CHNG V S CHUYN HO CA GLUCID TRONG QU TRNH CH BIN & BO QUN THC PHM

Lng glucid trong cc nguyn liu thc vt v ng vt rt khc nhau. Trong thc vt, glucid l thnh phn ch yu, chim ti 85-90% trng lng cht kh. ng v tinh bt c cha bn trong cc t bo cn non, cn thnh t bo th c cc polysacchrid nh cellulose, hemicellulose, protopectin... Trong cc thc phm ng vt, thng lng glucid li rt t (thng khng vt qu 2% so vi lng cht kh). Tht v trng c ri t glucid, ch c, sa l tng i nhiu hn

Cu trc cellulose

Cu trc Glycogen

Ngun glucid m thc phm cung cp cho con ngi ch yu ly t thc vt.

Glucid c bn cht ha hc l polyhydroxy aldehyde hoc polyhydroxy ketone. a s cc glucid c cng thc tng qut l (Cm(H2O)n). Ngoi ra cn c mt s loi glucid c bit, trong cu trc ca chng ngoi C, H, O cn c thm S, N, P.

Glucid c chia lm ba nhm chnh: - Monosaccharid - Oligosaccharid - Polysaccharid Tn gi ca tt c cc ng n v ng i u c ui -ose . Cc dng glucid c t ba n v ng n tr ln hu nh rt t gp trong t nhin trng thi t do, chng thng dng lin hp vi cc cht khc nh protein, hoc lipid. Cc polysaccharide thng cha hng trm, hng nghn n v ng n c th to thnh si di hoc phn nhnh.

I. Vai tr ca glucid
Glucid c vai tr rt quan trng trong c th sng. Glucid c vai tr nh sau: Tham gia mi hot ng sng ca t bo. L ngun cht dinh dng d tr d huy ng, cung cp ch yu cc cht trao i trung gian v nng lng cho t bo. Tham gia vo cu trc ca thnh t bo thc vt, vi khun; hnh thnh b khung (v) ca nhm ng vt c chn khp. Tham gia vo thnh phn cu to ca nhiu cht quan trng nh: AND, ARN

i vi cng ngh thc phm, vai tr ca glucid cng a dng v v cng quan trng: - L cht liu c bn, cn thit v khng th thiu ca ngnh sn xut ln men: ru, bia, bt ngt, acid amin, vitamin, khng sinh. - Tham gia to cu trc, hnh th, trng thi v cht lng cho cc loi sn phm thc phm.

* To kt cu
- To si, to mng, to gel, to c, cng, n hi cho thc phm: tinh bt, thch, pectin trong min, mt qu, kem, gi la - To kt cu c th ca mt s loi thc phm: phng n ca bnh phng tm, to bt cho bia, xp cho bnh m, v chua cho sa

* To cht lng
- Cht to ngt cho thc phm (cc ng) - Tham gia to mu sc v hng thm cho sn phm (ng trong phn ng caramen ho, melanoidin) - To ra cc tnh cht lu bin cho sn phm thc phm: dai, trong, gin, do - C kh nng gi c cc cht thm trong sn phm thc phm - To m cng nh lm gim hot nc lm thun li cho qu trnh gia cng cng nh bo qun

* Mt s loi polysaccharid
a. Tinh bt Tinh bt l ngun cung cp nng lng ch yu cho cuc sng ca con ngi. Tinh bt do cy xanh quang hp nn. Tinh bt khng tan trong nc C th chia tinh bt ra lm ba h thng + H thng tinh bt ca cc ht ng cc + H thng tinh bt ca cc ht h u + H thng tinh bt ca cc c

Tinh bt gm hai thnh phn - Amylose - Amylopectin T l gia 2 thnh phn ny l 1:4

Amylose
Amylose c cu to nn t cc phn t Dglucose ti ni (1,4) glycosid. Cc amylose c th c to nn t hng ngn phn t glucose, khi lng phn t ca n giao ng t 150.000 n 600.000. Phn cui ca cu trc c cha mt nhm -OH glycosid do n c tnh kh. Amylose tc dng vi Iode to thnh mu xanh.

