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PRESENTED BY:RANDHIR KUMAR VERMA AWADHESH KUMAR SINGH ARAVIND KUMAR YADAV ABHAY KUMAR (EEE, 8TH SEMESTER ,SOE, CUSAT )
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
y Introduction . y Excitation principle & Types . y Excitation transformer . y Field flashing & Field breaker . y Automatic voltage regulator (AVR) . y Renovation And Modernization. y Conclusion . y References .
HV- BREAKER
AUX. TRANSF .
PROTECTION 1
CONTROL SYSTEMS
SYNCHRONIZING
TURBINE
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
EXCITATIO NSYSTEM
EXCITATION TRANSFORMER
EXCITATION PRINCIPLE
EXCITATION PRINCIPLE
Flux in the generator rotor is produced by feeding DC supply in the field coils, thus forming a 2 pole magnet of rotor
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Slip Rings
From Exciter
Brush
P O L E
P O L E
P O L E Shaft
P O L E
P O L E
P O L E
EXCITATION DC DISRIBUTION
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EXCITATION PRINCIPLE
Stator induced Voltage E = K. L. d / dt K = constant L = length exposed to flux d / dt = rate of change of flux Frequency of induced Voltage F = NP / 120 Magnitude of flux decides generated voltage and speed of rotation decides frequency of generated voltage .
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415/380 415/380
PT CT
Slip stabilizer M
DC source
Field flashing
o/ v prot
Comparator& Follow up
AC source
G
Field breaker
Cont .
y Field forcing provided through 415 v aux supply . y Thyristors are cooled by air . y The static excitation system is the most commonly used
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EXCITATION TRANSFORMER
y It is directly connected to the generator & feeding power to the machine via thyristor convertor. y Oil & clophen filled transformers are still adopted for large rating. y But oil & clophen filled transformer are banned. y Dry type transformers were taken up for large power & high voltage rating.
50 HZ y Basic impulse level 75 KV y Connection DYN 5 y Type - CAST RESIN COIL DRY TYPE
y Frequency
SALIENT FEATURES
y Short circuit proof . y High over load capacity . y Resistant against temperature fluctuation . y Moisture proof . y Immediate switch on .
Cont
y Non-inflammable y Partial discharge y Compact installation y Operating condition
FIELD FLASHING
y It is required for initial excitation as no power is y
y y y
available to excitation system. For start up DC excitation is fed to the field from external source like station battery or rectified AC from station Ac supply . Filed flashing is used to build up voltage up to 30 %. From 30 to 70 % both flashing and regulation remains in circuit. 70 % above flashing gets cut-off.
FIELD BREAKER
y The occurrence of a fault on the generator terminals the fault current has to be reduced as quickly as possible to limit the resulting damages. y In this, it is necessary to disconnect the excitation source to reduce the fault current quickly & also to avoid high voltage across the rotor which may feed fault current
Automatic voltage regulator (AVR) maintains the Generator terminal voltage at a given value automatically by changing the excitation current to the Generator field. The AVR supplies the required D.C. to the Generator field depending on the load, power factor etc. to maintain a constant terminal voltage.
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TYPES OF AVR
1.Single channel AVR
Two controllers one is automatic and the other is manual Both the controllers are fed from the same supply
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2. Dual channel AVR system One automatic voltage controller and one manual controller Different power supply, gate control and pulse amplifier units for each of the controllers
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Function of AVR
compares the Generator terminal voltage with a preset reference voltage. If the Generator terminal voltage is less than the reference voltage, the AVR increases D.C. voltage across the Generator field. Maintaining the constant voltage as per the setting.
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If
Synchronous Generator
Vg
Grid
Excitation
System
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
FEED BACK GAIN
7
I N P U T
6
OP AMP
OUTPUT
REF
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AVR Inputs
Summing and amplification of signals to provide the exciter rectifier firing angle control signal. A signal for manual follow up.
