FAP All Chapters

Chapter1 AnIntroductiontoAnatomyandPhysiology MultipleChoiceQuestions
1) Theanalysisoftheinternalstructureofindividualcellsiscalled A) cytology. B) histology. C) embryology. D) physiology. E) anatomy. Answer: A

Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
2) Thestudyofthegeneralformandsuperficialmarkingsofanorganismiscalled________anatomy. A) gross B) surface C) systemic D) regional E) surgical Answer: B

3) Thestudyofthesuperficialandinternalfeaturesinaspecificareaofthebodyiscalled________anatomy. A) surface B) regional C) surgical D) pathological E) radiographic Answer: B

4) Anatomicalfeaturesthatchangeduringillnessarestudiedin________anatomy. A) gross B) surface C) microscopic D) pathological E) regional Answer: D

5) Thestudyoftheliveristogrossanatomyasthestudyofthelivercellisto A) physiology. B) regionalanatomy. C) cytology. D) systemicanatomy. E) radiographicanatomy. Answer: C

Page1 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
6) Thestudyofthefirsttwomonthsofdevelopmentistermed A) histology. B) embryology. C) cytology. D) pathology. E) organology. Answer: B

7) Thestudyofthefunctionofspecificorgansystemsiscalled A) systemicphysiology. B) organphysiology. C) cellphysiology. D) pathologicalphysiology. E) histology. Answer: A

8) Cardiovascularphysiologyisanexampleof A) histophysiology. B) organphysiology. C) systemicphysiology. D) pathologicalphysiology. E) physiologicalchemistry. Answer: C

9) WhichofthefollowingisarrangedincorrectorderfromthemostCOMPLEXtotheSIMPLEST? A) cellular,tissue,molecular,system,organ,organism B) molecular,cellular,tissue,organ,system,organism C) tissue,cellular,molecular,organ,system,organism D) organ,organism,molecular,cellular,tissue,system E) organism,system,organ,tissue,cellular,molecular Answer: E

10) Whichorgansystemprovidessupport,protectionofsofttissue,mineralstorage,andbloodformation? A) integumentary B) muscular C) skeletal D) nervous E) endocrine Answer: C

11) Whichorgansystemtransportsnutrients,metabolicwastes,gases,anddefensecells? A) cardiovascular B) digestive C) muscular D) respiratory E) urinary Answer: A

12) Whichorgansystemincludesthespleenandthetonsils? A) digestive B) endocrine C) nervous D) cardiovascular E) lymphatic Answer: E

13) Thekidneysanduretersareorgansofthe________system. A) endocrine B) digestive C) respiratory D) urinary E) lymphatic Answer: D

14) Thepituitaryglandandthyroidglandareorgansofthe________system. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) respiratory D) lymphatic E) digestive Answer: A

15) Whichorgansystemremovescarbondioxidefromthebloodstream? A) cardiovascular B) lymphatic C) respiratory D) digestive E) endocrine Answer: C

16) Lungsaretotherespiratorysystemastheliveristothe________system. A) lymphatic B) urinary C) digestive D) cardiovascular E) bothBandD Answer: C

17) Skin,hair,andnailsareassociatedwiththe________system. A) skeletal B) muscular C) integumentary D) endocrine E) bothAandB Answer: C

18) Themaintenanceofaconstantinternalenvironmentinanorganismistermed A) positivefeedback. B) homeostasis. C) negativefeedback. D) effectorcontrol. E) integration. Answer: B

19) Whenbodytemperaturerises,acenterinthebraininitiatesphysiologicalchangestodecreasethebody temperature.Thisisanexampleof A) negativefeedback. B) positivefeedback. C) nonhomeostaticregulation. D) diagnosticregulation. E) fever. Answer: A

20) Ingeneral,thenervoussystemdoeseachofthefollowing, except A) helpstomaintainhomeostasis. B) respondsrapidlytochange. C) directslong-termresponsestochange. D) directsveryspecificresponses. E) bothBandD Answer: C

21) Whichoneofthefollowingisnotacharacteristicoftheendocrinesystem? A) releaseschemicalmessengerscalledhormones B) producesamorerapidresponsethanthenervoussystem C) produceseffectsthatlastfordaysorlonger D) producesaneffectthatinvolvesseveralorgansortissuesatthesametime E) importanthomeostaticsystem Answer: B

22) Apersonfacingforwardwithhandsatthesidesandpalmsfacingforwardisinthe A) supineposition. B) proneposition. C) anatomicalposition. D) frontalposition. E) sagittalposition. Answer: C

23) Ananatomicaltermthatmeansthesame asventral: A) posterior B) inferior C) abdominal D) anterior E) superior Answer: D

24) Theheartis________tothelungs. A) lateral B) medial C) posterior D) proximal E) distal Answer: B

25) Thewristis________totheelbow. A) proximal B) distal C) lateral D) medial E) horizontal Answer: B

26) Thechinis________tothenose. A) anterior B) superior C) posterior D) inferior E) medial Answer: D

27) Whichofthefollowingregionscorrespondstothebuttocks? A) pelvic B) cephalic C) gluteal D) lumbar E) thoracic Answer: C

28) Whichofthefollowingtermsreferstothefoot? A) cervical B) brachial C) antebrachial D) femoral E) pedal Answer: E

29) Whichplanedividesthebodyintorightandleftparts? A) proximal B) frontal C) orthogonal D) transverse E) sagittal Answer: E

30) Themuscleknownasthediaphragmseparatesthe________fromthe________. A) pleuralcavity;mediastinum B) thoraciccavity;abdominopelviccavity C) pericardialcavity;pleuralcavity D) abdominalcavity;pelviccavity E) pericardialsac;pericardialcavity Answer: B

31) Thethoraciccavitycontainsthe A) coelom. B) pericardialcavity. C) pelviccavity. D) pleuralcavities. E) bothBandD Answer: E

32) Amidsagittalsectionwouldpassthroughthe A) kidney. B) lung. C) heart. D) spleen. E) leg. Answer: C

Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
33) Theserousmembranecoveringthestomachandmostoftheintestinesiscalledthe A) pericardium. B) peritoneum. C) pleura. D) mediastinum. E) abdomen. Answer: B

34) Mary,whois6monthspregnant,goestoherphysicianforatesttocheckthedevelopmentofherfetus.The physicianusesadevicethatemitssoundwavestoproduceanimageofthefetus.Thistechniqueisknownas A) X-ray. B) CT. C) MRI. D) ultrasound. E) radiography. Answer: D

35) Animagingtechniquethatusesamagneticfieldandradiowavestoproduceviewsinsidethebodyisthe A) angiogram. B) radiograph. C) CTscan. D) MRIscan. E) ultrasound. Answer: D

36) Ifaresponsedecreasesadisturbance,thesystemisclassifiedasa________feedbacksystem. A) deficit B) negative C) neutral D) polarized E) positive Answer: B

37) Ifaresponseincreasesadisturbance,thesystemisclassifiedasa________feedbacksystem. A) deficit B) negative C) neutral D) polarized E) positive Answer: E

38) Whichofthefollowingorgansislocatedbetweentheperitoneumandthebodywall? A) stomach B) kidney C) urinarybladder D) largeintestine E) spleen Answer: B

39) Anatomyisto________asphysiologyisto________. A) function;form B) form;structure C) structure;function D) structure;form E) growth;form Answer: C

40) Thecentralprincipleofphysiologyis A) nutrition. B) reflexes. C) homeostasis. D) stimulation. E) temperatureregulation. Answer: C

41) Anexampleofareceptorinanegativefeedbackloopcontrollingbodytemperaturewouldbe A) temperaturesensorsontheskinthatdetectastimulus. B) sweatglandsthatincreasesecretion. C) regulatorycentersthatsendcommandstoaneffector. D) effectorsthatcausebloodvesselstodilate. E) sweatglandsthatactlikeeffectors. Answer: A

42) Theintegratingcenterforthenegativefeedbackloopthatregulatesbodytemperatureisthe A) hypothalamus. B) skin. C) temperaturesensor. D) positivefeedbackcenter. E) thermostat. Answer: A

43) Acellororganthatrespondstocommandsofthecontrolcenterinnegativefeedbackistermeda(n) A) receptor. B) thermoregulator. C) hypothalamus. D) effector. E) stimulus. Answer: D

44) Thistypeoffeedbackexaggeratestheeffectsofvariationsfromnormal. A) negative B) positive C) neutral D) depressing E) alloftheabove Answer: B

45) Organphysiologyisto________asgrossanatomyisto________. A) cellphysiology;microscopicanatomy B) macroscopicanatomy;unbalance C) equilibrium;macroscopicanatomy D) balance;equilibrium E) imbalance;microscopicanatomy Answer: A

46) Thequadrantsoftheabdominopelvicregionincludeallofthefollowingexcept A) rightupperquadrant(RUQ). B) rightlowerquadrant(RLQ). C) leftupperquadrant(LUQ). D) leftlowerquadrant(LLQ). E) pelvicquadrant. Answer: E

47) Whichofthefollowingisnotconsideredanabdominopelvicregion? A) righthypochondriac B) rightinguinalregion C) leftlumbar D) lefthypochondriac E) upper Answer: E

48) Identifyastructurelocatedwithinthemediastinum. A) pericardialsac B) smallintestine C) lung D) spleen E) stomach Answer: A

49) Apersonislyingonthebedgazingattheceiling.Sheisinthe________position. A) prone B) supine C) anatomical D) dorsal E) caudal Answer: B

50) Therightpleuralcavitycontainsthe A) heart. B) trachea. C) leftlung. D) rightlung. E) bothlungs. Answer: D

51) Whichofthefollowingorgansisnotcontainedwithintheabdominalcavity? A) stomach B) smallintestine C) ovary D) spleen E) pancreas Answer: C

52) Visceralpericardiumislocated A) ontheheartitself. B) liningthepleuralcavity. C) liningthepericardialcavity. D) onthelungitself. E) liningtheperitonealcavity. Answer: A

53) Themediastinum A) containsthepleuralcavities. B) separatesthepleuralcavities. C) containsthepericardialcavity. D) bothAandC E) bothBandC Answer: E

54) ________isconsideredtheoldestmedicalscience. A) Anatomy B) Biology C) Physiology D) Cytology E) Embryology Answer: A

55) Identifythecorrectlyspelledtermdescribingtheorganthatseparatestheventralbodycavityintosuperiorand inferiorcavities. A) mediastinum B) mediastienum C) diaphragm D) diafragm E) diaphram Answer: C

56) Termsofanatomicaldirectionareusedtodescribe A) onebodypartinrelationtoanother. B) surgicalprocedures. C) asupineposition. D) thenervoussystem. E) livingmatter. Answer: A

57) Thetwomajordivisionsoftheventralbodycavityarethe A) pelvicandthoracic. B) cranialandsacral. C) lateralandmedial. D) thoracicandabdominopelvic. E) dorsalandventral. Answer: D

58) Theurinarybladderisfoundinthe________quadrantandthe________quadrant. A) rightupper;rightlower B) leftupper;leftlower C) rightupper;rightlower D) leftupper;rightupper E) rightlower;leftlower Answer: E

59) Theliverisprimarilylocatedinthe________quadrant. A) rightupper B) leftupper C) rightlower D) leftlower E) hepatic Answer: A

60) Whilestandingerect,thedirectionofcaudalis A) upward. B) downward. C) laterally. D) medially. E) noneofthese. Answer: B

61) Whilestandingintheanatomicalposition, A) frontreferstoanterior. B) frontreferstoventral. C) backreferstoposterior. D) backreferstodorsal. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

62) Achemicalimbalanceinthebloodcancausethehearttostoppumpingblood,whichinturnwillcauseother tissuesandorganstoceasefunctioning.Thisobservationsupportstheviewthat A) allorganismsarecomposedofcells. B) alllevelsoforganizationwithinanorganismareinterdependent. C) chemicalmoleculesmakeupcells. D) bloodhasmagicalproperties. E) congenitaldefectscanbelife-threatening. Answer: B

ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Thebranchofbiologicalsciencethatstudiestheexternalandinternalstructureofthebodyandthephysical relationshipamongbodypartsiscalled________. Answer: anatomy
2) Thebranchofbiologicalsciencethatdealswiththestudyofhowlivingorganismsperformtheirvitalfunctions iscalled________. Answer: physiology

3) Thetendencyforphysiologicalsystemstostabilizeinternalconditionsiscalled________. Answer: homeostasis

4) Homeostaticregulationusuallyinvolvesa(n)________thatdetectsaparticularstimulus,anda(n)________ thatrespondstothestimulusbycommunicatingwitha(n)________whoseactivityhasaneffectonthesame stimulus. Answer: receptor;integratingcenter;effector

5) ________regulationoccurswhentheactivitiesoforgansareregulatedlocally. Answer: Intrinsic

6) ________regulationresultsfromtheactivitiesofthenervousorendocrinesystem. Answer: Extrinsic

7) Anatomyusesaspeciallanguage,called________,thatinvolvestheuseofwordroots,prefixes,suffixes,and combiningformstoconstructtermsrelatedtothebodyinhealthanddisease. Answer: medicalterminology

8) Whenhomeostaticmechanismsfail,anindividualwillexperiencethesymptomsof________. Answer: disease

9) Apersonlyingfacedownisinthe________position. Answer: prone

10) The________servesasaworldwideofficialstandardofanatomicalvocabulary. Answer: TerminologiaAnatomica

11) Acutparalleltothemidsagittalplanewouldproducea(n)________section. Answer: parasagittal

12) ________studiesthechangesinformthatoccurbetweenconceptionandphysicalmaturity. Answer: Developmentalanatomy

13) Thecommontermforthebuccalregionisthe________. Answer: cheek

14) Thecommontermforthecarpalregionisthe________. Answer: wrist

15) Thecommonnameforthepollexisthe________. Answer: thumb

16) Thecommonnameforthepatellaisthe________. Answer: kneecap

EssayQuestions
1) Nametheorgansfoundinthethoraciccavity. Answer: lungs,heart,trachea,esophagus,thymus,majorbloodvesselsconnectedtotheheart
2) Namethetwoupperabdominalquadrantsandlisttheorgansthatlieineach. Answer: rightupperquadrant(RUQ):rightlobeofliver,gallbladder,rightkidney,portionsofstomach,largeand smallintestines;leftupperquadrant(LUQ):leftlobeofliver,stomach,pancreas,leftkidney,spleen, portionsoflargeintestine

3) Whatishomeostaticregulation,andwhatisitsphysiologicalimportance? Answer: Homeostaticregulationreferstoadjustmentsinphysiologicalsystemsthatareresponsibleforthe preservationofaconstantinternalenvironment.Thisprovidesafavorableenvironmentforthebodys cells.

4) Duringexercise,bloodflowtoskeletalmusclesincreases.Theinitialresponsethatincreasesbloodflowis automaticandindependentofthenervousandendocrinesystems.Whichtypeofhomeostaticregulationis this?Why? Answer: Theinitialincreaseinbloodflowtoactivemusclesisanexampleofautoregulation.Forexample,when oxygenlevelsdeclineinatissue,thecellsreleasechemicalsthatdilatelocalbloodvessels.Thisdilation increasestherateofbloodflowandprovidesmoreoxygentotheregionevenbeforeresponsesfromthe nervousorendocrinesystemtakeplace.Autoregulationdoesnotrequirethenervousorendocrine system.

Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Chapter2 TheChemicalLevelofOrganization MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Thesmalleststableunitsofmatterare A) atoms. B) molecules. C) protons. D) neutrons. E) electrons. Answer: A
2) Theatomicnumberofanatomisdeterminedbythenumberof________ithas. A) electrons B) protons C) neutrons D) protons+neutrons E) protons+electrons Answer: B

3) Isotopesofanelementdifferinthenumberof A) protonsinthenucleus. B) electronsinthenucleus. C) neutronsinthenucleus. D) electronclouds. E) electronsinenergyshells. Answer: C

4) Themassnumberrepresentsthenumberof A) protonsinanatom. B) electronsinanion. C) neutronsinanatom. D) protons+neutrons. E) neutrons+electrons. Answer: D

5) Theinnermostelectronshellinanatomholdsupto________electrons. A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 6 E) 8 Answer: B
6) Theatomicweightofanatomreflectstheaveragenumberof A) protons. B) neutrons. C) electrons. D) protons+neutrons. E) protons+neutrons+electrons. Answer: E

7) Radioisotopeshaveunstable A) ions. B) nuclei. C) isotopes. D) electronclouds. E) protons. Answer: B

8) Thechemicalbehaviorofanatomisdeterminedby A) thenumberofprotons. B) thenumberofneutrons. C) theoutermostelectronshell. D) thesizeoftheatom. E) themassofthenucleus. Answer: C

9) Ionswitha+chargearecalled A) cations. B) anions. C) radicals. D) positrons. E) isotopes. Answer: A

10) Theweakestbondbetweentwoatomsisthe________bond. A) ionic B) covalent C) polar D) nonpolar E) hydrogen Answer: E

11) Ionicbondsareformedwhen A) atomsshareelectrons. B) electronsarecompletelytransferredfromoneatomtoanother. C) apairofelectronsissharedunequallybytwoatoms. D) hydrogenformsbondswithnegativelychargedatoms. E) twoormoreatomsloseelectronsatthesametime. Answer: B

12) Inamoleculeofnitrogen,threepairsofelectronsaresharedbytwonitrogenatoms.Thetypeofbondthatis formedisanexampleofa(n) A) singletrivalentbond. B) doubledivalentbond. C) triplecovalentbond. D) polarcovalentbond. E) hydrogenbond. Answer: C

13) Ifapairofelectronsisunequallysharedbetweentwoatoms,a(n)________occurs. A) singlecovalentbond B) doublecovalentbond C) triplecovalentbond D) polarcovalentbond E) hydrogenbond Answer: D

14) Elementsthathaveatomswithfulloutershellsofelectrons A) willformmanycompounds. B) willnormallyformanions. C) willnormallyformcations. D) frequentlyformhydrogenbonds. E) areinertgases. Answer: E

15) Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisnot correctaboutthereactionH2 + Cl2 2HCl? A) H2 andCl 2 arethereactants. B) HClistheproduct. C) Onemoleculeofhydrogencontainstwoatoms. D) TwomoleculesofHClareformedinthereaction. E) Thisreactioniseasilyreversible. Answer: E
16) ABA+BistodecompositionasA+ B ABisto A) exchange. B) synthesis. C) combustion. D) replacement. E) metabolism. Answer: B

17) ThereactionN 2 +3H2 2NH3isanexampleofa(n) A) exchangereaction. B) decompositionreaction. C) synthesisreaction. D) enzymereaction. E) metabolicreaction. Answer: C
18) ThereactionA+B+energyABisanexampleofa(n) A) exergonicreaction. B) endergonicreaction. C) equilibriumreaction. D) decompositionreaction. E) exchangereaction. Answer: B

19) Chemicalreactionsthatyieldenergy,suchasheat,aresaidtobe A) endergonic. B) activated. C) exergonic. D) neutral. E) thermonuclear. Answer: C

20) Allofthefollowingaretrueconcerningenzymes,except thatthey A) areproteins. B) functionasbiologicalcatalysts. C) lowertheactivationenergyrequiredforareaction. D) affectonlytherateofachemicalreaction. E) areconsumedduringthereaction. Answer: E

21) Substratemoleculesbindtoenzymesatthe________sites. A) amino B) active C) carboxyl D) reactant E) neutral Answer: B

22) Compoundsthatcanbesynthesizedorbrokendownbychemicalreactionsinsidethebodyarecalled A) inorganiccompounds. B) organiccompounds. C) nutrients. D) metabolites. E) enzymes. Answer: D

23) Eachofthefollowingisanexampleofaninorganiccompound, except A) water. B) acids. C) bases. D) salts. E) rocks. Answer: E

24) Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutwaterisnot correct? A) iscomposedofpolarmolecules B) isresponsibleformuchofthemassofthehumanbody C) hasarelativelylowheatcapacity D) candissolvemanysubstances E) containshydrogenbonds Answer: C

25) Duringionization,watermoleculesdisrupttheionicbondsofasalttoproduceamixtureofions.Theseions cancarryacurrentandsoarecalled A) cations. B) anions. C) acids. D) electrolytes. E) counterions. Answer: D

26) Oppositelychargedionsinsolutionarepreventedfromcombiningby A) heatcapacityofwater. B) hydrationspheres. C) watersnonpolarnature. D) freeradicals. E) hydrogenbonding. Answer: B

27) Asolutioncontainingequalnumbersofhydrogenionsandhydroxideionsis A) acidic. B) basic. C) neutral. D) alkaline. E) inequilibrium. Answer: C

28) Whichofthefollowingsubstanceswouldbemostacidic? A) lemonjuice,pH=2 B) urine,pH=6 C) tomatojuice,pH=4 D) whitewine,pH=3 E) stomachsecretions,pH=1 Answer: E

29) IfasubstancehasapHthatisgreaterthan7,itis A) neutral. B) acidic. C) alkaline. D) abuffer. E) asalt. Answer: C

30) Animportantbufferinbodyfluidsis A) NaCl. B) NaOH. C) HCl. D) NaHCO 3 . E) H2 O. Answer: D

31) Inthebody,inorganiccompounds A) canserveasbuffers. B) canmakeupproteins. C) maybeheldtogetherbyionicbonds. D) arestructuralcomponentsofcells. E) bothAandC Answer: E

32) Inchemicalnotation,thesymbolCa 2+ means________. A) twocalciumatoms B) acalciumionthathaslosttwoelectrons C) acalciumionthathasgainedtwoprotons D) acalciumionthathasgainedtwoelectrons E) acalciumionthathaslosttwoprotons Answer: B

33) Carbohydratemolecules A) arethebuildingblocksofcellularmembranes. B) formtheregulatorymoleculesknownasenzymes. C) arethebodysmostreadilyavailablesourceofenergy. D) arecomposedofC,H,O,andNatoms. E) containthegeneticinformationfoundincells. Answer: C

34) Themostimportantmetabolicfuelmoleculeinthebodyis A) sucrose. B) caffeine. C) protein. D) vitamins. E) glucose. Answer: E

35) Moleculesthathavethesamemolecularformulabutdifferentstructuralformulasarecalled A) isotopes. B) isomers. C) isozymes. D) isotypes. E) isomoles. Answer: B

36) Apolysaccharidethatisformedinliverandmusclecellstostoreglucoseis A) lactose. B) cellulose. C) glycogen. D) sucrose. E) fructose. Answer: C

37) Thegroupoforganiccompoundscontainingcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygeninanear1:2:1ratioisdefinedasa A) carbohydrate. B) lipid. C) protein. D) nucleicacid. E) eitherAorB Answer: A

38) Lipids A) formessentialstructuralcomponentsofcells. B) provideroughlytwicetheenergyascarbohydrates. C) helptomaintainbodytemperature. D) cushionorgansagainstshocks. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

39) Afattyacidthatcontainstwoormoredoublecovalentbondsissaidtobe A) saturated. B) monounsaturated. C) polyunsaturated. D) hydrogenated. E) carboxylated. Answer: C

40) Mostofthefatfoundinthehumanbodyisintheformof A) cholesterol. B) phospholipids. C) triglycerides. D) prostaglandins. E) monoglycerides. Answer: C

41) Lipidsthatareproducedbynearlyeverytissueinthebodyandthatactaslocalregulatorsofmetabolismare the A) prostaglandins. B) steroids. C) monoglycerides. D) phospholipids. E) glycolipids. Answer: A

42) Cholesterol,phospholipids,andglycolipidsareexamplesof A) dietaryfats. B) prostaglandins. C) structurallipids. D) lipiddrugs. E) steroids. Answer: C

43) Youwouldexpectapeptidebondtolink A) twosimplesugars. B) twoaminoacids. C) twonucleotides. D) asugarandapeptide. E) apeptideandafattyacid. Answer: B

44) Eachaminoaciddiffersfromanotherinthe A) numberofcentralcarbonatoms. B) sizeoftheaminogroup. C) numberofcarboxylgroups. D) natureofthesidechain. E) numberofpeptidebondsinthemolecule. Answer: D

45) Thealpha-helixandpleatedsheetareexamplesof________proteinstructure. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) pentanary Answer: B

46) Interactionbetweenindividualpolypeptidechainstoformaproteincomplexis________structure. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) pentagonal Answer: D

47) Glycoproteinsandproteoglycansarecombinationsofaminoacidsand A) carbohydrates. B) fattyacids. C) lipids. D) nucleicacids. E) noneoftheabove Answer: A

48) Moleculesthatstoreandprocessgeneticinformationarethe A) proteins. B) nucleicacids. C) carbohydrates. D) lipids. E) steroids. Answer: B

49) Anaminoacidistoaproteinas________istoanucleicacid. A) apurine B) anucleotide C) aprotein D) aproton E) aneutron Answer: B

50) Anucleotideconsistsof A) afive-carbonsugarandphosphategroup. B) afive-carbonsugarandanitrogenousbase. C) aphosphategroupandanitrogenousbase. D) afive-carbonsugar,anitrogenousbase,andaphosphategroup. E) afive-carbonsugarandanaminoacid. Answer: D

51) Accordingtotherulesofcomplementarybasepairinginnucleicacids,cytosinewouldpairwiththebase A) thymine. B) adenine. C) uracil. D) cytosine. E) guanine. Answer: E

52) Themostabundanthigh-energycompoundincellsis A) DNA. B) adenosinediphosphate. C) adenosinemonophosphate. D) adenosinetriphosphate. E) RNA. Answer: D

53) Ahigh-energybondinATPispresent A) betweenadenineandribose. B) betweenadenineandaphosphategroup. C) betweenthefirstandsecondphosphategroup. D) betweenthesecondandthirdphosphategroup. E) bothCandD Answer: E

54) Whenatomscompletetheirouterelectronshellbysharingelectrons,theyform A) ionicbonds. B) covalentbonds. C) hydrogenbonds. D) anions. E) cations. Answer: B

55) Hydrophilicmoleculesreadilyassociatewith A) lipidmolecules. B) hydrophobicmolecules. C) watermolecules. D) bothAandB E) alloftheabove Answer: C

56) Carbohydrates,lipids,andproteinsareclassifiedas A) organicmolecules. B) inorganicmolecules. C) acids. D) salts. E) bases. Answer: A

57) Ifanisotopeofoxygenhas8protons,10neutrons,and8electrons,itsmassnumberis A) 26. B) 16. C) 18. D) 8. E) 12. Answer: C

58) Ofthefollowingchoices,thepHoftheleastacidicsolutionis A) 6.0. B) 4.5. C) 2.3. D) 1.0. E) 12.0. Answer: E

59) Whichofthefollowingisthesymbolforanaminogroup? A) COOH B) PO3 C) NH2 D) AMO E) OH Answer: C

60) Whichelementcommonlyhasonlyaprotonasitsnucleus? A) helium B) neon C) argon D) hydrogen E) noneoftheabove Answer: D

61) Identifywhichofthefollowingisbothananionandacompound: A) Na+ B) Cl- C) K+ D) HCO3 E) NaCl Answer: D

62) Whichofthefollowingisnotacation? A) Na+ B) Cl- C) K+ D) Ca2+ E) Mg 2+ Answer: B

63) Adustparticlefloatingonawatersurfaceillustrates A) surfacetension. B) chemicaltension. C) staticelectricity. D) heatcapacity. E) hydrophilicattraction. Answer: A

64) Anexampleofanorganicsubstanceis A) sucrose. B) carbonicacid. C) sodiumchloride. D) oxygen. E) nitricoxide. Answer: A

65) Anexampleofaninorganicsubstanceis A) fructose. B) water. C) glycerol. D) carbondioxide. E) bothBandD Answer: E

66) Inhydrolysisreactions,compoundsreactwith A) hydrogen,causingdecomposition. B) glucose,causingdecomposition. C) water,causingdecomposition. D) carbon,causingdecomposition. E) water,causingsynthesis. Answer: C

67) Indehydrationreactions,compounds A) losewatermolecules. B) gainwatermolecules. C) convertwatermoleculestohydrogenandoxygen. D) converthydrogenandoxygentowater. E) gainelectrons. Answer: A

68) Whichpropertyofwaterhelpskeepbodytemperaturestabilized? A) kineticenergy B) lubrication C) surfacetension D) reactivity E) thermalinertia Answer: E

69) Themassofanatomislargelydeterminedbythenumberof________ithas. A) electrons B) protons C) neutrons D) protons+neutrons E) protons+electrons Answer: D

70) Inanaqueoussolution,cationsareattractedtoward A) water. B) salt. C) buffers. D) anions. E) hydrogenions. Answer: D

71) Inanaqueoussolution,sodiumionswouldmovetoward A) anegativeterminal. B) apositiveterminal. C) apHterminal. D) anorganicterminal. E) thebottom. Answer: A

72) Thechemicalnotationthatindicatesconcentrationisrepresentedas A) (). B) <>. C) []. D) {}. E) ||. Answer: C

73) Whichhasthegreaterconcentrationofhydrogenions,asubstancewithapHof5orasubstancewithapHof 4? A) ApHof4isgreater. B) ApHof5isgreater. C) Theyarebothequal;4and5arerelativevalues. D) pH9,ifyoumixedthesolutions. E) Notenoughinformationtosay. Answer: A

74) Ofthelistbelow,whichhasthehighestconcentrationofhydroxideions? A) pH1 B) pH14 C) pH7 D) pH10 E) pH2 Answer: B

75) WhichpHisclosesttonormalbodypH? A) pH7 B) pH8 C) pH4 D) pH3 E) pH2 Answer: A

76) Afunctionalgroupisbestdescribedasreoccurringclustersof A) elementsthatoccurinasalt. B) atomsthatgreatlyinfluencethechemicalpropertiesofmoleculestheyarepartof. C) atomsthatfunctioninthebody. D) elementsthatformathighpH. E) aminoacidsinaglobularprotein. Answer: B