Amylopectin
Amylopectin c cu trc phn nhnh. Trong cu trc phn t n cha c lin kt (1,4) glycosid v (1,6) glycosid. Cu trc phn t bao gm mt mch trung tm thng cha lin kt (1,4) glycosid, t mch ny pht ra cc nhnh ph di chng vi chc gc glucose. Khi lng phn t ca amylopectin nm trong khong 500.000 n 1 triu dalton.. Cc amylopectin thng phn b bn ngoi ht tinh bt. Amylopectin tc dng vi Iode to thnh mu tm

Tnh cht ca tinh bt

- S trng n ca tinh bt - Qu trnh hydrat ha trng thi t nhin tinh bt lin kt vi nhau qua lin k t hydro, to thnh trng thi rt bn, do khi trong nc lnh rt kh hp th nc. Khi tng nhit , ta c trng thi mi. S trng n ca tinh bt ph thuc vo nhit .

S h ha
Nhit ph v tinh bt chuyn t trng thi c mc hydrat ha khc nhau thnh dng keo gi l nhit h ha.

Nhit h ha ph thuc vo cc yu t: - Kch thc (ln trc, b sau) - Thnh phn (u tin amylose) - Cc ion lin kt vi tinh bt (cng du, gn nhau y nhau) - Cc mui v c (nng thp tng ha tan, nng cao kt ta) - Mi trng: trong mi trng kim th s h ha din ra d dng hn - Hm lng cc khng cht in ly nh ng, ru cng lm tng nhit h ha.

Sau khi h ha tinh bt s c trong sut nht nh. trong ca h ph thuc vo cc yu t: - Cc dng bt np, tinh bt ca cc loi c, r trong hn. - Khi cho thm ng s trong hn - C cht nh ha s lm gim trong.

Tnh nht do
Tnh cht ny tc ng n cht lng thc phm. N c to nn bi kh nng to lin kt hydro ca nhm -OH, khin cho phn t c kh nng gi nc tt hn do tng nht, do. Tnh cht ny tng trong mi trng kim, th hin mnh cc tinh bt giu amylopectin

Tnh nht, do ca tinh bt ph thuc vo: - ng knh, kch thc, th tch, cu trc ca tinh bt; - S tng tc ca tinh bt vi nc v vi nhau; - Vo nng tinh bt; vo pH, nhit , Ca 2+ , tc nhn oxy ha

Kh nng to gel
Tinh bt h ha (chuyn sang trng thi ha tan) ngui, cc phn t s tng tc vi nhau v sp xp li mt cch c trt t to thnh gel tinh bt. Trong cu trc dng gel c lin kt hydro Tinh bt giu amylose to gel cng, bn km

Kh nng to mng
Tinh bt c kh nng to mng tt. to mng, cc amylose v amylopectin phi dui thng mch, sp xp li, tng tc trc tip vi nhau bng lin kt hydro hoc gin tip thng qua nc. Mng c th thu c t dung dch phn tn trong n c. Dng mng ny d trng ra trong nc

Quy trnh to mng Tinh bt Ha tan H ha s b Khuy k Rt mng ln mt phng kim loi

b. Cellulose Cellulose l polysaccharid cu to nn t bo thc vt. y l hp cht hu c c nhiu nht trong t nhin. Cellulose c cu trc mch thng, dng si, c cu to t cc glucose lin kt vi nhau bi lin kt (1,4) glycosid, trong khng gian n mch thng.

c. Hemicellulose Hemicellulose c trong thnh phn ca t bo thc vt nh b ng, rm r, tru,.. Khi thy phn hemicellulose ta thu c cc hexose nh mannose, galactose..; cc pentose nh: arabinose, xylose.. Cc hemicellulose khng c kh nng ha tan trong nc m ch ha tan trong dung dch kim.