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AVR Action
Two inputs are of opposite polarity. When the magnitudes are equal, the net input is zero. When unequal-the error is amplified and reversed to obtain a correction signal which goes to the GPG(gate pulse generator)
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AVR CIRCUIT
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+-50 V SUPPLY
To power the regulator amplifier as well as the optional accessories such as manual follow up and power integral stabilizer
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AVR CIRCUIT
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3 phase voltage from the generator PT s are stepped down and applied to the regulator auxiliary card which converts it to ripple free dc voltage suitable for the input of regulator amplifier.
Balance Voltmeter
A 30-0-30 V dc voltmeter is connected across the output of regulator amplifier to read the magnitude and polarity of the output voltage of OP-AMP at any instant.
AVR CIRCUIT
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From the +-50 V source ,-50 V is applied and taken across a motorized potentiometer which can be operated from the control bench board. The variable output from the pot. is applied to the input of the regulator OP-AMP.
In the absence of AVR the voltage can be manually controlled. The stabilized 15 V from the MPS is applied across a second potentiometer. The variable output goes to the GPG together with output of the regulator OP-AMP.
AVR CIRCUIT
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MANUAL FOLLOW UP
When there is a noticeable output from the regulator OP-AMP, depending on its polarity, either of a pair of relays is automatically closed to drive the manual potentiometer motor in the required direction.
THYRISTOR RECTIFIER
RECTIFIER PRODUCES THE DC VOLTAGE TO BE FED TO THE GENERATOR FIELD AS PER THE SIGNAL PROVIDED BY THE AVR. THREE PHASE AC IS CONVERTED INTO DESIRED DC VOLTAGE BY PHASE CONTROL OF SCRs. MORE THAN ONE BRIDGE CIRCUITS ARE USED IN PARALLEL TO INCREASE THE DC CURRENT LIMITS OF EXCITERS
THYRISTOR SIGNALS
Anode
P
J1
N
J2
P
J3
Gate
N
Cathode
R Y B
FIRING ORDER
Time/ Degree
60
120
180
240
300
360
Thyristor
Thyristor
Blocking Diode F
g
1
g
3
g
5
I E L D
g
4
g
6 2
C O I L
Field Breaker
magnetic type. Due to the increase in unit sizes of generators and commutation problems associated with dc exciters. when suitable high current and PIV rated thyristors become available, S.E.S have been established.
system stability during both transient and dynamic condition. the machine does not lose its synchronism during severe disturbances.
Redundancy: S.E.S works when problems in the
main circuits. circuits are planned to offer many options for running the unit without shutdown even during faults
Fast response
rotor temperature indicator can be provided due to the presence of slip rings. slip rings for current collection for large TG sets generally limited for single units up to 600MVA rating.
voltmeter and rotor temperature indicator cannot be provided due to absence of slip rings.
size of over 600MVA and where elimination of current collection slip rings and brushes is important, this is preferred.
CONCLUSION
y Static Excitation System using shunt connected, completely
static with thyristor control system or brushless excitation systems are being used. along with the fast operation of the excitation system. transient stability of the power system.
y The use of SEE results in considerable energy savings at the plant y The fast response of the excitation system assists in maintaining y Quality improvement in design and manufacturing is gradually
REFERENCE
y Journal on Design of cost effective excitation system for synchronous machines , y Published in European journal of scientific research, Nov. 2007. y Power Apparatus and Systems, IEEE Transaction, Jan. 2007. y The transmission and distribution reference book, B.M Weedy, Washington house y y y y y y y
Elect. Corp. BHEL manual for Static Excitation Equipment. Electrical power by Dr. S L Uppal. Electrical Power System by C L Wadhwa. Modern Electrical Power by Soni Gupta, Bhatnagar and Chakroburthy. Generalised Theory of Electrical Machines by Dr. P S Bimbhra. Modern Power System Analysis by I.J. Nagrath & D.P. Kothari. power electronics by P S Bimbhra.
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