77) Asidechainonanaminoacidissometimescalled________. A) fibrousorglobular. B) apolypeptidechain. C) anRgroup. D) anisozyme. E) nucleicacid. Answer: C

78) Whichofthefollowingis/areneededtoformatriglyceridemolecule? A) 3glycerolmolecules B) 1glycerolmolecule C) 3fattyacidmolecules D) bothAandC E) bothBandC Answer: E

79) Theterm________meanseachenzymecatalyzesonlyonetypeofreaction. A) saturation B) specificity C) inertia D) activation E) monoreactive Answer: B

80) Themaximumrateofanenzymereactionoccursat A) dehydration. B) hydrolysis. C) synthesis. D) reversible. E) saturationlimit. Answer: E

81) Theaveragetimebetweensynthesisandbreakdownisknownasthe________time. A) metabolism B) anabolism C) catabolism D) specificity E) turnover Answer: E

82) Continuousbreakdownandreplacementofcellularmoleculesistermed A) metabolism. B) metabolicturnover. C) anabolicturnover. D) catabolicturnover. E) bothAandC Answer: B

83) IdentifytheproductformedfromthephosphorylationofADP. A) adenosinediphosphate B) adenine C) adenosinetriphosphate D) deoxyribonucleicacid E) ribose Answer: C

84) AMP+P A) ADP B) 2ADP C) DNA D) ATP E) adenine Answer: A

85) Thephosphorylationofadenosineforms A) ADP. B) ATP. C) AMP. D) 2ATP. E) ribose. Answer: C

86) Adenineandguanineare A) purinesrepresentedbyTandC. B) pyrimidinesrepresentedbyAandG. C) purinesrepresentedbyAandG. D) pyrimidinesrepresentedbyTandC. E) nucleotidesrepresentedbyAandG. Answer: C

87) Oxygenisrequiredinbiologicalsystemsfor A) cellularmetabolism. B) storageofenergy. C) servingasstructuralcomponentsofbone. D) servingascatalysts. E) chemicalmessengers. Answer: A

88) Muscleproteinsaredestroyedafter17daysandthenreplaced.Thisisanexampleof A) metabolicturnover. B) surveillance. C) surfacetension. D) disease. E) specificity. Answer: A

89) Byweight,whichelementisthemostplentifulinthehumanbody? A) sulfur B) sodium C) oxygen D) potassium E) carbon Answer: C

90) Byweight,whichelementisthesecondmostabundantinthehumanbody? A) oxygen B) carbon C) hydrogen D) nitrogen E) calcium Answer: B

91) Indicatewhichoftheselistscontainsonlytraceelements. A) sulfur,chlorine,oxygen B) selenium,hydrogen,calcium C) boron,oxygen,carbon D) silicon,fluorine,tin E) cobalt,calcium,sodium Answer: D

92) ThemoleculeNOisknownas A) nitricoxide. B) noxiousoxide. C) noxiousoxygen. D) nitricoxygen. E) nitrousoxide. Answer: A

93) ThemoleculeCO2 isknownas A) carbonizedoxygen. B) carbonatedoxygen. C) carbonmonoxide. D) carbonoxide. E) carbondioxide. Answer: E

94) ThemoleculeH 2 isknownas A) hydrohydrogen. B) hydrogen. C) hydroxide. D) helium. E) semi-water. Answer: B

95) ThemoleculeO2 isknownas A) oxide. B) oxygen. C) organic. D) BorC E) noneoftheabove Answer: B

96) Thenucleusofanatomconsistsof A) electrons. B) protons. C) neutrons. D) protons+neutrons. E) protons+electrons. Answer: D

97) H2 Oisanexampleofa(n) A) ionicformula. B) glucosemolecule. C) molecularformula. D) watermolecule. E) covalentformula. Answer: C

98) A(n)________removeshydrogenionsanda(n)________releaseshydrogenions. A) acid;base B) base;acid C) compound;element D) element;compound E) molecule;acid Answer: B

99) Ananometeris A) 10-6 meter. B) 10-8 meter. C) 10-9 meter. D) 10-10meter. E) 10-12meter. Answer: C
100) Anexcessofhydrogenionsinthebodyfluidscanhavefatalresultsbecausethiscan A) blockionmovements. B) changetheshapeoflargecomplexmolecules,renderingthemnonfunctional. C) disrupttissuefunctions. D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

101) Artificialsweeteners A) arenaturallysimilartosugars. B) arealwayssomeformofcarbohydrate. C) aregenerallymanytimessweeterthansucrose. D) areinorganicsugarsubstitutes. E) providethesamenumberofcaloriesasanequivalentamountofsucrose. Answer: C

102) AlaskaNativeshavealowerincidenceofheartdiseaseeventhoughtheirdietsarehighinfatandcholesterol. Thismaybeduetothelargeamountof________intheirdiets. A) vitamins B) triglycerides C) prostaglandins D) omega-3fattyacids E) oleicacid Answer: D

103) Ifanelementiscomposedofatomswithanatomicnumberof6andamassnumberof14,thenaneutralatom ofthiselementcontains A) 6protons. B) 8electrons. C) 8neutrons. D) bothAandB E) bothAandC Answer: E

104) Onemoleofanyelement A) hasthesamemass. B) hasthesameweight. C) hasthesamenumberofatoms. D) hasthesamenumberofelectrons. E) alloftheabove Answer: C

105) Whenelectronsaretransferredfromoneatomtoanother,andthetwoatomsuniteasaresultoftheopposite charges, A) anionisformed. B) amoleculeisformed. C) ahydrogenbondisformed. D) anionicbondisformed. E) acovalentbondisformed. Answer: D

106) Magnesiumatomshavetwoelectronsintheoutermostshell.Asaresult,youwouldexpectmagnesiumtoform ionswithachargeof A) +1. B) +2. C) -1. D) -2. E) either+2or-2 Answer: B

107) Magnesiumatomshavetwoelectronsintheoutermostshellandchlorineatomshaveseven.Thecompound magnesiumchloridewouldcontain A) 1magnesiumand1chlorine. B) 1magnesiumand2chlorine. C) 2magnesiumand1chlorine. D) 2magnesiumand7chlorine. E) impossibletotellwithoutmoreinformation Answer: B

108) Whichofthefollowingstatementsabouthydrogenbondsisfalse? A) Hydrogenbondsarestrongattractiveforcesbetweenhydrogenatomsandnegativelychargedatoms. B) Hydrogenbondscanoccurwithinasinglemolecule. C) Hydrogenbondscanformbetweenneighboringmolecules. D) Hydrogenbondsareimportantforholdinglargemoleculestogether. E) Hydrogenbondsareresponsibleformanyofthepropertiesofwater. Answer: A

109) Inthereactionlistedbelow,whatcoefficientneedstobeaddedtobalancetheequation?6CO 2 + 6H2 O C6 H12O6 +________O2 A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 E) 10 Answer: C

110) Nonpolarorganicmoleculesaregoodexamplesof A) electrolytes. B) moleculesthatwilldissociatewhenplacedintowater. C) hydrophobiccompounds. D) hydrophiliccompounds. E) solutes. Answer: C

111) Whenplacedinwater,aninorganiccompounddissociates99percent,forminghydrogenionsandanions.This compoundwouldbe A) astrongbase. B) aweakbase. C) astrongacid. D) aweakacid. E) asalt. Answer: C

112) WhenasmallamountofHClorNaOHisaddedtoasolutionofNa 2 HPO4 ,thepHofthesolutionbarely changes.Basedontheseobservations,allofthefollowingaretrueconcerningthecompoundNa 2 HPO4 ,except A) Na2 HPO4isabletoacceptextrahydrogenionsfromtheHCl. B) Na2 HPO4isabletodonatehydrogenionstotheOH - fromNaOH. C) Na2 HPO4adsorbsexcessH+ andOH - directlyontothesurfaceofitscrystallinestructure. D) Na2 HPO4isasaltformedfromreactingastrongbasewithaweakacid. E) Na2 HPO4actsasabuffer. Answer: C
113) Fructose A) isahexose. B) isanisomerofglucose. C) isfoundinmalereproductivefluids. D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: D

114) Whentwomonosaccharidesundergoadehydrationsynthesis, A) twonewmonosaccharidesareformed. B) adisaccharideisformed. C) apolysaccharideisformed. D) astarchisformed. E) hydrolysisoccurs. Answer: B

115) Ashortageofcholesterolinthebodycouldinterferewiththeformationof A) sexhormones. B) proteins. C) plasmamembranes. D) glycogen. E) bothAandC Answer: E

116) Howwouldthelackofacofactorforanenzymeaffectthatenzymesfunction? A) Theenzymesfunctionwouldnotbealtered. B) Theenzymewouldfunctionmoreslowly. C) Theenzymewouldfunctionmorequickly. D) Theenzymewouldnotbeabletofunction. E) Theenzymewouldceasetofunctionafterreachingamaximumrate. Answer: D

117) ThestructureofRNAdiffersfromDNAinthat A) thebackboneofRNAcontainsribose. B) RNAcontainspyrimidinesbutnotpurines. C) RNAcontainspurinesbutnotpyrimidines. D) DNAcontainspyrimidinesbutnotpurines. E) DNAcontainspurinesbutnotpyrimidines. Answer: A

118) Ahigh-energybondinATPispresent A) betweenadenineandribose. B) betweenadenineandphosphategroup. C) betweenthefirstandsecondphosphategroup. D) betweenthesecondandthirdphosphategroup. E) bothCandD Answer: E

1) A(n)________isapuresubstancecomposedofatoms. Answer: element
2) Thecenterofanatomiscalledthe________. Answer: nucleus

3) Electronswhirlaroundthecenteroftheatomathighspeed,forminga(n)________. Answer: electroncloud

4) Electronsinanatomoccupyanorderlyseriesofelectronshellsor________. Answer: energylevels

5) Theactualmassofanatomisknownasits________________. Answer: atomicweight

6) Ionswithapositivechargearecalled________. Answer: cations

7) Ionswithanegativechargearecalled________. Answer: anions

8) Atomsofthesameelementwhosenucleicontainthesamenumberofprotons,butdifferentnumbersof neutrons,arecalled________. Answer: isotopes

9) Chemicalreactionsthatreleaseenergyarecalled________. Answer: exergonic

10) Chemicalreactionsthatabsorbenergyarecalled________. Answer: endergonic

11) ________acceleratechemicalreactionsthatoccurinthehumanbody. Answer: Enzymes

12) Inlivingcells,complexmetabolicreactionsproceedinaseriesofstepscalleda(n)________. Answer: pathway

13) ________moleculesarecompoundsthatcontaincarbonastheprimarystructuralatom. Answer: Organic

14) ________compoundsdonotusuallycontaincarbonasaprimarystructuralatom. Answer: Inorganic

15) A(n)________isahomogeneousmixturecontainingasolventandasolute. Answer: solution

16) ________aresolubleinorganiccompoundswhosesolutionswillconductanelectriccurrent. Answer: Electrolytes

17) Thethreefamiliarstatesofmatteraresolids,liquids,and________. Answer: gases

18) Moleculesthatdonotreadilydissolveinwaterarecalled________. Answer: hydrophobic

19) The________ofasolutionisthenegativelogarithmofthehydrogenionconcentrationexpressedinmolesper liter. Answer: pH

20) Kineticenergyisstoredas________energywhenaspringisstretched. Answer: potential

21) Allfattyacidscontainafunctionalgroupatoneendcalledthe________. Answer: carboxylicacidgroup

22) Inwater,fattyacidstendtoformtinydropletswithhydrophobictailsburiedinsidecalled________. Answer: micelles

23) ________aremoleculeswithtwofattyacidchainsandaphosphategroupthatformbiologicalmembranes. Answer: Phospholipids

24) ThemoleculeDNAcontainsafive-carbonsugarcalled________. Answer: deoxyribose

25) Individualsteroidsdifferinthe________attachedtothecarbonrings. Answer: sidechains

26) ThepurinesfoundinDNAare________and________. Answer: adenine;guanine

27) ThepyrimidinebasesfoundinDNAare________and________. Answer: thymine;cytosine

28) A(n)________isacovalentbondthatstoresanunusuallylargeamountofenergy. Answer: high-energybond

29) Intheprocessof________aphosphategroupistransferredtoamolecule. Answer: phosphorylation

30) ThehydrolysisofATPyieldsADP,phosphateion,and________. Answer: energy

31) The________ofaradioactivesubstanceisthetimerequiredfora50percentreductionintherateofradiation emission. Answer: half-life

32) Identifythethreestructuralcomponentsofanucleotide. Answer: pentose;phosphategroup;nitrogenousbase

EssayQuestions
1) Explaintheroleofwatermoleculesinpolysaccharideformation. Answer: Watermoleculesareremovedinthedehydrationsynthesisofpolysaccharides.
2) Whatroledobuffersystemsplayinthehumanbody? Answer: BuffersystemshelpmaintainpHwithinnormallimitsbyremovingorreplacinghydrogenionsas needed.

3) BloodhasaverynarrownormalpHrangebuturinehasaverybroadnormalpHrange.Whatdoesthat indicateaboutthephysiologyofpH? Answer: HomeostasisrequiresthatthepHofbodyfluidsbemaintainedalmostconstanttoavoiddisruptionsof healthyfunction.Toaccomplishthis,theurinarysystemeliminatesorretainshydrogenionasneeded. TheseactionscausethepHofurinetovarywidely,dependingonwhetherthereistoomuchornot enoughhydrogenioninthebody.

4) HowdoestheDNAmoleculecontroltheappearanceandfunctionofacell? Answer: TheDNAmoleculecontrolsthesynthesisofenzymesandstructuralproteins.Bycontrollingthe synthesisofstructuralproteins,theDNAisabletoinfluencethephysicalappearanceofacell.By controllingtheproductionofenzymes,theDNAisabletocontrolallaspectsofcellularmetabolismand thuscontroltheactivityandbiologicalfunctionsofthecell.

5) Theelementsulfurhasanatomicnumberof16andmassnumberof32.Howmanyneutronsareinthenucleus ofasulfuratom?Ifsulfurformscovalentbondswithhydrogen,howmanyhydrogenatomscanbondtoone sulfuratom? Answer: Thenumberofneutronsinanatomisequaltothemassnumberminustheatomicnumber.Thus,sulfur has3216=16neutrons.Theatomicnumberindicatesthenumberofprotons,soaneutralsulfuratom contains16protonsplus16electronstobalancetheprotonselectrically.Theelectronswouldbe distributedasfollows:2inthefirstelectronshell,8inthesecond,andtheremaining6inthethird.To achieveafull8electronsinthethird(outermost)electronshell,thesulfuratomcanaccept2electronsin anionicbondorcanshare2electronsinacovalentbond.Becausehydrogenatomscanshareone electroninacovalentbond,thesulfuratomcanformtwocovalentbondswithhydrogen,onewitheach oftwohydrogenatoms.Inchemicalnotation,thisisH 2 S.
Chapter3 TheCellularLevelofOrganization MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Thesmallestlivingunitwithinthehumanbodyis A) aprotein. B) thecell. C) atissue. D) anorgan. E) anorgansystem. Answer: B
2) Thewaterycomponentofthecytoplasmiscalled A) cytosol. B) protoplasm. C) extracellularfluid. D) interstitialfluid. E) acolloidalgel. Answer: A

3) Whichofthefollowingtermsisnotusedtodefinethestructurethatseparatesthecontentsofahumancell fromitssurroundingmedium? A) cellwall B) cellmembrane C) plasmamembrane D) plasmalemma E) bothAandD Answer: A

4) Functionsoftheplasmalemmaincludeallofthefollowing, except A) separationofthecytoplasmfromtheextracellularfluid. B) regulationofexchangeofmaterialswiththeextracellularenvironment. C) sensitivitytochemicalchangesintheextracellularfluid. D) thermalinsulation. E) structuralsupport. Answer: D

5) Theplasmamembraneiscomposedof A) abilayerofproteins. B) abilayerofphospholipids. C) carbohydratemolecules. D) carbohydratesandproteins. E) carbohydratesandlipids. Answer: B

6) Whichofthefollowingisnotafunctionofmembraneproteins? A) bindtoligands B) regulatethepassageofions C) actascarriermoleculesforvarioussolutes D) actasanchorsorstabilizersforthecellmembrane E) cellnutrient Answer: E

7) Functionsoftheglycocalyxinclude A) lubricatingandprotectingthecellmembrane. B) identifyingthecellfortheimmunesystem. C) bindingextracellularcompounds. D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: D

8) Eachofthefollowingisanexampleofanonmembranousorganelle, except A) lysosomes. B) cilia. C) centrioles. D) ribosomes. E) cytoskeleton. Answer: A

9) Componentsofthecytoskeletonmayincludeallofthefollowing, except A) microfilaments. B) intermediatefilaments. C) microsomes. D) microtubules. E) thickfilaments. Answer: C

10) Tubulinistomicrotubulesasactinisto A) ribosomes. B) microfilaments. C) intermediatefilaments. D) flagella. E) microvilli. Answer: B

11) Whichofthefollowingcytoskeletoncomponentsmovesthechromosomesduringcelldivision? A) microfilaments B) intermediatefilaments C) thickfilaments D) microtubules E) basalbodies Answer: D

12) MostoftheATPrequiredtopowercellularoperationsisproducedinthe A) cytoplasm. B) endoplasmicreticulum. C) nucleus. D) mitochondria. E) cilia. Answer: D

13) Inthemitochondrion,foldsaretocristaeasthecontainedfluidisto A) actin. B) microvilli. C) cytosol. D) basalbody. E) matrix. Answer: E

14) Thecomponentsofribosomesareformedwithin A) theendoplasmicreticulum. B) Golgicomplexes. C) lysosomes. D) mitochondria. E) nucleoli. Answer: E

15) Synthesisoflipidsandglycogentakesplaceatthe A) ribosomes. B) roughER. C) smoothER. D) Golgiapparatus. E) mitochondria. Answer: C

16) Whichofthefollowingconsistsofanetworkofintracellularmembraneswithattachedribosomes? A) roughendoplasmicreticulum B) smoothendoplasmicreticulum C) mitochondria D) nucleoli E) Golgiapparatus Answer: A

17) Renewalormodificationofthecellmembraneisafunctionofthe A) microtubules. B) mitochondria. C) roughendoplasmicreticulum. D) ribosomes. E) Golgiapparatus. Answer: E

18) Organellesthatabsorbandneutralizedrugsandtoxinsare A) lysosomes. B) peroxisomes. C) endocyticvesicles. D) nuclei E) toxisomes. Answer: B

19) Whenactivated,lysosomesfunctionin A) formationofnewcellmembranes. B) synthesisofproteins. C) digestionofforeignmaterial. D) synthesisoflipids. E) celldivision. Answer: C

20) MostofacellsDNAislocatedinits A) ribosomes. B) lysosomes. C) Golgiapparatus. D) nucleus. E) nucleolus. Answer: D

21) Thecontrolcenterforcellularoperationsisthe A) nucleus. B) mitochondria. C) Golgiapparatus. D) endoplasmicreticulum. E) ribosome. Answer: A

22) ThecomplexstructuresofDNAandproteinfoundinthecellnucleusare A) nucleoplasm. B) chromosomes. C) histones. D) nucleases. E) mitochondria. Answer: B

23) mRNAisneededtosynthesize________inthecytoplasm. A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) phospholipids E) alloftheabove Answer: C

24) Thetripletcodesneededtospecifyaspecificpolypeptidechainarefoundinthe A) cytoplasm. B) gene. C) codon. D) anticodon. E) polypeptideitself. Answer: B

25) Aseachcodonarrivesattheactivesiteofaribosome,itattractsanothermoleculecontainingtheanticodon. Thismoleculeiscalled A) DNA. B) mRNA. C) rRNA. D) tRNA. E) RER. Answer: D

26) TheprocessofproteinformationdirectedbymRNAiscalled A) replication. B) transcription. C) translation. D) mitosis. E) auscultation. Answer: C

27) TheprocessofformingmRNAiscalled A) replication. B) transcription. C) translation. D) ribolation. E) auscultation. Answer: B

28) Themovementofoxygenfromanareaofhighconcentrationtoanareaoflowconcentrationisanexampleof A) osmosis. B) activetransport. C) diffusion. D) facilitatedtransport. E) filtration. Answer: C

29) Diffusionofasubstanceacrossthecellmembraneisinfluencedbyallofthefollowing, except A) hydrolysisofATP. B) thepresenceofthemembranechannels. C) thechargeontheion. D) concentrationgradient. E) lipidsolubility. Answer: A

30) Watermoleculesandsmallionsenteracellthrough A) channelsformedbyintegralproteins. B) peripheralproteins. C) lipidchannels. D) peripheralcarbohydrates. E) defectsinthelipidlayerofthemembrane. Answer: A

31) Asolutionthatcontainsalowerosmoticpressurethanthecytoplasmofacelliscalled A) merotonic. B) hypertonic. C) isotonic. D) hypotonic. E) homotonic. Answer: D

32) Spikesformonabloodcellwhenitisplacedina(n)________solution. A) isotonic B) hypertonic C) hypotonic D) merotonic E) homotonic Answer: B

33) Theprocessbywhichmoleculessuchasglucosearemovedintocellsalongtheirconcentrationgradientwith thehelpofmembrane-boundcarrierproteinsiscalled A) osmosis. B) facilitateddiffusion. C) activetransport. D) endocytosis. E) exocytosis. Answer: B

34) Facilitateddiffusiondiffersfromordinarydiffusioninthat A) facilitateddiffusionconsumesnoATP. B) facilitateddiffusionmovesmoleculesfromanareaofhigherconcentrationtolowerconcentration. C) therateofmolecularmovementislimitedbythenumberofavailablecarriermolecules. D) facilitateddiffusionnevereliminatestheconcentrationgradient. E) therateofmolecularmovementisnotlimitedbythenumberofavailablecarriermolecules. Answer: C

35) Aprocessthatrequirescellularenergytomoveasubstanceagainstitsconcentrationgradientiscalled A) activetransport. B) passivetransport. C) facilitatedtransport. D) osmosis. E) diffusion. Answer: A

36) Theintakeofsmallmembranevesiclesfromtheextracellularfluidiscalled A) osmosis. B) activetransport. C) facilitatedtransport. D) endocytosis. E) anionexchangepump. Answer: D

37) Theprincipalcationsinourbodyfluidsare________and________. A) sodium;potassium B) calcium;magnesium C) sodium;calcium D) chloride;bicarbonate E) sodium;chloride Answer: A

38) Inordertomaintaincellularhomeostasis,anexchangepumpejects________ionsfromthecellandimports ________ions. A) potassium;calcium B) sodium;calcium C) potassium;sodium D) sodium;potassium E) calcium;sodium Answer: D

39) Whichofthefollowingaboutacellsrestingtransmembranepotentialis false? A) insideslightlymorepositivethanoutside B) insideslightlymorenegativethanoutside C) dependsonseparationof+andcharges D) representspotentialenergy E) controlsmuscularcontractionandnervoussignaling Answer: A

40) Thepotentialdifferenceacrossthecellmembraneisduetotheseparationof A) carbohydratemolecules. B) watermolecules. C) cationsandanions. D) acidsandbases. E) phospholipidsandproteins. Answer: C

41) Changesinthetransmembranepotentialofacellareinvolvedin A) movement. B) thought. C) glandularsecretion. D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: D

42) Thestageinacellslifecycleinwhichthecellperformsitsnormalfunctionsandpreparesfordivisioniscalled A) prophase. B) metaphase. C) interphase. D) telophase. E) anaphase. Answer: C

43) Acellduplicatesitschromosomesduringthe________phase. A) Go B) G1 C) G2 D) Gm E) S Answer: E

44) Duringmitosis,chromatidsseparateintodaughterchromosomesduring A) prophase. B) metaphase. C) interphase. D) telophase. E) anaphase. Answer: E

45) Duringthisphaseofcelldivision,thechromosomesuncoil,thenuclearmembraneforms,andcytokinesis occurs. A) anaphase B) prophase C) interphase D) telophase E) metaphase Answer: D

46) Asgenesarefunctionallyeliminated,thecellbecomeslimitedintherangeofproteinsitcanmake.This specializationprocessistermed A) adaptation. B) differentiation. C) structuralintegration. D) cellularactivation. E) apoptosis. Answer: B

47) Allofthefollowingmembranetransportmechanismsarepassiveprocesses,except A) diffusion. B) facilitateddiffusion. C) vesiculartransport. D) osmosis. E) alloftheabove Answer: C

48) Theplasmalemmaincludes A) integralproteins. B) glycolipids. C) phospholipids. D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

49) Thegeneticallyprogrammeddeathofcellsiscalled A) differentiation. B) replication. C) apoptosis. D) metastasis. E) mitosis. Answer: C

50) Osmoticpressure A) forceswatertomovetowardthehighersoluteconcentration. B) forceswatertomoveacrossasemipermeablemembrane. C) canbeopposedbyhydrostaticpressure. D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

51) Membraneproteinsperformwhichofthefollowingfunctions? A) anchoring B) receptors C) recognition D) enzymes E) alloftheabove Answer: E

52) Whichofthefollowingaboutcytoplasmisfalse? A) extracellularfluidcontainsmoreprotein B) thematerialthatfillsacell C) semi-rigidtexture D) includescytoskeleton E) includescytosol Answer: A

53) Manyproteinsinthecytosolare________thatacceleratemetabolicreactions. A) carbohydrates B) enzymes C) lipids D) messengers E) ions Answer: B

54) Extracellularfluidservesas A) astoragearea. B) areservearea. C) acomponentofthephospholipidbilayer. D) atransportmedium. E) atransportmediumwithlargestoragecapacity. Answer: D

55) Microfilaments A) anchorthecytoskeletontomembraneproteins B) controltheconsistencyofcytoplasm C) withmyosin,producecellmovement D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: D

56) Tubulinis A) acarbohydratethatassemblesintofilamentoustubes(microtubules). B) alipidthatassemblesintofilamentoustubes(microtubules). C) aproteinthatassemblesintofilamentoustubes(microtubules). D) aproteinthatformsthetubularportionofthecytosol. E) alipidthatformstheER. Answer: C

57) Thesemolecularmotorscarrymaterialsinoppositedirectionsalongmicrotubules. A) kinesinandmyosin B) actinandmyosin C) dyneinandmyosin D) dyneinandactin E) dyneinandkinesin Answer: E

58) Endocytosisis A) amethodfortransportingsubstancesintothecell. B) amethodformetabolizingwithinthecytosol. C) aformofanabolism. D) aviralinfection. E) amethodforpackagingsecretions. Answer: A

59) Peroxisomes A) containenzymesthatbreakdownhydrogenperoxide. B) absorbandbreakdownfattyacids,generatinghydrogenperoxideintheprocess. C) isanothernameforlysosomes. D) bothAandB E) noneoftheabove Answer: D

60) Somecellscontainlargenumbersofmitochondriawhileothershaverelativelyfewornone.Thissuggeststhat A) cellswithlargenumbersofmitochondriaareshort-lived. B) cellswithlargenumbersofmitochondriahaveahighenergydemand. C) cellswithsmallnumbersofmitochondriahavealargeATPsupply. D) cellswithlargenumbersofmitochondriahavealowenergydemand. E) somecellsareolderthanothers. Answer: B

61) Amatureredbloodcelllacksanucleus.Thus,it A) canrepairitselfreadily. B) ismalformed. C) canonlydivideoncemore. D) willbealong-livedcell. E) cannotmakenewproteinsandwillbewornoutwithinafewmonths. Answer: E

62) Histonesarefoundin A) nucleosomes. B) proteasomes. C) lysosomes. D) vesicles. E) endosomes. Answer: A

63) Chromosomesconsistof________and________. A) RNA;carbohydrates B) DNA;lipids C) DNA;proteins D) water;RNA E) RNA;proteins Answer: C

64) Whichorganelleismostprominentincellsthatmakelargeamountsofprotein? A) nucleus B) nucleolus C) chromosome D) proteasome E) mitochondria Answer: B

65) MessengerRNAisvitaltothecellbecause A) mRNAcanleavethenucleus. B) mRNAcannotleavethenucleus. C) DNAcanleavethenucleus. D) DNAcannotleavethenucleus. E) bothAandD Answer: E

66) ThefunctionalunitsofDNAthatcontaintheinstructionsformakingoneormoreproteinsare A) chromosomes. B) genes. C) ribosomes. D) codons. E) RNA. Answer: B

67) Specificproteinsaremanufacturedthroughtheinteractionof________and________. A) multipleenzymes;threetypesofRNA B) multipleenzymes;twotypesofRNA C) multiplecarbohydrates;threetypesofDNA D) multipleproteins;threetypesofDNA E) multipleenzymes;threetypesofDNA Answer: A

68) Whichofthesetransportprocessesalwaysrequiresmetabolicenergy? A) diffusion B) carrier-mediatedtransport C) vesiculartransport D) freelypermeable E) impermeable Answer: C

69) Theskinswellsandpuckersduringalongbath.Thissuggeststhatbathwaterisa(n)________fluid. A) isotonic B) hypotonic C) hypertonic D) diffusion E) toxic Answer: B

70) Redbloodcellshrinkageisto________ascellburstingisto________. A) crenation;hemolysis B) lysis;crenation C) hypotonic;isotonic D) isotonic;hypotonic E) isotonic;hypertonic Answer: A

