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Lesions:
A- Colisepticemia: affects 4-12 weeks old birds. 1-Fibrinous pericarditis, airsacculitis and perihepatitis (caseous deposits on serous membranes). 2-Congestion of the liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys. 3-In young birds show unabsorbed yolk sac 4-Fibrinous exudate replaces the white pulps of spleen and fibrinous thrombi in the hepatic sinusoids.
B-Coligranuloma (Hjarres disease): affects adult birds (sporadic cases). 1-Hard yellow nodules or granulomas (similar to TB) in the ceca, intestine and liver. 2-These nodules consist of central necrosis surrounded by macrophages, lymphocytes and giant cells. C-Egg Peritonitis: -Peritonitis, salpingitis and impaction of the oviduct with yolk debris. -Inspissated yolk, caseous or milky fluid is seen in the abdominal cavity. D-Omphalitis (Mushy Chick disease): affects hatched chicks (contamination of eggs) and induce 100%mortality during the first week -Navel is inflamed, moist and necrotic. -Septicemic lesions (congested and enlarged liver, kidneys, lungs and spleen). Arthritis: frequently affect the hock joint after colisepticemia. -The affected joints are swollen (synovitis).
2-Salmonellosis:
Large group of acute, subacute or chronic diseases caused by one or more members of bacterial genus Salmonella: Pullorum disease in poultry, S. pullorum. Typhoid disease in poultry, S. gallinarum. Paratyphoid in poultry, ducks, pigeons, wild birds, psittacines, passerines. Arizonosis in turkey poults, S. arizonae
Lesions
Pullorum/Typhoid:
In chicks:
Acute Cases: -Septicemic lesions of omphalitis with persistent yolk sac (contain creamy or caseated material. -Liver is enlarged, friable and with necrotic foci. -Catarrhal enteritis with white diarrhea. -Peritonitis, necrotic typhlitis, pericarditis, splenitis, pneumonia, synovitis, nephritis and opthalmitis. Chronic cases: Pale yellow nodules in myocardium (histiocytes), intestine and gizzard.
In adults:
-Oophoritis (hemorrhagic or atrophied), salpingitis, peritonitis (ascites), and orchitis -The liver is enlarged, bronzy color (hemosiderosis) and show necrotic foci (typhoid) -Enteritis (ulcerative duodenitis). -Grayish nodules in the lungs, liver, intestine heart, gizzard, spleen.
Microscopic Pictures: The salmonella sp. Induces granulomatous reaction of macrophages, giant cells and lymphocytes in the liver besides coagulative necrosis.
Paratyphoid:
Etiology: S. typhimurium most important In different species of birds: similar to acute septicemic lesions of pullorum and typhoid. In pigeons: brain, bone, and gonads often involved. -S. enteritidis can cause septicemic lesions in chicks. Arizonosis: in turkey poults and caused by S. arizonae. Clinical Signs: Diarrhea, paralysis and twisted neck beside pasty vent. The diseased bird site on their hocks and huddle together. Lesions: -Septicemic lesions, meningitis and ophthalmitis. -Caseated material in abdominal cavity -Enlarged liver with necrotic foci.
Fowl Cholera: swollen liver with multiple small focal areas of coagulative necrosis in acute form
4-Infectious Coryza:
It is disease primarily of young chickens caused by Haemophilus paragallinarum. It is characterized by upper respiratory tract infection.
Lesions:
In uncomplicated cases: 1-catarrhal rhinitis and sinusitis with nasal discharge. 2-edema of face. 3-Conjunctivitis with adherence of eyelids or with cheesy exudate in conjunctival sac. In complicated cases: 1-Mucopurulent sinusitis and conjunctivitis (bacterial) 2-Catarrhal tracheitis, bronchitis and airsacculitis (viral as IB). 3-Fibrinous pericarditis, and perihepatitis (E. coli or mycoplasma). 4-Edema of face.
5-Mycoplasmosis:
It is important economic diseases of poultry caused by M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae, M. meleagridis, M. iowae 14-20 or more Mycoplasma sp. are known isolated from chickens, turkeys, pigeons, raptors, ratites, wild birds, psittacines, passerines, etc.