Hemicellulose

d. Pectin Pectin l polysaccharid c nhiu trong qu, c hoc thn cy. Trong thc vt pectin tn ti di hai dng: protopectin (khng tan, ch yu vch t bo) v polysaccharid araban (tan, ch yu dch t bo). Di tc dng ca acid cc protopectin chuyn sang dng ha tan. Khi c s hin din ca acid v ng, pectin c kh nng to gel, do n c ng dng trong cng ngh sn xut mt, ko. to gel cn m bo mi trng c ng

e. Agar - agar Agar-agar l polysaccharid c ch yu mt s loi rong bin, khng tan trong nc lnh. Khi un nng s b ha tan, ngui b ng li thnh mt khi. Agar-agar l hn hp ca agarose v agaropectin. Agarose cha cc gc D v L - galactopyranose gn vi nhau bi lin kt 1, 3 - glycosid. Cn cu trc ca agaropectin hin cha c bit y . Agar agar c s dng nhiu trong cng nghip thc phm v lm mi trng nui cy vi sinh vt.

Polysaccharid ng vt
a. Glycogen Glycogen l polysaccharid d tr ngi v ng vt c nhiu gan. y l dng phn t c cu to mch nhnh tng t nh amylopectin tuy nhin mc phn nhnh cao hn. Glycogen ha tan trong nc nng cho mu tm hoc nu vi iode. Glycogen ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh chuyn ha glucide c th ng vt v nm men. Khi thy phn glycogen bng acid hoc enzym ta thu c -Dglucose. Khi lng phn t ca glycogen c th t ti 4.10 6 tng ng vi 24.000 gc glucose.

b. Chitin (kitin) Chitin l polysaccharid mch thng c cu to t N-acetyl-D-glucosamine ni vi nhau bi lin kt (1,4) glycosid. Chitin l thnh phn chnh ca cu trc b khung cc loi ng vt chn khp nh cn trng, tm cua,.. V cu to n c cu to tng t cellulose v cng c chc nng tng t. Chitin rt kh b ha tan. Ch khi un nng bng dung dch kim m c hoc mt s dung dch mui m c chitin mi b phn gii.

II. S chuyn ho ca glucid trong c th sng

- S phn gii cc hp cht polysaccharid - S phn gii glucid Qu trnh h hp - S tng hp glucid Qu trnh quang hp

1. S phn gii cc hp cht polysaccharid

- S phn gii cellulose - S phn gii tinh bt - S phn gii hemicellulose (xylan) - S phn gii pectin - S phn gii chitin - S phn gii agar-agar

2. S tng hp glucid Qu trnh quang hp

- Pha sng quang hp - Pha ti quang hp Chu trnh Calvin - Benson

Quang hp: l qu trnh bin i nng lng nh sng Mt Tri thnh nng lng ha hc di dng cc hp cht hu c. Hay quang hp l qu trnh bin i cc cht v c n gin thnh cc hp cht hu c phc tp c hot tnh cao trong c th thc vt di tc dng ca nh sng Mt Tri v s tham gia ca cc h sc t thc vt.

B my quang hp
Bo quan thc hin chc nng quang hp l lc lp (chloroplast)
S lng lc lp khc nhau tng loi. V kch thc: ng knh trung bnh : 4-6m, dy 2-3m. To, thc vt v vi khun quang tng hp

Fig. 7.4

Qu trnh hnh thnh lc lp: 3 giai on

Giai on tin lc lp: Hnh thnh nn nhng ch lm trn mng trong ca lp th ko di ra, ri t ct thnh cc on ngn Giai on hai: Hnh thnh nn cc tin thylakoit. Giai on cui: Hnh thnh nn cc thylacoit thc s v sau chng xp chng ln nhau thnh cc ht (grana).

Cc sc t quang hp bao gm:

Clorophin (dip lc) Clorophin a: C55H72O5N4Mg. Clorophin b: C55H70O6N4Mg. Carotenoit Phycobilin v sc t ca dch t bo.

Fig. 7.3

Qu trnh quang hp
Qu trnh quang hp c th tm tt nh sau:
6CO2 + 12H2O + nh sng C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2

y l phn ng thu nng lng. Ngi ta tnh ton mun kh t 6CO2 to thnh glucose - 6 - phosphat - sn phm cui cng ca phn ng qung hp, cn thit phi c 12 phn t NADPH v 18 phn t ATP. Ngun nng lng to thnh cc phn t NADPH v ATP ny do nng lng nh sng mt tri cung cp.