71) Twotypesofvesiculartransportinclude A) endocytosisandretrocytosis. B) endocytosisandexocytosis. C) exocytosisandretrocytosis. D) pinocytosisandactivetransport. E) passivediffusionandactivediffusion. Answer: B

72) Adefensecellengulfingabacteriumillustrates A) pinocytosis. B) endocytosis. C) exocytosis. D) phagocytosis. E) receptor-mediatedendocytosis. Answer: D

73) Duringmitosis,twodaughtercellsform,eachofwhichhas A) adifferentnumberofchromosomesthantheoriginalcell. B) twiceasmanychromosomesastheoriginalcell. C) thesamenumberofchromosomesastheoriginalcell. D) alessernumberofchromosomesthantheoriginalcell. E) halfasmanychromosomesastheoriginalcell. Answer: C

74) AunitinmessengerRNAconsistingofasetofthreeconsecutivenucleotidesistermeda(n) A) aminoacid. B) tRNA. C) anticodon. D) codon. E) gene. Answer: D

75) Animpermeablecarbohydratethatisoftenadministeredtopatientssufferingbloodlossis A) salinesolution. B) saltsolution. C) glucose. D) isotonicsaline. E) dextran. Answer: E

76) Analternatetermfortumoris A) neoplasm. B) cytoplasm. C) benignmalignancy. D) primarymetastasis. E) nucleoplasm. Answer: A

77) WhatisthefirstpartofthecellthatisaffectedwhenthepHofextracellularfluidchanges? A) nucleus B) nucleolus C) thecytosol D) plasmalemma E) cytoskeleton Answer: D

78) Whichformofendoplasmicreticulummodifiesandpackagesnewlysynthesizedproteins? A) ribosomalendoplasmicreticulum B) proteosomesreticulum C) raisedendoplasmicreticulum D) smoothendoplasmicreticulum E) roughendoplasmicreticulum Answer: E

79) WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheGolgiapparatusisfalse? A) receivestransportvesiclesfromtheRER B) sendstransportvesiclestotheRER C) produceslysosomes D) suppliesnewmembranecomponents E) producessecretoryvesicles Answer: B

80) Whichphaseofthecellcyclehasthemostvariableduration? A) Sphase B) G0 phase C) G1 phase D) G2 phase E) Vphase Answer: B

81) Microtubuleshavewhichofthefollowingfunctions? A) Theyformstructuralcomponentsoforganelles. B) Theymovechromosomesduringcelldivision. C) Theyprovideamechanismforchangingthecellshape. D) Molecularmotorsmovealongthem. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

82) Theendoplasmicreticulumisresponsiblefor A) drugandtoxinneutralization. B) lipidsynthesis. C) proteinsynthesis. D) alloftheabove E) bothAandC Answer: D

83) Asubstancecontainingatomsofdifferentelementsthatarebondedtogetheriscalleda(n) A) molecule. B) compound. C) mixture. D) isotope. E) solution. Answer: B

84) Specialcatalyticmoleculescalled________controlchemicalreactionsinthehumanbody. A) enzymes B) cytozymes C) DNA D) ribosomes E) cytochromes Answer: A

85) Allorganiccompoundsinthehumanbodycontainallofthefollowingelements,except A) hydrogen. B) oxygen. C) carbon. D) calcium. E) bothAandD Answer: D

86) Whichofthefollowingisnotafunctionofprotein? A) support B) transport C) metabolicregulation D) storageofgeneticinformation E) movement Answer: D

87) Whichoffollowingpropertiesofthecytoskeletonisfalse? A) supportsorganelles B) controlscellshape C) providescellstrength D) madeofcytobones E) movesorganelles Answer: D

88) Whichoffollowingpropertiesofmicrotubulesistrue? A) madeofmyosin B) madeofactin C) foundonlyintheterminalweb D) anothertermformicrofilaments E) interactwithdyneinandkinesin Answer: E

89) Hemolysismayoccurwhenabloodcellisplacedinto A) isotonicsolution. B) hypertonicsolution. C) hypotonicsolution. D) merotonicsolution. E) homotonicsolution. Answer: C

90) IfacelllackedtheenzymeDNApolymerase,itcouldnot A) formprotein. B) formcomplementarysequencesofDNA. C) linksegmentsofDNAtogether. D) formspindlefibers. E) formanewnuclearmembraneduringtelophase. Answer: B

91) Comparedtotheextracellularfluid,cytosolcontains A) ahigherconcentrationofpotassiumions. B) alowerconcentrationofdissolvedproteins. C) almostnoglycogen. D) ahigherconcentrationofaminoacids. E) almostnolipids. Answer: A

92) Microfilaments A) areusuallycomposedofmyosin. B) arehollow,filamentousstructures. C) anchorthecytoskeletontointegralproteinsofthecellmembrane. D) interactwithfilamentscomposedoftubulintoproducemusclecontractions. E) arefoundinthecytoplasmradiatingawayfromthecentrosome. Answer: C

93) Ifananimalcelllackedcentrioles,itwouldnotbeableto A) move. B) synthesizeproteins. C) produceDNA. D) metabolizesugars. E) formthemitoticspindle. Answer: E

94) Eachofthefollowingstatementsconcerningmitochondriaistrue,except one.Identifytheexception. A) Thecristaeincreasetheinnersurfaceareaoftheorganelle. B) Thematrixcontainsmetabolicenzymesinvolvedinenergyproduction. C) Respiratoryenzymesareattachedtothesurfaceofthecristae. D) ThemitochondriacontainnoDNA. E) ThemitochondriaproducemostofacellsATP. Answer: D

95) Eachofthefollowingisafunctionofsmoothendoplasmicreticulum,except A) storageandreleaseofcalciumions. B) modificationofprotein. C) synthesisofsteroidhormones. D) synthesisoftriglycerides. E) detoxificationofdrugs. Answer: B

96) ThefollowingisalistofthestepsinvolvedintheprocessofsecretionbytheGolgiapparatus. 1. Materialmovesfromcisternatocisternabymeansoftransfervesicles. 2. Exocytosis. 3. ProductsfromRERarepackagedintotransportvesicles. 4. Secretoryvesiclesareformedatthematuringface. 5. Vesiclesarriveattheformingface. 6. Enzymesmodifyarrivingproteinsandglycoproteins. Theproperorderfortheseis A) 5,6,1,4,2,3. B) 2,3,5,6,1,4. C) 4,3,1,6,5,2. D) 3,5,6,1,4,2. E) 1,3,6,4,2,5. Answer: D
97) Imaginetworigidchambersseparatedbyarigidmembranethatisfreelypermeabletowaterbutimpermeable toglucose.Side1containsa10percentglucosesolutionandside2containspurewater.Atequilibrium,what willbethesituation? A) Waterwillcontinuetomovefromside1toside2. B) Waterwillcontinuetomovefromside2toside1. C) Thehydrostaticpressurewillbehigherinside1. D) Thehydrostaticpressurewillbehigherinside2. E) Nowaytotellwhatthesituationwillbe. Answer: C
98) Iftheamountofchlorideioninbloodplasmaincreases,whichofthefollowingwouldinitiallyoccur? A) Thebloodosmoticpressurewillincrease. B) Thebloodosmoticpressurewilldecrease. C) Thebloodosmoticpressurewillstaythesame. D) Thebloodhydrostaticpressurewillincrease. E) Thebloodhydrostaticpressurewilldecrease. Answer: A

99) Iftheconcentrationofsodiumchlorideintheinterstitialfluidsurroundingcellsdecreasesandthe concentrationofothersolutesremainsconstant, A) thecellswillshrink. B) thecellswillswell. C) thefluidoutsideofthecellswillbecomeisotonic. D) thefluidoutsideofthecellswillbecomehypertonic. E) thecellswillnotchange. Answer: B

100) Assumethatthetransportofaparticularaminoacidacrosstheplasmalemmaisobserved(1)tooccuronly downitsconcentrationgradientand(2)toslowwhenasimilaraminoacidisaddedtotheextracellularfluid. Themovementoftheaminoacidthroughthemembraneismostlikelyby A) osmosis. B) diffusion. C) facilitateddiffusion. D) activetransport. E) pinocytosis. Answer: C
101) Generally,cellswithaverybriefinterphaseandlackingaG 0 phase A) arestemcells. B) donotexhibitcytokinesis. C) havebrieflifespans. D) arereproductivecells. E) lacktheenzymeDNApolymerase. Answer: A

102) Thereisadirectcorrelationbetweenthepotencyofageneralanestheticsuchasetheranditsabilityto A) dissolveinwater. B) dissolveinlipids. C) bindtoproteins. D) interactwithcarbohydrates. E) bindtoDNA. Answer: B

103) Cancercells A) areindistinguishablefromnormalbodycells. B) haveaslowmitoticrate. C) mayexhibitmetastasis. D) donotformneoplasms. E) generallyformbenigntumors. Answer: C

104) ThemRNAsequencethatiscomplementarytothesequenceATConDNAis A) ATC. B) TAG. C) UAG. D) AUG. E) AUC. Answer: C

105) TheanticodonforthetripletUCAis A) AGU. B) AGC. C) TCA. D) TGT. E) AGT. Answer: A

106) BeforethemRNAtranscribedfromagenecanbeusedtotranslateintoaprotein,itmustbe A) editedtoremoveintrons. B) editedtoremoveexons. C) transportedintothecytoplasm. D) bothAandC E) bothBandC Answer: D

107) Microscopicanalysisofatissuesampleindicatesthatitcontainsabundantmyosinandactinfilaments.This tissueisprobablyformedfrom A) nervecells. B) reproductivecells. C) bonecells. D) musclecells. E) livercells. Answer: D

108) Examinationofasampleofglandularcellsrevealsanextensivenetworkofsmoothendoplasmicreticulum. Whichofthefollowingisthelikeliestproductofthesecells? A) digestiveenzymes B) steroidhormones C) proteinhormones D) transportproteins E) antibodies Answer: B

109) Breathingfasteranddeepereliminatesmorecarbondioxidefromthebodythannormalbreathing.Underthese circumstances A) morecarbondioxidewilldiffuseoutoftheblood. B) morecarbondioxidewilldiffuseintotheblood. C) lesscarbondioxidewilldiffuseoutoftheblood. D) lesscarbondioxidewilldiffuseintotheblood. E) theamountofcarbondioxidediffusionwillremainunchanged. Answer: A

110) Amembranetransportprocessisfoundexperimentallytohaveasaturationlimit.Whichofthefollowingisa possiblepropertyoftheprocess? A) energy-dependent B) carrier-mediated C) cotransport D) activetransport E) alloftheabove Answer: E

111) Inaseriesofmeasurementsofrestingtransmembranepotentials,thefollowingvalueswererecorded.Which oneislikeliesttobeanerror? A) 10mV B) 20mV C) 40mV D) 70mV E) +100mV Answer: E

112) Mitosisistosomaticcellsasmeiosisisto A) visceralcells. B) reproductivecells. C) plantcells. D) sensorycells. E) stemcells. Answer: B

Figure3-1TheAnatomyofaRepresentativeCell UseFigure3-1toanswerthefollowingquestion(s): 113) Whichstructureorganizesthemitoticspindleduringcelldivision? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5 E) 6 Answer: B

114) Synthesisofcarbohydratesandlipidsoccursinthestructurelabeled A) 4. B) 5. C) 6. D) 7. E) 8. Answer: D

115) WhichstructureproducesATPforthecell? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5 E) 6 Answer: C

116) Whichorganellerenewsthecellmembraneandmodifiesandpackagesproteinsforsecretion? A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8 Answer: E

117) Thestructurelabeled1permitsthecellto A) attachtoneighboringcells. B) producemorecells. C) increasesurfaceareaforincreasedmembranetransport. D) swiminextracellularfluid. E) trapbacteria. Answer: C

Figure3-2ThePlasmalemma UseFigure3-2toanswerthefollowingquestion(s): 118) Whichstructureiswatermostlikelytopassthrough? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 8 Answer: B

119) Whichstructurehasagatetocontroltransport? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 7 E) 8 Answer: E

120) Microfilamentsarelabeled A) 1. B) 2. C) 3. D) 5. E) 6. Answer: D

121) Lipidmoleculespassintothecellthroughthestructurelabeled A) 1. B) 2. C) 3. D) 5. E) 6. Answer: A

122) Whatpartoftheplasmalemmaishydrophobic? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 6 Answer: C

1) Thecytoplasmcontainsthefluid________andthesuspended________. Answer: cytosol;organelles
2) Massesofinsolublematerialthataresometimesfoundincytosolareknownas________. Answer: inclusions

3) ________cellsareallofthecellsofthebodyexceptthereproductivecells(spermandoocytes). Answer: Somatic

4) Theendoplasmicreticulumisanexampleofa(n)________organelle. Answer: membranous

5) Theextracellularfluidinmosttissuesiscalledthe________fluid. Answer: interstitial

6) Ciliaandflagellacontain9pairsof________surroundingacentralpair. Answer: microtubules

7) Ribosomesarecomposedofproteinand________. Answer: rRNA

8) Thenucleusissurroundedbythe________. Answer: nuclearenvelope

9) TransferofmRNAfromthenucleustothecytosoloccursthrough________. Answer: nuclearpores

10) Amoleculeof________containsallthecodonsneededtoproduceaparticularpolypeptide. Answer: mRNA

11) Theenzyme________isrequiredforthesynthesisofmRNA. Answer: RNApolymerase

12) Aminoacidsaretransferredtotheribosometobeincorporatedintoagrowingpolypeptidechainby________. Answer: tRNA

13) Duringthesynthesisofproteins,aminoacidsareassembledinthepropersequencebecauseeachtRNA moleculethatbringsthemtotheribosomehasa(n)________thatbindstoacomplementarycodoninthe mRNA. Answer: anticodon

14) Thestartofeachgenebeginswitha________segment. Answer: promoter

15) A(n)________isaseriesofribosomesattachedtothesamemRNA. Answer: polyribosomeorpolysome

16) ________arepermanentalterationsinacellsDNAthataffectthenucleotidesequenceofoneormoregenes. Answer: Mutations

17) Apointmutationinvolvesachangein________. Answer: asinglenucleotide

18) Incellsthatarenotdividing,chromosomesuncoiltoformatangleoffinefibersknownas________. Answer: chromatin

19) ________channelscanopenorclosetoregulatethepassageofmaterialsthroughthecellmembrane. Answer: Gated

20) The________ofamembraneindicateshoweasyitisforsubstancestocross. Answer: permeability

21) Cellmembranesaresaidtobe________becausetheyallowsomesubstancestopassbutnotothers. Answer: selectivelypermeable

22) Membrane-boundproteinsthatusemetabolicenergytomoveionsacrosstheplasmalemmaarecalled ________. Answer: ionpumps

23) In________onesubstanceistransportedintothecell,andanotheristransportedout. Answer: countertransportorantiport

24) Receptormoleculesonthesurfaceofcellsbindspecificmoleculescalled,ingeneral,________. Answer: ligands

25) Wheneverpositiveandnegativeionshavebeenseparated,a(n)________willbeproduced. Answer: potentialdifference

26) Thepotentialdifferenceacrossthecellmembraneisknownasthe________. Answer: transmembranepotential

27) Thetransmembranepotentialinanundisturbedcelliscalledits________. Answer: restingmembranepotential

28) Nucleardivisionofsomaticcellsisknownas________. Answer: mitosis

29) ________istheprocessofduplicatingchromosomespriortocelldivision. Answer: Replication

30) Specialcellscalled________maintaintissuesbyunendingcyclesofcelldivision. Answer: stemcells

31) Theproperdistributionofacellsgeneticmaterialtotwodaughtercellsisaccomplishedbytheprocessof ________. Answer: mitosis

32) Thephysicalprocessbywhichasingleanimalcellseparatesintotwocellsiscalled________. Answer: cytokinesis

33) Theprocessbywhichcellsbecomespecializediscalled________. Answer: differentiation

34) A(n)________isamutantofaregulatorygenethatcausescancer. Answer: oncogene

35) ________referstoidentifyinganindividualonthebasisofrepetitivenucleotidesequencesinhisorherDNA. Answer: DNAfingerprinting

36) Amalignantneoplasmisoftencalleda(n)________. Answer: cancer

37) WriteoutthetermfortRNA. Answer: transferribonucleicacidortransferRNA

38) WriteoutthetermformRNA. Answer: messengerribonucleicacidormessengerRNA

39) WriteoutthetermforrRNA. Answer: ribosomalribonucleicacidorribosomalRNA

40) Achangeinanucleotidesequenceofageneistermeda(n)________. Answer: mutation

41) ________areresponsibleforidentifyinganddigestingdamagedordenaturedproteins. Answer: Proteasomes

42) The________typicallyconsistsoffiveorsixflattenedmembranousdiscscalledcisternae. Answer: Golgiapparatus

43) Recognitionkeepstheimmuneresponsefromattacking________,whilestillenablingittorecognizeand destroyinvadingpathogens. Answer: self

EssayQuestions
1) Whenapersonreceivesintravenousfluidstohelpbuildupbloodvolume,whyisitimportantforthefluidto beisotonic? Answer: Intravenousfluidsmustbeisotonictopreventthecellsfromlosingorgainingwater.Ifthesolutionwere hypertonic,thecellsofthebodywouldlosewater,shrink,andpossiblybeharmed.Ontheotherhand, theintroductionofhypotonicfluidwouldcausethecellstoswellandtissuestorupture.
2) IntravenousinjectionofKClcouldbefatal.Why? Answer: Increasingtheamountofpotassiumionintheextracellularfluidwouldresultinmorepotassium( + charges)enteringthecell,leadingtoarestingpotentialthatwasmorepositive.Thiswoulddisturbthe restingtransmembranepotential,upsettingmusclecontraction(heartandskeletalmuscles).

3) Howwouldaninhibitorofthesodium-potassiumexchangepumpaffecttherestingpotential? Answer: Themaintenanceofaproperrestingpotentialrequiresthesodium-potassiumexchangepump,anactive transportprocess.Withoutthepump,thecellwouldnotbeabletopumpthesodiumion( +charge)out andsothemembranepotentialwouldbecomemorepositive.

4) Defineosmosis. Answer: Osmosisisthetransferofwateracrossasemipermeablemembraneduetoadifferenceinconcentration ofimpermeablesolute.

5) A)Whatarethesimilaritiesbetweenfacilitateddiffusionandactivetransport?B)Whatarethedifferences? Answer: A)Bothprocessesusecarrierproteinsandexhibitsaturation.B)Facilitateddiffusionisdrivenbya concentrationgradient,doesnotconsumeATP,andsoispassive,whereasactivetransportisactive, consumesATP,andmoveasubstanceupitsconcentrationgradient.

6) Whatroledoesthesodium-potassiumexchangepumpplayinstabilizingtherestingmembranepotential? Answer: Byejectingsodiumionsfromthecytosolandabsorbingpotassiumionsfromtheextracellularfluid,the sodium-potassiumpumpmaintainstheKconcentrationgradientthatleadstoanegativeresting membranepotential.

7) Differentiatebetweentranscriptionandtranslation. Answer: Intranscription,RNApolymeraseusesthenucleotidesequenceonDNAtoconstructacomplementary strandofmRNA.Intranslation,ribosomesuseinformationcarriedbythemRNAstrandandtRNAto synthesizethecorrespondingpolypeptide.

8) Duringkidneydialysis,apersonsbloodispassedthroughabaththatcontainsseveralionsandmolecules.The bloodisseparatedfromthedialysisfluidbyamembranethatallowswater,smallions,andsmallmoleculesto pass,butdoesnotallowlargeproteinsorbloodcellstopass.Whatshouldthecompositionofdialysisfluidbe forittoremoveurea(asmallmolecule)withoutchangingthebloodvolume(removingwaterfromtheblood)? Answer: Forthedialysisfluidtoremoveureawithoutremovingwater,itshouldnotcontainurea.Becauseureais asmallmolecule,itwilldiffusethroughthedialysismembranefromanareaofhighconcentration(the blood)toanareaoflowconcentration(thedialysisfluid).Topreventanassociatedosmoticwater movement,thedialysisfluidshouldhaveanosmoticconcentrationsimilartothatofbloodplasma,but withhigherconcentrationsofsolutessuchasbicarbonateionsorglucose.Asureadiffusesintothe dialysisfluid,glucoseandbicarbonatediffuseintotheblood;asaresult,thesoluteconcentrations remaininbalanceandnoosmoticwatermovementoccurs.
9) Whichorganellesareinvolvedinmembraneflow?Tracetherouteofasingleintegralmembraneproteinfrom formationtoincorporationintotheplasmamembrane. Answer: Allmembranousorganellesareinvolvedinmembraneflow.ThosemostdirectlyassociatedaretheER, Golgiapparatus,secretoryvesicles,andplasmamembrane.Amembraneproteinwouldbesynthesized intheRER,thenflowthroughthecisternaetoatransportvesicle.Theretheproteinwillbemovedtothe formingfaceoftheGolgiapparatus,whereitwillslowlytravelupwardtowardthematuringface, usuallybecomingmodifiedalongtheway.OncereachingthematuringfaceoftheGolgiapparatus,the proteinwouldbeembeddedinthemembraneofasecretoryvesicleandtransportedtotheplasma membrane.Therethevesiclewillfusewiththemembrane,insertingtheproteininthecellmembrane.
Chapter4 TheTissueLevelofOrganization MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Whichoneofthefollowingisnotoneofthefourmaintissuecategories? A) muscletissue B) neuraltissue C) osseoustissue D) connectivetissue E) epithelialtissue Answer: C
2) Thetissuethatalwayshasatopandabottomis A) epithelialtissue. B) connectivetissue. C) muscletissue. D) basaltissue. E) apicaltissue. Answer: A

3) Functionsofepitheliaincludeallofthefollowing,except A) providingphysicalprotection. B) controllingpermeability. C) absorption. D) producingspecializedsecretions. E) supportingmusclecells. Answer: E

4) Epithelialcellsexhibitmodificationsthatadaptthemfor A) contraction. B) conduction. C) secretion. D) circulation. E) support. Answer: C

5) Epithelialcellsthatareadaptedforabsorptionorsecretionusuallyhave________attheirfreesurface. A) mitochondria B) cilia C) microvilli D) junctionalcomplexes E) Golgicomplexes Answer: C

6) Atypeofintercellularjunctionthatstopsmaterialsfromcrossinganepitheliumbetweencellsistermeda(n) A) occludingjunction. B) gapjunction. C) intermediatejunction. D) desmosome. E) anyoftheabove Answer: A

7) Deadskincellsareshedinthinsheetsbecausetheyareheldtogetherbyspotsofproteoglycanreinforcedby intermediatefilaments.Suchstrongintercellularconnectionsarecalled A) gapjunctions. B) intermediatejunctions. C) tightjunctions. D) desmosomes. E) junctionalcomplexes. Answer: D

8) Epitheliumisconnectedtounderlyingconnectivetissueby A) keratin. B) interfacialcanals. C) abasallamina. D) areticularlamina. E) proteoglycan. Answer: C

9) Thebasicshapesofepithelialcellsincludeallofthefollowing,except A) oval. B) squamous. C) cuboidal. D) columnar. E) bothAandB Answer: A

10) Mesotheliumistothebodycavitiesasendotheliumistothe A) kidneys. B) heartandbloodvessels. C) urinarybladder. D) mouth. E) largeintestine. Answer: B

11) Theepitheliathatlinebodycavitiesandbloodvesselsareclassifiedas A) simplesquamous. B) stratifiedsquamous. C) simplecuboidal. D) stratifiedcuboidal. E) transitional. Answer: A

12) Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutsimpleepitheliaisfalse? A) Theyaffordlittlemechanicalprotection. B) Theyarecharacteristicofregionswheresecretionorabsorptionoccurs. C) Theylineinternalcompartmentsandpassageways. D) Theycoversurfacessubjectedtomechanicalorchemicalstress. E) Theyareavascular. Answer: D

13) Atypeofepitheliumfoundwhereabsorptionorsecretiontakesplaceis________epithelium. A) simplesquamous B) simplecuboidal C) pseudostratifiedcolumnar D) simplecolumnar E) anyoftheabove Answer: E

14) Simplecuboidalepitheliumisfound A) atthesurfaceoftheskin. B) liningthetrachea. C) liningbloodvessels. D) formingthekidneytubules. E) liningtheairsacsofthelungs. Answer: D

15) Simplecolumnarepitheliaarefound A) liningtheurinarybladder. B) liningtheductsthatdrainsweatglands. C) liningkidneytubules. D) liningthestomach. E) atthesurfaceoftheskin. Answer: D

16) Transitionalepitheliumisfound A) liningtheurinarybladder. B) liningtheductsthatdrainsweatglands. C) liningkidneytubules. D) liningthestomach. E) atthesurfaceoftheskin. Answer: A

17) Theheartandbloodvesselsarelinedby A) pseudostratifiedcolumnarepithelium. B) transitionalepithelium. C) simplecuboidalepithelium. D) simplecolumnarepithelium. E) simplesquamousepithelium. Answer: E

18) Youwouldfindpseudostratifiedcolumnarepitheliumliningthe A) trachea. B) urinarybladder. C) secretoryportionsofthepancreas. D) surfaceoftheskin. E) stomach. Answer: A

19) Glandsthatsecretehormonesintotheinterstitialfluidare A) endocrineglands. B) interstitialglands. C) exocrineglands. D) merocrineglands. E) holocrineglands. Answer: A

20) Whichofthefollowingisatypeofsecretioninwhichsomecytoplasmislostwiththeproduct? A) holocrine B) merocrine C) apocrine D) mucus E) serous Answer: C

21) Connectivetissuefibersareproducedmainlyby A) fibroblasts. B) macrophages. C) adipocytes. D) mastcells. E) melanocytes. Answer: A

22) Cellsthatstorefatarecalled A) cellulocytes. B) macrocytes. C) adipocytes. D) podocytes. E) melanocytes. Answer: C

23) Looseconnectivetissuefunctionsinallofthefollowingways,except A) transportingsubstancesbetweencells. B) supportingepithelia. C) anchoringbloodvesselsandnerves. D) storingtriacylglycerols. E) fillingspacesbetweenorgans. Answer: A

24) Theframeworkorstromaoforganssuchasthespleen,liver,andlymphnodesismadeupof________tissue. A) looseconnective B) regulardenseconnective C) irregulardenseconnective D) reticularconnective E) adipose Answer: D

25) Thedominantfibertypeindenseconnectivetissueis A) collagen. B) elastin. C) actin. D) myosin. E) connectin. Answer: A

26) Eachofthefollowingisanexampleofdenseconnectivetissue, except A) tendons. B) ligaments. C) aponeuroses. D) areolartissue. E) elastictissue. Answer: D

27) Tissuesthatprovidestrengthandsupportforareassubjectedtostressesfrommanydirectionsare A) tendons. B) ligaments. C) denseirregularconnectivetissues. D) reticulartissues. E) areolartissue. Answer: C

28) Whattypeofcellmakesupalmosthalfthevolumeofblood? A) erythrocyte B) leukocyte C) platelet D) monocyte E) phagocyte Answer: A

29) Chondroitinsulfateisabundantinthematrixof A) epithelialtissue. B) cartilage. C) areolartissue. D) elasticconnectivetissue. E) adiposetissue. Answer: B

30) Chondrocytesaretocartilageasosteocytesareto A) blood. B) epithelium. C) fat. D) bone. E) neuraltissue. Answer: D

31) Cartilageisseparatedfromsurroundingtissuesbyafibrous A) perichondrium. B) lacunae. C) periosteum. D) canaliculi. E) matrix. Answer: A

32) Themostcommontypeofcartilageis________cartilage. A) ligamentous B) hyaline C) elastic D) fibrous E) osseous Answer: B

33) Osseoustissueisalsocalled A) cartilage. B) fat. C) cellulite. D) bone. E) ligament. Answer: D

34) Whichofthefollowingmembraneslinecavitiesthatcommunicatewiththeexteriorofthebody? A) mucous B) serous C) cutaneous D) synovial E) pleural Answer: A

35) Thereductionoffrictionbetweentheparietalandvisceralsurfacesofaninternalcavityisthefunctionof A) cutaneousmembranes. B) mucousmembranes. C) serousmembranes. D) synovialmembranes. E) thelaminapropria. Answer: C

36) Theserousmembraneliningtheabdominalcavityisthe A) pleura. B) peritoneum. C) pericardium. D) periosteum. E) perichondrium. Answer: B

37) Whichofthesereferstothedenseconnectivetissuethatsurroundsamuscleandblendswiththetendon? A) superficialfascia B) hypodermis C) deepfascia D) subserousfascia E) subcutaneouslayer Answer: C

38) Tissuethatisspecializedforcontractionis________tissue. A) looseconnective B) denseconnective C) epithelial D) nerve E) muscle Answer: E

39) Satellitecellsarefoundinassociationwith A) skeletalmuscle. B) smoothmuscle. C) cardiacmuscle. D) involuntarymuscle. E) bothCandD Answer: A

40) Themuscletissuethatshowsnostriationsis________muscle. A) skeletal B) cardiac C) smooth D) voluntary E) multinucleated Answer: C

41) Tissuethatisspecializedfortheconductionofelectricalimpulsesis________tissue. A) connective B) neural C) areolar D) osseous E) epithelial Answer: B

42) Allofthefollowingaretrueofneurons,except that A) whenmature,theylosetheabilitytodivide. B) theyconductanervousimpulse. C) theyarecomposedofasomaandaxon. D) theyareaveryspecializedformofconnectivetissue. E) theyareseparatedfromoneanotherbysynapses. Answer: D