Pathogenic significance: I-M. gallisepticum (MG): Disease called chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. The disease is complicated with E. coli, Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus gallinarum and IB virus
Lesions:
1-The body weight of birds is light. 2-Catarrhal sinusitis, tracheitis, bronchitis and airsacculitis (associated with cheesy exudate). 3-Fibrinous pericarditis, perihepatitis and pneumonia 4-Some strains of MG can cause neurological signs in turkeys due to vasculitis in the brain. II-M. synoviae (MS): in chickens, turkeys, geese, quail, ducks, etc. Subclinical infection of respiratory disease, sinusitis, tracheitis, airsacculitis, conjunctivitis. It can cause severe synovitis and ulceration in joint (swollen joints Some strains of MS can also cause neurological signs in turkeys and rarely chickens due to vasculitis in the brain or disseminated vasculitis are seen in synovium, eye, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart, lungs, etc. in turkeys
III-M. meleagridis: affects turkeys. Airsacculitis in day-old poults, decreased hatchability, swelling of hock joint, bowing of tarsometatarsus, deformation of cervical vertebrae (wry neck).
6-Mycobacteriosis:
It is chronic progressive disease of a variety of species of birds with unthriftiness, loss of weight, diarrhea, etc. M. avium - wide host spectrum, poultry, pigeons, raptors, ratites, wild birds, passerines, etc.
Lesions:
Gross:
1-The birds are emaciated 2-Pale yellow or gray nodules in liver, spleen, intestine, bone marrow, lung and heart.
micro:
The nodules consist of caseous necrosis surrounded by macrophages, epithelioid cells, lymphocytes and multinucleated giant cells. Fibrosis and acid fast bacilli are found.
7-Spirochetosis
It is a septicemic disease of turkeys and chickens of all ages and characterized by depression, cyanosis, diarrhea, paralysis and deaths (100%). Etiology: Borrelia gallinarum.
Lesions:
1-Presence of mites on the skin (intermediate host). 2-The spleen is enlarged and mottled (has uniform whitish foci with ecchymotic hemorrhages). 3-The liver is enlarged and shows small necrotic or hemorrhagic foci. 4-The kidneys and heart are enlarged and pale. 5-Catarrhal enteritis. 6-The spirochetes are stained black by Levaditis stain.
Remark:
B. anserine causes, septicemia in poultry and canaries. Serpulina hyodysenteriae associated with typhlitis in rheas and poultry Serpulina piloscholi in ceca of pheasants, disease.
8-Clostridial diseases
I-C. perfringens (type A most common): necrotic enteritis in chicken, turkey
Lesions: the small intestine is markedly thickened due to extensive velvet-like necrosis of the mucosa. The lesions become dry in the lower small intestine. II-C. colinum: ulcerative enteritis in chickens, quail (quail disease), ratites, Lesions: The mucosa of small intestine, ceca and upper large intestine show small round superficial ulcers with hemorrhagic borders. They were coalesced together and penetrate to the serosal causing peritonitis. III-C. difficile: entero / typhlocolitis in ostrich. Remark: Liver may have necrotic foci with the above clostridial diseases. IV-C. septicum: gangrenous dermatitis in chickens (C. perfringens and Staph. can also cause). Lesions: The affected skin is dark red in color and moist. The underlying muscles are edematous with gas bubbles. The internal organs are congested.
4-Drop of egg production reach to 40% 5-Mortality is 10- 20%. B-Enzootic mild form: it characterized by 1-Unthriftiness. 2-Drop in egg production. 3-Watery eye and nasal discharge. 4-Swollen of orbital sinuses. 5-Mortality rate is 5%.
Lesions:
1-Hemorrhagic laryngotracheitis with presence of bloody plugs in the tracheal lumina 2-Conjunctivitis and sinusitis are seen. 3-The peak and oral cavity are stained with blood.
Micro:
1-Hemorrhage and/or fibrinous exudate in the trachea. 2-Syncytia formation and intranuclear inclusion bodies in the epithelial lining of larynx and trachea during the first 3 days of the disease.
3-Infectious Bronchitis
Etiology: coronavirus, many serotypes, and great antigenic variation among strains of virus. Lesions: It is characterized by -Catarrhal tracheitis and rarely with a mucus or caseous plug found near the bronchi. -Conjunctivitis, bronchitis, and severe airsacculitis (thick and opaque) -Interstitial nephritis with nephropathogenic IB viruses Infectious nephritis-nephrosis syndrome or Infectious uremia. Dehydrated carcass and dark red discoloration of the muscles. The kidneys of affected birds are pale, mottled and the ureters are distended with urates (gout). -In the layer: hypoplastic or cystic oviduct resulting in false layer. Flaccid ovarian follicles and yolk are present in the peritoneal cavity (internal layer).
