Assignment 15: Forces and Torques on Currents

Due: 8:00am on Wednesday, March 7, 2012 Note: To understand how points are awarded, read your instructor's Grading Policy.

Problem 27.74
A conducting bar with mass and length slides over horizontal rails that are connected to a voltage source. The voltage source maintains a constant current in the rails and bar, and a constant, uniform, vertical magnetic field

fills the region between the rails (see the figure Part A

).

Find the magnitude of the net force on the conducting bar. Ignore friction, air resistance, and electrical resistance. Express your answer in terms of the given quantities. ANSWER: = Correct Part B What is the direction of the net force? ANSWER: to the left to the right Correct Part C If the bar has mass , find the distance that the bar must move along the rails from rest to attain speed . Express your answer in terms of the given quantities. ANSWER: = Correct Part D It has been suggested that rail guns based on this principle could accelerate payloads into earth orbit or beyond. Find the distance the bar must travel along the rails if it is to reach the escape speed for the earth (11.2 ). Let = 0.70 , = 1800 , = 29 , and = 52 . For simplicity, assume the net force on the object is equal to the magnetic force, as in parts A and B, even though gravity plays an important role in an actual launch into

space. Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: 2.8106 = Correct

Rail Gun
A Rail Gun uses electromagnetic forces to accelerate a projectile to very high velocities. The basic mechanism of acceleration is relatively simple and can be illustrated in the following example. A metal rod of mass and electrical resistance rests on parallel horizontal rails (that have negligible electric resistance), which are a

distance apart. The rails are also connected to a voltage source , so a current loop is formed. The rod begins to move if the externally applied vertical magnetic field in which the rod is located reaches the value . Assume that the rod has a slightly flattened bottom so that it slides instead of rolling. Use for the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity. Part A Find , the coefficient of static friction between the rod and the rails. Hint A.1 How to approach this problem Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Force due to the magnetic field Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Frictional force Hint not displayed Express the coefficient of static friction in terms of variables given in the introduction. ANSWER: = Correct

Exercise 27.46
A rectangular coil of wire, 22.0 by 35.0 and carrying a current of 1.40 , is oriented with the plane of its loop

perpendicular to a uniform 1.50- magnetic field, as shown in the figure. Part A Calculate the net force which the magnetic field exerts on the coil. ANSWER: 0 = Correct Part B Calculate the torque which the magnetic field exerts on the coil. ANSWER: 0 = Correct Part C The coil is rotated through a 30.0 angle about the axis shown, the left side coming out of the plane of the figure and the right side going into the plane. Calculate the net force which the magnetic field now exerts on the coil. (Hint: In order to help visualize this 3-dimensional problem, make a careful drawing of the coil when viewed along the rotation axis.) ANSWER: 0 = Correct Part D Calculate the torque which the magnetic field now exerts on the coil. ANSWER: 8.09102 = Correct

Torque on a Current Loop in a Magnetic Field

Learning Goal: To understand the origin of the torque on a current loop due to the magnetic forces on the currentcarrying wires. This problem will show you how to calculate the torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field. We start with a rectangular current loop, the shape of which allows us to calculate the Lorentz forces explicitly. Then we generalize our result. Even if you already know the general formula to solve this problem, you might find it instructive to discover where it comes from. Part A A current flows in a plane rectangular current loop with height and horizontal sides . The loop is placed into a uniform magnetic field in such a way that the sides of length are perpendicular to

, and there is an angle between the sides of length and

. Calculate , the magnitude of the torque about the vertical axis of the current loop due to the interaction of the current through the loop with the magnetic field. Hint A.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Forces on the parts of the loop that have length Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Force on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field Hint not displayed Hint A.4 Torque on a loop Hint not displayed Hint A.5 Forces on the parts of the loop that have length Hint not displayed Express the magnitude of the torque in terms of the given variables. You will need a trigonomeric function [e.g., or ]. Use for the magnitude of the magnetic field. ANSWER: = Correct Part B Give a more general expression for the magnitude of the torque . Rewrite the answer found in Part A in terms of the magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment of the current loop . Define the angle between the vector perpendicular to the plane of the coil and the magnetic field to be , noting that this angle is the complement of angle in Part A.

Hint B.1 Definition of the magnetic dipole moment Hint not displayed Give your answer in terms of the magnetic moment , magnetic field , and . ANSWER: = Correct The more general vector form of this expression is . Part C A current flows around a plane circular loop of radius , giving the loop a magnetic dipole moment of magnitude . The loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field , with an angle between the direction of the field

lines and the magnetic dipole moment as shown in the figure. expression for the magnitude of the torque on the current loop. Hint C.1 Formula for the area of a circle Hint not displayed

Find an

Express the torque explicitly in terms of , , , , and (where and are the magnitudes of the respective vector quantities). Do not use . You will need a trigonometric function [e.g.. or ]. ANSWER: = Correct

A Conductor Moving in a Magnetic Field

A metal cube with sides of length is moving at velocity across a uniform magnetic field . The cube is oriented so that four of its edges are parallel to its direction of motion (i.e., the normal vector of two faces are

parallel to the direction of motion).

Part A Find , the electric field inside the cube. Hint A.1 Net force on charges in a conductor Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Find the magnetic force magnitude Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Find the magnetic force direction Hint not displayed Hint A.4 Determine the force due to the electric field Hint not displayed Express the electric field in terms of , ANSWER: = Correct , and unit vectors ( , , and/or ).