 Pha sng Nguyn liu l SMT, H2O v ADP, NADP+, Pi. Sn phm l O2, ATP v NADPH. Trong pha ny c s chuyn i nng lng nh sng mt tri thnh nng lng trong cc lien kt ha hc ca ATP v NADPH nn pha ny cn c gi l giai on chuyn ha nng lng nh sng.

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Chu trnh Quang hp

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Chu trnh Quang hp

Pha ti Nguyn liu l CO2,ATP v NADPH. Sn phm l ng, ADP, NADP+ v Pi. Trong giai on ny CO2 b chuyn thnh cacbohydrat (ng) nn giai on ny cn gi l giai on c nh CO2.

3.S phn gii glucid - Qu trnh h hp

- Qu trnh ng phn - Chu trnh Krebs - Chui chuyn in t h hp To ATP

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Qu trnh oxyho h hp

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Qu trnh oxyho h hp

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Qu trnh oxyho h hp

* Qu trnh ng phn: - Con ng Embden Meyerhoff Parnas - Con ng Pentose - Phosphate - Con ng Entner - Doudoroff

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Qu trnh oxyho h hp

Con ng Embden Meyerhoff Parnas

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Qu trnh oxyho h hp

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Qu trnh oxyho h hp

- Con ng Pentose - Phosphate Giai on 1

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Qu trnh oxyho h hp

- Con ng Pentose - Phosphate Giai on 2

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Qu trnh oxyho h hp

- Con ng Entner - Doudoroff (2-keto-3deoxy-6-phosphogluconat)

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Qu trnh oxyho h hp

Chu trnh Kreb

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Qu trnh oxyho h hp

Chui chuyn eh hp

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Qu trnh oxyho h hp

Chui chuyn e- h hp

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Qu trnh oxyho h hp

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Qu trnh ln men

Lactobacillus
D or L acid lactic
ATP + CO 2 +2H

SUGAR Acid pyruvic

Klebsiella, Bacillus
+ acid pyruvic - CO 2

Acid acetolactic H2

- CO2

Acetoin
+2H

2,3-butanediol

Acid oxaloacetic
+2H

ADP

Shigella
Acid formic

CO2 Acetyl-S- CoA

Acid malic
+ 2H - 2H 2O - CO2

Escherichia
Acid acetic CO2 H2

Acid succinic Acid propionic

Acetobacter
- CoA-SH

Saccharomyces
+4H; - CoA-SH

Ethanol

+ Acetyl-S- CoA - CoA-SH

Propionibacter

Acetoacetyl-S-CoA

Clostridium
isopropanol
+ 2H

+4H - CoA-SH

Butanol Acid butyric

Acetone

- CoA-SH - CO2 +4H

Butyryl-S-CoA

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Qu trnh ln men

Ln men ru

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Qu trnh ln men

O C C

O O

Pyruvate Decarboxylase
CO2 H C CH3 O

Alcohol Dehydrogenase
NADH + H+ NAD+ H H C OH

pyruvate

CH3

CH3

acetaldehyde

ethanol

Ln men ru

Ln men bia

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Qu trnh ln men

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Qu trnh ln men

Lactate Dehydrogenase
O C C O O NADH + H+ NAD+ O C HC OH O

pyruvate

CH3

CH3

lactate

Ln men lactic ng hnh

II. S CHUYN HA CC HP CHT GLUCID Qu trnh oxyho h hp

Ln men sa chua

III. NHNG CHUYN HO CA GLUCID TRONG CH BIN V BO QUN THC PHM

1. nh hng ca ch bin nhit n glucid trong thc phm nhit un si, cc loi ng n gin khng c bin i ng k. ng un si n 180oC chuyn sang mu nu v c mi c bit gi l caramen ho. l hn hp nhiu cht khc nhau do ng b phn gii.

