs.225 and B spent Rs.229.
8. The monthly incomes of two persons are in the ratio 7:9 and their monthly expenditures are in the
ratio 12:16. If each saves Rs.100 per month, find their monthly incomes.
Solution:
Let the monthly incomes of the two persons be Rs.7x and Rs.9x. Then their monthly expenditures
are Rs.(7x 100) and Rs.(9x 100).
Given that
7 100
9 100
12
16
x
x

112x 1600 = 108x 1200
112x 108x = 1600 1200
Hence, x = 100. Therefore the monthly incomes are Rs.7x = Rs.700 and 9x = Rs.900.
9. Solve: 3x y = 7 and 2x + 3y = 1
Solution:
So, this was the first system that we looked at. We already know the solutions, but this will gives us
a chance to verify the values that we wrote down for the solution.
Now, the method says that we need to solve one of the equations for one of the variables. Which
equation we choose and which variable that we choose is up to you, but its usually best to pick an
equation and variable that will be easy to deal with. This means we should try to avoid fractions if
at all possible.
In this case it looks like it will be really easy to solve the first equation for y so lets do that.
3x 7=y
Now, substitute this into the second equation
2x + 3(3x 7) = 1
This is an equation in x that we can solve so lets do that
2x + 9x - 21 = 1
11x = 22
x = 2
So, there is the x portion of the solution.
Finally, do NOT forget to go back and find the y portion of the solution. This is one of the more
common mistakes students make in solving systems. To so this we can either plug the x value into
one of the original equations and solve for y or we can just plug it into our substitution that we
found in the first step. That will easier so lets do that.
y = 3x 7 = 3(2) 7 = -1
149
So, the solution is x = 2 and y = -1, as we noted above.
10. Solve 5x + 4y = 1, 3x 6y = 2
Solution:
With this system we arent going to be able to completely avoid fractions. However, it looks like if
we solve the second equation for x we can minimize them. Here is that work.
3x = 6y + 2
x = 2y + 2/3
Now, substitute this into the first equation and solve the resulting equation for y.

_

,
2
5 2y+ +4y =1
3

10
10y+ +4y =1
3

10 7
14y =1- =-
3 3

_ _

, ,
7 1 1
y =- =-
3 14 6
Finally, substitute this into the original substitution to find x.

_ _

, ,
1 2 1 2 1
x =2 - + =- + =
6 3 3 3 3
So, the solution to this system is
1
x =
3
and
1
y =-
6
Practice Exercise 1
1. Solve: x + y = 10 and x 2y = 4
1. x=2, y=4 2. x=8, y=2 3. x=6, y=7 4. x=4, y=8
2. Solve: x + y = 6 and x y = 8
1. x=7, y=-1 2. x=5, y=-1 3. x=7, y=5 4. x=6, y=-5
3. Solve:
5 9
10
8
15 x y
+
and
3 5
6
x y
+
150
1.
2
x =
3
,
9
y =
2
2.
3
x =-
2
,
7
y =
3
3.
9
x =
2
,
7
y =-
2
4.
3
x =
2
,
5
y =
4

4. Solve:
1
16
1
15
9
20
x y + and
1
20
1
27
4
45
x y +
1.
118 183
x =- y =
11 11
2.
116 162
x =- y =
11 11
3.
116 183
x =- y =
11 11
4.
110 120
x =- y =
11 11
5. Solve:
8 9
7
x y
+
and
4 3
1
x y

1. x=6, y=8 2. x=2, y=3 3. x=3, y=5 4. x=7, y=5
6. A man travels from A to B at the rate of 4.2 kms an hour. If he had moved at the rate of 4 km an
hour he would have taken 2 hours more to travel that distance. What is the distance between A and
B.
1. 168 km 2. 180 km 3. 200 km 4. 268 km
7. Monthly income of two persons are in the ratio 7 : 8 and their monthly expenditures are in the ratio
11 : 13. If each saves Rs.120 per month, find their monthly incomes.
1. Rs.560 and Rs.600 2. Rs.580 and Rs.640
3. Rs.560 and Rs.640 4. Rs.520 and Rs.650
8. A number has two digits. The sum of the two digits is 9. If the digits are reversed and 9 is added to
the new number, the result will be thrice the original number. Find the number.
1. 22 2. 27 3. 25 4. 30
9. Find the fraction which is equal to
3
5
when both its numerator and denominator are increased by 3
and which is equal to
3
4
when both are increased by 9.
1.
3
7
2.
5
7
3.
5
8
4.
4
7
10. The age of a man is twice the sum of the ages of his two sons, and five years ago his age was thrice
the sum of their ages. Find the present age.
1. 30 years 2. 40 years 3. 50 years 4. 45 years
11. Solve: 2p 3q = 4 and 3p 2q = 11
1. p=5, q=2 2. p=6, q=-2 3. p=4, q=7 4. p=3, q=5
151
12. Solve: a + 5b = 36 and
a b
a b
+