Clinical signs:
The clinical signs vary greatly and depend on many factors including the age and species of poultry affected, husbandry practices, and the inherent pathogenicity of the influenza virus strain.
The Clinical signs may include: A-Mild form (Mildly Pathogenic). B- Systemic form (Highly Pathogenic).
Lesions: depending on pathogenicity of the virus, age of the bird, type of poultry. Mild Form:
-Catarrhal tracheitis, sinusitis, airsacculitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia. Systemic Form: (Hemorrhagic or septicemic lesions).
- Cyanosis (purplish-blue coloring) and swelling of wattles and comb. -Hemorrhages in skin of face, comb, wattles, trachea, intestine, proventriculus & gizzard -The hemorrhages include the muscle along the breastbone as well as in the heart and abdominal fat -Clear straw-colored fluid in the subcutaneous tissues.Blood vessels are usually engorged -Young broilers may show signs of severe dehydration with other lesions less pronounced or absent entirely.
5-Avian Pox
It is slow spreading viral disease of chickens, turkeys, quail, pigeons, canaries, .
Lesions: Gross: Dry pox or cutaneous form: It starts as small whitish foci that develop into
wart-like nodules. The nodules eventually are sloughed and scab formation precedes final healing. Lesions are most commonly seen on the featherless parts of the body (face, eyelids, beak, feet, legs, vent, etc.). Wet pox or diphtheritic form: It is associated with yellow raised plaques on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and the upper respiratory tract, particularly the larynx, trachea sinus, esophagus/crop, conjunctiva, etc.
Micro:
-Proliferation or hyperplasia of epithelial cells (papules), ballooning degeneration with eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Bollingers bodies or Borrel elementary body) in the epithelium of the epidermis, feather follicles, larynx, trachea -Pneumonia in canaries.
Lesions:
-Enlarged and edematous bursa of Fabricius sometimes with hemorrhages and atrophy in later stages with caseated material. -Hemorrhages in skeletal muscles of the thigh and breast. -Petechial hemorrhages at the junction between proventriculus and gizzard. -The kidneys are enlarged, pale and the ureters filled with urates. -Thymic atrophy with virulent IBD -Lymphoid necrosis and depletion in spleen, bursa, cecal tonsil and thymus.
7-Avian Encephalomyelitis
It is viral disease of young (1-3 weeks) chickens, turkeys, pheasants and quail. It is characterized by: -Paralysis and tremors of the head and neck (epidemic tremor) -Drop in egg production in layers -Egg transmitted Etiology: enterovirus (family Picornaviridae).
Lesions:
Neuronal swelling, chromatolysis, lymphocytic perivascular cuffing, gliosis. Lymphocytic aggregations among muscle fibers of proventriculus and gizzard. Pancreatitis with immature lymphocyte infiltrations. -A few survivors can develop cataract.
8-Mareks Disease:
It is one of the most common and well-studied diseases of young chickens. Etiology: Cell-associated herpesvirus.
Lesions: Gross:
i-Bursal and thymic atrophy. ii-Swollen , thickened and beaded peripheral nerves. iii-Enlarged organs with pale white tumors in liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, proventriculus, iv-intestine, heart, gonads and thymus. v-Irregular/grayish-white iris. vi-Prominent feather follicles and skin ulceration.
Microscopic:
i-Pleomorphic lymphocytic lymphoma in various organs (different population of plasma cells, small lymphocytes and lymphoblasts). ii-Intranuclear inclusion bodies in feather epithelium. iii-Arteriosclerosis can be produced with MD virus.
NB: The Mareks disease has 3 types (A, B and C). In type A show primitive and activated reticular cells, lymphoblasts and lymphocytes; Type B show intraneuretic edema and Schwann cell proliferation, small lymphocytes and plasma cells; and type C show lymphocytes and plasma cells. Types A and B induce demyelination of the nerves and paralysis.
9-Leukosis/Sarcoma Group:
Genus: ALV- related viruses of family Retrovirus.