Phn ng caramen ho ng
- Vi saccharose, phn ng caramen ho xy ra theo s phn ng: C12H22O11 H2O C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 Saccharose glucozan levulozan n 185-1900C s to thnh izosaccharozan: Glucozan + levulozan izosaccharozan C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 C12H20O10 Khi nhit cao hn s mt i 10% nc v to thnh caramelan (C12H18O9 hoc C24H36O18) c mu vng: 2C12H20O10 2H2O (C12H18O9) hoc C24H36O18 Izosaccharozan caramelan Khi mt i 14% nc s to thnh caramelen: C12H20O10 + C24H36O18 3H2O C36H48O24.H2O V khi mt i 25% nc s to thnh caramelin c mu nu en. Hu nh tt c cc sn phm caramen ho u c v ng.

- Khi un nng pentose vi acid chng s loi nc v chuyn thnh dn xut aldehyd gi l fucfurol t0 Pentose + acidnng furforol Fucforol + anilin HCl cho hp cht mu bay mi thm

Qu trnh ch bin nng lm cho tinh bt d tiu hn, cellulose khng b phn hy nhng nt ra, tr nn mm hn, cho php cc dch tiu ho tip xc vi cc thnh phn sinh dng trong t bo thc vt.

2. Thc phm thc vt trong bo qun chn

Trong qu trnh bo qun, lng ng v cam, chanh, qut, bi c chuyn dn vo mi (ci bi xanh ngt hn ci bi chn). V vy, cc loi qu ny thu hoch lc chn s t v hn qu xanh, phm cht t t hn.

Th d: chui, chui l loi qu in hnh v hm lng ng tng ln v hm lng tinh bt gim xung trong qu trnh chn. Nhit bo qun cng thp th s chuyn ho tinh b t thnh ng cng gim i. Chui xanh c hm lng tinh bt l 20%, hm lng ng l 1% To bo qun 12-14oC 16-18oC 18-20 Hm lng tinh bt % 6,5 2,5 2,2 Hm lng ng % 16,4 18,5 20,3

 Phn ln ng c to thnh l saccharose, nhng qu trnh chn ti, hu nh c 3 loi ng: saccharose, glucose, fructose. S phn gii tinh bt trong rau qu khi chn v bo qun c th xy ra theo hai cch do cc enzym amylase v phosphorylase (ch yu). cc loi qu khc nhau th khc nhau v thnh phn cc ng c tch t khi chn. mt s loi qu (m, o, mn, xoi...) khi chn ng saccharose c tng hp t monosaccharid

 cc loi rau qu khc, phn ln giai on u ca qu trnh bo qun, hm lng ng tng ln do s ng ho tinh bt d tr, nh s thy phn cc polysaccharid, glucozid v cc hp cht khc. Sau lng ng li gim i, ch yu l do qu trnh h h p. Lng ng trong rau qu gim i khi bo qun biu hin rau qu km phm cht, khng bo qun c lu na.

3. S h hp ca ht ng cc
Ht ng cc khi chn, hm lng nc trong ht gim mnh, ht ri vo trng thi ng sinh l. Trong qu trnh bo qun, ng cc dng cha ch bin vn thc hin s h hp (ch yu do enzym oxydase to nn). Hin tng ny xy ra cng mnh khi m, nhit mi trng cao. S h hp ca ht ph thuc nhiu vo s hin din v hm lng ca oxygen:

(C6H10O5)n nC6H12O6 6nCO2 + 6nH2O + 674 kcal (nhiu oxygen) (C6H10O5)n nC6H12O6 2nCO2 + 24 kcal (t oxygen) 2nC2H5OH + CH3COOH Hin tng ny lm cho bt trong lng thc gim dn, m v nhit tng ln (hin tng t sinh nhit) Khi to tng ti mt mc nhit thch hp th enzym oxydase hot ng lm cho qu trnh h hp m nh thm to iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin thun li cho cc enzym thy phn ng cc s phn gii cc cht dinh dng trong ng cc lm cho ng cc b h hng (ln men chua, ln men ru).

Sau 18 ngy, khoai lang bo qun iu kin khng kh bnh thng, trng lng gim do thot hi nc l 5,9%, tinh bt t 52,01% gim xung cn 31,13%. Hm lng m, vitamin u gim r rt.