5
3
1. a=20, b=7 2. a=10, b=5 3. a=16, b=4 4. a=14, b=8
13. Solve: x + y = 3, y + 2 = 5, z + x = 4
1. x=0, y=3, z=6 2. x=0, y=3, z=4 3. x=2, y=4, z=8 4. x=5, y=3, z=2
14. Solve:
8 9
7
4 3
1
x y
and
x y
+
1. x=5, y=7 2. x=3, y=6 3. x=-4, y=-6 4. x=2, y=3
15. Solve: 4x 3y = xy and
6 4
4
x y
+
1. x=7, y=6 2. x=3, y=2 3. x=-4, y=-6 4. x=-5, y=3
Practice Exercise 2
1. Solve 3x + 5y = 19, x + 3y = 9
1. x=3, y=2 2. x=4, y=5 3. x=3, y=5 4. x=6, y=4
2. Solve 5x 2y + 25 = 0, 4y 3x = 29
1. x=-2, y=-4 2. x=-3, y=5 3. x=-4, y=-3 4. x=-3, y=6
3. Solve
a b
and
a b
2 4
6
5 2
0 + .
152
1. a=5, b=8 2. a=4, b=6 3. a=10, b=4 4. a=6, b=2
4. Solve x = 2y 1, y = 5 3x
1.
3 8
x = ,y=
7 7
2.
9 4
x = ,y=
7 7
3.
3 4
x = ,y=
7 7
4.
9 8
x = ,y=
7 7
5. Solve x + y 5 = 0 and y 2 = 2x.
1. x=3, y=5 2. x=1, y=4 3. x=3, y=6 4. x=6, y=2
6. Find four consecutive odd numbers whose sum is 56.
1. 11,13,15,17 2. 9,11,13,15 3. 13,15,17,19 4. 7,9,11,13
7. A is 7 years older than B. 15 years ago, B is age was
4
3
of As age. Find their present ages.
1. 45, 34 2. 43, 36 3. 47, 33 4. 46, 32
8. A man left Rs.1750 to be divided among his two daughters and four sons. Each daughter was to
receive three times as much as a son. How much did each son and daughter receive?
1. Rs.175, Rs.525 2. Rs.155, Rs.500 3. Rs.150, Rs.400 4. Rs.145, Rs.450
9. A man travels from A to B at the rate of 4 km an hour. Had he travelled at the rate of 3
2
5
km an
hour, he would have taken 3 hours more to cover that distance. Find the distance between A and B.
1. 69 Km 2. 67 Km 3. 68 Km 4. 63 Km
10. Puja is four times as old as Madhu. 2 years hence she will be twice as old as Madhu. What are their
present ages?
1. 3, 2 2. 4, 2 3. 3, 2 4. 4, 1
11. 2 chairs and 3 tables are worth Rs.1900 while 5 chairs and 2 tables are worth Rs.2000. What is the
value of each chair and table?
1. Chair= Rs 200, Table= Rs 500 2. Chair= Rs 200, Table= Rs 500
3. Chair= Rs 200, Table= Rs 500 4. Chair= Rs 200, Table= Rs 500
12. A certain two digit number is four times the sum of its digits and if 27 is added to it, its digits are
reversed. Find the number.
1. 34 2. 38 3. 36 4. 32
13. Sreenivas and Suresh start at the same time on scooters from Bangalore and Mysore towards each
other at the speed of 25 kmph and 35 kmph respectively. At the point where they meet Suresh
realizes that he has traveled 25 kms more than Sreenivas. Find the distance between Bangalore and
Mysore.
1. 150 Km 2. 120 Km 3. 140 Km 4. 130 Km
14. Solve: 5x+4y=1 and 3x-6y=2
153
1.
1 5
x = , y =-
3 6
2.
2 5
x = , y =-
3 6
3.
2 1
x = , y =-
3 6
4.
1 1
x = , y =-
3 6
15. Solve: 2x+4y=-10 and 6x+3y=6
1. x=2, y=-2 2. x=3, y=-2 3. x=3, y=-4 4. x=2, y=-4
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 1
1 2 6 1 11 1
2 1 7 3 12 3
3 4 8 2 13 2
4 3 9 1 14 4
5 2 10 3 15 2
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 2
1 1 6 1 11 1
2 2 7 2 12 3
3 3 8 1 13 1
4 4 9 3 14 4
5 2 10 4 15 3
CHAPTER-12
Quadratic Equations
Definition
General quadratic equation in one variable is ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 where a, b and c are
constants.
The roots of this equation are given by,
2
b b 4ac
x
2a
t

.
154
The term b
2
4ac determines the nature of the roots and is called the discriminant of the quadratic
equation. The Greek letter (delta used to denote the discriminant i.e., = b
2
4ac.)
We know that for any given equation, exactly one of the following is true.
1. < 0 b
2
4ac is negative. Clearly
b ac
2
4
is imaginary. Hence when < 0, the roots are
imaginary.
2. = 0 b
2
4ac = 0. Hence
b ac
2
4
vanishes. Therefore the roots are
+

b
a
b
a
0
2 2
. Hence the
roots are real and coincident.
3. When > 0, b
2
4ac is positive and hence
b ac
2
4
is real. In this case the roots are real and
distinct. If in addition to being positive, is a perfect square then, the roots are rational; if is not a
perfect square the roots are irrational.
Note:
1. When b
2
-4ac is a perfect square, then the roots are rational and incase it is not a perfect square
then the roots are irrational.
2. Imaginary or irrational roots of the equation ax
2
+bx+c=0, where a, b, c are all real numbers, will
occur in conjugate pairs i.e., if 4+5i is a root then 4-5i will also be a root. But if the coefficients a, b,
c are not all real or any one of them is non real or irrational, then it is not necessary that the roots
to be occur in conjugate pairs.
3. If sum the coefficients is zero, i.e., a+b+c=0 then x=1, is a root of the equation:
ax
2
+bx+c=0 and if a-b+c=0, then x=-1, is a root of the equation ax
2
+bx+c=0.
Solving Quadratic Equations by Factorization
If the roots of ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 are real and rational, the equation can be resolved into linear factors
and hence be easily solved.
Example:
Solve x
2
11x + 28 = 0
Solution:
We need to express 11 as the sum of two numbers whose product is 28. Clearly 7 and 4 satisfy
these conditions.
Hence, x
2
11x + 28 = 0
x
2
7x 4x + 28 = 0
x(x 7) 4 (x 7) = 0
(x 4) (x 7) = 0
x 4 = 0 or x 7 = 0
155
x = 4 or 7
Note:
Quadratic equations whose roots are imaginary or irrational cannot be solved by factorization. We
use the formula in such cases.
Note:
Sum, difference and product of the roots of a quadratic equation. If and are the roots of ax
2
+
bx +c = 0, then + =
-b
a
, =
c
a
and - =
2
b - 4ac
a
.
Forming a Quadratic Equation
So far, we have learnt how to find the roots of a quadratic equation (given the equation). Now we shall
work on the converse problem i.e., to form the quadratic equation given its roots. If and are the
roots of a quadratic equation, we know that (x ) and (x ) are its factors (by factor theorem). Hence
the required equation can be written as
(x ) (x ) = 0
or x
2
x x + = 0
or x
2
( + )x + = 0
i.e., x
2
(sum of the roots) x + (product of the roots) = 0, gives the required quadratic equation.
Method of Solving Quadratic Equations
1. Solve 3x
2
12 = 0
Solution:
3x
2
12 = 0 3x
2
= 12 or x
2
= 4
x = t 4 = t 2 i.e. x = 2, 2.
2. Solve (x + 3)
2
= 6(x + 3)
Solution:
x
2
+ 6x + 9 = 6x + 18 x
2
= 9 or x = t 3.
Equation Reducible to Quadratic Type
Some equations, which are not quadratic, can be reduced to quadratic equations by proper substitution
and can be solved using any one of the previous methods.
156
Example: Solve
_ _

, ,
2
1 1
x+ - 8 x+
x x
+ 12 = 0.
Solution:
Let x +
1
x
= y then y
2
8y + 12 = 0
y
2
2y - 6y + 12 = 0 y(y 2) 6(y 2) = 0
(y 2)(y 6) = 0
y = 2 or 6.
Hence, x +
1
x
= 2

x
x
2
1 +
= 2
x
2
2x + 1 = 0
x(x 1) 1(x 1) = 0 (x 1)
2
= 0 or x = 1.
Also, x +
1
x
= 6

x
x
2
1 +
= 6
x
2
6x + 1 = 0
Here a = 1, b = 6 and c = 1,
x =
t b b ac
a
2
4
2
By substituting the values of a, b and c, we get
x =
t
2
( 6) ( 6) 4.1.1
2
x =
6 32
2
6 4 2
2
3 2 2
t

t
t .
Hence the roots are 1, 1, 3 t 2 2 .
Relationship between Roots and Coefficients: ax
2
+bx+c=0
If

and

are the roots of the equation, ax

2
+bx+c=0, then,
157
Sum of the roots = +
b
=-
a
Product of the roots = .
c
=
a
Example: If

and

are the roots of

2
x - 3x+5=0
, find the equation whose roots are

2
and

2
Solution:

and

are the roots of

2
x - 3x+5=0
+ =3, =5
If the new roots are

2
and
2
Sum of the roots
( ) + +
2
2 2
- 2
( )
2
= 3 - 2.5=-1
Product of the roots
( )
2
2 2 2
= = =5 =25
Equation whose roots are