Six subgroups: A, B, C&D (exogenous viruses), E (endogenous) & J
(recombinant) -A, B and J are common in the field, C and D are rare. Neoplasms: sarcomas (fibro, osteochondro, myxo, histio, lympho, hemangio), meningioma, mesothelioma, erythroblastosis, myeloblastosis, nephroblastoma, granulosa cell tumor, hepatocellular carcinoma, glioma, (osteopetrosis), etc.
A-Lymphoid Leukosis
It is the disease of semimmature and mature chickens (after 4 months). It is characterized by a gradual onset and persistent low mortality. The neoplastic changes start in bursa and metastasize to the organs, particularly the liver, spleen and kidneys. Etiology: retrovirus of leukosis/sarcoma group. Exogenous viruses, subgroups A, B, C and D.
Lesions:
-Focal or diffuse white or gray neoplastic lesions are seen in the bursa, liver, spleen and kidneys -Microscopically, uniform population of B lymphocytes (large lymphocytes and lymphoblasts) are focally or diffusely seen in the affected organs.
B-Myeloid Leukosis:
It is neoplastic disease primarily of broiler and originates from the granulocytic series in bone marrow.
Lesions:
i-Large numbers of immature granulocytes (myelocytes and myeloblasts) in the bone marrow, peripheral blood (500,000/mm3 ), splenic red pulps and liver (in blood vessels and sinuses). ii-The yellow bone marrow becomes grayish-red. iii-The liver, spleen and kidneys are enlarged and brownish red.
C-Erythroblastosis:
It is very rare in chickens (more 1 year) and affecting the erythropoietic tissue.
Lesions:
i-Accumulation of large numbers of immature erythrocytes in the blood and bone marrow. ii-The fatty (yellow) bone marrow is replaced by red one. iii-The liver, spleen and kidneys are diffusely enlarged (5 times) and reddish in color. iv-The hepatic and splenic sinusoids are dilated with immature RBCs. (invade the white pulps). v-The hepatic cords are atrophied or necrotic.
E-Reticuloendotheliosis
It includes runting syndrome, chronic lymphoma and acute reticulum cell sarcoma. It is primarily in chickens and turkeys Etiology: retrovirus of REV group, distinctly different from leukosis/sarcoma group.
Lesions :
In Runting Syndrome: thymic and bursal atrophy, neuritis, abnormal feathering and lymphoma (similar to Mareks disease). In Chronic Lymphoma: bursal and visceral lymphoma (similar to Lymphoid Leukosis). In Acute Reticulum Cell Sarcoma: enlarged liver, spleen, kidneys, heart, gonads, pancreas, etc. as a result of focal or diffuse reticulum cells and lymphocytes.
Mareks Disease 4-6 weeks or older Usually above 5% Frequently paralysis or paresis
Gross lesions
Peripheral nerve enlargement Bursa of Fabricius Skin, eyes, muscles or proventriculus Involvement Usually present Diffuse enlargement or atrophy May be present Absent Nodular tumors Usually absent
Microscopic Lesions
Cell Morphology Mixed population of lymphoblasts, small, medium and large lymphocytes, reticulum cells and plasma cells . (T cells). Present Present Frequently Perivascular Interfollicular tumor or atrophy Present Uniform populations of lymphoblasts
The Predominant Lymphocytes Nerve infiltration Cuffing in white matter of cerebellum Liver Bursa of Fabricius Follicular patterns of lymphoid cells infiltration in the skin
Lesions:
i-Pale bone marrow, ii-Severe thymic atrophy, iii-Atrophy of bursa, hemorrhages in skeletal muscles and lymphoid necrosis and depletion (similar to IBD). iv-Bone marrow hypoplasia. v-Eosinophilic (red) intranuclear inclusions in mononuclear cells of thymus, spleen, bone marrow, bursa, lung, etc. in some cases.
Fungal Diseases
1-Aspergillosis
It is one of the most common fungal diseases of poultry, waterfowl, psittacines, passerines, ratites, raptors, zoo birds (penguins), etc. Etiology: Aspergillus fumigatus and A. flavus most common Clinical Signs: Respiratory signs (brooder pneumonia in poultry), unthrifty, diarrhea, neurological signs, ocular involvement, etc.