43) Tissuechangeswithageincludeallofthefollowing,except A) lessefficienttissuemaintenance. B) proliferationofepidermalcells. C) thinnerepithelia. D) morefragileconnectivetissues. E) decreasedabilitytorepairtissuedamage. Answer: B

44) Whichofthefollowingtermsreferstoareversiblechangeinthenormalshape,size,andorganizationoftissue cells? A) metaplasia B) metastasis C) dysplasia D) anaplasia E) inflammation Answer: C

45) Germinativecells A) startinthesuperficiallayersofepithelialtissue. B) cannotdivide. C) makeupmostoftheepithelialtypeoftissue. D) dividecontinuallytoproducenewepithelialcells. E) cannotfunctionintherepairofepithelialtissue. Answer: D

46) Cellsthatarespecializedforsecretion A) haveafreesurfacethatisflat. B) haveasmallnucleus. C) areusuallysquamous. D) exhibitpolarity. E) arefoundonlyinthedigestivesystem. Answer: D

47) Wateryperspirationisanexampleofa(n)________secretion. A) merocrine B) apocrine C) holocrine D) serous E) mucous Answer: A

48) Thepancreasproduces________secretions. A) serous B) mucous C) merocrine D) exocrineandendocrine E) secretory Answer: D

49) Unicellularexocrineglandssecrete A) milk. B) sweat. C) mucus. D) sebum. E) insulin. Answer: C

50) Aglandformedbycellsarrangedinablindpocketwithasingleunbranchedductwouldbecalled A) simpletubular. B) simpleacinar. C) compoundtubular. D) compoundalveolar. E) tubuloacinar. Answer: B

51) Cellsthatengulfbacteriaorcelldebriswithinlooseconnectivetissueare A) fibroblasts. B) macrophages. C) adipocytes. D) mastcells. E) melanocytes. Answer: B

52) Duringaninflammatoryresponsetoinjury,whichofthefollowingistheleast likelyintheregionoftheinjury? A) increaseinbasophils B) increaseinhistamine C) increaseinbloodflow D) palecoldskin E) swelling Answer: D

53) Antibodiesareproducedby A) macrophages. B) microphages. C) plasmocytes. D) mastcells. E) fibroblasts. Answer: C

54) Cellsthatrespondtoinjurybydividingtoassistinconnectivetissuerepairare A) mastcells. B) fibroblasts. C) plasmocytes. D) mesenchymalstemcells. E) lymphocytes. Answer: D

55) Unlikecartilage,bone A) isaconnectivetissue. B) hasamatrixthatcontainscollagen. C) ishighlyvascular. D) hasanoutercovering. E) hascellswithinlacunae. Answer: C

56) Adhesionsofabdominopelvicorgansoccurwhen A) serousmembranesaredamaged. B) synovialmembranesaredamaged. C) muscleisdamaged. D) nervecellsaredamaged. E) anyoftheabove Answer: A

57) Whichofthefollowingstatementsabouttissueswellingthatoccursduringinflammationistrue? A) triggeredbyheparin B) triggeredbyhistamine C) causedbyincreasedendothelialpermeability D) bothAandC E) bothBandC Answer: E

58) Characteristicsofepitheliainclude A) attachment. B) avascularity. C) regeneration. D) polarity. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

59) Epitheliaspecializedforprovidingsensationsofsmell,taste,sight,equilibrium,andhearingareknownas A) neuroepithelia. B) psychoepithelia. C) neuropsychoepithelia. D) multilaminarepithelia. E) protectiveepithelia. Answer: A

60) Secretionsthroughaductmightprovide________,whereasductlesssecretionsactas________. A) lubrication;lubricators B) enzymes;hormones C) transportmedia;physicalprotectors D) superficialrelief;interstitialfluid E) odors;alarms Answer: B

61) Thejunctiontypethatletsneighboringcellsexchangesmallmoleculesisthe A) desmosome. B) hemidesmosome. C) gapjunction. D) tightjunction. E) zonulaadherens. Answer: C

62) Thestudyofcellsshedfromepithelialsurfaces,oftenfordiagnosticpurposes,istermed A) histology. B) physiology. C) anatomy. D) embryology. E) exfoliativecytology. Answer: E

63) ThePaptestforcervicalcancerutilizes A) histology. B) physiology. C) anatomy. D) embryology. E) exfoliativecytology. Answer: E

64) Endocrineglandsemptytheirproductsinto________andarereferredtoas________glands,whileexocrine glandsecretionsemptyinto________orontosurfaces. A) cells;cellular;interstitialfluid B) interstitialfluid;ducted;cells C) interstitialfluid;ducted;interstitialfluid D) interstitialfluid;ductless;ducts E) ducts;ducted;interstitialfluid Answer: D

65) Thethreetypesofconnectivetissueinclude A) connectivetissueproper,fluidconnectivetissues,andsupportingconnectivetissues. B) epithelial,muscle,andneural. C) glandular,exocrine,andendocrine. D) AandConly E) alloftheabove Answer: A

66) Damagetoajointcartilageisaffectingwhichtypeoftissue? A) fluidconnectivetissue B) denseconnectivetissue C) supportingconnectivetissue D) looseconnectivetissue E) adiposetissue Answer: C

67) Twoclassesofmacrophagesinclude A) mesenchymalcellsandmelanocytes. B) mastcellsandbasophils. C) fixedmacrophagesandfreemacrophages. D) neutrophilsandeosinophils. E) microphagesandadipocytes. Answer: C

68) Twotypesofmicrophagesinclude A) mesenchymalcellsandmelanocytes. B) mastcellsandbasophils. C) fixedmacrophagesandfreemacrophages. D) neutrophilsandeosinophils. E) microphagesandadipocytes. Answer: D

69) Whartonsjellyisaformof A) Marfanssyndrome. B) mucousconnectivetissue. C) groundsubstance. D) collagenfibers. E) bothCandD Answer: B

70) Whitefatisfoundin________,whilebrownfatisfoundin________. A) adults;infants B) infants;adults C) adolescents;adults D) men;women E) women;men Answer: A

71) ________attachskeletalmusclestobones,and________connectonebonetoanother. A) Ligaments;tendons B) Ligaments;aponeuroses C) Tendons;ligaments D) Aponeuroses;tendons E) Reticulartissues;tendons Answer: C

72) Instratifiedepitheliaadaptedtoresistmechanicalforces,whichofthefollowingtypesofcell-to-celljunctions areespeciallyabundant? A) tightjunctions B) basolateraljunctions C) gapjunctions D) hemidesmosomes E) desmosomes Answer: E

73) Thethreetypesofproteinfibersinconnectivetissueare A) tendons,ligaments,andelasticligaments. B) loose,dense,andirregular. C) cartilage,bone,andcollagen. D) collagen,reticular,andelastic. E) polar,cellular,andpermeable. Answer: D

74) Intercalateddiscsandpacemakercellsarecharacteristicof A) smoothmuscletissue. B) cardiacmuscletissue. C) skeletalmuscletissue. D) A,B,andC E) noneoftheabove Answer: B

75) Whichtypeofconnectivetissueisfoundbetweentheribsandthesternum,orsupportingthetrachea? A) areolar B) hyalinecartilage C) elastic D) fibrous E) denseregular Answer: B

76) Whichofthefollowingconnectivetissuecellsproducescollagen? A) adipocytes B) fibroblasts C) macrophage D) mastcell E) lymphocyte Answer: B

77) Closeexaminationofanorganrevealsaliningofseverallayersofcells.Thelayersdonotcontainanyblood vesselsandonesurfaceofthecellsisopentotheinternalcavityoftheorgan.Thistissueisprobably A) epithelium. B) muscletissue. C) connectivetissue. D) neuraltissue. E) fattissue. Answer: A

78) Examinationofatissuesamplerevealsgroupsofcellsunitedbyjunctionalcomplexesandinterlocking membranes.Thecellshaveonefreesurfaceandlackbloodvessels.Thetissueismostlikely________tissue. A) muscle B) neural C) epithelial D) connective E) adipose Answer: C

79) Microscopicexaminationofatissuerevealsalooseframeworkoffibersembeddedinalargevolumeoffluid groundsubstanceandadipocytesandmastcellsfibers.Thistissuewouldmostlikelyhavecomefromthe A) innerwallofabloodvessel. B) lungs. C) spleen. D) superficialfasciabetweenskinandmuscle. E) bonysocketoftheeye. Answer: D

1) Theepitheliumthatlinesthebodycavitiesisknownas________. Answer: mesothelium
2) Theliningoftheheartandbloodvesselsiscalled________. Answer: endothelium

3) ________isthefluidcomponentofconnectivetissue. Answer: Groundsubstance

4) Thecombinationoffibersandgroundsubstanceinsupportingconnectivetissuesisknownas________. Answer: matrix

5) Thewateryfluidcomponentofbloodiscalled________. Answer: plasma

6) Epitheliaandconnectivetissuescombinetoform________thatcoverandprotectotherstructuresandtissues inthebody. Answer: bodymembranes

7) Thelooseconnectivetissuecomponentofamucousmembraneiscalledthe________. Answer: laminapropria

8) ________functiontopropagateelectricalsignalsfromoneplacetoanother. Answer: Neurons

9) Thebodysfirsttissueresponsetoanyinjuryis________. Answer: inflammation

10) Thestudyoftissuesiscalled________. Answer: histology

11) Glandcellsproduce________. Answer: secretions

12) ________support,protect,andnourishnervecells. Answer: Neuroglia

13) ________secretionsarereleasedbytheglandcellsintotheinterstitialspace. Answer: Endocrine

14) Defensecellsinbloodarecalledwhitebloodcellsor________. Answer: leucocytes

15) Antiangiogenesisfactorisachemicalproducedby________thatblocksthegrowthofbloodvessels. Answer: chondrocytes

16) Growthofcartilagebyaccumulationofmatrixaroundchondrocytesiscalled________growth. Answer: interstitial

17) In________growth,cartilagegrowswiderorthickerindiameter. Answer: appositional

18) Accumulationoffluidintheperitonealcavityasaresultofliverorkidneydisease,malnutrition,orheart failureisknownas________. Answer: ascites

19) Theprocessoflactation(milkproduction)dependsonbothmerocrineand________secretionbymammary glandepithelialcells. Answer: apocrine

20) Nametwocelltypesthatcontainhistamineandheparin. Answer: mastcellsandbasophils

21) Lymphocytescandevelopintocellsthatsecretedefenseproteinsagainstdisease.Thesecellsaretermed ________,whiletheseproteinsarecalled________. Answer: plasmocytes;antibodies

22) Thethreekindsofformedelementsinbloodare________,________,and________. Answer: redcells,whitecells,andplatelets

23) Identifythethreemajorsubdivisionsofextracellularfluidfoundinthebody. Answer: plasma,interstitialfluid,andlymph

24) Interstitialfluidthatentersalymphaticvesselistermed________. Answer: lymph

25) Anepithelialcellcanbedividedintotwofunctionalregions.Theyarethe________andthe________. Answer: apicalsurface;basolateralsurface

26) Aherniateddiscisaninjuryofthepadsofcartilagebetweenthevertebraeinwhichthecartilagebulgesfrom normalposition.Whattypeofcartilageisaffected? Answer: fibrouscartilage

27) Matchtheepithelium,listedontheleft,withtheorganwhereitisfound. 1. Simplecuboidalepithelium 2. Stratifiedsquamousepithelium 3. Transitionalepithelium Answer: 1-B;2-C;3-A

A) ureters B) thyroidgland C) tongue
True/FalseQuestions
1) Allfourtypesofbodytissuearefoundinaskeletalmuscle. Answer: TRUE
2) Thebodysmostdelicatetypeofepitheliumisthesquamousepithelium. Answer: FALSE

EssayQuestions
1) Whattypeofepitheliumwouldyouexpecttofindliningthealveoli(airsacs)inthelungs? Answer: Sinceairmustdiffusefromthealveoliintothebloodstream,youwouldexpecttofindverythincells,or squamousepithelium.Thickertypesofepithelialcellswouldslowtheprocessofgasdiffusiontoand fromtheblood.
2) AnalysisofaglandularsecretionindicatesthatitcontainssomeDNA,RNA,andmembranecomponentssuch asphospholipids.Whatkindofsecretionisthisandwhy? Answer: ThepresenceofDNA,RNA,andmembranecomponentssuggestthatthecellwasdestroyedduringthe processofsecretion.Thisisconsistentwithaholocrinetypeofsecretion.

3) Comparethethreetypesofmuscletissue.Listthreesimilaritiesandthreedifferencesamongthem. Answer: Similarities:Allhavecontractileproteins;skeletalandcardiachavestriations;cardiacandsmoothare involuntary;cardiacandsmoothareuninucleate. Differences:Skeletalisvoluntary;cardiachasintercalateddiscs;smoothisnonstriated;skeletalis multinucleate.

4) Cartilagehealspoorlyandinmanyinstancesdoesnothealorrecoveratallafterasevereinjury.Whynot? Answer: Cartilagelacksbloodvessels,becausechondrocytesproduceasubstancethatinhibitstheformationof bloodvessels.Thislimitsnutrientandoxygendelivery.Furthermore,adultchondrocytesareterminally differentiatedandcantdivide.Bothavascularityandlackofcelldivisioncombinetominimizecartilage healing.

5) Whyiscardiacmuscletissuethathasbeendamagedbyinjuryordiseaseincapableofregeneration? Answer: Cardiacmusclecantregeneratebecauseitcontainsnostemcells(satellitecells).Sincematurecardiac musclecellscantdivide,thereisnobasisfortissueregeneration.

6) Abiologystudentaccidentallylosesthelabelsoftwopreparedslidessheisstudying.Oneisaslideofan intestine,theotherofanesophagus.Youvolunteertohelphersortthemout.Howwouldyoudecidewhich slideiswhich? Answer: Becauseanimalintestineismodifiedforabsorption,youwouldlookforaslidethatshowsasinglelayer ofepitheliumliningthecavity.Thecellswouldbecuboidalorcolumnarandwouldprobablyhave microvillionthesurfacetoincreasesurfacearea.Becausetheesophagusreceivesundigestedfood,it wouldhaveastratifiedepitheliumconsistingofsquamouscellstoprotectit.

7) Whatisthedifferencebetweenneuronsandneuroglia? Answer: Neuronsarespecializedtorespondtochemicalandelectricalsignalsandcommunicatebypropagating anelectricimpulsealongtheiraxon.Neurogliaareadiversegroupofcelltypeswithinneuraltissuethat support,nourish,andprotectneurons.

8) Duringtheinflammatoryprocess,bloodvesselsdilate.Whatdoesthisaccomplish? Answer: Itallowsforincreasedbloodflowfordeliveryofnutrients,oxygen,anddefensecellsandproteinsand fortheremovalofwasteproductsanddebrisfromthesiteofinjury.

9) Harriethadliposuctionseveralyearsago,buthassincegainedbackalltheweightlostthroughtheprocedure. Shedoesnotunderstandherweightgainbecauseadipocytesareincapableofdividing.Provideaplausible explanation. Answer: Whileitistruethatadipocytesdonotdivideandthenumberoffatcellsinperipheraltissuesislimited, mesenchymalcellscandivideandgiverisetocellsthatdifferentiateintofatcells.Thus,areolar connectivetissuecanbecomeadiposetissueintimesofnutritionalexcess.Alongwiththis,thefatcells thatremainaftersurgerycanenlargebystoringmoretriglycerideifthepatientcontinuestoovereat.

10) Whichislikelytohealfaster,aboneinjuryoracartilageinjury?Why? Answer: Boneinjurieshealrelativelyquicklybecauseofthegoodnutrientsupplybywayofnearbybloodvessels andthecanaliculi,whereascartilageissuppliednutrientsviadiffusionfromtheoutside,afarslower process.

11) Explainwhysunburnedskinpeelsratherthanbeingshedasapowder. Answer: Theabundantdesmosomesbetweencellsinthesuperficiallayersoftheskinholdthecellstogetherasa sheetinsteadoflooselyorganizedcells.

12) Indicateanadvantageforhavingsimpleratherthanstratifiedepitheliumliningthegas-exchangesurfacesof thelungs. Answer: Theepitheliaarethin,keepingdiffusiondistancebetweenbloodandairspacestoaminimum.This speedsgasexchangeacrossthelayers.

Chapter5 TheIntegumentarySystem MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Eachofthefollowingisafunctionoftheintegumentarysystem, except A) protectionofunderlyingtissue. B) excretionofsaltsandwastes. C) maintenanceofbodytemperature. D) synthesisofvitaminC. E) provisionofsensation. Answer: D
2) Thetwocomponentsoftheintegumentarysystemarethe A) epidermisanddermis. B) cutaneousmembraneandhypodermis. C) cutaneousmembraneandaccessorystructures. D) integumentandhypodermis. E) epidermisandsuperficialfascia. Answer: C

3) Accessorystructuresoftheskinincludeallofthefollowing,except A) hairfollicles. B) sebaceousglands. C) sweatglands. D) epidermis. E) nails. Answer: D

4) Thetypeofcellsthatformthestrataintheepidermisare A) adipocytes. B) keratinocytes. C) fibroblasts. D) melanocytes. E) dendriticcells. Answer: B

5) Thelayerofdividingcellsatthebaseoftheepidermisisthe A) stratumcorneum. B) stratumlucidum. C) stratumgerminativum. D) stratumgranulosum. E) stratumspinosum. Answer: C

6) Thetoughhornysuperficiallayeroftheepidermisisknownasthe A) stratumcorneum. B) stratumlucidum. C) stratumgerminativum. D) stratumgranulosum. E) stratumspinosum. Answer: A

7) Largequantitiesofkeratinarefoundintheepidermallayercalledthe A) stratumcorneum. B) stratumlucidum. C) stratumgerminativum. D) stratumgranulosum. E) stratumspinosum. Answer: A

8) Waterlossduetoevaporationoffluidthathaspenetratedthroughtheskinistermed________perspiration. A) sensible B) insensible C) latent D) active E) inactive Answer: B

9) Thelayeroftheepidermisthatcontainsabundantdesmosomesisthe A) stratumcorneum. B) stratumlucidum. C) stratumgerminativum. D) stratumgranulosum. E) stratumspinosum. Answer: E

10) Analbinoindividuallackstheabilitytoproduce A) melanin. B) keratin. C) carotene. D) perspiration. E) eleidin. Answer: A

11) Whichofthefollowingisnotaneffectofultravioletradiation? A) increasedactivitybymelanocytes B) productionofcholecalciferolwithinepidermalcells C) wrinkles D) chromosomaldamageingerminativecellsormelanocytes E) vitiligo Answer: E

12) Allofthefollowingaretrueofthepigmentmelanin,except thatit A) decreasesinconcentrationwithincellsduringexposuretothesun. B) isusuallysomeshadeofbrownorblack. C) protectsDNAfromthedamagingeffectsofUVradiation. D) increaseswithincreasedlevelsofthehormoneMSH. E) isproducedbycellscalledmelanocytes. Answer: A

13) Thelayeroftheskinthatcontainsthebloodvesselsandnervesthatareclosesttothesurfaceoftheskinisthe ________layer. A) papillary B) reticular C) epidermal D) subcutaneous E) hypodermal Answer: A

14) Thelayeroftheskinthatcontainsbundlesofcollagenandelasticfibersresponsibleforthestrengthoftheskin isthe________layer. A) papillary B) reticular C) epidermal D) subcutaneous E) hypodermal Answer: B

15) Allofthefollowingaretrueofthesubcutaneouslayer,except it A) containsmanybloodvessels. B) permitsindependentmovementofdeeperstructures. C) containslargeamountsofadiposetissue. D) isattachedtothedermisbyabasementmembrane. E) iswellsuppliedwithnervesthatpassintotheskin. Answer: D

16) Thelayerofhardkeratinthatcoatsthehairistermedthe A) medulla. B) cuticle. C) hairbulb. D) root. E) shaft. Answer: B

17) Variationsinhaircolorreflectdifferencesinthepigmentproducedby A) keratinocytes. B) melanocytes. C) dermalpapillae. D) softkeratin. E) carotenecells. Answer: B

18) Glandsthatdischargeanoilysecretionintohairfolliclesare________glands. A) ceruminous B) apocrinesweat C) merocrinesweat D) sebaceous E) mammary Answer: D

19) The________glandsintheaxillabecomeactiveatthetimeofpuberty. A) ceruminous B) apocrinesweat C) merocrinesweat D) sebaceous E) axillary Answer: B

20) Sensibleperspirationisproducedby________glands. A) ceruminous B) apocrinesweat C) merocrinesweat D) sebaceous E) mammary Answer: C

21) Earwaxisproducedby________glands. A) sebaceous B) apocrinesweat C) merocrinesweat D) ceruminous E) eccrinesweat Answer: D

22) Thehighestconcentrationofmerocrinesweatglandsisfound A) intheaxillae. B) onthechest. C) onthepalmsofthehands. D) ontheupperback. E) surroundingthegenitals. Answer: C

23) Allofthefollowingaretrueofperspirationproducedbymerocrinesweatglands,exceptthatit A) ismorethan99percentwater. B) containselectrolytesandwasteproducts. C) helpscoolthebodywhenitevaporates. D) helpstopreventbacteriafromcolonizingtheskin. E) producesthebodyodorcharacteristicofsweating. Answer: E

24) Merocrinesweatcontains________toprotectagainstbacteria. A) metabolicwastes B) water C) penicillin D) dermicidin E) organicnutrients Answer: D

25) Ricketscanbepreventedby A) adequatesunlight. B) dietaryintakeofcholecalciferol. C) avoidingsunlight. D) AorB E) BorC Answer: D

26) Thenailbodycoversthe A) nailroot. B) nailbed. C) lunula. D) freeedge. E) hyponychium. Answer: B

27) Nailproductionoccursatthenail A) body. B) bed. C) root. D) cuticle. E) hyponychium. Answer: C

28) Atthebaseofanail,keratinizedskincalledthecuticleisalsocalledthe A) eponychium. B) lunula. C) hyponychium. D) cerumen. E) phalanx. Answer: A

29) Achildwhoskinshiskneeinafallhasa(n) A) abrasion. B) laceration. C) puncture. D) incision. E) contusion. Answer: A

30) Thelayeroftheskinthatprovidesabarrieragainstbacteriaaswellaschemicalandmechanicalinjuriesisthe A) dermis. B) subcutaneouslayer. C) epidermis. D) stratumcorneum. E) sebumlayer. Answer: C

31) Inapenetratingwound,________dividetoproducemobilecellsthatrepairthedermis. A) granulationcells B) dendriticcells C) macrophages D) fibroblasts E) musclecells Answer: D

32) Therepairoftheepidermisafterawoundbeginsasbasalcellsproducenew A) elasticfibers. B) collagenfibers. C) reticularfibers. D) denseconnectivetissue. E) keratinocytes. Answer: E

33) Theeffectsofagingontheskininclude A) adeclineintheactivityofsebaceousglands. B) increasedproductionofvitaminD. C) thickeningoftheepidermis. D) anincreasedbloodsupplytothedermis. E) anincreasednumberofsweatglands. Answer: A

34) Animportantvitaminthatisformedintheskinwhenitisexposedtosunlightis A) vitaminA. B) vitaminB. C) vitaminC. D) vitaminD. E) vitaminE. Answer: D

35) Allofthefollowingaretrueofepidermalridges,except thatthey A) extendintothedermis. B) containincreasednumbersoffreenerveendings. C) causeridgepatternsonthesurfaceoftheskin. D) producepatternsthataredeterminedgenetically. E) interconnectwiththedermalpapillae. Answer: B

36) ________arecellsintheepidermisthatarepartoftheimmunesystem. A) Dendriticcells B) Basalcells C) Merkelcells D) Squamouscells E) Melanocytes Answer: A

37) VitaminD3 formedwithintheskinhasalloftheseeffectsonotherorgansystems, exceptthatit A) isessentialforabsorptionofcalciumandphosphorusbythedigestivesystem. B) functionsasaprecursorforthehormonecalcitriolintheendocrinesystem. C) isessentialforbonemaintenanceandgrowthoftheskeletalsystem. D) functionsintheactivationofinnominatecellsbythelymphaticsystem. E) isessentialformusclecontractionsofthemuscularsystem. Answer: D
38) Whenthearrectorpilimusclescontract, A) goosebumpsareformed. B) hairsareshed. C) sweatisreleasedfromsweatglands. D) shiveringoccurs. E) theskinchangescolor. Answer: A

39) Epidermalgrowthfactorexertswhichoftheseeffectsontheepidermis? A) promotescelldivision B) stimulateskeratinsynthesis C) acceleratestissuerepair D) speedsupglandularfunction E) alloftheabove Answer: E

40) Thetypeofburnthatmayrequireaskingraftisa A) first-degreeburn. B) second-degreeburn. C) full-thicknessburn. D) partial-thicknessburn. E) bothCandD Answer: C

41) Ifafair-skinnedpersonissunburned,whydoeshisorherskinturnred? A) Thebloodflowtotheskinincreases. B) Thenumberofredmelanocytesintheskinincreases. C) Melanocytesincreaseproductionofredpigments. D) Thebloodsupplytotheskindecreases. E) Increasedheatcausestheskintoturnred. Answer: A

42) Stretchmarksoccurwhen A) theskinisstretchedinnormalmovements. B) surgicalincisionsaremadeperpendiculartotheskinslinesofcleavage. C) theskinissoextensivelystretchedthatitselasticlimitsareexceeded. D) athletesoverextendamuscle. E) thehairfolliclesceasetoproducehairs. Answer: C

43) Ifthepapillaofahairfollicleisdestroyed, A) thehairproducedbythefolliclewillchangefromterminaltovellus. B) thecolorofthehairwillbecomelighter. C) thetextureofthehairwillbecomecoarser. D) thefolliclewillloseitsbloodsupply. E) hairproductionwillnotbeaffected. Answer: D

44) Eachofthefollowingstatementsconcerninghairistrue,except one.Identifytheexception. A) Themedullaisthesoftcoreofthehair. B) Thecortexofthehairiscomposedofhardkeratin. C) Terminalhairsareheavyandmoredarklypigmentedthanothertypesofhair. D) Clubhairishairthathasceasedgrowing. E) Scalphairsgrowconstantlythroughoutlife. Answer: E

45) Whenthehairfolliclesofthescalpshiftfromproducingterminalhairstoproducingclubhairs,________ occurs. A) baldness B) hirsutism C) puberty D) albinism E) senility Answer: A

46) Eachofthefollowingstatementsconcerningsebaceousglandsandsebumistrue,exceptone.Identifythe exception. A) Mostsebaceousglandsarecoiledtubularglands. B) Mostsebaceousglandsopenintohairfollicles. C) Sebumfunctionstolubricatethehairandskin. D) Sebumcanfunctionasanantibiotic. E) Acneinvolvesinflammationofsebaceousglands. Answer: A

47) Merocrinesweatglands A) arecompoundalveolarglands. B) produceorganicsecretionsthataremetabolizedbybacteriatoproducebodyodor. C) secreteawateryfluiddirectlyontothesurfaceoftheskin. D) increaseinnumberandactivitywithaging. E) primarilyfunctioninlubricatingthehairs. Answer: C

48) Skincanregenerateeffectivelyevenafterconsiderabledamagehasoccurredbecause A) theepidermisoftheskinhasarichsupplyofsmallbloodvessels. B) stemcellspersistinbothepithelialandconnective-tissuecomponentsoftheskinevenafterinjury. C) fibroblastsinthedermiscangiverisetonewgerminalcellsintheepidermis. D) contractionintheareaoftheinjurybringscellsofadjacentstratatogether. E) cellsofthestratumgerminativumcannotmigratetootherpositionsintheskin. Answer: B

49) Thefollowingarestagesintheregenerationofskinfollowinganinjury. 1.bloodclot/scabformation 2.cellularmigration 3.epidermiscoversgranulationtissue 4.epidermiscoversscartissue Thecorrectorderfortheseeventsis A) 1,2,3,4. B) 4,3,2,1. C) 4,3,1,2. D) 3,4,1,2. E) 2,4,1,3. Answer: A
50) Scartissueistheresultof A) largenumbersofcollagenfibersandrelativelyfewbloodvesselsintheinjuredarea. B) increasednumbersofepidermallayersintheareaoftheinjury. C) athickenedstratumgerminativumintheareaoftheinjury. D) increasednumbersoffibroblastsintheinjuredarea. E) alackofsebaceousglandsintheinjuredarea. Answer: A

51) Wrinklesinelderlyindividualsaretheresultof A) increasedproductionofepidermis. B) lossofelasticfilamentsinthereticularlayerofthedermis. C) increasedkeratinizationoftheepidermis. D) thelossofglandsandhairfolliclesfromtheskin. E) decreasedthicknessofthedermis. Answer: B

52) Whywouldanelderlypersonbemorepronetoskininfectionsthanayoungerperson? A) Skinrepairstakelongerintheelderly. B) Theepidermisisthickerintheelderly. C) Therearefewerdendriticcellsintheskinoftheelderly. D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

53) Whichofthefollowinghappensifbodytemperaturerisesabovenormal? A) Circulationintheskindecreases. B) Sweatglandactivitydecreases. C) Evaporativecoolingstops. D) Bloodflowtotheskinincreases. E) Theactivityofmelanocytesincreases. Answer: D

54) Theproteinthatpermitsstretchingandrecoilingoftheskinis A) collagen. B) melanin. C) keratin. D) elastin. E) carotene. Answer: D

55) Theprimarypigmentscontainedintheepidermisare A) caroteneandxanthophyll. B) caroteneandmelanin. C) melaninandchlorophyll. D) xanthophyllandmelanin. E) noneoftheabove Answer: B