2
and
2
is
( )
( )
2
2
2
x - sum of the roots x+product of the roots =0
x - -1 x+25=0
x +x+25=0
Worked Examples
1. Three positive numbers are in the ratio
6
1
:
4
1
:
2
1
. Find the numbers; if the sum of their squares is
196.
Solution:
Let the numbers be
6
x
&
4
x
,
2
x
.
Then
36
2
x
16
2
x
4
2
x
+ +
= 196
x
2

,
_

+ +
36
1
16
1
4
1
= 196
158

D C
S R
1 y
P Q
x

A B

x
2

,
_

+ +
144
4 9 36
= 196
x
2

,
_

144
49
= 196
x
2
=
49
144 x 196
x
2
= 144 x 4 x = t 144 4 x
2. A is older than B by 5 years. Seven years hence, thrice As age shall be equal to four times that of
B. Find their present ages.
Solution:
Let x = As present age ; y = Bs present age
x = y + 5 x - y = 5 ......... (1)
After 7 years, As age = x + 7; Bs age = y + 7
3 ( x + 7 ) = 4 ( y + 7 )
3x + 21 = 4y + 28
or 3x - 4y = 7........ (2)
Multiplying equation (1) by 3 we get
3x - 3y = 15 ............ ( 3)
Subtracting (3) from (2) we get
- 4y + 3y = 7- 15 -y = -8 y = 8
Substituting this value in ( 1), we get
x - 8 =5 x =13
Thus A is 13 years old and B is 8 years old.
3. Show that (x-1)(x-3)(x-4)(x-6) + 10 is positive for real values of x
Solution :
Consider : (x-1)(x-6)(x-3)(x-4) + 10 =(x
2
-7x+6) (x
2
-7x+12) + 10
Put x
2
-7x+6 = t
t(t+6) + 10 = t
2
+6t+10 = (t
2
+6t+9) + 1
= (t+3)
2
+1 = (x
2
-7x+9)
2
+1 which is clearly positive for real values of x.
4. A two digit number is less than 3 times the product of its digits by 8 and the digit in the tens place
exceeds the digit in the units place by 2.Find the number.
159

D C
S R
1 y
P Q
x

A B

Solution:
Let the numbers have x in tens place and y in the unit place
10x+y = 3xy 8.(1)
x-y = 2 ...(2)
From (2) x= y+2
In (1), 10(y+2)+y = 3y(y+2)-8
10y + 20 + y = 3y
2
+6y-8
3y
2
-5y-28 = 0
3y
2
-12y+7y-28 = 0
3y(y-4) + 7(y-4) = 0
(y-4) (3y+7) = 0
y=4 or -
3
7
( y = -7/3 is delete4.
x = y+2 => x = 6
The number is 64.
5. A carpet whose length is
6
1
1 times its width is laid on the floor of a rectangular room, with a margin
of 1 foot all around. The area of the floor is 4 times that of the margin. Find the width of the
room.
Solution:
Let x and y be the length and breadth of the carpet.
Given, x=
6
7y
6x = 7y(1)
Length of the floor = x+2
Breadth of the floor = y+2
Area of the margin=Area of the floorArea of the carpet
=(x+2)(y+2) xy
= xy +2x + 2y + 4 xy
= 2x+2y+4
Given, Area of the floor = 4 Area of the margin.
(x+2)(y+2) = 4 (2x+2y+4)
160

D C
S R
1 y
P Q
x

A B

xy + 2x + 2y + 4 = 8x + 8y + 16
xy 6x 6y 12 = 0..(2)
put, x =
6
7y
in (2)

2
7y
7y 6y 12 0
6
7y
2
- 78y 72 = 0
7y
2
- 84y + 6y 72 = 0
7y(y - 12) + 6(7y - 12) = 0
(y - 120)(7y + 6) = 0
y = 12; y = -
7
6
is ignored.
x = 14
6
12 7
6
7y

Width of the room = 12 feet

Length of the room = 14 feet
6. The sum of the first x natural numbers is
2
1) x(x +
. How many numbers must be taken to get 351
as the sum?
Solution:
x(x+1)
=351
2
x
2
+x = 702 x
2
+x-702 = 0
x
2
+27x-26x-702 = 0 x (x+27) 26(x+27) = 0
(x - 26)(x + 27) = 0
x = 26 (x= -27 is to be deleted)
The first 26 natural numbers must be taken to get a sum of 351.
7. Find the sum and product of the roots of the equation 3x
2
4x + 5 = 0.
Solution:
Here a = 3, b = 4, c = 5
Let and be the roots of the equation. Then the sum of the roots, + =

_
,

b
a
4
3
4
3
161
Product of the roots =
c
a

5
3
.
8. Discuss the nature of the roots of the equation x
2
+ 7x + 12 = 0.
Solution:
Here a = 1, b = 7, c = 12
b
2
4ac = 72 4.1.12 = 49 48 = 1.
Since b
2
4ac > 0, the roots are real and distinct.
Therefore the roots are real and distinct.
9. Find the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3.
Solution:
Here the roots are 2,3. Therefore the required quadratic equation is
(x 2)(x 3) = 0
x
2
3x 2x + 6 = 0 or x
2
5x + 6 = 0.
10. Find the equation whose roots are {3, 4}.
Solution:
Here the roots are 3, 4. Therefore the required quadratic equation is
(x 3)(x + 4) = 0
x
2
+ 4x 3x 12 = 0 or x
2
+ x 12 = 0.
Practice Exercise 1
1. Solve
2
x +11x+24 =0
1. -4, -3 2. -3, -5 3. -8, -3 4. -2, -4
2. Find the quadratic equation whose roots are
4
-
5
and
3
7
1.
2
105x +91x - 36 =0
2.
2
115x +11x+24 =0
3.
2
125x +15x+46 =0
4.
2
105x +11x+36 =0

162
3. Solve:
( ) ( )
2
5 p- 2 +6 =13 p- 2
1.
13 1
,
2 2
2.
3 5
,
2 2
3.
13
, 4
5
4.
13
, 4
2

4. Solve the equation
3k +2 k +1
=
2k +5 k -1
1.
4 23
2.
5 21
3.
5 23
4.
4 22
5. Solve the equation
( ) ( ) ( )
4 1 4
- =
m+2 m+3 2m+1
1.
5
3,-
2
2.
7
2,-
2
3.
5 7
,-
2 2
4.
7 5
- ,-
2 2