V vy, bo qun tt c, qu ti cn phi to iu kin : - Lm gim lng nc tht thot do s thot hi nc - Gim bt s h hp - Hn ch hin tng ny mm Nhm m bo qu trnh phn hy tinh bt thnh ng v s tn tht cc cht dinh dng trong c qu mc ti thiu nht, iu kin bo qun cn th c hin: nhit 13-160C, m 70-80%, hn ch s hin din ca nh sng (hn ch hin tng ny mm)

4. S ny mm ca ht khi bo qun
a. ht ny mm cn phi c ba iu kin - Ht phi cn kh nng ny mm tc l phi ca ht cn sng v c kh nng ny mm. - Ht phi c t trong mi trng c iu kin thun li: nc, nhit thch hp, c ngun cung cp oxygen v i khi phi c nh sng thch hp. - Phi vt qua c bt c iu kin to s ng hin din bn trong ht. Trnh cc iu kin ngoi cnh bt li dn n s ng.

b. Cc giai on ca s ny mm - Giai on 1 - S hot ha S ht m (qu trnh vt l): s hp thu nc ca ht kh lm tng hm lng nc trong ht, lm mm v ht. Ht trng phng ln v v ht b nt ra. S tng hp cc enzym: hot ng enzym bt u trong vng vi gi sau khi xy ra s hp thu nc ca ht. Hot ng ca cc enzym mt phn t s ti hot ha cc enzym d tr c hnh thnh t s pht trin ca phi v mt phn t s tng hp cc enzym mi khi ht bt u ny mm. S ko di t bo v xut hin r: nhng du hiu u tin ca s ny mm l s xut hin r xy ra vi gi hoc vi ngy sau khi s ny mm bt u.

- Giai on 2 S phn gii cc cht d tr v vn chuyn Cc cht d tr (cht bo, protein, hp cht c carbon) c thy phn thnh cc cht hu c n gin v sau c chuyn n cc v tr tng trng ca tr c phi: + Tinh bt Dextrin maltose + Protein acid amin + Lipid glycerin + acid bo Cc hot ng sinh tng hp ca t bo s c kch hot. S hp thu nc v h hp tip tc din ra mt tc u n. Khi xy ra hin tng ny mm, ht thc xy ra s bin i su sc v thnh phn ha hc: + Lng tinh bt gim ng k + Hm lng ng tng cao + Enzyme amylase pht trin mnh

- Giai on 3 S tng trng ca cy mm S phn chia t bo xy ra hai u ca trc phi. Mt u pht trin thnh chi mm, mt u pht trin thnh r mm trn trc phi c mang 1 hoc 2 l mm c gi l t dip. Khi cy mm bt u tng trng, trng lng ti v kh ca cy mm bt u tng trong khi trng lng m d tr gim.

5. Hin tng bin vng ca thc Trong qu trnh bo qun thc thng gp hin tng lp ni nh ca ht thc b bin mu, chuyn t mu trng sang mu vng. Thc b bin vng khng c ngi tiu dng la chn v cm nu t go bin vng mu sc km, gim do v c th nh hng n gi tr dinh dng ca thc go. Trong thc t, trong qu trnh bo qun, s bin vng c th xy ra do: - Phi sy cha tt - iu kin bo qun khng m bo

Thc bo qun cng lu, t l ht b bin vng cng ln. Phn tch thnh phn ca ht vng so vi h t trng bnh thng cho thy c s thay i: + Thnh phn glucid b thay i: hm lng saccharose gim 10 ln, ng kh tng 2-3 ln + Thnh phn tinh bt cng thay i: amilose tng, amilopectin gim + Protein thay i: m protein gim, m phi protein tng, globulin gim, anbumin tng. Nh vy thc b bin vng lm gim gi tr dinh dng ng thi gi tr thng phm cng gim st.

Nguyn nhn ca hin tng bin vng: - Phn ng to thnh melanoidin gia acid amin v ng kh - Do hot ng trao i cht ca nm trong ht. Nm tc ng ln sc t ca v ht hoc trc tip tng hp sc t trong iu kin thun li, sc t to ra phn tn trong albumin ca ht.