56) Thinskincontains________layer(s)ofkeratinocytes,andthickskincontains________layers. A) 1;2 B) 2;3 C) 3;4 D) 4;5 E) 5;6 Answer: D

57) Characteristicsoftheepidermisinclude A) multilayered. B) flexible. C) self-repairing. D) servingasUVradiationprotection. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

58) Typesofskincancersinclude A) squamouscellcarcinoma. B) malignantmelanoma. C) basalcellcarcinoma. D) actinickeratosis. E) A,B,andC Answer: E

59) Cyanosissignifiesthatapatient A) hashadtoomuchsun. B) hasbeenkeptoutofthesun. C) hasanallergicreaction. D) hasoxygen-starvedskin. E) hasbeenexposedtocyanide. Answer: D

60) Jaundiceisindicatedby A) areddishskincoloration. B) ayellowishskincoloration. C) anorangeskincoloration. D) abluishskincoloration. E) abrownskincoloration. Answer: B

61) Skininflammationthatprimarilyinvolvesthepapillarylayeristermed A) papillitis. B) dermatitis. C) epidermatitis. D) superficialis. E) melanocytis. Answer: B

62) Whileassessingapatient,youdiscoverthatafterpinchingtheskinonthebackofthehand,itremainspeaked. Thisisasignof A) hydrationintoxication. B) waterintoxication. C) dehydration. D) advancedskincancer. E) malfunctioningelastin. Answer: C

63) Asurgicalincisionparalleltothelinesofcleavage A) closesandhealswithrelativelylittlescarring. B) hasatendencytoreopen. C) healsslowerthanincisionsmadeperpendiculartothelinesofcleavage. D) doesnotaffectthehealingprocess. E) requiresnosutures. Answer: A

64) Treatmentoffull-thicknessburnsincludeswhichofthefollowing? A) replacefluids B) increasecaloricintake C) preventinfection D) assisttissuerepair E) alloftheabove Answer: E

65) Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutricketsisnot true? A) isusuallygenetic B) leadstoweakbones C) leadstoskeletaldeformity D) preventedbyvitaminD E) preventedbysunlight Answer: A

66) Lanugoisfound A) onafetus. B) onthescalp. C) onthepalmsofthehands. D) onthesolesofthefeet. E) bothCandD Answer: A

67) Acommoncauseofdandruffis A) inflammationaroundsebaceousglands. B) lackofsebaceousglands. C) toomanysebaceousglands. D) inactiveapocrineglands. E) inactiveeccrineglands. Answer: A

68) ________sweatglandsarewidelydistributedacrossthebodysurface,________glandsarelocatedwherever hairfolliclesexist,and________sweatglandsarefoundonlyinafewareas. A) Sebaceous;merocrine;apocrine B) Apocrine;merocrine;sebaceous C) Merocrine;sebaceous;apocrine D) Merocrine;apocrine;sebaceous E) Apocrine;sebaceous;merocrine Answer: C

69) Waterlossfrominsensibleperspiration A) isnegligible. B) istoosmalltobemeasuredreliably. C) isapproximately0.5literaday. D) alwaysexceedssensibleperspiration. E) dependsonapocrinesweatglands. Answer: C

70) Granulationtissueiscomposedof A) clottedblood. B) anextensivecapillarynetwork. C) fibroblasts. D) alloftheabove E) noneoftheabove Answer: D

71) The________inkeratinocytesprotectstheepidermisanddermisfromtheharmfuleffectsofsunlight. A) sebum B) hemoglobin C) melanin D) carotene E) keratin Answer: C

72) Whilewalkingbarefootonthebeach,Joesteppedonathornthatpenetratedthroughthesoleofhisfoottothe dermis.Howmanylayersofepidermisdidthethornpenetrate? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Answer: E

73) Charlieisbadlyburnedinanaccident.Whenhereachestheemergencyroom,theexaminingphysicianfinds thathecanremoveentirehairfolliclesfromCharliesarmwhenhegentlypullsonahairwithhisforceps. Charlieissufferingfroma(n) A) first-degreeburn. B) second-degreeburn. C) third-degreeburn. D) partial-thicknessburn. E) epidermalburn. Answer: C
74) Afull-thicknessburninjurycanbelifethreatening.Aphysiciantreatingaburnvictimwouldlikelyorderallof thefollowing,except A) IV(intravenous)fluidsandelectrolytes. B) icepacksappliedtotheburnarea. C) ahigh-caloriediet. D) skingrafts. E) antibiotics. Answer: B

Figure5-1TheComponentsoftheIntegumentarySystem UseFigure5-1toanswerthefollowingquestion(s): 75) Fromwhatstructuredoessensibleperspirationoccur? A) 6 B) 7 C) 8 D) 9 E) 10 Answer: E

76) Anintradermalinjectionisadministeredintowhichlayer? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Answer: C

77) Whichlayeristheprimarybarrieragainstenvironmentalhazards? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Answer: A

78) Whichtissueislocatedintheregionlabeled2? A) stratifiedsquamousepithelium B) areolarconnectivetissue C) adiposetissue D) cartilageandblood E) reticularconnectivetissues Answer: B

79) Whichlayercontainsmostoftheepidermalderivatives? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Answer: C

1) Intheconditionknownaserythema,theskintakesona(n)________color. Answer: reddish
2) ________isapigmentfoundinvegetablesthatcanmaketheskinappearorangeoryellow. Answer: Carotene

3) Hairsareproducedwithinorganscalled________. Answer: hairfollicles

4) ________arefinehairs(likevelvet)thatlackpigmentandcovermuchofthebodysurface. Answer: Vellushairs

5) ________arecoarsepigmentedhairs. Answer: Terminalhairs

6) Thesubstancecalledsebumiscommonlyknownas________. Answer: skinoil

7) Adeficiencydiseasethatillustratestheeffectofintegumentarysystemfunctiononthestructureoftheskeletal systemis________. Answer: rickets

8) Athickenedareaofscartissuethatiscoveredbyashiny,smoothepidermalsurfaceiscalleda(n)________. Answer: keloid

9) Afibrinclotthatisformedoveraskinwoundiscalleda(n)________. Answer: scab

10) Thecombinationoffibrinclot,fibroblasts,andextensivecapillarynetworkthatisformedininjuredskinis called________. Answer: granulationtissue

11) ________mayberequiredifepithelialcellmigrationcannotcoverawound. Answer: Skingrafts

12) Rapidwaterlossfromburnedskinisanextremeformof________perspiration. Answer: insensible

13) Thedrug________increasesdermalbloodflowandmakestheskinred. Answer: tretinoin(Retin-A)

14) Theskinappearancethatresultsfromdark-redhemoglobiniscalled________. Answer: cyanosis

15) ________areaccumulationsoffluidwithintheepidermisorbetweentheepidermisandthedermis. Answer: Blisters

16) Abacterialinfectionthatisoftenfatalinburnpatientsiscalled________. Answer: sepsis

17) Matchthetermontheleftwithitskeycharacteristicontheright. 1. 2. 3. 4. stratumgerminativum stratumspinosum stratumgranulosum stratumlucidum A) containsabundantkeratohyalin B) innermostepidermallayer C) coversthestratumgranulosum D) locatedattheexposedsurfaceof boththickandthinskin E) containsplentifuldesmosomes
5. stratumcorneum
Answer: 1-B;2-E;3-A;4-C;5-D.
18) FoursignsusefulfordeterminingifasuspiciousmarkontheskinismelanomafollowtheABCDmnemonic. Identifywhateachletterabbreviates. Answer: Aisasymmetry;Bisborder;Ciscolor;andDisdiameter.

19) Themostdangeroustypeofskincanceristermed________. Answer: malignantmelanoma

20) Provideonebeneficialeffectofexposuretoultraviolet(UV)radiation. Answer: ItstimulatessynthesisofvitaminD 3 .

21) Abruiseturnsblackandbluebecauseof________inthedermis. Answer: brokenbloodvessels

22) Melaninisproducedbymelanocyteswithinthestratum________. Answer: germinativum

EssayQuestions
1) Inaconditionknownassunstroke,thevictimappearsflushed,theskiniswarmanddry,andthebody temperaturerisesdramatically.Explaintheseobservationsbasedonwhatyouknowconcerningtheroleofthe skininthermoregulation. Answer: Whenthebodytemperatureincreases,morebloodflowisdirectedtothevesselsoftheskin.Thered cellsinthebloodgivetheskinaredder-than-usualcolorandaccountforthevictimsflushed appearance.Theskinisdrybecausethesweatglandsarenotproducingsweat(avoidsfurther dehydration).Withoutevaporationcooling,notenoughheatisdissipatedfromtheskin,theskinis warm,andthebodytemperaturerises.Thissituationrepresents positivefeedbackoperatinginadisease state.
2) Manymedicationscanbeadministeredtransdermallybyapplyingpatchesthatcontainthemedicationtothe surfaceoftheskin.Thesepatchescanbeattachedanywhereontheskinexceptthepalmsofthehandsandthe solesofthefeet.Why? Answer: Thickskinslowstherateofdiffusionofthemedicationandthusdecreasesitseffectiveness.Inaddition, excessivesweatformedonthepalmsofthehandsandsolesofthefeetwouldmakethepatchfalloff morereadily.

3) Whyisregionalinfectionorinflammationoftheskinusuallyverypainful? Answer: Inflammationoftheskinispainfulbecausesensoryreceptorsareabundantintheskin.Changes associatedwithswellingstimulatethesensoryreceptors,resultinginapainfulsensation.

4) Whyisasubcutaneousinjectionwithahypodermicneedleausefulmethodofadministeringdrugs? Answer: Thesubcutaneouslayerhasalimitedcapillarysupplyandcontainsnovitalorgans;thus,thepotential fortissuedamageisreduced.

5) Whyisscabformationimportantinwoundhealing? Answer: Scabstemporarilyrestoreepidermalintegrity,restrictingfurtherentryofmicroorganisms.Theyalso preventthelossoffluids,maintaininginternalfluidbalance,andprotectthedelicategranulationtissue duringtissuerecovery.

6) Anewmothernoticesthather6-month-oldinfanthasayellow-orangecomplexion.Fearfulthatthechildmay havejaundice,shetakeshimtoherpediatrician.Afterexaminingthechildandlearningabouttheinfantsdiet, thepediatriciandeclareshimperfectlyhealthyandadvisesthemothertowatchthechildsdiet.Whatislikely thecauseforthechangeinskincolor? Answer: Theinfantprobablyhasafondnessforvegetablesthatarehighincarotene,suchassweetpotatoes, squash,andcarrots.Itisnotuncommonforparentstofeedbabieswhattheywilleatbest.Ifthechild consumeslargeamountsofcarotene,theyellow-orangepigmentwillbestoredintheskin,producinga yellow-orangeskincolor.

7) Vanessas80-year-oldgrandmothersetsherthermostatat26C(80F)andwearsasweateronbalmyspring days.Whenaskedwhy,thegrandmothersaysshefeelscold.Whatisapossiblecauseforherfeelingcold? Answer: Mostelderlypeoplehavepoorbloodflowtotheskin.Thus,theirskinbecomescold.Thistriggers thermalreceptorsintheskintosignalcoldskin.Thebraininterpretsthisasacoldbodytemperature.

8) Explainwhytherateofdehydrationisgreaterwhenapersonisimmersedinseawaterthanwheninfresh water. Answer: Saltyoceanwaterisveryhypertoniccomparedtobodilyfluids,whilefreshlakewaterisveryhypotonic. Hence,inthesea,duetoosmosiswaterwillleavethebody,acceleratingtherateofdehydration.Infresh water,waterwillbegained.

9) Explainwhywarm,dryclimatesfeelcoolerthanwarm,humidclimates,eventhoughtheairtemperaturesare thesame. Answer: Inaridenvironments,sensibleperspirationevaporatesfromtheskinmorerapidlythaninhumid climates,wheretheairisalreadysaturatedwithwater.Thiscarriesheatawayfromtheskinrapidly, leadingtoacoolsensation.Inhumidregions,thesweatdoesnotevaporateasreadily,andthusthe bodyscoolingmechanismishampered.

Chapter6 OsseousTissueandBoneStructure MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Whichoffollowingisafunctionoftheskeletalsystem? A) bodysupport B) calciumhomeostasis C) protectionofinternalorgans D) bloodcellproduction E) alloftheabove Answer: E
2) Whichofthefollowingbonesisclassifiedasirregularinshape? A) patella B) frontal C) vertebra D) metatarsal E) ulna Answer: C

3) Thecarpalbonesareexamplesof________bones. A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid Answer: B

4) Aribisanexampleofa________bone. A) long B) short C) flat D) sutural E) sesamoid Answer: C

5) Theregionofalongbonebetweentheendandtheshaftisknownasthe________. A) diaphysis B) epiphysis C) osseophysis D) metaphysis E) medullarycavity Answer: D

6) Whichofthefollowinglabelsbestmatchesosteocyte? A) stemcell B) dissolvesmatrix C) maturebonecell D) secretesorganicmatrix Answer: C

7) Cellsthatsecretetheorganiccomponentsofthebonematrixarecalled A) osteocytes. B) osteoprogenitorcells. C) osteoblasts. D) osteoclasts. E) chondrocytes. Answer: C

8) ________aresquamouscellsthatdevelopintoosteoblasts. A) Osteoclasts B) Osteocytes C) Osteomedullarycells D) Osteoprogenitorcells E) Squamousosteons Answer: D

9) Throughtheactionofosteoclasts, A) newboneisformed. B) anorganicframeworkisformed. C) bonymatrixisdissolved. D) osteoidiscalcified. E) fracturedbonesregenerate. Answer: C

10) Whichofthefollowingchemicalsisnot presentinbone? A) calciumphosphate. B) collagenfibers. C) calciumcarbonate. D) chondroitinsulfate. E) hydroxyapatite. Answer: D

11) Thenarrowpassagewaysthatcontaincytoplasmicextensionsofosteocytesarecalled A) centralcanals. B) lacunae. C) canaliculi. D) medullarycavities. E) foramina. Answer: C

12) Thecentralcanalofanosteoncontains A) bonemarrow. B) osteocytes. C) concentriclamellae. D) bloodvessels. E) lacunae. Answer: D

13) Theinterconnectingtinyarchesofbonetissuefoundinspongybonearecalled A) osteons. B) trabeculae. C) concentriclamellae. D) interstitiallamellae. E) lacunae. Answer: B

14) Thetypeofbonethatisadaptedtowithstandstressesthatarrivefrommanydirectionsis________bone. A) spongy B) trabecular C) compact D) lamellar E) irregular Answer: B

15) Themedullarycavityofbonescontains A) compactbone. B) osteons. C) cartilage. D) marrow. E) periosteum. Answer: D

16) Theshaftofalongboneiscalledthe A) epiphysis. B) diaphysis. C) epiphysealplate. D) metaphysis. E) lamella. Answer: B

17) Theliningofthemedullarycavityiscalledthe A) endosteum. B) periosteum. C) epimysium. D) perimysium. E) perichondrium. Answer: A

18) Whatstructureallowsabonetogrowinlength? A) lacunae B) epiphysealplate C) periostealbud D) metaphysis E) trabeculae Answer: B

19) Thefollowingaremajorstepsintheprocessofintramembranousossification. 1. 2. 3. 4. Clustersofosteoblastsformosteoidthatbecomesmineralized. Osteoblastsdifferentiatewithinmesenchymalconnectivetissue. Spiculesofboneradiateoutfromtheossificationcenters. Mesenchymalcellsaggregate.
Thecorrectorderfortheseeventsis A) 4,1,2,3. B) 2,1,3,4. C) 4,2,1,3. D) 2,3,1,4. Answer: C

20) Whichofthefollowingisformedbyintramembranousossification? A) roofoftheskull B) carpalbones C) femur D) clavicle E) bothAandD Answer: E

21) Endochondralossificationbeginswiththeformationofa(n) A) fibrousconnective-tissuemodel. B) cartilagemodel. C) membranousmodel. D) calcifiedmodel. E) osteoblastsmodel. Answer: B

22) Thefollowingareimportantstepsintheprocessofendochondralossification. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Enlargedchondrocytesdie. Osteoblastsreplacecalcifiedcartilagewithspongybone. Chondrocytesenlargeandthesurroundingmatrixbeginstocalcify. Bloodvesselsinvadetheperichondrium. Perichondrialcellsbecomeosteoblastsandproduceathinshellofbone.
Thecorrectorderfortheseeventsis A) 3,1,5,4,2. B) 1,3,5,4,2. C) 1,5,3,4,2. D) 2,3,1,5,4. E) 3,1,4,5,2. Answer: A

23) Secondaryossificationcentersoccur A) inthediaphysis. B) attheperiosteum. C) intheepiphyses. D) inthemetaphyses. E) indermalbones. Answer: C

24) Whenproductionofsexhormonesincreasesatpuberty,epiphysealplates A) getwider. B) becomenarrower. C) increaseslowly. D) acceleraterapidly,butmostlyinthickness. E) arehardlyaffected. Answer: B

25) Themostabundantmineralinthehumanbodyis A) sodium. B) potassium. C) phosphorus. D) calcium. E) hydrogen. Answer: D

26) Elevatedlevelsofcalciumioninthebloodstimulatethesecretionofthehormone A) calcitonin. B) thyroidhormone. C) parathyroidhormone. D) growthhormone. E) testosterone. Answer: A

27) Osteoclast-activatingfactordoesallofthefollowing,except thatit A) isreleasedinlargeamountsearlyinlife. B) increasesthenumberofosteoclasts. C) increasestheactivityofosteoclasts. D) producesasevereosteoporosis. E) isreleasedbysomecancertumors. Answer: A

28) Thehormonecalcitoninfunctionsto A) stimulateosteoclastactivity. B) decreasetherateofcalciumexcretion. C) decreasetherateofcalciumabsorption. D) decreasethelevelofcalciumionintheblood. E) stimulateosteoblastsandinhibitosteoclasts. Answer: D

29) Parathyroidhormonefunctionsinallofthefollowingways,except thatit A) stimulatesosteoclastactivity. B) increasestherateofcalciumabsorption. C) decreasestherateofcalciumexcretion. D) raisesthelevelofcalciumionintheblood. E) inhibitscalcitoninsecretion. Answer: E

30) Excessivegrowthhormonepriortopubertycouldresultin A) osteoporosis. B) osteopenia. C) rickets. D) giantism. E) dwarfism. Answer: D

31) Factorsthatarenecessaryforproperboneformationincludeallofthefollowing,except A) vitaminA. B) vitaminE. C) vitaminC. D) thehormonethyroxine. E) vitaminD. Answer: B

32) VitaminDisnecessaryfor A) collagenformation. B) absorptioncalciumandphosphateions. C) reducingosteoblastactivity. D) increasingosteoclastactivity. E) theorganicmatrixofbone. Answer: B

33) Alackofexercisecould A) causebonestobecomethicker. B) causebonestostoremorecalcium. C) resultinporousandweakbones. D) causebonestobecomelonger. E) causebonestolosetheirmedullarycavity. Answer: C

34) Whenstressisappliedtoabone, A) themineralsintheboneproduceaweakelectricalfieldthatattractsosteoblasts. B) osteoclastactivityincreases. C) thebonebecomesthinandbrittle. D) thebonecompensatesbybecomingthinnerintheregionofstress. E) itusuallybreaks. Answer: A

35) Aconditioninwhichbonebecomesriddledwithholesiscalled A) osteopenia. B) osteoporosis. C) osteomyelitis. D) osteitis. E) osteomalacia. Answer: B

36) Afterafractureofthediaphysishashealed,thethickenedregionthatresultsiscalledthe A) epiphysealplate B) externalcallus C) densetuberosity D) condyle E) fracturefacet Answer: B

37) ________fracturesarecompletelyinternal;theydonotbreakthroughtheskin. A) Open B) Closed C) Compound D) Recurrent E) bothBandD Answer: B

38) Afractureattheankleinvolvingbothlowerlegbonesisoftencalleda________fracture. A) compression B) Pott C) displaced D) greenstick E) Colles Answer: B

39) Bonesthatdevelopwithintendonsarecalled________bones. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) Wormian E) tendon Answer: B

40) Small,oddlyshapedbonesthatfillgapsbetweenbonesoftheskullarecalled________bones. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) sagittal E) tendon Answer: C

41) Thelargeproximalprojectiononthefemuristermedthe A) ramus. B) trochanter. C) tuberosity. D) tubercle. E) condyle. Answer: B

42) Aholethroughaboneistermeda A) ramus. B) foramen. C) linea. D) tubercle. E) facet. Answer: B

43) Thesmooth,roundedarticularprocessofaboneistermeda A) crest. B) ridge. C) head. D) condyle. E) trochlea. Answer: D

44) Adeephollowonaboneistermeda A) fossa. B) sulcus. C) facet. D) fissure. E) line. Answer: A

45) Thespaceoccupiedbyanosteocyteiscalleda A) Volkmannscanal. B) lacuna. C) trabecula. D) Haversiancanal. E) Venetiancanal. Answer: B

46) Thestructuralunitsofmaturecompactbonearecalled A) lacunae. B) osteocytes. C) osteons. D) canaliculi. E) lamellae. Answer: C

47) Thedepositionofcalciumsaltsinbonetissuesisreferredtoas A) hardening. B) ossification. C) calcification. D) osteogenesis. E) remodeling. Answer: B

48) Achildwithricketsoftenhas A) oversizedfacialbones. B) longfingers. C) frequentbruises. D) bowedlegs. E) inadequatemuscledevelopment. Answer: D

49) ________bonesdevelopinsidetendons,commonlyneartheknees,hands,andfeet. A) Irregular B) Sesamoid C) Short D) Long E) Flat Answer: B

50) Thehumerusisanexampleofa(n)________bone. A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid Answer: A

51) Thearticularcartilageofatypicallongboneiscomposedofwhattypeofcartilage? A) elasticcartilage B) synovialcartilage C) hyalinecartilage D) fibrocartilage E) osseouscartilage Answer: C

52) Fatisstoredwithinthe A) medullarycavity. B) metaphysis. C) spongybone. D) epiphysis. E) diaphysis. Answer: A

53) Whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicofbone? A) Thematrixoftheboneisverydenseandcontainsdepositsofcalciumsalts. B) Thematrixofthebonecontainsosteoclasts. C) Narrowchannelspassthroughthematrixtoallowforanexchangeofnutrients. D) alloftheabove E) bothAandC Answer: E

54) ________accountsforalmosttwo -thirdsoftheweightofbone. A) Water B) Calciumcarbonate C) Collagenfibers D) Fluoride E) Calciumphosphate Answer: E

55) The________interactionsallowbonetobestrong,somewhatflexible,andhighlyresistanttoshattering. A) collagen-fiber B) protein-crystal C) mineral-crystal D) protein-protein E) hydroxyapatite-crystal Answer: B

56) Themostabundantcelltypeinboneis A) osteoclasts. B) osteoblasts. C) osteolytes. D) osteoprogenitorcells. E) osteocytes. Answer: E

57) ________cellsarelocatedintheinnercellularlayeroftheperiosteum. A) Osteocyte B) Osteoclast C) Osteoid D) Osteoprogenitor E) Osteoblast Answer: D

58) Inrelationshiptothediaphysisofalongbone,theosteonsare A) radial. B) anterior. C) parallel. D) proximal. E) diagonal. Answer: C

59) Thefemurcanwithstand________timesthebodyweightwithoutbreaking. A) 3 B) 5to10 C) 8 D) 10to15 E) 30 Answer: D

60) ________marrowisfoundbetweenthetrabeculaeofspongybone. A) Blue B) Yellow C) White D) Gray E) Red Answer: E

61) ________bonereducestheweightoftheskeletonandreducestheloadonmuscles. A) Short B) Irregular C) Spongy D) Compact E) Long Answer: C

62) Intramembranousossificationbeginswithdifferentiationof________cells. A) osteoclast B) osteoprogenitor C) mesenchymal D) osteoblast E) osteocyte Answer: C

63) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutMarfanssyndromeis false? A) resultsinshort,stubbyfingers B) resultsfromamutation C) affectsconnectivetissuegenes D) affectsepiphysealcartilages E) noneoftheabove Answer: A

64) Whereinthebodydoestheproductionofcalcitriolstart? A) bone B) kidneys C) smallintestine D) liver E) skin Answer: E

65) Boneplaysacentralroleintheregulationofbloodlevelsof A) potassium. B) iron. C) sulfate. D) calcium. E) sodium. Answer: D

66) Boneiscomposedof________percentcells. A) 25 B) 10 C) 2 D) 15 E) 50 Answer: C

67) WhileonaschoolskiingtripinColorado,HeidifallsandbreakshertibiaandfibulainaPottfracture.What wouldyouexpectasaprominentpartofherclinicalassessmentseveralhoursafterthefall? A) hypertension B) tachycardia C) erythema D) hematoma E) cyanosis Answer: D

68) Thelacunaeofosseoustissuecontain A) bloodcells. B) osteocytes. C) chondroblasts. D) bonemarrow. E) capillaries. Answer: B

69) Howwouldremovinghydroxyapatitefrombonematrixaffectthephysicalpropertiesofabone? A) Thebonewouldbelessflexible. B) Thebonewouldbestronger. C) Thebonewouldbemorebrittle. D) Thebonewouldbemoreflexible. E) Thebonewouldbelesscompressible. Answer: D

70) Incompactbone,theosteons A) arelinedupinthesamedirection. B) arelinedupperpendiculartothelongaxis. C) arearrangedinanirregularpattern. D) areseparatedbymedullaryspaces. E) arelackinginthediaphysis. Answer: A

71) Thetrabeculaeofspongybone A) areorganizedparalleltothelongaxisofthebone. B) areorganizedalongstresslines. C) arecomposedmostlyofcartilage. D) willcollapseunderstress. E) areconcentratedinthecortexofthediaphysis. Answer: B

72) Ifosteoclastsaremoreactivethanosteoblasts,boneswillbecome A) denser. B) thicker. C) osteopenic. D) stronger. E) calcified. Answer: C

73) Duringappositionalgrowth A) bonesgrowlonger. B) bonesgrowwider. C) boneisreplacedbycartilage. D) theepiphysisfuseswiththediaphysis. E) osteoblastsareoverwhelmedbyosteocytes. Answer: B

74) Whentheepiphysealplateisreplacedbybone, A) pubertybegins. B) interstitialbonegrowthbegins. C) appositionalbonegrowthbegins. D) longboneshavereachedtheiradultlength. E) thebonebecomesmorebrittle. Answer: D

75) Whencartilageisproducedattheepiphysealsideofthemetaphysisatthesamerateasboneisdepositedon theoppositeside,bones A) growlonger. B) growwider. C) becomeshorter. D) becomemoreporousandweaker. E) becomethicker. Answer: A

76) Acceleratedclosureoftheepiphysealplatescouldbecausedby A) highlevelsofvitaminD. B) toomuchcalciuminthediet. C) elevatedlevelsofestrogen. D) toolittlethyroxine. E) anexcessofgrowthhormone. Answer: C

77) Innormaladultbones, A) thereisnoturnoverofminerals. B) aportionoftheproteinandmineralcontentisreplacedeachyear. C) osteoblastactivityexceedsosteoclastactivity,oncebonehasbeenformed. D) osteoclastscontinuetobeactivelongafterosteoblastactivityceases. E) exercisewillhavenoeffectonboneremodeling. Answer: B

78) Whichisgreater? A) osteoclastactivitywhencalcitoninispresent B) osteoclastactivitywhencalcitoninisabsent Answer: B

79) Whichisgreater? A) bloodcalciumlevelswhenparathyroidhormoneisincreased B) bloodcalciumlevelswhenparathyroidhormoneisdecreased Answer: A

80) Theconditionknownasosteopenia A) affectsmostlywomen. B) causesagradualreductioninbonemass. C) iscausedbytoomuchvitaminDinthediet. D) israrelyseenaspeopleage. E) onlyaffectsthefemur. Answer: B

81) Whichofthefollowingarenotcomponentsoftheskeletalsystem? A) tendons B) bones C) ligaments D) cartilage E) othertissuesthatconnectbones Answer: A

82) Ifatumorsecreteshighlevelsofosteoclast-activatingfactor,whichofthefollowingwouldyouexpecttooccur asaresultofthiscondition? A) increasesinbloodlevelsofcalcium B) bonefragility C) decreasedbonedensity D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: D

83) Maryis50yearsoldandhasenteredmenopause.Duringacheckup,abonescanrevealsthebeginningsof osteoporosis.Herphysiciansuggestshormonetherapy.Whathormonemightsheprescribeforherpatient? A) thyroidhormone B) growthhormone C) estrogen D) parathyroidhormone E) calcitonin Answer: C

84) Maryis50yearsoldandhasenteredmenopause.Duringacheckup,abonescanrevealsthebeginningsof osteoporosis.Herphysiciansuggestsnutritionaltherapy.Whatmightsherecommendforherpatient? A) VitaminC B) VitaminD C) calciumsupplements D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

Figure6-1BoneTissue UseFigure6-1toanswerthefollowingquestion(s): 85) Whichstructureistermedanosteon? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Answer: B

86) Whichstructureischaracteristicofspongybone? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Answer: E

87) Thestructurelabeled3istheresultofwhichprocess? A) bonecellsaddingmatrixbetweenexistingosteons B) surfacegrowthofbone C) remodelingofcompactbone D) remodelingofspongybone E) osteoporosis Answer: C

88) Identifythestructureslabeled4. A) concentriclamellae B) circumferentiallamellae C) interstitiallamellae D) trabeculae E) periosteum Answer: A

89) Wherewouldosteoclastsbemostactive? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Answer: E

Figure6-2EndochondralOssification UseFigure6-2toanswerthefollowingquestion(s): 90) Wheredoesgrowthinlengthoccur? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Answer: C