6. Solve the equation
( ) 2 3y -1 5y
= - 2
4y - 3 y+2
1.
7 8
- ,-
2 11
2.
8
3,-
11
3.
8 3
,-
11 2
4.
8
2,-
11
7. A number consists of two digits such that the square of the digit in the tens place exceeds the digit
in the unit place by 11. If the number is Five times the sum of the digits, then the number is
1. 45 2. 72 3. 18 4. 81
8. If 16 is divided into two parts such that twice the square of one part exceeds the square of the other
part by 164, then one of the parts must be
1. 8 2. 6 3. 11 4. 12
9. The difference between the squares of two consecutive numbers is 59. Find the numbers.
1. 29, 30 2. 27, 28 3. 32, 93 4. 39, 40
10. Jim sold a watch costing $250 to Joe at a profit of z%. Joe sold the watch to Jack at a loss of z%,
losing $60 on the whole deal. What is the value of z?
1. 15 2. 20 3. 25 4.30
11. Ramesh and Mahesh solve an equation. In solving Ramesh commits a mistake in constant term and
finds the root 8 and 2. Mahesh commits a mistake in the coefficient of x and finds the roots 9 and
1. Find the correct roots.
1. 7, 2 2. 9, 1 3. 6, 1 4. 7, 1
12. Two candidates attempt to solve a quadratic of the form x
2
+ px + q = 0. One starts with a wrong
value of p and finds the roots to be 2 and 6. The other starts with a wrong value of q and finds the
roots to be 2, -9. Find the correct roots.
163
1. -3, -4 2. -2, -3 3. -4, -5 4. -2, -4
13. The coefficient of x in the quadratic equation x
2
+ px + q = 0 was taken as 17 in place of 13, its
roots were found to be 2 and 15. Find the roots of the original equation.
1. -9, -3 2. -10, -3 3. -3, -6 4. -6, -10
14. If and are the roots of the equation, 2x
2
-3x-6=0, find the equation whose roots are
2
+2,
2
+2.
1.
2
x - 49x -118 =0
2.
2
4x - 48x+108=0
3.
2
4x - 49x+118=0
4.
2
x +49x+118=0
15. Mr. Lime bought a basket of oranges for $32. He sold the oranges at $0.25 each and made a profit
equal to the cost price of 40 oranges. How many oranges did Mr. Lime buy?
1. 14 2. 120 3. 160 4. 180
Practice Exercise 2
1. If

and are the roots of

2
x - x+2=0
, find the equation whose roots are
1

and
1

1.
3 1
2
x - x+ =0
2 2
2.
1 1
2
x - x+ =0
2 2
3.
1 3
2
x - x+ =0
2 2
4.
3 3
2
x - x+ =0
2 2
2. The bending moment M at a point distance x from one end of a beam is given by
M = 20x - x
2
. Find the points where M = 75.
1. x = 5 or 15 2. x = 10 or 15 3. x = 5 or 10 4. x = 15 or 25
164
3. A cylinder, which is closed at both ends, has a metal surface area of 200cm
2
. If its height is 5 cm,
what is the diameter?
(Hint: The surface area of the cylinder s = 2rh + 2r
2
where =
22
7
)
1. d = 5.89 2. d = 6.89 3. d = 4.89 4. d = 7.89
4. Find two consecutive even numbers such that the sum of their squares is 100.
1. 4 and 6 2. 8 and 10 3. 6 and 8 4. None of these
5. If a cyclist had traveled 3 km per hour faster he would have taken 1 hour and 20 minutes less to
ride 80 km. What time did he take?
1. 6 hrs 40 min 2. 4 hrs 40 min 3. 5 hrs 40 min 4. 7 hrs 40 min
6. Solve 3 8 x = x 2.
1. x = 4 or 6 2. x = 2 or 4 3. x = -3 or 6 4. x = 3 or 4
7. Solve: 9x
2
+15x-14 = 0
1.
5 -5
or
3 6
2.
7 -5
or
3 6
3.
3
7
or
3
2
4.
2 -5
or
3 6

8. Solve (x+5) (x-5) = 39
1. 9 2. 15 3. 8 t 4. 5
9. Solve:
63
2
3
8x
2
3
8x

1.
1
x =
8
2.
1
x =
4
3.
1
x =
6
4.
7
x =
4
10. Solve
1 a
2
a
1 a
2
a
1 x
2
x
1 x
2
x
+ +
+

+ +
+
1.
1
x = a or
a
2.
1
x = a or
2
a
3. x = a or 1 4.
1
2
x = a or
a
11. The sum of the squares of two consecutive natural numbers is 25. Find the numbers.
1. 3 and 4 2. 2 and 7 3. 3 and 6 4. 5 and 9
12. The sum of a number and its reciprocal is 5.2. Find the number.
1. 4 2. 6 3. 3 4. 5
13. Divide 25 into two parts such that the sum of their reciprocals is 1/6.
1. 12 and 9 2. 10 and 15 3. 8 and 15 4. 12 and 10
14. The sum of two numbers is 45 and the product is 500. Find the numbers.
165
1. 10 and 20 2. 15 and 25 3. 20 and 25 4. 12 & 25
15. A tradesman find that by selling a cycle for Rs.75 which he had bought for Rs. x he gains x%. Find
the value of x.
1. 60 2. 70 3. 40 4. 50
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 1
1 3 6 4 11 2
2 1 7 1 12 1
3 3 8 2 13 2
4 1 9 1 14 3
5 2 10 2 15 3
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 2
1 2 6 4 11 1
2 1 7 3 12 4
3 2 8 3 13 2
4 3 9 2 14 3
5 1 10 1 15 4
CHAPTER-13
Progressions
Every Progression is a sequence of numbers. We shall discuss three most important progressions here.
Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)
A sequence of numbers in which the difference between any two consecutive terms is
constant is an Arithmetic Progression.
The general A.P. is given by a, a+ d, a + 2d, a + 3d......
Where a is the first term and d is the constant difference (called common difference) are the
components of any A.P.
Clearly the n
th
term of an A.P, Tn is given by Tn = a + (n 1)d.
Sum of n terms of an A.P.
166
Let a, a + d, a + 2d......... be the given A.P.
Then, the Sum of n terms of this A.P denoted by Sn is given by,
Sn = [ ]
n
2a+(n-1)d
2
And if the first and the last term of A.P. are known then Sum of n terms is given by,
Sn = [ ]
n
a+l
2
, where a is the first term and l is the last term of the A.P.
Geometric Progression (G.P.)
It is a sequence in which the ratio between any two consecutive terms is a constant.
The common ratio (CR) is obtained by dividing any term by the preceding one.
For example (i) 1, 3, 9, 27 ....... (ii) a, ar, ar
2
....... are all in G.P.
In (i) CR = 3 (ii) CR = r
If a, b, c, d ....... are in G.P., then
b
a
c
b
d
c
.
We shall denote the first term of the G.P. by a and the common ratio by r.
If a = 2, and r = 2, then the GP is 2, 4, 8, 16........
The n
th
term of a G.P.
Let a be the first term and r the common ratio of a G.P.
Then by definition, 2nd term = ar = ar
21
, 3rd term = ar
2
= ar
31
,
Hence,
n
th
term of the G.P. = ar
n1