Lesions:
-Pale yellow nodules in lungs, air sac, syrinx, sinus, liver, brain, cloudy cornea, etc. -White plaques with fuzzy green or gray or blue material (conidiophores-fruity bodies) on air sacs (fructification).
-Micro:
-Thin branched and septated hyphae are seen on the caseated nodules -Granulomatous reaction of macrophages and giant cells are predominant. -Vasculitis (aortic rupture), which explicate the pathogenesis of the disease (invasion the wall of blood vessels with the hyphae).
2-Candidiasis: Lesions:
called thrush, crop mycosis, sore crop and moniliasis. It is common mycosis of the upper digestive tract of young birds.
Micro:
non-branched pseudohyphae and blastocysts are seen in the lesions with granulomatous reaction.
3-Zygomycosis
In ostriches, psittacines, water fowl, canaries involving proventriculus and gizzard and air sacs in a pigeon Etiology: Mucor sp, Absidia sp. and Rhizopus sp. isolated Lesions: necrotizing lesions with granulomatous reaction
Micro:
Acanthosis, hyperkeratosis and dermatitis beside the fungi and microspores are seen.
5-Crpytococcosis:
Etiology: C. neoformans in psittacines, pigeons, pheasant and experimental
infection in chickens Lesions: Sinusitis, encephalitis, hepatitis, pneumonia, etc.
Lesions:
-The lesions are restricted to the ceca and liver. -The ceca are enlarged; show ulceration and necrosis (fibrinonecrotic) in the mucosa. -The liver shows yellow necrotic areas surrounding a darker hemorrhagic depressed center (saucer shaped depressions). -The skin of affected birds is bluish-black in color, particularly on the head (blackhead).
-Micro:
The lesions are represented by caseous necrosis with spherical trophozoites of H. meleagridis (8 - 21 um in diameter) and surrounded by granulomatous reaction in liver and ceca.
3-Trichomoniasis
It is a common infection of pigeons (squab) and raptors. Etiology: T. gallinae in pigeon. Tetratrichomonas anatis in ducks. Tetratrichomonas gallinarum in mocking bird .
Lesions
-Granulomatous stomatitis, pharyngitis, esophagitis, ingluvitis, and enteritis. -Hepatitis, pericarditis, airsacculitis, tracheitis, pneumonia, meningoencephalitis. -Sinusitis, rhinitis, .
Avian toxicosis
Mycotoxins
Generally ducklings, turkey poults and pheasants are more susceptible
Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1and G2): B1 most toxic, liver has congestion,
necrosis, fatty change, karyomegaly, numerous mitotic figures, bile duct hyperplasia, fibrosis, immunosuppression, myocardial, kidney degeneration, etc. Model for hepatocarcinogenesis.
Lesions:
1-Ascites with fibrinous clots. 2-Hydropericardium and Subcutaneous edema. 3-The crop filled with bloody content (stained the beak and head region with blood). 4-The liver either A-Large and mottled with pale and hemorrhagic areas early stage. B- Shrinked, nodular and firm late stage. 5-Petechial hemorrhages on coronary fat.
Micro:
1-Necrosis and hemorrhages in the liver. 2-Bile duct proliferation and fibrosis. 3-Myocardial degeneration. 4-Interstitial edema in the kidneys.
Nutritional diseases
1-Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin A is essential in poultry diets for growth, vision and integrity of mucous membrane.
Clinical Signs:
Weakness, emaciation, ruffled feathers and decrease in egg production beside Water discharge from nostrils and eye beside exophthalmia are seen.
Lesions:
i-Small white pustules or caseated materials are found in mouth, esophagus, larynx and nasal passage ii-The pustules enlarged and raised above the surface and have depression in the center iii-Later on, it ulcerated and surrounded by inflammatory zone Microscopically: (Nutritional roup) i-Atrophy and deciliation of the respiratory columnar ciliated epithelium is the first change. Later sloughing of the epithelium lining occur, beside regenerating epithelium under the sloughed one. ii-Stratified metaplasia of respiratory epithelium are noticed iii-Metaplasia of the epithelium lining of the upper digestive glandular duct, leading to blocking of the ducts of mucous membrane and accumulation of secretion and debris.
2-Vitamin D:
It is required for normal metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the function of skeleton, hard beaks, clause and strong egg shell.
3-Vitamin K
Vitamin K is required for synthesis of prothrombin Lesions: Large hemorrhage appear on the breast, wing and legs