91) Whattypeoftissueoccursat#1? A) elastictissue B) fibrocartilage C) bone D) hyalinecartilage E) marrowtissue Answer: D

92) Whatprocessisshownat#6? A) primaryossification B) secondaryossification C) lengthgrowth D) widthgrowth E) fracturerepair Answer: B

93) Identifythestructureat#4. A) intramembranousbone B) spongybone C) hyalinecartilage D) periosteum E) mesenchyme Answer: D

94) Identifythestructurelabeled2. A) epiphysis B) diaphysis C) metaphysis D) marrowcavity E) trabeculae Answer: A

1) Inbone,thecalciumphosphateformscrystalsof________. Answer: hydroxyapatite
2) Cellsthatarefoundinsmalldepressionsontheendostealsurfacesarethe________. Answer: osteoclasts

3) Theshaftoflongbonesiscalledthe________. Answer: diaphysis

4) Thenarrowregionbetweentheheadandshaftofalongboneiscalledthe________. Answer: neck

5) ________istheorganiccomponentofthematrixindevelopingorrepairingbone. Answer: Osteoid

6) Bloodisdistributedfromthesurfaceofabonetodeepercentralcanalsthroughchannelsknownas________. Answer: perforatingcanals

7) A________isasmooth,groovedboneprocessshapedlikeapulley. Answer: trochlea

8) ________preventsdamagingbone-to-bonecontactwithinmovablejoints. Answer: Articularcartilage

9) Duringtheprocessof________,anexistingtissueisreplacedbybone. Answer: ossification

10) Theprocessofdepositingcalciumintoatissueiscalled________. Answer: calcification

11) Damagetoabonebecauseofextremeload,suddenimpact,orstressesappliedfromanunusualdirectionis calleda(n)________. Answer: fracture

12) Asmallroughbumponbonewhereatendonattachesiscalleda________. Answer: tuberosity

13) Aprojectionatanangleonaboneistermeda(n)________. Answer: ramus

14) Achamberwithinabonenormallyfilledwithairisa________. Answer: sinus

15) Theexpandedarticularendofanepiphysisthatisseparatedfromtheshaftbyanarrowerneckistermeda(n) ________. Answer: head

16) Stemcellsthatcandifferentiateintoosteoblastsarecalled________cells. Answer: osteoprogenitor

17) A(n)________isaroundedpassagewayforpassageofbloodvesselsand/ornerves. Answer: foramen

18) Theadultskeletoncontains________majorbones. Answer: 206

19) ________fibersarestrongerthansteelwhenstretched. Answer: Collagen

20) Acalcifiedskeletalmuscleisanexampleof________. Answer: heterotopicboneformation

21) ________freecalciumfrombonetomaintainbloodcalciumlevels. Answer: Osteoclasts

22) Thematrixinspongyboneformsstrutsandarchescalled________. Answer: trabeculae

23) A(n)________fracturedoesnotbreaktheskin. Answer: simple

24) Anopenor________fractureprojectsthroughtheskin. Answer: compound

25) A(n)________fractureshattersthebone. Answer: comminuted

26) Afractureoftheboneacrossitslongaxisiscalleda(n)________fracture. Answer: transverse

27) Ina(n)________fractureonesideoftheshaftissplitandtheothersideisbent. Answer: greenstick

28) A(n)________fractureisproducedbytwistingstressesappliedtothebone. Answer: spiral

29) Atransversefractureofthewristthatmaybecomminutediscalleda(n)________fracture. Answer: Colles

30) Aboot-topfracturethatinvolvesbothlowerlegbonesiscalleda(n)________fracture. Answer: Pott

31) Thefractureofvertebraesubjectedtoextremeverticalstressiscalleda(n)________fracture. Answer: compression

32) Theopeninginthediaphysisthroughwhichbloodvesselspassisnamedthe________foramen. Answer: nutrient

33) A(n)________fractureproducesshatteredbonefragments. Answer: comminuted

34) Matchthetermwithitsdefinition. 1. osteocytes 2. osteoblasts 3. osteoprogenitors 4. osteoclasts A) stemcellsthatproduceosteoblasts B) immaturebonecellsthatsecreteorganiccomponents ofmatrix C) maturebonecellsthatmaintainthebonematrix D) multinucleatedcellsthatsecreteacidsandenzymes todissolvebonematrix
Answer: 1-C;2-B;3-A;4-D
35) Matchthetermwithitskeycharacteristic. 1. redbonemarrow 2. yellowbonemarrow Answer: 1-B;2-A

A) storesadiposetissueforanenergyreserve B) responsibleforbloodcellformation
True/FalseQuestions
1) Ourbonesareconstantlychangingtoadapttothedemandsweplaceonthem. Answer: TRUE
2) Theoutermostlayerofcompactboneistheendosteum. Answer: FALSE

EssayQuestions
1) Toddis13andlivesinanurbanapartment.HespendsmostofhistimewatchingTVandeatingjunkfood. Oneafternoon,duringrecess,hefallsontheplaygroundandbreakshisleg.Althoughheappearstobehealthy, hislegtakeslongertohealthanexpected.Whatmightbethecauseofthelongerhealingtime? Answer: Assumingthatthereisnootherdiseaseprocessinvolved,Toddsproblemisprobablyrelatedtohispoor diet.Goodnutritionisimportantforpromotingthehealingprocess.Insufficientquantitiesofprotein, vitaminC,vitaminA,andvitaminDwouldcausethenormalhealingprocesstooccuratamuchslower rate.Toddsinactivitymayalsocontributetohisslowerrateofhealing.
2) Anelderlypatienthasabrokenfemurthatishealingveryslowly.Ayoungresidentsuggestsusingadevice thatwillcreateanelectricalfieldintheareaofthefracturetohelpspeedthehealingprocess.Whymightthis possiblyhelp? Answer: Osteoblastsareattractedtoelectricalfieldsproducedbybonecrystalswhentheyarestressed.Thisisone ofthereasonsthattrabeculaeofbonesareorganizedalongstresslines.Ifthesametypeofelectricalfield couldbeduplicatedatthesiteofthefracture,osteoblastsmaybestimulatedtomigratetotheareaand increasetherateofboneproductionandthushealingofthefracture.

3) Duringthegrowthofalongbone,howistheepiphysisforcedfartherfromtheshaft? Answer: Thechondrocytesoftheepiphysealcartilageenlargeanddivide,increasingthethicknessofthecartilage. Ontheshaft,thechondrocytesbecomeossified,chasingtheexpandingepiphysealcartilageawayfrom theshaft.

4) Whatisthedifferencebetweenossificationandcalcification.? Answer: Ossificationmeansspecificallytheconversionofconnectivetissueintobonetissue.Calcificationmeans thedepositingofcalciumsaltsinanytissue,includingbone.

5) Whatisosteopenia?Nameanddefinetwoformsofosteopenia. Answer: Osteopeniaisageneraltermforreducedbonemass.Osteoporosisandosteomalaciaareforms. Osteoporosisisaconditionofreducedbonedensity,boneweakness,andpainresultingfromthelossof mineralfrombonewithadvancingage.Osteomalaciaisboneweaknesscausedbyinsufficientcalcium deposits.Itisknownasricketsintheyoung.

6) WouldyouexpecttoseechangesinbloodlevelsofthehormonescalcitoninandPTHasaresultofvitaminD 3 deficiency?Explain. Answer: ApersondeficientinvitaminD3 wouldnotbeabletoabsorbcalciumeffectivelyfromthedigestivetract, leadingtoashortageofcalciumintheblood.Tomaintainhomeostasis,thedecreaseinbloodcalcium wouldtriggerthereleaseofPTH.ThePTH,inturn,wouldstimulateosteoclaststoreleaseenough calciumfromthebonetomaintainpropercalciumlevelsintheblood.Levelsofcalcitoninwould decrease,becausereleaseofthishormoneistriggeredbyhighbloodcalciumlevels.

Chapter7 TheAxialSkeleton MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Whichofthefollowingisnotpartoftheaxialdivisionoftheskeletalsystem? A) skull B) auditoryossicles C) hyoidbone D) pectoralgirdle E) vertebralcolumn Answer: D
2) Whichofthefollowingisafunctionoftheaxialskeleton? A) providesanattachmentformusclesthatmovetheappendicularskeleton B) providesanattachmentformusclesthatmovethehead,neck,andtrunk C) providesanattachmentformusclesinvolvedinrespiration D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: E

3) Theforamenmagnumisfoundinthe________bone. A) frontal B) parietal C) sphenoid D) occipital E) temporal Answer: D

4) Thesuturethatformsthearticulationoftheparietalboneswiththefrontalboneisthe________suture. A) lambdoidal B) rostral C) coronal D) squamosal E) sagittal Answer: C

5) Thecalvaria(orskullcap)isformedbythe________bones. A) frontal,temporal,andparietal B) frontal,parietal,andoccipital C) temporal,parietal,andoccipital D) frontal,temporal,andoccipital E) frontal,temporal,parietal,andoccipital Answer: B

6) Eachofthefollowingbonesisacomponentoftheorbitalcomplex,except the________bone. A) lacrimal B) nasal C) sphenoid D) ethmoid E) frontal Answer: B

7) Thezygomaticarchisformedbytheunionofprocessesfromwhichtwobones? A) temporalandmaxilla B) frontalandtemporal C) sphenoidandtemporal D) zygomaticandmaxilla E) temporalandzygomatic Answer: E

8) Theexternalacousticmeatusisaforameninwhichskullbone? A) zygomatic B) vomer C) temporal D) parietal E) auditoryossicles Answer: C

9) Theprominentbulgejustposteriorandinferiortotheexternalauditorymeatusisthe A) mastoidprocess. B) styloidprocess. C) occipitalcondyle. D) condyloidprocess. E) temporalprocess. Answer: A

10) Whichoftheseisnotoneofbonesoftheface? A) frontal B) maxilla C) vomer D) mandible E) zygomatic Answer: A

11) Eachofthefollowinglandmarksisassociatedwiththeoccipitalbone exceptthe A) superficialnuchallines. B) jugularforamen. C) hypoglossalcanals. D) petrousprocess. E) occipitalcrest. Answer: D

12) Thesuperiorandinferiortemporallinesmarkthepointsofattachmentfor A) musclesthatstabilizetheskullatthevertebralcolumn. B) musclesthatopenandclosetheeye. C) musclesthatclosethemouth. D) musclesthatturnthehead. E) bothAandD Answer: C

13) Whatorganislocatedinthelacrimalfossa? A) thepituitarygland B) theinnerear C) teargland D) thelacrimalramus E) thefrontalsinus Answer: C

14) Apointofattachmentformusclesthatrotateorextendtheheadisthe A) styloidprocess. B) mastoidprocess. C) articulartubercle. D) posteriorclinoidprocess. E) medialconcha. Answer: B

15) Ligamentsthatsupportthehyoidboneareattachedtothe A) styloidprocess. B) mastoidprocess. C) articulartubercle. D) posteriorclinoidprocess. E) middleconcha. Answer: A

16) Thefacialnerve(N.VII)passesthroughinternalacousticmeatusandthenthroughthe A) mastoidforamen. B) stylomastoidforamen. C) jugularforamen. D) carotidforamen. E) foramenlacerum. Answer: B

17) Thesuturethatformsthearticulationofthetwoparietalbonesisthe________suture. A) lambdoidal B) rostral C) coronal D) squamosal E) sagittal Answer: E

18) Thelowerjawarticulateswiththetemporalboneatthe A) mandibularfossa. B) mastoidprocess. C) superiorclinoidprocess. D) lateralpalatineprocess. E) cribriformplate. Answer: A

19) Eachofthefollowingisassociatedwiththetemporalbone,except the A) mastoidcells. B) petrousportion. C) sellaturcica. D) internalacousticmeatus. E) mandibularfossa. Answer: C

20) Thehypophysealfossaofthesellaturcicacontainsthe________gland. A) lacrimal B) pituitary C) olfactory D) nasal E) sellar Answer: B

21) Eachofthefollowingstructuresisassociatedwiththesphenoidbone, except the A) foramenovale. B) opticcanals. C) pterygoidprocesses. D) sellaturcica. E) cribriformplate. Answer: E
22) Amembranethatstabilizesthepositionofthebrainisattachedtothe A) cristagalli. B) pterygoidprocesses. C) styloidprocess. D) perpendicularplate. E) cribriformplate. Answer: A

23) Thebonyroofofthemouthisformedbythe________bone(s). A) palatine B) vomer C) maxillary D) sphenoid E) bothAandC Answer: E

24) Nervescarryingsensoryinformationfromthelipsandthechinpassthroughthe A) ramusofthemandible. B) condylarprocess. C) mentalforamina. D) mandibularforamina. E) maxillaryforamina. Answer: C

25) Anervethatcarriessensoryinformationfromtheteethandgumsofthelowerjawpassesthroughthe A) ramusofthemandible. B) condylarprocess. C) mentalforamen. D) mandibularforamen. E) maxillaryforamen. Answer: D

26) Thehyoidbone A) attachestotonguemuscles. B) islinkedtothestyloidprocessbyaligament. C) issuperiortothelarynx. D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

27) Askullbonethatcouldbedescribedaslookinglikeabatwithwingsextendedisthe A) maxilla B) cristagalli C) sphenoid D) ethmoid E) cribriform Answer: C

28) Thenasalcomplexconsistsofallofthefollowingbones,except the A) zygomatic. B) ethmoid. C) sphenoid. D) frontal. E) maxillary. Answer: A

29) Thenasalconchae A) attachmusclesthatmovetheeye. B) containthenervesforolfaction. C) createturbulenceinthenasalpassageways. D) protectthepituitarygland. E) attachmusclesthatmovetheeyelids. Answer: C

30) Theparanasalsinusesarelocatedinallofthefollowingbones,except the A) frontal. B) ethmoid. C) sphenoid. D) maxillae. E) zygomatic. Answer: E

31) Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthefunctionsoftheparanasalsinusesisfalse? A) Theyprovideanextensiveareaofmucousepithelium. B) Theymakeskullboneslighter. C) Themucustheysecreteentersthenasalcavities. D) Theysupportciliathatmovethemucus. E) Noneoftheaboveallaretrue. Answer: E

32) Eachofthefollowingstatementsconcerningthedevelopmentoftheskullistrue,exceptthat A) thebonesoftheskulldevelopfromasingleossificationfocus. B) atbirththecranialbonesareconnectedbyareasoffibrousconnectivetissue. C) thegrowthofthecraniumisusuallycoordinatedwiththegrowthofthebrain. D) theskullsofinfantsandadultsdifferinshapeandstructureoftheskeletalelements. E) themostsignificantgrowthoftheskulloccursbeforetheageof5. Answer: A

33) Theanteriorfontanelislocated A) posteriortothefrontalbone. B) anteriortotheparietalbones. C) inferiortofrontalbone. D) bothAandB E) bothBandC Answer: D

34) Thefourcurvesoftheadultspinalcolumnarenotallpresentatbirth.Whichofthefollowingarethesecondary curves,thosethatdonotappearuntilseveralmonthslater? A) cervicalandlumbar B) thoracicandlumbar C) sacralandlumbar D) thoracicandsacral E) cervicalandsacral Answer: A

35) Anexaggeratedlateralcurvatureistermed A) kyphosis. B) lordosis. C) scoliosis. D) gomphosis. E) mentosis. Answer: C

36) Thefourspinalcurvesincludeallbutoneofthefollowing.Identifytheexception. A) thoracic B) cervical C) pelvic D) axial E) sacral Answer: D

37) Theodontoidprocessisfoundonthe A) atlas. B) axis. C) sacrum. D) coccyx. E) ribs. Answer: B

38) Thevertebraprominensisanothernameforthe________vertebra. A) firstcervical B) secondcervical C) seventhcervical D) firstthoracic E) fifthlumbar Answer: C

39) Theribsarticulatewiththe A) cervicalvertebrae. B) thoracicvertebrae. C) lumbarvertebrae. D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: B

40) Thevertebralcolumncontains________thoracicvertebrae. A) 4 B) 5 C) 7 D) 12 E) 31 Answer: D

41) Thoracicvertebraecanbedistinguishedfromothervertebraebythepresenceof A) transverseprocesses. B) transverseforamina. C) facetsforthearticulationofribs. D) notchedspinousprocesses. E) costalcartilages. Answer: C

42) Thevertebralcolumncontains________lumbarvertebrae. A) 4 B) 5 C) 7 D) 12 E) 31 Answer: B

43) Whichofthefollowingaredistinctivefeaturesofthoracicvertebrae? A) heart-shapedbodies B) longspinousprocesses C) ribarticulations D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

44) Whichofthesetypesofvertebraeandtheirnumbersisnotcorrect? A) cervical7 B) thoracic12 C) lumbral5 D) sacral1 E) coccygeal3to5 Answer: D

45) Allofthefollowingaretrueofthesacrum,except thatit A) providesprotectionforreproductive,digestive,andexcretoryorgans. B) providesapointofattachmentforlegmuscles. C) articulateswiththepelvicbones. D) articulateswiththesecondandthirdlumbarvertebrae. E) articulateswiththecoccyx. Answer: D

46) Theribsarticulatewiththe________ofthevertebrae. A) spinousprocesses B) transverseprocesses C) laminae D) pedicles E) auricarches Answer: B

47) Humansnormallyhave________pairsofribs. A) 2 B) 6 C) 10 D) 12 E) 24 Answer: D

48) Thecostalgroove A) islocatedontheexteriorsurface. B) islocatedontheinteriorsurface. C) marksthepathofbloodvessels. D) bothAandC E) bothBandC Answer: E

49) Thepartofthesternumthatarticulateswiththeclaviclesisthe A) manubrium. B) body. C) xiphoidprocess. D) angle. E) tuberculum. Answer: A

50) Thetrueribsare A) ribs1-7. B) alsocalledvertebrosternalribs. C) ribs8-12. D) bothAandB E) bothBandC Answer: D

51) Howmanybonesmakeuptheaxialskeleton? A) 50 B) 60 C) 70 D) 80 E) 90 Answer: D

52) Theskullcontains________bones. A) 32 B) 22 C) 42 D) 12 E) noneoftheabove Answer: B

53) Gesturingnowiththeheaddependsonthestructure(s)ofwhichcervicalvertebrae? A) atlas B) axis C) vertebraprominens D) bothAandB E) bothAandC Answer: D

54) Therole(s)ofthesinusesinclude(s) A) makingtheskulllighter. B) productionofmucusthatmoistensandcleanstheair. C) releaseofstresshormones. D) extrasourceofair. E) bothAandB Answer: E

55) Suturescanbefoundatallofthejointsofanadultskull, exceptbetween A) themandibleandthecranium. B) thezygomaticboneandthemaxillarybone. C) theoccipitalboneandtheparietalbone. D) thevomerandthezygomaticbone. E) Noneoftheabovetheyareallsutures. Answer: A

56) Thevertebralarchisformedbythepediclesandthe A) transversespinousprocesses. B) dorsalspinousprocesses. C) laminae. D) bothAandB E) bothAandC Answer: C

57) Youwitnessoneofyourfriendsinafight.YourfriendGreggishitinthejawandwhenlookingathim,hisface looksmisaligned.Youimmediatelytakehimtotheemergencyroomandarenotsurprisedtolearnthathehas abroken A) temporalbone. B) zygomaticbone. C) mandible. D) externalauditorymeatus. E) clavicle. Answer: C
58) Whilevisitingyourfriendwhorecentlygavebirth,shecommentsonherinfantssoftspot.Youthinkto yourselfthatthecorrecttermforthesoftspotlocatedattheintersectionofthefrontal,sagittal,andcoronal suturesis A) sphenoidalfontanel. B) anteriorfontanel. C) occipitalfontanel. D) mastoidfontanel. E) cushionspot. Answer: B
59) Whilevolunteeringinanoutpatientclinicforunderprivilegedfamiliesinyourneighborhood,youobservethe nurseassessinganinfant.Themotherhadcomplainedaboutthebabynoteatingandhavingseveralepisodes ofdiarrhealasting3days.Youknowthenursesuspectspossibledehydrationwhenshe A) checkstheanteriorfontanelfordepression. B) pointsoutthedrynessoftheinfantsdiaper. C) checkstheinfantsreflexes. D) questionsthemotheraboutnormalfeedinghabits. E) noneoftheabove Answer: A
60) Themostsignificantskullgrowthoccursbeforetheageof A) 3. B) 2. C) 5. D) 1. E) 4. Answer: C

61) Thetermforundersizedheadis A) encephalopathy. B) microcephaly. C) macrocephaly. D) encephalitis. E) noneoftheabove Answer: B

62) ________curvesofthespinedeveloplateinfetaldevelopment. A) Primary B) Secondary C) Compensation D) Accommodation E) alloftheabove Answer: A

63) Thepartofthevertebraethattransfersweightalongtheaxisofthevertebralcolumnisthe A) vertebralarch. B) vertebralbody. C) articularprocesses. D) intervertebralspace. E) noneoftheabove Answer: B

64) Mostmammals,includinghumansandgiraffes,have________cervicalvertebrae. A) 11 B) 6 C) 7 D) 19 E) 10 Answer: C

65) Asyoumovecaudallyalongthespinalcolumn, A) thevertebralforaminabecomerelativelysmaller. B) thevertebralbodiesbecomerelativelylarger. C) thedorsalspinesgrowprogressivelylonger. D) AandBonly E) A,B,andC Answer: D

66) Allofthefollowingaretrueoflumbarvertebrae,exceptthat A) thesuperiorarticularprocessesfacemedially. B) theylackcostalfacets. C) thetransverseprocessisslenderandprojectsdorsolaterally. D) thevertebralforamenistriangular. E) thevertebralbodiesaredelicate. Answer: E

67) Thesternumcontains A) themanubrium. B) thejugularnotch. C) thebody. D) thexiphoidprocess. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

68) Ossificationofthesternumisnotcompleteuntilatleastage A) 50. B) 25. C) 16. D) 10. E) 6. Answer: B

69) Whileperformingcardiopulmonaryresuscitation(CPR)onanunconsciousperson,youarecarefultoposition yourhandscorrectlytoavoiddamagetothe A) ribs. B) scapula. C) xiphoidprocess. D) sacrum. E) bothAandC Answer: E

70) Thesacrumprotectstheseorgans: A) reproductive B) digestive C) urinary D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

71) Thebonyportionofthenasalseptumisformedbythe A) nasalbones. B) perpendicularplateoftheethmoidbone. C) perpendicularplateoftheethmoidandvomerbones. D) vomerandsphenoidbone. E) perpendicularplateoftheethmoidandsphenoidbones. Answer: C

72) Ofthefollowingbones,whichisunpaired? A) vomer B) maxillary C) palatine D) nasal E) noneofthese Answer: A

73) Thestyloidprocess,zygomaticprocess,andauditoryossiclesareassociatedwiththe A) parietalbone. B) occipitalbone. C) sphenoid. D) temporalbone. E) ulna. Answer: D

74) Themembranousareasbetweenthecranialbonesofthefetalskullare A) fontanels. B) sutures. C) Wormianbones. D) foramina. E) fibrocartilaginousdiscs. Answer: A

75) Thehyoidboneissuspendedby________ligaments. A) sutural B) styloid C) hyoid D) stylohyoid E) sternocleidomastoid Answer: D

76) Thefunctionofthehyoidboneisto A) supportthelarynx. B) anchorthetonguemuscles. C) protectthetrachea. D) bothAandB E) A,B,andC Answer: D

77) Identifythestructuretheoccipitalbonesurrounds. A) magnummaximus B) foramenmagnum C) foramenmagnus D) foraminamaximus E) maximusminimus Answer: B

78) Fibrousconnectivetissuecalled________accommodatesbraingrowthininfants. A) sutures B) vertebrae C) fontanels D) frontals E) foramina Answer: C

79) Vertebraeofthe A) lumbarregionarefused. B) sacralregionarefused. C) coccygealregionarefused. D) bothAandC E) bothBandC Answer: E

80) Lumbarvertebraeare________massiveand________mobile. A) least;most B) most;most C) least;least D) not;excessively E) most;least Answer: E

81) Abentnasalseptumthatslowsorpreventssinusdrainageisknownclinicallyasa________septum. A) deviated B) crooked C) obstructive D) deviant E) restrictive Answer: A

82) Thesmallestfacialbonesarethe A) ethmoidbones. B) lacrimalbones. C) lacerumbones. D) nasalbones. E) zygomaticbones. Answer: B

83) Ridgesthatanchormusclesthatstabilizetheheadarethe A) anteriorandposteriornuchallines. B) anteriorandsuperiornuchallines. C) inferiorandsuperiornuchallines. D) medialandlateralnuchallines. E) cranialandcaudalnuchallines. Answer: C

84) The________passesthroughthe________. A) vagusnerve;foramenmagnum B) trigeminalnerve;foramenovale C) acousticnerve;externalacousticmeatus D) internaljugularvein;jugularforamen E) internalcarotidartery;jugularforamen Answer: D

85) Theprimaryspinalcurves A) arealsocalledcompensationcurves. B) accommodatethethoracicandabdominopelvicviscera. C) developseveralmonthsafterbirth. D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: B

86) Whichofthesespinaldeformitiesiscorrectlymatched? A) ricketsbow-legged B) kyphosishump-backed C) scoliosislateraldeviationofthespine D) lordosisswayback E) Allarecorrectlymatched. Answer: E

87) Theligamentumnuchae A) attachestheribstothethoracicvertebrae. B) helpstoholdtheheadinanuprightposition. C) attachestheatlastotheoccipitalboneoftheskull. D) attachesthesternumtotheribs. E) stabilizesthelumbarvertebrae. Answer: B

88) Thewidestintervertebraldiscsarefoundinthe________region. A) cervical B) thoracic C) lumbar D) sacral E) coccygeal Answer: C

89) Damagetothetemporalbonewouldmostlikelyaffectthesenseof A) balance. B) hearing. C) smell. D) A,B,andC E) AandBonly Answer: E

90) Whichbone(s)include(s)amanubrium? A) scapula B) clavicle C) sternum D) cervicalvertebrae#1and#2 E) allthevertebrae Answer: C

91) Iftherewerenoparanasalsinuses,allofthefollowingwouldbetrue,except A) theskullwouldbeheavier. B) strongerneckmuscleswouldberequired. C) lessmucusinthenasalcavity. D) reducedabilitytotrapdustandparticles. E) theabilitytosneezewouldbeimpaired. Answer: E

92) Prematureclosureofthesagittalsuturewouldresultin A) alongandnarrowhead. B) averybroadhead. C) anunusuallysmallhead. D) adistortedheadwithonesidebeinglongerthantheother. E) death. Answer: A

93) Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthecoccyxistrue? A) isthemostcaudalvertebralregion B) anchorsamusclethatconstrictstheanalopening C) ismoreflexibleinwomen D) fusionisdelayeduntilmid-20s E) alloftheabove Answer: E

94) Asyouproceedfromtheheaddownthevertebralcolumn A) thevertebraebecomelargerandheavier. B) thesizeofthevertebralforamendecreases. C) thetransverseforaminabecomelarger. D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: E

95) Whileplayingsoftball,Ginaisstruckinthefrontalsquamabyawildpitch.Whichofthefollowingcomplaints wouldyouexpecthertohave? A) abrokenjaw B) ablackeye C) aheadache D) asorechest E) asoreback Answer: C

96) Jackgetsintoafightandispunchedinthenose.Whichofthefollowingbonesmightbefractured? A) ethmoidbone B) sphenoidbone C) temporalbone D) mandible E) parietalbone Answer: A

97) Thealveolarprocessofthemandible A) supportstheupperteeth. B) supportsthelowerteeth. C) anchorsthetongue. D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: B

98) Astheresultofanaccident,Billsuffersadislocatedjaw.Thisinjurywouldinvolvethe A) stylohyoidligaments. B) hyoidbone. C) condylarprocessofthemandible. D) alveolarprocessofthemandible. E) greatercornuofthehyoidbone. Answer: C

Figure7-1FlooroftheCranialCavity UseFigure7-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 99) Whichbonehasforaminafortheolfactorynerves? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Answer: E

100) Identifythesphenoidbone. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Answer: B

101) Identifytheinternaloccipitalcrest. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Answer: C

102) Whichstructureenclosesthepituitarygland? A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8 Answer: C

103) Whatisthenameofthestructurelabeled8? A) sellaturcica B) foramenovale C) foramenrotundum D) carotidcanal E) foramenspinosum Answer: B

Figure7-2TypicalVertebra(inferiorview) UseFigure7-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 104) Identifythestructurelabeled7. A) transverseprocess B) lamina C) pedicle D) vertebralbody E) spinousprocess Answer: C
105) Whichstructurecontactstheintervertebraldisc? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 E) 6 Answer: E

106) Identifythestructurelabeled1. A) pedicle B) transverseprocess C) lamina D) spinousprocess E) transversearticularfacet Answer: B

107) Whereisthespinalcordlocated? A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6 E) 7 Answer: C

108) Identifythestructurelabeled2. A) transverseprocess B) superiorarticularprocess C) pedicle D) inferiorarticularprocess E) lamina Answer: E

1) Thebonycompartmentthathousesthebrainiscalledthe________. Answer: cranium
2) Theoccipital________arewheretheoccipitalbonearticulateswiththefirstcervicalvertebra. Answer: condyles

3) Theparietalbonesandoccipitalbonearticulateatthe________suture. Answer: lambdoid

4) Thefrontalandparietalbonesarticulateatthe________suture. Answer: coronal

5) ________arenon-ossifiedfibrousattachmentsbetweencranialbones. Answer: Fontanels

6) Theconditioninwhichdistortionsoftheskulloccurduetotheprematureclosureoffontanelsiscalled ________. Answer: craniostenosis

7) Intheconditionknownas________,prematureclosureofallofthecranialsuturesresultsinrestrictedbrain growthandanundersizedhead. Answer: microcephaly

8) Successivevertebraearticulateatfacetsonthe________ofthesuperiorvertebraandfacetsonthe________of theadjacentinferiorvertebrae Answer: inferiorarticularprocesses;superiorarticularprocess

9) Thefirstcervicalvertebraisbetterknownasthe________. Answer: atlas

10) Thesecondcervicalvertebraisusuallycalledthe________. Answer: axis

11) Trueribsaredirectlyconnectedtothesternumby________. Answer: costalcartilages

12) Ribsthathavenoconnectiontothesternumarecalled________. Answer: floatingribs

13) Ribs8to12arecalled________becausetheydonotattachdirectlytothesternum. Answer: falseribs

14) Thenasalcomplexincludesthebonesthatenclosethenasalcavityandthe________sinuses. Answer: paranasal

15) The________isafluid-filledbonychamberthatcushionsandsupportsthebrain. Answer: cranialcavity

16) Thezygomaticbonearticulateswiththe________bonetoformthezygomaticarch. Answer: temporal

17) Intheconditionknownasa(n)________,thenasalseptumhasabendinit. Answer: deviatedseptum

18) Theinferiorportionofthenasalseptumisformedbythe________. Answer: vomer

19) Anexaggeratedlumbarcurvatureofthespineisknownas________. Answer: lordosis

20) Anabnormallateralcurvatureofthespineiscalled________. Answer: scoliosis

21) Theterm________isusedtodescribeaninjurycausedbydisplacementofthecervicalvertebraeduringa suddenchangeinbodyposition. Answer: whiplash

22) Namethesesamoidbonethatmayoccurinassociationwiththegastrocnemius. Answer: fabella

23) Thefivevertebralregionsarethecervical,thoracic,lumbar,sacral,and________. Answer: coccygeal

24) Providealternatetermsfortheseribparts: A) head B) tubercle C) body Answer: A=capitulum;B=tuberculum;C= shaft

25) Givetheclinicaltermfortheconditioninwhichthevertebrallaminaefailtouniteduringdevelopment. Answer: spinabifida

26) Namethefoursuturesfoundintheskull. Answer: lambdoid,coronal,sagittal,andsquamous

27) Whichfiveskullbonescontaintheparanasalsinuses? Answer: sphenoid,ethmoid,frontal,palatine,andmaxillarybones

28) The________allowforawiderangeofheadmovements. Answer: cervicalvertebrae

29) The________boneisunusualbecauseitdoesntcontactanotherbone. Answer: hyoid

30) Provideadefinitionforcraniostenosis. Answer: Craniostenosisisprematureossificationofthefontanelsoccurringininfancyorearlychildhood.