If l is the last term of the G.P. with n terms, then l = ar
n1
Corollary: When any two terms are given, the G.P. is completely determined.
To find the sum of n terms of a G.P.
Let Sn = a + ar + ar
2
+ .....ar
n-1
Multiplying by r we get, r.Sn = ar + ar
2
+ ..........ar
n-1
+ ar
n
By subtraction, Sn rSn = a ar
n
or Sn(1 r) = a(1 r
n
)
Sn = a
1
1

_
,

r
r
n
=
a r
r
n
( )

1
1
, where r 1
167
If r > 1, we write Sn =
n
a(r -1)
r -1
If r < 1, we write Sn =
n
a(1- r )
1- r
To find the sum to infinite terms of a G.P.
Consider the infinite G.P.
a + ar + ar
2
+ ......+ ar
n1
+........ Sn =
a r
r
n
( ) 1
1

If |r| < 1 (i.e. 1 < r < 1) then r

n
becomes very small, whenever n assumes a very large value.
Hence, Sn becomes almost equal to
a o
r
a
r
( ) 1
1 1

This is the sum to infinity of the series and is denoted by S

=
a
1- r
whenever |r| < 1
Harmonic Progression (H.P.)
A set of numbers a1, a2, a3,........ are said to be in H.P. if their reciprocals i.e.
1 2 3
1 1 1
, , ......
a a a
are in A.P.
For example, 1,
1
2
1
3
1
4
, , ,........ are in H.P. because 1, 2, 3, are in A.P.
The general H.P. is
1 1 1 1
, , ,..........,
a a+d a+2d a+(n-1)d
.......
Mean
1. If x, a1, a2,........,an, y are in A.P. then the numbers a1, a2, ........an are called the arithmetic means
between x and y.
2. If x, a1, a2,.......,an, y are in G.P, then a1, a2, ........an are called the geometric means between x and
y.
168
3. If x, a1, a2,........,an, y are in H.P. a1, a2, ........an are the harmonic means between x and y.
Arithmetic Mean (A.M.), Geometric (G.M.) and Harmonic Mean (H.M.) between Two
Numbers
1. If a, b, c are in A.P., b is the AM between a and c
b a = c b or 2b = a + c i.e. b =
a c +
2
.
Thus the A.M. between a and c is
a c +
2
2. If a, b, c are in G.P. then b is the GM between a and c.

b
a
c
b
or b
2
= ac i.e. b = ac
Hence the GM between a and c is ac .
3. If a, b, c are in H.P. then b is the HM between a and c.
Hence
1 1 1 1
b a c b
or
2 1 1
b a c
+
i.e.
2
b
a c
ac

+
b =
2ac
a c +
Thus the HM between a and c is
2ac
a c +
Note:
If A, G, H are the AM, GM & HM between two positive numbers a and b (a > 2), then
(i) G
2
= AH (ii) a > A > G > H > b
Arithmetic-Geometric Series (A.G.):
A sequence in which each term is the product of the corresponding terms of an A.P and
a G.P is known as an Arithmetic-geometric sequence.
A typical A.P is a, a+d, a+2d..
A typical geometric progression is 1, r, r
2
..
A typical arithmetic Geometric sequence: a, (a+4.r), (a+24.r
2
)
The n
th
term of this sequence is , Tn= [a + (n-1)d] r
(n-1)
Example:
169
1. 1+2x+3x
2
+4x
3
, is an arithmetic-geometric

series whose corresponding A.P and G.P are
1,2,3 and 1,x, x
2
. respectively.

2.
2 3
1- 3x+5x - 7x +............
is an arithmetic- geometric series whose corresponding A.P and G.P are
1,3,5,7. And
2 3
1,-x, x ,-x ,........... respectively.
To find the sum of n terms of an Arithmetic-geometric series
Let the arithmetic-geometric series be,
( ) ( ) ( ) 1
]
2 n-1
a+ a+d + a+2d r +.............+ a+ n-1 d r
and let S
n
be the sum of n terms of this series . Then,
( ) ( ) ( ) 1
]
2 n-1
S =a+ a+d + a+2d r +.............+ a+ n-1 d r
n
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1
] ]
3 n-1 n
rxS =ar + a+d r + a+2d r +.............+ a+ n-1 d r + a+ n-1 d r
n
On subtracting these 2 series, we get
( ) ( ) 1
]
2 n-1 n
1-r S =a+dr +dr +...................+dr - a+ n-1 d r
n
( ) 1 1
] ]
2 n-1 n
=a+dr 1+r +r +.........+r - a+ n-1 d r ( )
1
1
] 1
]
n-1
n
1-r
=a+dr - a+ n-1 d r
1-r

[By summing the G.P]
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
]
n
n-1
n 2 2
a+ n-1 d r
a d.r d.r
S = + - -
1- r 1- r
1- r 1- r
Sum of the Infinite A.G. series
Let r <1. Then

n
r 0
and

n-1
r 0
, when n
( )
2
a d.r
S = +
1- r
1- r
, which is the sum to infinity of the A.G. series
Worked Examples
1. Find the 12th term of the following A.P.
1, 4, 7, 10.......
Solution:
Here a = 1, d = 3, n = 12.
170
Tn = a + (n1)d
T12 = 1 + (12 1)3 = 1 + 33 = 34.
2. Which term of the A.P. 7, 10, 13,....... is (1) 283 (2) 148.
Solution:
(1) Here a = 7, d = 3, Tn = 283.
Tn = a + (n 1)d
283 = 7 + (n 1)3
283 = 7 + 3n 3 = 4 + 3n
283 4 = 3n.
Therefore, n =
279
3
= 93
Therefore 283 is the 93rd term.
(2) a = 7, d = 3, Tn =148
Tn = a + (n 1)d
148 = 7 + (n 1) 3
148 = 7 + 3n 3
3n = 144 or n =
144
3
= 48. Therefore 148 is the 48th term.
3. Find the sum of the arithmetic series 2 + 5 + 8 + ...... to 10 terms.
Solution:
Sn =
n
2
[2a + (n 1)d].
Here a = 2, n = 10, d = 3.
Sn =
10
2
[22 + (10 1)3] = 5[4 + 27] = 5 31 = 155.
4. A man saved Rs.16,500 in ten years. In each year after the first, he saved Rs.100 more than he did
in the preceding year. How much did he save in the first year?
Solution:
Here Sn = 16,500, n = 10 and d = 100
Sn =
n
a n d
2
2 1 [ ( ) + ]
16500 =
10
2
[2a + (10 1)100] = 5(2a + 900)
171
= 10a + 4500 10a = 12000 or a = 1200.
Hence he saved Rs.1200 in the first year.
5. How many terms of the series 1, 5, 9 ......... must be taken so that their sum is equal to 190.
Solution:
Here a = 1, d = 4, Sn = 190
Applying the formula Sn =
n
2
[2a + (n 1)d]
190 =
n
[2 1 (n 1)4]
2
+
or 380 = n[2 + 4n 4] = n(4n 2)
or 4n
2
2n 380 =0
2n
2
n 190 = 0
2n
2
20n + 19n 190 = 0
2n(n 10) + 19(n 10) = 0
Therefore n = 10. Hence 10 terms must be taken.
6. Find the sum of the series 1 + 3 + 9 + 27 + ..... to 10 terms
Solution:
Here a = 1, r = 3, n = 10, r > 1
We know that Sn
( )
a r
n
r
S