Now, instead of electrons, suppose that the free charges have positive charge . Examples include "holes" in semiconductors and positive ions in liquids, each of which act as "conductors" for their free charges. Part B If one replaces the conducting cube with one that has positive charge carriers, in what direction does the induced electric field point? ANSWER:

Correct The direction of the electric field stays the same regardless of the sign of the charges that are free to move in the conductor. Mathematically, you can see that this must be true since the expression you derived for the electric field is independent of . Physically, this is because the force due to the magnetic field changes sign as well and causes positive charges to move in the direction (as opposed to pushing negative charges in the direction). Therefore the result is always the same: positive charges on the side and negative charges on the side. Because the electric field goes from positive to negative charges will always point in the and ). direction (given the original directions of

Exercise 27.48
A circular coil with area and turns is free to rotate about a diameter that coincides with the x-axis. Current is circulating in the coil. There is a uniform magnetic field in the positive y-direction. The magnitude of the

magnetic field is . Part A Calculate the magnitude of the torque when the coil is oriented as shown in part (a) of the figure. ANSWER: = Correct Part B What is the direction of the torque when the coil is oriented as shown in part (a) of the figure? ANSWER:

no direction Correct Part C Calculate the value of the potential energy , when the coil is oriented as shown in part (a) of the figure. ANSWER: 0 = Correct Part D Calculate the magnitude of the torque when the coil is oriented as shown in part (b) of the figure. ANSWER: 0 = Correct Part E What is the direction of the torque when the coil is oriented as shown in part (b) of the figure? ANSWER:

no direction Correct Part F Calculate the value of the potential energy , when the coil is oriented as shown in part (b) of the figure. ANSWER: = Correct Part G Calculate the magnitude of the torque when the coil is oriented as shown in part (c) of the figure. ANSWER: = Correct Part H What is the direction of the torque when the coil is oriented as shown in part (c) of the figure? ANSWER:

no direction Correct Part I Calculate the value of the potential energy , when the coil is oriented as shown in part (c) of the figure. ANSWER: =0

Correct Part J Calculate the magnitude of the torque when the coil is oriented as shown in part (d) of the figure. ANSWER: 0 = Correct Part K What is the direction of the torque when the coil is oriented as shown in part (d) of the figure? ANSWER:

no direction Correct Part L Calculate the value of the potential energy , when the coil is oriented as shown in part (d) of the figure. ANSWER: = Correct

Exercise 27.49
A coil with a magnetic moment of 1.50 is oriented initially with its magnetic moment antiparallel to a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.845 . Part A What is the change in potential energy of the coil when it is rotated 180 so that its magnetic moment is parallel to the field? ANSWER: -2.54 = Correct

Problem 27.84
The neutron is a particle with zero charge. Nonetheless, it has a nonzero magnetic moment with z-component . This can be explained by the internal structure of the neutron. A substantial body of evidence indicates that a neutron is composed of three fundamental particles called quarks: an "up" (u) quark, of charge , and two "down" (d) quarks, each of charge . The combination of the three quarks produces a net

charge of . If the quarks are in motion, they can produce a nonzero magnetic moment. As a very simple model, suppose the u quark moves in a counterclockwise circular path and the d quarks move in a clockwise, circular path, all of radius and all with the same speed (see the figure

). Part A Determine the current due to the circulation of the u quark. Express your answer in terms of the variables v, r, and appropriate constants. ANSWER: = Correct Part B Determine the magnitude of the magnetic moment due to the circulating u quark. Express your answer in terms of the variables v, r, and appropriate constants. ANSWER: = Correct Part C Determine the magnitude of the magnetic moment of the three-quark system. (Be careful to use the correct magnetic moment directions.) Express your answer in terms of the variables v, r, and appropriate constants. ANSWER: =2 Correct Part D With what speed must the quarks move if this model is to reproduce the magnetic moment of the neutron? Use (the radius of the neutron) for the radius of the orbits. ANSWER: = 7.55107 Correct

Exercise 27.54

Let the figure represent a strip of an unknown metal with =11.8 =0.23 . When the magnetic field is 2.29 and the current is 78.0 , the Hall emf is found to be 131 . Part A

and

What does the simplified model of the Hall effect give for the density of free electrons in the unknown metal? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: 3.71028 = Correct

Problem 27.85
The net force on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero. But what if is not uniform? The figure

at

, and

shows a square loop of wire that lies in the -plane. The loop has corners and carries a constant current in the clockwise direction. The magnetic field has no , where is a positive constant.

component but has both - and -components: Part A

Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic force exerted on each of the sides of the loop by integrating equation . Find the magnitude of the force on side 1, that runs from Express your answer in terms of the variables , , and . ANSWER: = Correct Part B Find the direction of the force on side 1, that runs from ANSWER: -direction -direction to . to .

-direction -direction -direction -direction 0 Correct Part C Find the magnitude of the force on side 2, that runs from Express your answer in terms of the variables , , and . ANSWER: = Correct Part D Find the direction of the force on side 1, that runs from ANSWER: -direction -direction -direction -direction -direction -direction 0 Correct Part E Find the magnitude of the force on side 3, that runs from Express your answer in terms of the variables , , and . ANSWER: = Correct Part F Find the direction of the force on side 1, that runs from ANSWER: -direction -direction -direction -direction -direction -direction 0 to . to . to . to .

Correct Part G Find the magnitude of the force on side 4, that runs from Express your answer in terms of the variables , , and . ANSWER: 0 = Correct Part H Find the direction of the force on side 1, that runs from ANSWER: -direction -direction -direction -direction -direction -direction 0 Correct Part I Find the magnitude of the net magnetic force on the loop. Express your answer in terms of the variables , , and . ANSWER: = Correct Part J Find the direction of the net magnetic force on the loop. ANSWER: -direction -direction -direction -direction -direction -direction 0 Correct to . to .