31) Sinusinflammationistermed________. Answer: sinusitis

32) ProvidethefulltermforTMJsyndrome. Answer: temporomandibularjointsyndrome

33) Listthefiveprimarycomponentsoftheaxialskeleton. Answer: skull,auditoryossicles,hyoidbone,vertebralcolumn,andthoraciccage

34) Listthefourprimarysutures. Answer: lambdoid,coronal,sagittal,andsquamous

EssayQuestions
1) Frankgetsintoabrawlatasportseventandreceivesabrokennose.Afterthenoseheals,hestartstohave sinusheadachesanddiscomfortintheareaofhismaxillae.WhatisprobablythecauseofFranksdiscomfort? Answer: Frankprobablyhasadeviatedseptumastheresultofhisbrokennose.Inadeviatedseptumthe cartilaginousportionoftheseptumisbentwhereitjoinsthebone.Thisconditionoftenblocksthe drainageofoneormoresinuseswithresultingsinusheadaches,infections,andsinusitis.
2) Billyisinjuredduringahighschoolfootballgame.Hischestisbadlybruisedandheisexperiencingdifficulty inbreathing.Whatmighttheproblembe? Answer: Billyhasprobablybrokenoneormoreofhisribs.Movementoftheribschangesthesizeofthethoracic cavity,whichisanimportantpartofbreathing.Whentheribsarebroken,breathingcanbecomedifficult (labored)becauseofpainwhentheribsaremoved.

3) Whatroledothefontanelsplayininfantdevelopment? Answer: Thesefibrousconnectivetissuestructuresfillinbetweenthebonesofthecraniuminanewborninfant. Asthebraingrows,theskullbonescanmoveapartandallowforbraingrowthwithoutinterferingwith nervoussystemdevelopmentandfunction.Iftheyareprematurelyossified,braindevelopmentis restricted,leadingtoskulldeformityandmentalretardation.Thisconditioniscalledcraniostenosis

4) Thestructuralfeaturesandskeletalcomponentsofthesternummakeitapartoftheaxialskeleton,whichis importantinavarietyofclinicalsituations.Ifyouwereteachingthisinformationtoprospectivehealthcare professionals,whatclinicalapplicationswouldyoucite? Answer: Becauseitisaccessible,thebodyofthesternumisoftensampledforredbonemarrow.Thexiphoid processisusefullandmarkinCPR;thispartofthesternumiseasilybroken,becauseitsonlyattachment issuperior,tothesternum.Abrokenxiphoidprocesscancauseinjurytonearbyorgans.

5) Whyarerupturedintervertebraldiscsmorecommoninlumbarvertebraeanddislocationsandfracturesmore commonincervicalvertebrae? Answer: Thelumbarvertebraehavemassivebodiesandcarryalotofweight;thesefactorscontributetothe rupturingofanintervertebraldisc.Thecervicalvertebraearemoredelicateandhavesmallbodies;these factorsincreasethepossibilityofdislocationsandfracturesinthecervicalvertebrae.

6) Sashahasachronicsinusinfectionthatshehastreatedherself.Shedevelopsadangerousinfectionofthebrain. Explaintoherhowthishappened. Answer: Theparanasalsinusesinthefrontalboneareonlyafewmillimetersofboneawayfromthecranial cavity.Chronicinfectionhaspermittedthebonetobeerodedandpenetrated,introducingbacteriainto thebraincase.

7) Joeis40yearsoldand30poundsoverweight.Likemanymiddle -agedmen,Joecarriesmostofthisextra weightinhisabdomenandjokeswithhisfriendsabouthisbeergut.Duringanannualphysical,Joes physicianadviseshimthathisspineisdevelopinganabnormalcurvature.WhyisthecurvatureofJoesspine changing,andwhatisthisconditioncalled? Answer: Thecurvatureofthespineischangingasaresultoftheheavyabdomenpullingontheanteriorcavity. Thisextraweightcausesabnormalspinalcurvaturetocompensateforbalance.Theconditioniscalled lordosisbecauseitseffectsareprevalentinthelumbarregion.

Chapter8 TheAppendicularSkeleton MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Whichofthefollowingbonesisnotpartoftheappendicularskeleton? A) scapula B) tibia C) sacrum D) coxalbones E) metacarpals Answer: C
2) Whichofthefollowingisnotacomponentoftheappendicularskeleton? A) scapula B) metatarsals C) femur D) humerus E) Noneoftheaboveallareappendicularbones. Answer: E

3) Whichoftheseadaptsthepectoralgirdletoawiderangeofmovement? A) heavybones B) relativelyweakjoints C) toughligamentsandtendons D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: B

4) Whichofthefollowingislocatedclosesttothejugularnotch? A) proximalendofscapula B) proximalendofclavicle C) distalendofscapula D) distalendofclavicle E) bothAandB Answer: B

5) Whichoftheseismostcommonlyfracturedinafall? A) radius B) scapula C) clavicle D) navicular E) glenoidcavity Answer: C

6) Theclaviclearticulateswiththescapula A) distallywiththecoracoidprocess. B) distallywiththeglenoidcavity. C) distallywiththeacromion. D) distallywiththemanubrium. E) proximallywiththecoracoidcavity. Answer: C

7) Theclaviclearticulateswiththescapulaatthe A) acromion. B) coracoidprocess. C) glenoidtuberosity. D) scapularspine. E) subscapularfossa. Answer: A

8) Whichofthesefeaturesislocatedneartheproximalendofthehumerus? A) medialepicondyle B) lateralepicondyle C) greatertubercle D) olecranonfossa E) capitulum Answer: C

9) Thedepressionontheposteriorsurfaceatthedistalendofthehumerusisthe A) olecranonfossa. B) coronoidfossa. C) radialfossa. D) intertuberculargroove. E) radialgroove. Answer: A

10) Whichoftheseisaforearmbone? A) humerus B) femur C) tibia D) fibula E) radius Answer: E

11) Whichofthesesurfacefeaturesdoestheulnapossess? A) olecranon B) styloidprocess C) trochlearnotch D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

12) Thesurfacefeaturepresentalongthelateralborderoftheshaftofthehumerusisthe A) radialgroove. B) medialepicondyle. C) lateralepicondyle. D) deltoidtuberosity. E) coronoidprocess. Answer: D

13) Theradiusarticulateswiththe A) humerus. B) ulna. C) carpals. D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

14) The________oftheradiushelpsstabilizethewristjoint. A) olecranonprocess B) coronoidprocess C) styloidprocess D) radialtuberosity E) capitulum Answer: C

15) Thebonesthatformthepalmarethe A) carpals. B) tarsals. C) metacarpals. D) metatarsals. E) phalanges. Answer: C

16) Thebonesthatgivethehandawiderangeofmotionarethe A) carpals. B) tarsals. C) metacarpals. D) metatarsals. E) phalanges. Answer: A

17) Thebonesthatformthefingersarethe A) carpals. B) tarsals. C) metacarpals. D) metatarsals. E) phalanges. Answer: E

18) Thecarpuscontains________bones. A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8 Answer: E

19) Whichofthefollowingisnotanupperlimbbone? A) ulna B) radius C) humerus D) metatarsals E) carpals Answer: D

20) Whichofthefollowingisnotapartofthepelvis? A) sacrum B) coccyx C) coxalbone D) lumbarvertebrae E) bothBandD Answer: D

21) Whatbonearticulateswiththecoxalboneattheacetabulum? A) sacrum B) femur C) humerus D) tibia E) fibula Answer: B

22) Eachoneofthecoxalbonesisformedbythefusionof________bones. A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 E) 6 Answer: B

23) Thelargestcomponentcoxalboneisthe A) pubis. B) ischium. C) ilium. D) femur. E) tibia. Answer: C

24) Thesuperiorborderoftheiliumthatactsasapointofattachmentforbothligamentsandmusclesisthe A) anterioriliacspine. B) acetabulum. C) posteriorsuperioriliacspine. D) iliaccrest. E) iliacnotch. Answer: D

25) Thegreatersciaticnotchisafeatureonthe A) ilium. B) ischium. C) pubis. D) femur. E) patella. Answer: A

26) Thesacrumarticulateswiththe A) ilium. B) ischium. C) pubis. D) iliumandischium. E) ischiumandpubis. Answer: A

27) Whenseated,theweightofthebodyisbornebythe A) ischialtuberosities. B) posteriorinferioriliacspines. C) iliaccrests. D) obturatorforamina. E) inferiorramiofthepubis. Answer: A

28) Thepubicandischialramiencirclethe A) pubicsymphysis. B) lessersciaticnotch. C) greatersciaticnotch. D) obturatorforamen. E) acetabulum. Answer: D

29) Thelongestandheaviestboneinthebodyisthe A) humerus. B) femur. C) tibia. D) fibula. E) coxalbone. Answer: B

30) Thedistalendofthetibiaarticulateswiththe A) talus. B) fibula. C) patella. D) calcaneus. E) coxalbone. Answer: A

31) Powerfulhipmusclesattachposteriorlytothefemuralongthe A) greatertrochanter. B) lessertrochanter. C) lineaaspera. D) medialepicondyle. E) intercondylarfossa. Answer: C

32) Themedialbulgeatyourankleisaprojectionfromthe A) fibula. B) femur. C) tibia. D) calcaneus. E) talus. Answer: C

33) Thelateralmalleolusisfoundonthe A) femur. B) tibia. C) fibula. D) patella. E) calcaneus. Answer: C

34) Themedialborderofthefibulaisboundtothe________bytheinterosseousmembrane. A) femur B) tibia C) patella D) navicular E) bothAandB Answer: B

35) Thetarsuscontains________bones. A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8 Answer: D

36) Whichofthefollowingistheheelbone? A) talus B) navicular C) calcaneus D) cuboid E) patella Answer: C

37) Theweightofthebodyissupportedbythe A) distalmetacarpals. B) proximalmetatarsals. C) distalmetarsals. D) calcaneus. E) bothCandD Answer: E

38) Anothernameforthefirsttoeis A) hallux. B) pollex. C) hyoid. D) lateralcuneiform. E) phalanx. Answer: A

39) Whichofthefollowingisnotacharacteristicofthemalepelvis? A) heavy,roughtexturedbone B) heart-shapedpelvicinlet C) angleofpubicarchgreaterthan100degrees D) relativelydeepiliacfossa E) iliaextendfarabovesacrum Answer: C

40) Whichofthefollowingisanotcharacteristicofthefemalepelvis? A) triangularobturatorforamen B) coccyxpointsanteriorly C) sacrumbroadandshort D) bonemarkingsnotveryprominent E) ischialspinepointsposteriorly Answer: B

41) Studyofhumanskeletonscanrevealinformationconcerningthepersons A) sex. B) ageandnutritionalstatus. C) sizeandhandedness. D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: D

42) Comparedtothemaleskeleton,thefemaleskeleton A) islarger. B) isheavier. C) hasagreaterangleinferiortothepubicsymphysis. D) hasasmalleraveragecranium. E) bothCandD Answer: E

43) Theclearestdistinctionbetweenamaleandfemaleskeletonisseeninthecharacteristicsofthe A) skull. B) pelvis. C) sacrum. D) teeth. E) thoraciccage. Answer: B

44) Whichofthefollowingisnotadevelopmentallycontrolledprocess? A) closureofthefontanels B) boneremodeling C) reductioninmineralcontent D) appearanceofmajorvertebralcurves E) fusionofthecoxalbones Answer: B

45) Theonlydirectconnectionbetweenthepectoralgirdleandtheaxialskeletoniswherethe A) claviclearticulateswiththehumerus. B) claviclearticulateswiththemanubriumofthesternum. C) coxalbonesarticulatewiththefemur. D) vertebralcolumnarticulateswiththesacrum. E) claviclearticulateswiththexiphoidprocess. Answer: B

46) Eachcoxalboneconsistsofthefollowingthreefusedbones: A) ulna,radius,andhumerus. B) ilium,ischium,andpubis. C) femur,tibia,andfibula. D) hamate,capitate,andtrapezium. E) femur,patella,andtibia. Answer: B

47) Thelargestboneofthelowerlimbisthe A) tibia. B) femur. C) fibula. D) humerus. E) calcaneus. Answer: B

48) Thepelvicorgansaremostlyfoundwithinthe A) ishialspine. B) iliacfossa. C) ishialfossa. D) obturatorforamen. E) pubicsymphysis. Answer: B

49) Thethreesidesofthisboneformabroadtriangle. A) radius B) clavicle C) vertebra D) sternum E) scapula Answer: E

50) Whichoftheseconstitutesthepectoralgirdle? A) claviclesonly B) claviclesandscapulae C) clavicles,scapulae,andhumerus D) clavicles,scapulae,humerus,radius,andulna E) clavicle,scapula,humerus,radius,ulna,andcarpalbones Answer: B

51) Theglenohumeraljoint,orshoulderjoint,isanarticulationbetweenwhichtwobones? A) humerusandulna B) scapulaandhumerus C) clavicleandscapula D) clavicleandhumerus E) noneoftheabove Answer: B

52) Intheanatomicalposition,theulnaislocated________totheradius. A) distal B) proximal C) medial D) superior E) noneofthese Answer: C

53) Lateraltothecoronoidprocess,theradial________accommodatestheheadoftheradiusintheradio -ulnar joint. A) notch B) tendon C) ligament D) groove E) muscle Answer: A
54) Thereare________carpalboneslocatedinthewrist,whichform________rowsofbonesinthewrist. A) 2;8 B) 10;3 C) 4;2 D) 8;2 E) 6;2 Answer: D

55) Eachhandhas________phalangealbones. A) 15 B) 20 C) 14 D) 18 E) 10 Answer: C

56) Whichoftheseboneswasnotformedbythefusionofseveralbones? A) coccyx B) coxalbones C) sacrum D) femur E) noneoftheabove Answer: D

57) Whichsurfacefeature(s)alongtheiliummark(s)attachmentsitesforlargehipmuscles? A) iliacspines B) greatersciaticnotch C) gluteallines D) bothAandC E) noneoftheabove Answer: C

58) Whichoftheseisnotoneoftheboundariesofthepelvicoutlet? A) coccyx B) ischialtuberosities C) iliaccrest D) inferiorborderofthepubicsymphysis E) bothAandB Answer: C

59) Amalehasa________pelvicoutletwhencomparedtothewomanspelvicoutlet. A) larger B) longer C) smaller D) wider E) deeper Answer: C

60) Thelongestboneisthe A) coxalbone. B) sternum. C) humerus. D) femur. E) bothCandD Answer: D

61) TheAchillestendonattachestowhichanatomicalstructure? A) cuboidbone B) calcaneus C) talus D) lessertrochanter E) bothBandC Answer: B

62) Thehandhas15phalangealbones;thefoothas14phalangealbones. A) Thefirststatementistruebutthesecondstatementisfalse. B) Thefirststatementisfalsebutthesecondstatementistrue. C) Thefirststatementistrueandthesecondstatementistrue. D) Thefirststatementisfalseandthesecondstatementisfalse. E) Toomuchanatomicalvariabilitytobesure. Answer: B

63) Whichofthefollowingisnotalowerlimbbone? A) fibia B) tibia C) metatarsal D) patella E) femur Answer: B

64) Thescapulaisroughlytriangularinshape.Whichofthefollowingarecorrecttermsfortheborders? A) superiorborder B) inferiorborder C) lateralborder D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: E

65) Tinafallsandfracturesherpisiformbone.Whatpartofherbodywasinjured? A) foot B) forearm C) wrist D) hand E) ankle Answer: C

66) Whenstandingnormally,mostofyourweightistransmittedtothegroundbythe A) distalmetarsalsandcalcaneus. B) talusandproximalmetatarsals. C) calcaneusandtalus. D) talusandcuneiforms. E) calcaneusandproximalmetatarsals. Answer: A

67) Thetaluscontactsthe A) calcaneus. B) navicularbone. C) tibialbone. D) bothAandB E) A,B,andC Answer: E

68) Comparedtothehand,thefoot A) hasmorephalanges. B) hasfewermetatarsalsthanthehandhasmetacarpals. C) hasamorerestrictedrangeofmovement. D) containsellipsoidalarchesthathelpdistributebodyweight. E) hasthesamenumberoftarsalbonesasthehandhascarpalbones. Answer: C

69) Tomstumblesandinjureshishallux.Whatpartofhisanatomyisinjured? A) hishand B) hisfoot C) hisankle D) hisknee E) hiship Answer: B

70) Theclaviclearticulateswiththescapula A) distallywiththecoracoidprocess. B) distallywiththeglenoidcavity. C) distallywiththeacromialprocess. D) proximallywiththemanubrium. E) bothCandD. Answer: E

71) Theconditionknownasflatfeetisduetoalower-than-normallongitudinalarchinthefoot.Aproblemwith whichofthefollowingwouldmostlikelycontributetothiscondition? A) alooseAchillestendon B) weaktarsometatarsaljoints C) weaknessintheligamentsthatattachthecalcaneustothedistalendsofthemetatarsals D) weaknessintheligamentsthatattachthetalustothetibia E) pooralignmentofthephalangeswiththemetatarsals Answer: C

72) Onafieldtripyoudiscoveraskeletonwiththefollowingcharacteristics.Theacetabulumisdirectedlaterally, theischialspinepointsmedially,andtheangleinferiortothepubicsymphysisislessthan90degrees.Thelong bonesofthearmsandlegsarerelativelylightandshowepiphysealplates.Thisskeletonisprobablyfrom A) ayoungmale. B) ayoungfemale. C) anelderlymale. D) anelderlyfemale. E) Cannottellonthebasisofthisinformation. Answer: A
Figure8-1TheHumerus UseFigure8-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 73) Identifythestructurelabeled9. A) olecranonprocess B) medialepicondyle C) lateralepicondyle D) greatertubercle E) trochlea Answer: B
74) Whichstructuredoestheradiusrotateupon? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Answer: C

75) Whenthearmisstraight,whichstructureacceptstheolecranon? A) 1 B) 3 C) 4 D) 8 E) 9 Answer: D

76) Identifytheplacewherethehumerusoftenfractures. A) 1 B) 2 C) 5 D) 6 E) 7 Answer: D

77) Whichstructurearticulateswiththeglenoidcavity? A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6 E) 7 Answer: C

Figure8-2BonesoftheAnkleandFoot UseFigure8-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 78) Identifythebonelabeled7. A) cuboid B) cuneiformI C) navicular D) talus E) calcaneus Answer: C
79) Identifythebonelabeled1. A) talus B) calcaneus C) cuneiformV D) cuboid E) metatarsal Answer: B

80) Onwhichbonedoesthetibiapress? A) 1 B) 7 C) 9 D) 2 E) 3 Answer: D

81) Identifythebonesnamedfortheirwedgeshape. A) 3 B) 8 C) 7 D) 1 E) 2 Answer: B

82) Identifytheboneslabeled9. A) metatarsals B) carpals C) metacarpals D) tarsals E) coxae Answer: A

Figure8-3TheScapula UseFigure8-3toanswerthefollowingquestions: 83) Identifythestructurelabeled7. A) acromion B) scapularprocess C) spine D) coracoidprocess E) scapularnotch Answer: C
84) Identifythestructurelabeled1. A) spine B) scapularprocess C) acromion D) coracoidprocess E) scapularnotch Answer: D

85) Whichstructureistheacromion? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Answer: E

86) Identifythestructurelabeled2. A) glenoidcavity B) acetabulum C) scapularcavity D) scapularnotch E) rotatorcup Answer: A

87) Whatbonearticulatesonthestructurelabeled2? A) femur B) clavicle C) humerus D) manubrium E) radius Answer: C

Figure8-4TheFemur
UseFigure8-4toanswerthefollowingquestions: 88) Identifythestructurelabeled2. A) greatertrochanter B) lineaaspera C) head D) lateralepicondyle E) lateralcondyle Answer: A

89) Identifythestructurelabeled3. A) greatertrochanter B) lessertrochanter C) head D) lateralepicondyle E) lateralcondyle Answer: E

90) Whichstructurearticulateswiththeacetabulum? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 5 E) 9 Answer: D

91) Identifythediaphysisofthefemur. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5 E) 7 Answer: E

92) Identifythestructurelabeled12. A) greatertrochanter B) lineaaspera C) head D) lateralepicondyle E) lateralcondyle Answer: B

1) Theappendicularskeletonincludesthebonesoftheupperandlowerextremitiesandtheirsupporting elementscalled________. Answer: girdles
2) Twoprominentfeaturesoftheclaviclearetheconoidtubercleatthedistalendandthe________tuberosityat theproximalend. Answer: costal

3) Thebonesoftheforearm,or________,consistoftheradiusandulna. Answer: antebrachium

4) Thegirdlesoftheappendicularskeletonsupportthebonesofthe________. Answer: limbs

5) Thetwopubicbonesjoinmediallyatthe________. Answer: pubicsymphysis

6) Thescapulaarticulateswiththehumerusatthe________joint. Answer: glenohumeral

7) Thespaceenclosedbythetruepelvisiscalledthe________. Answer: pelvicinlet(orpelviccavity)

8) Theligamentthatsurroundsthe________attachestothetibialtuberosity. Answer: patella

9) Matchthetermwithitskeycharacteristics. 1. lunate 2. navicular 3. pisiform Answer: 1-B;2-C;3-A

A) pea-shaped B) comma-shaped C) boat-shaped
10) Thepelvic________isborderedbythecoccyx,theischialtuberosities,andtheinferiorborderofthepubic symphysis. Answer: outlet

11) The________areS-shapedbonesthatarticulatelateraltothejugularnotch. Answer: clavicles

12) Theradiusandulnaareboundtoeachotherbya(n)________ligament. Answer: interosseus

13) Aligamentattachestheacetabulumtothefemuratthe________,asmallpitinthecenterofthefemoralhead. Answer: foveacapitis

True/FalseQuestions
1) ThepinkyfingerisknownasmetacarpalnumberI. Answer: FALSE
2) Thefusionoftheilium,ischium,andpubisformseachcoxalbone. Answer: TRUE

3) Bonemarkingsaremoreprominentinmuscularindividuals. Answer: TRUE

EssayQuestions
1) Describehowthearchesofthefootassistinweightdistribution. Answer: Thearchesabsorbshockasweightdistributionshiftsduringmovements.Thelongitudinalarchabsorbs mostoftheshockofsteps,whilethetransversearchdistributestheweightevenly.
2) Whatisthedistinctionbetweenthefalsepelvisandthetruepelvis? Answer: Thetruepelvisenclosesthepelviccavityanditssuperiorlimitisalinethatextendsfromeithersideof thebaseofthesacrum,alongthearcuatelineandpectineallinetothepubicsymphysis.Thefalsepelvis consistsoftheexpanded,bladelikeportionsofeachiliumsuperiortothepelvicbrim.

3) Whyisitnecessaryforthebonesofthepelvicgirdletobemoremassivethanthebonesofthepectoralgirdle? Answer: Thepelvicgirdlemustwithstandtheloadofbearingandmovingtheentirebodywhereasthepectoral girdleonlysupportstheupperlimbs.

4) Tosettleabet,youneedtomeasurethelengthofyourlowerlimb(headoffemurtodistalcondyleoftibia). Whatlandmarkswouldyouusetomakethemeasurement? Answer: Youcouldfeeltheinferioriliacnotch,whichisatthesamelevelastheheadofthefemur.Youcouldfeel themedialmalleolusofthetibiaattheankle.

5) Describethepelvicadaptationstochildbearinginthefemale. Answer: Theseinclude:anenlargedpelvicoutlet,abroaderpubicangle,lesscurvatureonthesacrumandcoccyx, widerandmorecircularpelvicinlet,arelativelybroadpelvisthatdoesnotextendasfarsuperiorly,and iliathatprojectfartherlaterally,butdonotextendasfarsuperiortothesacrum.