_
,
1
1
10
1 3
10
1
3 1
59048
2
29524 ,
.
7. Find the sum to n terms of 1,4,16.......
Solution:
Here a = 1, r =4, nth term = n, r>1
s
n
a r
n
r
n
n

_
,

_
,
1
1
1 4 1
4 1
4 1
3
.
8. Find the sum of n terms of = 7 + 77 +777 +......
Solution:
7+77 +777 +....to n terms = 7(1+11+111+....to n terms)
=
7
9
(9+99+999+.....to n terms)
= ( )
( ) ( )
7
9
10 1 10 1 10 1
2 3
+ + +

1
]
1
...... to n terms
172
=
7
9
(10
1
+ 10
2
+ 10
3
+ ....... to n terms) (1 + 1 + 1 + ....... to n terms)
=
7
9
1
1
1
1
] 1
]
n
10(10 - 1) 7 10
n
- n = (10 - 1) - n
10 - 1 9 9
9. Find the sum to 6 terms of the series 1, 4, 16,.......
Solution:
The first term a = 1, the common ratio r = 4, Tn = ar
n1
, T6 = 1 4
6
= 1 4
5
= 1024.
Sn =
a r
r
n
( )

1
1
4 1
4 1
4095
3
6
= 1365.
10. Find the 3rd term of the H.P. given that its 6th term is
1
61
and the 10th term is
1
105
.
Solution:
Let a and d be the first term and the common difference of the corresponding A.P.
Then T6 = a + 5d =61 .......(1)
T10 = a + 9d = 105 .......(2)
Solving (1) and (2) a = 6, d = 11
T3 = a + 2d = 6 + 2(11) = 6 + 22 = 28
Hence the 3rd term of the H.P. is
1
28
.
Note:
If a, b, c are any three distinct positive real numbers then A =
a b c + +
3
G = abc
3
then
A > G
a b c
abc
+ +
>
3
3
i.e. (a + b + c)
3
> 27abc
11. Insert 5 AMs between 5 and 15.
Solution:
let a1, a2, a3, a4 and a5 be the five A.Ms
Therefore 5, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, 15 are in A.P.
a = 5 and T7 = a + 6d = 15.
i.e. 5 + 6d = 15 or 6d = 10 d =
5
3
.
Hence a1 = 5
5
3
20
3
+
173
a2 =
20
3
5
3
25
3
+ ; a3 =
25
3
5
3
+ = 10; a4 = 10 +
5
3
35
3

and a5 =
35
3
5
3
40
3
+
The required means are
20
3
25
3
10
35
3
40
3
, , , and
12. The H.M. between two numbers is 11
3
7
and their A.M. is 14. Find them.
Solution:
Let the numbers be a and b.

2
11
3
7
80
7
ab
a b +

ab
a b +

40
7
40(a + 2. = 7ab .....(1)
also
a b +

2
14 a + b = 28 ......(2)
Solving (1)and (2) a = 8, b = 20.
Hence the required numbers are 8 and 20.
13. Sum the series
2 3
1 2 3 4 .................. x x x + + + +
to n terms
Solution:
The given series is an A.G series , in which
The A.P is,
1, 2, 3, 4,...............
The G.P is,
2 3
1, x, x , x ,...........
th
n
term of the A.P ( ) ( ) = a+ n-1 d =1+ n-1 1 =n
th
n
term of the G.P
( )
n-1
n-1 n-1
= a.r =1x x = x
( )
2 3 n-2 n-1
S =1+2x +3x +4x +........ n -1 x +nx
n
( )
2 3 n-1 n
x.S = x +2x +3x +........ n -1 x +nx
n
By subtracting these two equations, we get
( )
( )
2 n-1 n
1- x S = 1+x +x +.............. +x - nx
n
174
_

,
n
1- x
n
= - nx
1- x
[Taking the sum of the G.P
2 n-1
1+x+x +..............+x
]
( )
( )
n n
2
1- x n.x
S = -
n
1- x
1- x
14. Find the sum infinity of the series,
2 3
2 3 4
1+ + + +..........
3 3 3
Solution:
Let S

denote the sum to infinity of the given series. Then,

S

2 3 4
=1+ + + +..........
2 3
3
3 3
S

1 1 2 3
= + + +..........
2 3
3 3
3 3
By subtracting these two equation,we get
. S

2 1 1 1
1+ + + +.........
2 3
3 3
3 3
S

2 1 3
= =
1
3 2
1-
3
[Taking the sum of the infinite G.P]
S
S

2 3
3 2
3 3 9
= x =
2 2 4
15. If the sum to infinity of the series
2
3+5r +7r +.......................
is
44
9
, find r
Solution:
The given series is an A.G series in which the
A.P is 3, 5, 7,........... with a=3,d=2 and G.P is
2
1, r, r ,...............
with common ratio is r
S

44
=
9

( )
a d.r 44
+ =
2
1- r 9
1- r
175
( )
( ) ( )
3 2.r 44
+ =
2
1- r 9
1- r
2
44r - 79r +17 =0
4r -1 11r -17 =0
1
r =
4
or
17
r =
11
But
17
>1
11
and
1
<1
4
So,
1
r =
4
Practice Exercise 1
1. Find the 80th term of the progression 2, 5, 8, 11, ......
1. 239 2. 249 3. 349 4. 149
2. Given Tn = 2n
2
+ 1, find the first four terms of the sequence (Tn)
1. 3, 9, 12, 15 2. 3, 9, 19, 33 3. 2, 4, 8, 10 4. 3, 7, 11, 15
3. Find the nth term of A.P. 1, 4, 9, 14......
1. -6n+3 2. 3n-6 3. -5n+6 4. 5n-6
4. Find the sum of all natural numbers between 200 and 300 which are multiples of 3.
1. 8262 2. 8217 3. 6939 4. 8989
5. Find the sum of the series 1 + 4 + 7+..... to 40 terms.
1. 2380 2. 3240 3. 4280 4. 2390
6. The angles of a triangle are in AP. The smaller angle is 40. Find the angles of the triangle. 1.
1.
o o o
30 , 60 ,50 2.
o o o
70 , 60 ,90 3.
o o o
30 , 80 ,50 4.
o o o
80 ,60 , 40
176
7. The sum of the three numbers which are in AP is 12 and the sum of their cubes is 408. Find the
numbers.
1. 1, 4, 7 and 7, 4, 1 2. 1, 3, 8 and 8, 3, 1
3. 1, 3, 5 and 5, 3, 1 4. 1, 4, 6 and 6, 4, 1
8. A man 50 years old has 8 sons born at equal intervals. The sum of the ages of the father and eight
sons is known to be 186 years. Calculate the age of the eldest son if the youngest one is 3 years
old.
1. 25 years 2. 30 years 3. 40 years 4. 31years
9. Find the sum of the series 2 + 4 + 8 +..... +512.
1. 1055 2. 1099 3. 1022 4. 1056
10. The sum of 3 numbers in GP is 26 and their product is 216. Find the numbers.
1. 3, 4, 5 or 5, 4, 6 2. 2, 6, 18 or 18, 6, 2
3. 2, 4, 8 or 8, 4, 2 4. 4, 8, 12 or 12, 8, 4
11. Sum to n terms: 5 + 55 + 555 + .......
1. ( )
1
1
]
5 10
n
10 - 1 - n
9 9
2. ( )
1
1
]
7 10
n
10 - 1 - n
9 9
3.
( )
1
1
]
5 13
n
10 -1 - n
9 9

4.
( )
1
1
]
5 29
n
10 - 1 - n
9 9
12. A man borrows Rs.1000 from a friend. There is no interest charge on the loan, but it has to be paid
back in monthly installments, starting with Rs. 64 for the first month and decreasing by Rs.2
successively each following month. In what time will the loan be repaid?
1. n = 30 months 2. n = 40months 3. n = 25 months 4. n = 35 months
13. How many terms of the series 2+4+8+.....make the sum equal to 1022.
1. n = 7 2. n = 5 3. n = 8 4. n = 9
14. Find the nth term of the A.G series
2 3
1+4x +7x +10x . +................
1.
1. ( )
n-1
3n- 2 x 2. ( )
n-1
3n- 4 x 3. ( )
n-1
3n- 6 x 4. ( )
n+1
3n+4 x
15. Find the sum to infinity of the series
1 1 1
1+2. +3. +4. +...........
2 3
2
2 2
1. 5 2. 4 3. 6 4. 9
177
Practice Exercise 2
1. Given Tn = 3n + 4. Find the first three terms of the sequence (Tn).
1. 7, 10 and 13 2. 7, 11 and 13 3. 7, 10 and 12 4. 7, 11 and 12
2. If Tn = 3n 2. Find the value of T1 + T2 + T3
1. 13 2. 14 3. 12 4. 10
3. What is the 21st term of the A.P. whose 4th term is 17 and 9th term is 42.
1. 100 2. 101 3. 104 4. 102
4. A man borrows Rs.1000 and agrees to repay it with a total interest of Rs.140 in 12 installments each
installment being less than the one preceding it by Rs.10. What should be his first installment?
1. 170 2. 150 3. 120 4. 110
5. The first term of an AP is 5, the last 45, and the sum 400. Find the number of terms and the
common difference.
1. n=13, d=
4
2
3
2. n=16, d=
2
2
3
3. n=15, d=
1
2
3
4. n=16, d=
7
2
3
6. Find the sum of the series 72 + 70 + 69 +.......+40
178
1. 950 2. 951 3. 952 4. 953
7. If you save 1p today, 2p the next day, 3p the succeeding day and so on, what will be your total
savings in 365 days.
1. Rs.657.30 2. Rs.640.60 3. Rs.667.95 4. Rs.659.50
8. Find the 10th 15th and 20th term of the GP whose first term is 4 and CR is 2.
1. 4.2
9
, 4.2
14
, 4.2
19
2. 4.2
9
, 4.2
11
, 4.2
10
3. 4.2
9
, 4.2
14
, 4.2
14
4. 4.2
9
, 4.2
12
, 4.2
19
9. Find the sum of the series 1 +
1
3
1
3
1
3
2 1
+ + +

............... ........
n
1.
1
2
2.
3
2
3.
5
2
4.
7
2
10. In a G.P the ratio of the sum of the first eight terms to the sum of the first four terms is 97 : 81.
Find the common ratio of the GP.
1. r=
7
9
2. r=
5
9
3. r=
4
7
4. r=
2
3
11. The 3rd and 7th terms of an H.P. are
6
19
2
9
and respectively. Find the H.P.
1.
2 6 6
, , ...........
5 17 19
2.
1 6 6
, , ...........
5 17 19
3.
3 6 6
, , ...........
5 17 19
4.
4 6 6
, , ...........
5 17 19
12. If p
th
term of a H.P. is q and the q
th
term is p, what is the (pq)
th
term ?
1. 0 2. 1 3. 2 4.3
13. Find the sum to n terms of the series
2 3 4
1.2+2.2 +3.2 +4.2 +.........
1. ( )
n+1
2+ n+1 2 2. ( )
n+1
2+ n- 1 2 3. ( )
n+1
4+ n+1 2 4. ( )
n+1
4+ n- 1 2
14. Sum the series
4 7 10
1+ + + +...............
2 3
5
5 5
to n terms
1.
15 12n+7
-
n-1
16
16x5
2.
35 12n+7
-
n-1
16
16x5
3.
25 13n+7
-
n-1
16
16x5
4.
25 13n+7
-
n-1
16
16x5
15. If the sum of infinity of the series ( ) ( )
1 1
3+ 3+d . + 3+2d . +...........
2
4
4
is
44
9
, find d
1. 5 2. 6 3. 2 4. 7
Answer Keys: Practice Exercise 1
1 1 6 4 11 1
179
2 2 7 1 12 3
3 3 8 4 13 4
4 2 9 3 14 1
5 1 10 2 15 2
Answer Keys: Practice Exercise 2
1 1 6 3 11 1
2 3 7 4 12 2
3 4 8 1 13 1
4 2 9 2 14 2
5 1 10 3 15 4
CHAPTER-14
Logarithms
Need of Logarithms
1. The operations of multiplication and division can be replaced by those of addition and subtraction
using logarithms which makes computation much simpler.
2. If a is a positive real number other than 1 such a
x
= m then x is called the logarithm of m to the
base a symbolically written as x = logam a>0, (a 1)
For example 2
5
= 32 log232 = 5
In other words, the logarithm of a number to a given base is the power to which the base
must be raised in order to get that number.
loga1 = 0 a
0
= 1 Here a > 0, a 1
logaa = 1 a
1
= a.
loga0 =
3. Logarithms to base 10 are called common logarithms and those to the base e are natural or
Naprierian logarithms [e is an irrational number, 2 < e < 3].
4. Characteristics and Mantissa: The integral part of a logarithm is called the Characteristic and the
decimal part is called mantissa.
180
Laws of Logarithms
1. loga (mn) = loga m + loga n
2. loga
m
n

_
,
= logam logan
3. loga ( )
m
n
= nloga m
4. loga N =
log
log
e
e
N
a
Properties of Logarithms
1.
x
a =y , then x =log y
a
2.
1 1
a =a,b =b, etc
log a=log b =1
a
b
3.
0 0
a =1,b =1,
etc
log 1=log 1=0
a
b
4.
log a.log b =1
a
b
or
1
log a=
b
log b
a
Proof:
Let,
y x
log a=x, a=b ,log b =y, b =a
a
b
putting the value of b, we get
( )
x
y xy
a= a =a

xy
a=a xy =1or
1
x =
y
log a.log b =1
a
b
or
1
log a=
b
log b
a
5. Base change Formula
181
log a=log a.log c
c
b b
or

log a
c
log a=
b
log b
c
Proof:
Let
x
log a=x, a=b
b
..1)

y
log a=y, a=c
c
..2)
and
z
log c =z, c =b
b
3)
by 2)and 3),
we have
( )
y
y yz z
a=c = b =b ..4)
Or
yz x
a=b =b
by 1) and 4)
x =yz
log a=log a.log c
c
b b
By using property 4)
log a
c
log a=
b
log b
c
In general,
log a=log a.log c.........log k
c
b d b
6. log mn=log m+log n
a a a
and

_

,
m
loga =log m-log n
a a
n
Proof:
Let
x
log m=x, m=a
a

y
log n=y, n=a
a

y x+y x+y x
mn=a a =a mn=a
log mn=x+y
a
182
log mn=log m+log n
a a a
Consider,
x
m a
x-y
= =a
y
n a

m
x-y
=a
n

_

,
m
log =x - y
a
n
[By property1) ]

_

,
m
log =log m-log n
a a a
n
7.
n
log m =nlog m
a a
or in particular
n
log a =n
a
Proof:
Let
x
log m=x, m=a
a
And
( )
n
xy n x
m = a =a

n nx
m =a

n
log m =nx
a

n
log m =n.log m
a a
.1)
Particular Case: Putting m=a , in equation1)

n
log a =n.log a
a a
By property 2) we have log a=1
a

n
log a =n
a
8.
( )
_

,
p
p
log n = .log n
q a
a
q
. In particular,
( )
_

,
p
p
log n =
q
n
q
Proof:
Let
( ) ( )

z
p q p
z =log n , a =n
q
a

qz p
a =n
.1)
183
Let
y
y =log n, a =n
a
or
( )
p
y p
a =n

yp p
a =n
..2)

qz yp
a =a
qz =yp

_

,
p
z = .y
q
( )

_

,
p
p
log n = .log n
q a
a
q
Particular Case: Putting a=n , in
( )
_

,
p
p
log n = .log n
q a
a
q
We get,
( )
_

,
p
p
log n = .log n
q n
n
q
( )

_

,
p
p
log n =
q
n
q
[since, log n=1
n
]
9.
log n
a
a =n
Proof:
Let
log n
a
p =a
By property 1),We have log p =log n
a a
p =n

log n
a
a =n
Worked Examples
1. Find x, if logx 36 =2
Solution:
36
2
x 2 36
x
log or x6 .
2. Solve x if log x = log 5 + 2 log 2
Solution:
log x = log 5 + 2 log2 = log 5 + log 2
2
= log 5 + log4 or log 5 4)
184
log x = log 20 or x = 20
3. Simplify log(x
2
9) log(x + 3)
Solution:
Log(x
2
9) log(x + 3) = log
x
x
2
9
3

+
= log
( )( )
( )
x x
x
+
+
3 3
3
=log(x 3).
4. Find the value of log
27
16
2log
3
7
+ log
48
147
.
Solution:
We have, log
27
16
log
3
7
2

_
,

+ log
48
147
= log
27
16
log
9
49
48
147
+ log
= log
27 16
9 49
/
/

_
,
+ log
48
147
= log
27
16
49
9
48
147
3 x x

_
,

log
.
5. Find the value of log6 216
3
.
Solution:
Let log6 216
3
= x.
6
x
= 216
3
= 6
x
=
( )
6
3
1/3
= 6
x
= 6
1
x = 1.
185
Practice Exercise 1
1. Give an equivalent exponential form for the following expression: log3 729 = 6
1. 3
6
= 729 2. 36 3.729 4. 3
6
2. Give an equivalent logarithm form for the following: 32 = 2
5
1. 5 = log2 32 2. log2 32 3. 5 = log2 4. log

10
3. Evaluate: log10 100
1. 2 2. 3 3. 4 4. 5
4. Solve: log2 0.25 = x
1. 5 = log2 32 2. x = 2 3. 5 = log2 4. 3
6
5. If
1) (x
2
1
log 1) (2x
2
1
log + +
, then find x.
1. 0 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3
6. If
2 8)
2
(x
3
1
log +
, find x.
1.+1 2.- 1 3. t 1 4. 3
7. If x 2 8)
x
(3
3
log , find x.
1. 0 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3
186
8. If
3 e
4
x.log
e
log
, then find x.
1. 6 2. 4 3. 46 4. 64
9. Compute without using table: 2.log10 5 + log10 4 log10 2
1. 0 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3
10. If 2 1) (x
4
log x)
2
(x
4
log + + . Find x.
1. 12 2. 14 3. 16 4. 18
Practice Exercise 2
1. Find the value of
( )
_

,
1 1 1
log + + +.......
4 8 16 5 0.2
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4
2. Find the value of
log 2log 3.log 4........log 14.log 15
4 3 5 15 16
1. 1 2. 2 3. 1+log b
a
4.
1
4
3. Evaluate:
_


,
1
1 _

1
,
1
]
log 13
5
2-
2log 9
1
5
27
1.
3 1
-
16 2
3 x13
2. 0 3. 1+log b
a
4. 1
4. If
log 18 =
12
and
log 54 =
24
,then find ( ) +5 -
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4
5. Find the value
log x.log x
a
b
log x+log x
a
b
187
1. 0 2. 1 3.
log x
ab
4.
3 1
-
16 2
3 x13
6. Find the value of

log 4.log 5.log 6.log 7.log 8.log 9
4 7 3 5 6 8

1.
3
2
2. log 1 3. both 1 & 2 4. None of these
7. Find the value of
log n
a
log n
ab
1. 0 2. 1 3. both 1 & 2 4. 1+log b
a
8. If
2 2
a +b =7ab
, then find ( )
1
log a+b
3
1. [ ]
1
loga+logb
2
2. 1 3. 0 4. None of these
9. Solve x if log x = log 5 + 2 log 2
1. 10 2. 15 3. 20 4. 25
10. Simplify log(x
2
9) log (x + 3)
1. log (x-2) 2. log (x-3) 3. log (x-4) 4.
1+log x
2
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 1
1 1 6 3
2 1 7 3
3 1 8 4
4 2 9 2
5 1 10 3
Answer Keys for Practice Exercise 2
1 4 6 1
188
2 4 7 4
3 1 8 4
4 1 9 3
5 3 10 2
189