Chapter9 Articulations MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Animmovablejointisa(n) A) synarthrosis. B) diarthrosis. C) amphiarthrosis. D) syndesmosis. E) symphysis. Answer: A
2) Aslightlymovablejointisa(n) A) synarthrosis. B) diarthrosis. C) amphiarthrosis. D) gomphosis. E) synostosis. Answer: C

3) Afreelymovablejointisa(n) A) synarthrosis. B) diarthrosis. C) amphiarthrosis. D) syndesmosis. E) symphysis. Answer: B

4) Asutureisanexampleofa(n) A) synarthrosis. B) syndesmosis. C) symphysis. D) diarthrosis. E) amphiarthrosis. Answer: A

5) Anepiphyseallineisanexampleofa A) gomphosis. B) synchondrosis. C) synostosis. D) symphysis. E) syndesmosis. Answer: C

6) Denseconnectivetissueistoasutureasaperiodontalligamentistoa(n) A) amphiarthrosis. B) syndesmosis. C) synostosis. D) synchondrosis. E) gomphosis. Answer: E

7) Asynovialjointisanexampleofa(n) A) synarthrosis. B) amphiarthrosis. C) diarthrosis. D) symphysis. E) syndesmosis. Answer: C

8) Aligamentousconnectionsuchasaninterosseusligamentistermeda A) syndesmosis. B) symphysis. C) synchondrosis. D) synostosis. E) gomphosis. Answer: A

9) Whichofthefollowingisnotafunctionofsynovialfluid? A) shockabsorption B) increasesosmoticpressurewithinjoint C) lubrication D) providesnutrients E) protectsarticularcartilages Answer: B

10) Whichofthefollowingisnotacharacteristicofarticularcartilage? A) Thereisnoperichondrium. B) Thematrixcontainsmorewaterthanothercartilages. C) Surfacesarenormallyslickandsmooth. D) Itiscomposedofhyalinecartilage. E) Itsecretessynovialfluid. Answer: E

11) Whichoftheseisoneofthefourmajortypesofsynarthroticjoints? A) suture B) gomphosis C) synchondrosis D) synostosis E) alloftheabove Answer: E

12) Bursaearefoundinallofthefollowingareas,except A) tendonsheaths. B) beneaththeskincoveringabone. C) withinconnectivetissueexposedtofrictionorpressure. D) aroundbloodvessels. E) aroundmanysynovialjoints. Answer: D

13) Dislocationsarequitepainfulduetostimulationofpainreceptors.Oneplacethesereceptorsareabsentis A) insidethejointcavity. B) withinthejointcapsule. C) withintheligamentsaroundthejoint. D) withinthetendonsaroundthejoint. E) bothCandD Answer: A

14) Amovementawayfromthemidlineofthebodyistermed A) inversion. B) abduction. C) adduction. D) flexion. E) extension. Answer: B

15) Topinchwithathumbandfingerinvolvesamovementcalled A) rotation. B) opposition. C) circumduction. D) eversion. E) retraction. Answer: B

16) Acommoninjurytotheankleoccursbyexcessiveturningofthesoleinward,termed A) eversion. B) protraction. C) dorsiflexion. D) plantarflexion. E) inversion. Answer: E

17) Whichofthefollowingmovementsisagoodexampleofdepression? A) openingthemouth B) turningthehandpalmupward C) extremebendingoftheheadbackwards D) movingthehandtowardtheshoulder E) spreadingthefingers Answer: A

18) Themovementsknownasdorsiflexionandplantarflexioninvolvemovingthe A) hand. B) arm. C) foot. D) leg. E) hip. Answer: C

19) Theelbowjointisanexampleofa(n)________joint. A) saddle B) gliding C) ellipsoid D) hinge E) pivot Answer: D

20) Inatriaxialarticulation A) movementcanoccurinallthreeaxes. B) movementcanoccurinonlytwoaxes. C) movementcanoccurinonlyoneaxis. D) onlycircumductionispossible. E) nomovementispossible. Answer: A

21) Thejointbetweenthetrapeziumandmetacarpalboneofthethumbisanexampleofa(n)________joint. A) saddle B) gliding C) ellipsoid D) hinge E) pivot Answer: A

22) Monaxialjointsareknownas________joints. A) saddle B) gliding C) ball-and-socket D) ellipsoid E) hinge Answer: E

23) Whichtypeofjointisfoundbetweenthecarpalbones? A) saddle B) gliding C) hinge D) ball-and-socket E) pivot Answer: B

24) Whichofthefollowingtypesofjointsismonoaxial,butcapableofonlyrotation? A) saddle B) gliding C) hinge D) ball-and-socket E) pivot Answer: E

25) Thejointthatpermitsthegreatestrangeofmobilityofanyjointinthebodyisthe________joint. A) hip B) shoulder C) elbow D) knee E) wrist Answer: B

26) Whichofthefollowingmovementsisagoodexampleofhyperextension? A) openingthemouth B) turningthehandpalmupward C) extremebendingoftheheadbackwards D) movingthehandtowardtheshoulder E) spreadingthefingers Answer: C

27) Whichligamentconnectstheclavicleandtheacromion? A) coracohumeral B) coracoacromial C) coracoclavicular D) glenohumeral E) acromioclavicular Answer: E

28) Theelbowjointisextremelystablebecause A) theulnaandhumerusinterlock. B) thearticularcapsuleisthin. C) thecapsulelacksligaments. D) severalmusclessupportthejointcapsule. E) thejointlacksbursae. Answer: A

29) Theradiocarpaljointisa(n)________joint. A) saddle B) immovable C) hinge D) gliding E) ellipsoid Answer: E

30) Theintercarpalarticulationsare________joints. A) saddle B) ellipsoid C) hinge D) gliding E) ball-and-socket Answer: D

31) Thejointsbetweenvertebraeareexamplesof________joints. A) saddle B) pivot C) ellipsoid D) hinge E) gliding Answer: E

32) Whichofthefollowingisnotapropertyofsynovialjoints? A) freelymovable B) linedbyasecretoryepithelium C) coveredbyaserousmembrane D) containsynovialfluid E) coveredbyacapsule Answer: C

33) Aherniatedintervertebraldisciscausedby A) lossofannulusfibrosiselasticity. B) slippageofthefibrocartilagedisc. C) ossificationofthevertebraldisc. D) protrusionofthenucleuspulposus. E) transformationoffibrocartilagetohyalinecartilage. Answer: D

34) Factorsthatincreasethestabilityofthehipjointinclude A) strongmuscularpadding. B) toughcapsule. C) almostcompletebonysocket. D) supportingligaments. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

35) Thenormalmovementofthehipjointduringwalkinginvolves A) abduction. B) adduction. C) flexion. D) extension. E) bothCandD Answer: E

36) Whichofthefollowingligamentsisnot associatedwiththehipjoint? A) iliofemoralligament B) pubofemoralligament C) ischiofemoralligament D) ligamentumteres E) anteriorcruciateligament Answer: E

37) Inthekneejoint,themedialandlateralmenisci A) arecartilagesthatbindthekneetothetibia. B) actascushionsandconformtotheshapeofthearticulatingsurfaces. C) taketheplaceofbursae. D) arefoundbetweenthepatellaandfemur. E) bothAandD Answer: B

38) Thestructuresthatassistthebursaeinreducingfrictionbetweenthepatellaandothertissuesarethe A) fatpads. B) medialmenisci. C) lateralmenisci. D) poplitealligaments. E) cruciateligaments. Answer: A

39) Theligamentthatprovidessupporttothefrontofthekneejointisthe________ligament. A) anteriorcruciate B) posteriorcruciate C) patellar D) popliteal E) tibialcollateral Answer: C

40) Thebackofthekneejointisreinforcedby________ligaments. A) tibialcollateral B) anteriorcruciate C) posteriorcruciate D) patellar E) popliteal Answer: E

41) Themedialsurfaceofthekneejointisreinforcedbythe________ligament. A) cruciate B) fibularcollateral C) patellar D) popliteal E) tibialcollateral Answer: E

42) Theligamentsthatlimittheanterior-posteriormovementofthefemurandmaintainthealignmentofthe femoralandtibialcondylesarethe________ligaments. A) cruciate B) fibularcollateral C) patellar D) popliteal E) tibialcollateral Answer: A

43) Theanklejointisanexampleofa(n)________joint. A) ellipsoid B) saddle C) hinge D) ball-and-socket E) gliding Answer: C

44) Therotatorcuffoftheshoulderfunctionsto A) reinforcethejointcapsule. B) limittherangeofmovements. C) allowbiaxialmovement. D) alloftheabove E) bothAandB Answer: E

45) Allofthefollowingstatementsaretrue,except one.Identifytheexception. A) Therotatorcufffunctionstolimittherangeofmovementsoftheshoulderjoint. B) Theshapesofthearticulatingsurfaceswithinthejointhelppreventmovementinaparticulardirection andstrengthenandstabilizethejoint. C) Thetightertwobonesareheldtogetherwithinajoint,thestrongerthejoint. D) Themoremovementajointallows,thestrongerthejoint. E) Thetensionproducedbymuscletendonssurroundingajointhelpstabilizethejoint. Answer: D
46) Jointscanbeclassifiedstructurallyas A) bony. B) fibrous. C) cartilaginous. D) synovial. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

47) Thejointsthatconnectthefourfingerswiththemetacarpalbonesare A) ellipsoidjoints. B) saddlejoints. C) pivotjoints. D) hingejoints. E) condyloidjoints. Answer: A

48) Completedislocationofthekneeisararebecause A) thekneeisprotectedbythepatella. B) thefemurarticulateswiththetibiaattheknee. C) thekneecontainssevenmajorligaments. D) thekneecontainsfatpadstoabsorbshocks. E) thekneeisextremelyresilient. Answer: C

49) Whichofthefollowingmovementsisagoodexampleofabduction? A) openingthemouth B) turningthehandpalmupward C) extremebendingoftheheadbackwards D) movingthehandtowardtheshoulder E) spreadingthefingers Answer: E

50) Thesynarthrosisthatbindstheteethtothebonysocketsisa A) suture. B) gomphosis. C) synchondrosis. D) synotosis. E) noneoftheabove Answer: B

51) Thesurfaceofarticularcartilageis A) slick. B) flat. C) smooth. D) rough. E) bothAandC Answer: E

52) Whichofthefollowingoccurswhenthearticularcartilageisdamaged? A) Thematrixbeginstobreakdown. B) Theexposedsurfacechangestoaroughfeltwork. C) Frictioninthejointincreases. D) Normalsynovialjointfunctionisunabletocontinue. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

53) Curlingintothefetalposition________theintervertebraljoints. A) hyperextends B) flexes C) abducts D) extends E) rotates Answer: B

54) Anextensionpasttheanatomicalpositionisknownas A) doublejointed. B) extension. C) flexion. D) rotation. E) hyperextension. Answer: E

55) Whichofthefollowingmovementsisagoodexampleofflexion? A) openingthemouth B) turningthehandpalmupward C) extremebendingoftheheadbackwards D) movingthehandtowardtheshoulder E) spreadingthefingers Answer: D

56) Atwistingmotionofthefootthatturnsthesoleofthefootoutwardisknownas A) inversion. B) plantarflexion. C) eversion. D) dorsiflexion. E) noneoftheabove Answer: C

57) Whichfootmovementenablestheballerinatostandonhertoes? A) dorsiflexion B) plantarflexion C) inversion D) rotation E) eversion Answer: B

58) Allofthefollowingarestructuralclassificationsofsynovialjoints,except A) hinge. B) gliding. C) rolling. D) saddle. E) pivot. Answer: C

59) Whichofthefollowingjointsisanexampleofaball-and-socketjoint? A) elbow B) knee C) ankle D) wrist E) shoulder Answer: E

60) Whichofthefollowingmovementsisagoodexampleofsupination? A) openingthemouth B) turningthehandpalmupward C) extremebendingoftheheadbackwards D) movingthehandtowardtheshoulder E) spreadingthefingers Answer: B

61) Allofthefollowingmovementsoccurattheintervertebraljoints,except A) flexion. B) rotation. C) dorsiflexion. D) lateralflexion. E) extension. Answer: C

62) Whichofthefollowingligamentsassistinstabilizationoftheshoulderjoint? A) coracoacromial B) subscapularis C) coracoclavicular D) alloftheabove E) bothAandC Answer: E

63) Whichofthefollowingathletesareatgreatestriskofdevelopingarotatorcuffinjury? A) tennisplayers B) white-waterkayakers C) runners D) baseballpitchers E) bothBandD Answer: E

64) Thelargestandstrongestarticulationattheelbowisthe A) humero-ulnarjoint. B) ulnarjoint. C) ulnaradialjoint. D) radialjoint. E) humeroradialjoint. Answer: A

65) Whichoftheseisnotconsideredtobeanaccessorysynovialstructure? A) fatpads B) menisci C) tendons D) bursae E) synovialmembrane Answer: E

66) Degenerativechangesinajointcanbetheresultofallofthefollowing,except A) bursitis. B) bacterialinfection. C) mechanicalstress. D) immobilizationofthejoint. E) inflammation. Answer: A

67) Noddingyourheadyesisanexampleof A) lateralandmedialrotation. B) circumduction. C) flexionandextension. D) pronationandsupination. E) protractionandretraction. Answer: C

68) Whichofthefollowingmovementswouldyouassociatewithchewingfood? A) elevation B) abduction C) flexion D) pronation E) circumduction Answer: A

69) Liftingastonewiththetipoffootis A) circumduction. B) eversion. C) inversion. D) plantarflexion. E) dorsiflexion. Answer: E

70) Musclesthatextendtheelbowattachtothe A) coronoidprocess. B) radialtuberosity. C) olecranonprocess. D) medialepicondyle. E) lateralepicondyle. Answer: C

71) Contractionofthemusclethatisattachedtotheradialtuberosityresultsin A) flexionoftheforearm. B) extensionoftheforearm. C) abductionoftheforearm. D) adductionoftheforearm. E) rotationoftheshoulder. Answer: A

72) Thejointsthataresubjectedtothegreatestloadarefoundinthe A) ankles. B) knees. C) hands. D) spine. E) hips. Answer: A

73) Syndesmosisistoligamentassymphysisisto A) fibrouscartilage. B) denseregularconnectivetissue. C) periodontalligament. D) rigidcartilaginousbridge. E) completelyfused. Answer: A

74) Themostcommonathletickneeinjuryproducesdamagetothe A) patella. B) lateralmeniscus. C) ligaments. D) tendons. E) medialmeniscus. Answer: E

75) Whichoftheseisnotapropertyofarticularcartilage? A) coveredbyperichondrium B) lubricatedbysynovialfluid C) enclosedbyacapsule D) similartohyalinecartilage E) smooth,low-frictionsurface Answer: A

Figure9-1BonesoftheWristandHand UseFigure9-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 76) Identifythetypeofjointatlabel5. A) hinge B) ellipsoid C) gliding D) saddle E) pivot Answer: A
77) Identifythetypeofjointatlabel4. A) hinge B) gliding C) ellipsoid D) saddle E) pivot Answer: C

78) Identifythetypeofjointatlabel3. A) hinge B) gliding C) ellipsoid D) saddle E) pivot Answer: D

79) Identifythetypeofjointatlabel2. A) hinge B) ellipsoid C) gliding D) saddle E) pivot Answer: C

80) Identifythetypeofjointatlabel1. A) hinge B) ellipsoid C) gliding D) saddle E) pivot Answer: B

Figure9-2ASimplifiedSectionalViewoftheKneeJoint UseFigure9-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 81) Identifythestructureatlabel1. A) meniscus B) bursa C) articularcartilage D) synovialmembrane E) jointcavity Answer: B
82) Whichstructureactsasacushionandconsistsoffibrocartilage? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Answer: D

83) Whattypeoftissueoccursatthestructurelabeled3? A) fibrocartilage B) synovialmembrane C) hyalinecartilage D) bonetissue E) denseconnectivetissue Answer: C

84) Identifythestructurelabeled2. A) serousmembrane B) synovialmembrane C) jointcapsule D) periosteum E) intracapsularligament Answer: B

85) Identifythestructurelabeled5. A) serousmembrane B) synovialmembrane C) jointcapsule D) periosteum E) intracapsularligament Answer: E

1) Thelocationwheretwobonesmeetiscalledajointoran________. Answer: articulation
2) Structurally,thepublicsymphysisisclassifiedasa(n)________articulation. Answer: amphiarthrotic

3) ________subdividesynovialcavities,channeltheflowofsynovialfluid,andallowforvariationsintheshapes ofthearticularsurfaces. Answer: Menisci

4) Usuallyfoundoutsidethecapsule,________protectthearticularcartilagesandactaspackingmaterialforthe joint. Answer: fatpads

5) Smallpocketsofsynovialfluidthatreducefrictionandactasashockabsorberwhereligamentsandtendons rubagainstothertissuesarecalled________. Answer: bursae

6) A________occurswhenarticulatingsurfacesareforcedoutofposition. Answer: dislocation

7) Extendingabodypartpasttheanatomicalpositioniscalled________. Answer: hyperextension

8) Themovementofrotatingalimbtowardtheanteriorsurfaceofthebodyiscalled________. Answer: medialrotation(orinternalrotation)

9) Themovementofrotatingalimboutwardiscalled________. Answer: lateralrotation(orexternalrotation)

10) You________yourjawwhenyougraspyourupperlipwithyourlowerteeth. Answer: protract

11) Arthritisalwaysinvolvesdamagetothe________cartilages,butthespecificcausecanvary. Answer: articular

12) Themovementofabodypartupwardiscalled________. Answer: elevation

13) Themovementofabodypartdownwardiscalled________. Answer: depression

14) Theglenoidfossaisrimmedbythefibrocartilaginous________. Answer: glenoidlabrum

15) Thecoxalbonesarticulatewiththesacrumatthe________joint. Answer: sacroiliac

16) Theligamentthatenclosesthe________attachestothetibialtuberosity. Answer: patella

17) Thekneejointisstabilizedby________majorligaments. Answer: 7

18) Matchthetermwiththecorrectdefinition. 1. synarthrosis 2. amphiarthrosis 3. diarthrosis Answer: 1-B;2-A;3-C

A) slightlymovablejoint B) immovablejoint C) freelymovingjoint
19) Matchthetermwiththecorrectdefinition. 1. 2. 3. 4. glidingjoint pivotjoint hingejoint ellipsoidjoint A) anklejoint B) sacroiliacjoint C) radiocarpaljoint D) proximalradioulnarjoint
Answer: 1-B;2-D;3-A;4-C
20) A________isatendernoduleformedaroundbursaeoverthebaseofthegreattoe. Answer: bunion

21) ________isageneraltermforpainandstiffnessthataffectstheskeletalormuscularsystem. Answer: Rheumatism

22) Theprimarysignof________issynovitis,swellingandinflammationofthesynovialmembrane. Answer: rheumatoidarthritis

23) Theshoulderjoint,or________joint,permitsthegreatestrangeofmotionofanyjoint. Answer: glenohumeral

24) Thehipjointcanalsobereferredtoasthe________joint. Answer: coxal

25) Listthetypesofmovementthatmaybepermittedatasynovialjoint. Answer: linear,glidingmotion,angularmotion(flexion,extension,adduction,abduction,circumduction), rotation,andaseriesofspecialmovements(eversion,inversion,protraction,retraction,elevation,and depression)

26) Listthethreefunctionsofsynovialfluid. Answer: lubrication,nutrientdistribution,shockabsorption

27) ________aresmallfluid-filledpocketsinconnectivetissue. Answer: Bursae

True/FalseQuestions
1) Thedistalarticulationbetweenthetibiaandthefibulaisknownasasyndesmosisjoint. Answer: TRUE
2) Thestrongerandmorestableajointis,thelessmobilityithas. Answer: TRUE

EssayQuestions
1) Howareosteoarthritisandrheumatoidarthritisdifferent? Answer: Osteoarthritisisawear-and-teardiseaseseenusuallyintheelderly.Rheumatoidarthritisisan autoimmunediseaseinwhichthebodysimmunesystemattackssynovialjoints,triggeredbyan infectionorsomeothercause.
2) Whenthetricepsbrachiimusclecontracts,whatmovementsdoesitproduce? Answer: Thetricepsbrachiiattachestotheolecranonprocess.Contractionofthetricepsbrachiimusclecausesthe ulnatorotatearoundthedistalhumerus,causingextensionoftheforearm.

3) Whyistheinferiorregionoftheshoulderjointmostvulnerabletodislocation? Answer: Theanterior,superior,andposteriorsurfacesoftheshoulderjointarereinforcedbyligaments,muscles, andtendons,buttheinferiorcapsuleispoorlyreinforced.Asaresult,adislocationcausedbyanimpact oraviolentmusclecontractionismostlikelytooccuratthissite.Suchadislocationcanteartheinferior capsularwallandtheglenoidlabrum.

4) Ahighschoolstudentcomestotheemergencyroomcomplainingofpersistentpainandstiffnessinher shoulderjoint.Intalkingwithher,youdiscoverthatshehasbeenspendingmanyhourstryingtoimproveher pitchingskillsforherschoolssoftballteam.Whatislikelycausingthepain? Answer: Herpainisprobablycausedbyinjurytotherotatorcuff,whichcanresultfromrepetitivemotion, trauma,orexcessiveforce.Therotatorcuffconsistsofthetendonsoffourmusclesthatstabilizethe shoulderjoint.Iftorn,surgicalrepairmaybeindicated.

Chapter10 MuscleTissue MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Whichofthefollowingisarecognizedfunctionofskeletalmuscle? A) producemovement B) maintainposture C) maintainbodytemperature D) guardbodyentrancesandexits E) alloftheabove Answer: E
2) Whichofthefollowingstatementsisincorrect? A) Thecontractionsofskeletalmusclespullontendonsandmovebonesoftheskeleton. B) Skeletalmusclesstorenutrientreserves. C) Skeletalmusclesareresponsibleforthepumpingactionoftheheart. D) Skeletalmusclessupporttheweightofsomeinternalorgans. E) Skeletalmusclecontractionshelpmaintainbodytemperature. Answer: C

3) Thedenselayerofconnectivetissuethatsurroundsanentireskeletalmuscleisthe A) tendon. B) epimysium. C) endomysium. D) perimysium. E) fascicle. Answer: B

4) Nervesandbloodvesselsthatservicethemusclefibersarelocatedintheconnectivetissuesofthe A) endomysium. B) perimysium. C) sarcolemma. D) sarcomere. E) myofibrils. Answer: B

5) Thedelicateconnectivetissuethatsurroundstheskeletalmusclefibersandtiesadjacentmusclefiberstogether isthe A) endomysium. B) perimysium. C) epimysium. D) superficialfascia. E) periosteum. Answer: A

6) Thebundleofcollagenfibersattheendofaskeletalmusclethatattachesthemuscletoboneiscalleda(n) A) fascicle. B) tendon. C) ligament. D) epimysium. E) myofibril. Answer: B

7) Musclefibersdifferfromtypicalcellsinthatmusclefibers A) lackaplasmamembrane. B) havemanynuclei. C) areverysmall. D) lackmitochondria. E) bothBandC Answer: B

8) Theadvantageofhavingmanynucleiinaskeletalmusclefiberis A) theabilitytocontract. B) theabilitytoproducemoreATPwithlittleoxygen. C) theabilitytostoreextraDNAformetabolism. D) theabilitytoproducelargeamountsofthemuscleproteinsneededforgrowthandrepair. E) bothCandD Answer: D

9) Skeletalmusclefibersareformedfromembryoniccellscalled A) sarcomeres. B) myofibrils. C) myoblasts. D) fascicles. E) myomeres. Answer: C

10) Theplasmamembraneofskeletalmuscleiscalledthe A) sarcolemma. B) sarcomere. C) sarcosome. D) sarcoplasmicreticulum. E) sarcoplasm. Answer: A

11) Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthetermsarcomere? A) proteinthataccountsforelasticityofrestingmuscle B) repeatingunitofstriatedmyofibrils C) storagesiteforcalciumions D) thinfilamentsareanchoredhere E) largelymadeofmyosinmolecules Answer: B

12) Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthetermsarcoplasmicreticulum? A) proteinthataccountsforelasticityofrestingmuscle B) repeatingunitofstriatedmyofibrils C) storageandreleasesiteforcalciumions D) thinfilamentsareanchoredhere E) largelymadeofmyosinmolecules Answer: C

13) Therepeatingunitofaskeletalmusclefiberisthe A) sarcolemma. B) sarcomere. C) sarcoplasmicreticulum. D) myofibril. E) myofilament. Answer: B

14) Interactionsbetweenactinandmyosinfilamentsofthesarcomereareresponsiblefor A) musclefatigue. B) theconductionofneuralstimulationtothemusclefiber. C) musclecontraction. D) musclerelaxation. E) thestripedappearanceofskeletalmuscle. Answer: C

15) Inasarcomere,thickfilamentsarelinkedlaterallybyproteinsofthe A) Zline. B) Mline. C) Hband. D) Aband. E) Iband. Answer: B

16) WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthetermZline? A) proteinthataccountsforelasticityofrestingmuscle B) repeatingunitofstriatedmyofibrils C) storagesiteforcalciumions D) thinfilamentsareanchoredhere E) largelymadeofmyosinmolecules Answer: D

17) Theregionofthesarcomerecontainingthethickfilamentsisthe A) Zline. B) Mline. C) Hband. D) Aband. E) Iband. Answer: D

18) Theregionofthesarcomerethatalwayscontainsthinfilamentsisthe A) Zline. B) Mline. C) Hband. D) Aband. E) Iband. Answer: E

19) TheareainthecenteroftheAbandthatcontainsnothinfilamentsisthe A) Zline. B) Mline. C) Hband. D) Iband. E) zoneofoverlap. Answer: C

20) Eachthinfilamentconsistsof A) twoproteinstrandscoiledhelicallyaroundeachother. B) chainsofmyosinmolecules. C) sixmoleculescoiledintoahelicalstructure. D) arod-shapedstructurewithheadsprojectingfromeachend. E) adoublestrandofmyosinmolecules. Answer: A

21) Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthetermtitin? A) proteinthataccountsforelasticityofrestingmuscle B) repeatingunitofstriatedmyofibrils C) storagesiteforcalciumions D) thinfilamentsareanchoredhere E) largelymadeofmyosinmolecules Answer: A

22) Theskeletalmusclecomplexknownasthetriadconsistsof A) actin,myosin,andfilaments. B) atransversetubuleandtwoterminalcisternae. C) filaments,myofibrils,andsarcomeres. D) Abands,Hbands,andIbands. E) actin,myosin,andsarcomeres. Answer: B

23) Cross-bridgesareportionsof A) actinmolecules. B) myosinmolecules. C) troponinmolecules. D) tropomyosinmolecules. E) calciumions. Answer: B

24) Atrest,activesitesontheactinareblockedby A) myosinmolecules. B) troponinmolecules. C) tropomyosinmolecules. D) calciumions. E) ATPmolecules. Answer: C

25) Atrest,thetropomyosinmoleculeisheldinplaceby A) actinmolecules. B) myosinmolecules. C) troponinmolecules. D) ATPmolecules. E) calciumions. Answer: C

26) Eachskeletalmusclefiberiscontrolledbyamotorneuronatasingle A) synapticknob. B) sarcomere. C) neuromuscularjunction. D) synapticcleft. E) transversetubule. Answer: C

27) Thenarrowspacebetweenthesynapticterminalandthemusclefiberisthe A) synapticknob. B) motorendplate. C) motorunit. D) synapticcleft. E) Mline. Answer: D

28) Receptorsforacetylcholinearelocatedonthe A) synapticknob. B) motorendplate. C) sarcomere. D) synapticcleft. E) transversetubule. Answer: B

29) Theactionpotentialisconductedintoaskeletalmusclefiberby A) motorendplates. B) neuromuscularjunctions. C) transversetubules. D) triads. E) sarcoplasmicreticulum. Answer: C

30) Activesitesontheactinbecomeavailableforbindingafter A) actinbindstotroponin. B) troponinbindstotropomyosin. C) calciumbindstotroponin. D) calciumbindstotropomyosin. E) myosinbindstotroponin. Answer: C

31) Inresponsetoactionpotentialsarrivingalongthetransversetubules,thesarcoplasmicreticulumreleases A) acetylcholine. B) sodiumions. C) potassiumions. D) calciumions. E) hydrogenions. Answer: D

32) WhichofthefollowingactsasanATPaseduringthecontractioncycleofmuscle? A) actinmolecules B) troponinmolecules C) tropomyosinmolecules D) theheadportionofthemyosinmolecule E) thetailportionofthemyosinmolecule Answer: D

33) Whencalciumionbindstotroponin, A) tropomyosinmovesintothegroovebetweenthehelicalactinstrands. B) activesitesonthemyosinareexposed. C) actinheadswillbindtomyosin. D) musclerelaxationoccurs. E) myosinshortens. Answer: A

34) Themostimportantfactorindecreasingtheintracellularconcentrationofcalciumionaftercontractionis A) activetransportofcalciumacrossthesarcolemma. B) activetransportofcalciumintothesarcoplasmicreticulum. C) activetransportofcalciumintothesynapticcleft. D) diffusionofcalciumoutofthecell. E) diffusionofcalciumintothesarcoplasmicreticulum. Answer: B

35) Whichofthefollowingbecomeconnectedbymyosincross-bridgesduringmusclecontraction? A) thinfilamentsandthickfilaments B) thickfilamentsandtitinfilaments C) zdisksandactinfilaments D) thickfilamentsandt-tubules E) thinfilamentsandt-tubules Answer: A

36) Calciumionsarebindingtotroponinduringthe________ofamuscletwitch. A) latentperiod B) contractionphase C) recoveryphase D) relaxationphase E) bothAandB Answer: E

37) Therapidriseandfallinforceproducedbyamusclefiberafterasingleactionpotentialis A) atetanus. B) anunfusedtetanus. C) atwitch. D) anendplatepotential. E) amuscleactionpotential. Answer: C

38) Whenamuscleisstimulatedrepeatedlyatahighrate,theamountoftensiongraduallyincreasestoasteady maximumtension.Thisiscalled A) incompletetetanus. B) completetetanus. C) atwitch. D) wavesummation. E) recruitment. Answer: B

39) Amuscleproducingtensionthatpeaksandfallsatintermediatestimulusratesissaidtobein A) incompletetetanus. B) completetetanus. C) treppe. D) wavesummation. E) recruitment. Answer: A

40) Ifasecondstimulusarrivesbeforetherelaxationphasehasended,asecond,morepowerfulcontractionoccurs. Thisiscalled A) incompletetetanus. B) completetetanus. C) treppe. D) wavesummation. E) recruitment. Answer: D

41) Asinglemotorneurontogetherwithallthemusclefibersitinnervatesiscalled A) anendfoot. B) anendplate. C) amotorunit. D) adermatome. E) amyotome. Answer: C

42) Theincreaseinmuscletensionthatisproducedbyincreasingthenumberofactivemotorunitsiscalled A) incompletetetanus. B) completetetanus. C) treppe. D) wavesummation. E) recruitment. Answer: E

43) Thetypeofcontractioninwhichthemusclefibersdonotshorteniscalled A) tetany. B) treppe. C) concentric. D) isotonic. E) isometric. Answer: E

44) ArestingmusclegeneratesmostofitsATPby A) hydrolysisofcreatinephosphate. B) anaerobicrespiration. C) aerobicmetabolismoffattyacids. D) glycogenolysis. E) thetricarboxylicacidcycle. Answer: C

45) Creatinephosphate A) isproducedbytheprocessofanaerobicrespiration. B) canreplaceATPinbindingtomyosinmoleculesduringcontraction. C) actsasanenergyreserveinmuscletissue. D) isonlyformedduringstrenuousexercise. E) cannottransferitsphosphategrouptoADP. Answer: C

46) Duringanaerobicglycolysis A) ATPisproduced. B) pyruvicacidisproduced. C) oxygenisnotconsumed. D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: D

47) Atpeaklevelsofmuscleexertionthemitochondriacansupply A) alloftheenergyrequiredbythemuscle. B) 80percentoftheenergyrequiredbythemuscle. C) morethanhalfoftheenergyrequiredbythemuscle. D) onlyaboutone-thirdoftheenergyrequiredbythemuscle. E) onlyabout10percentoftheenergyrequiredbythemuscle. Answer: D

48) Afterheavyexercise,ifenergyreservesinamusclearedepleted,________occurs. A) anoxygendebt B) paralysis C) treppe D) tetanus E) atrophy Answer: A

49) Duringtherecoveryperiodfollowingexercise,allofthefollowingaretrue, except A) lacticacidisremovedfrommusclecells. B) themuscleactivelyproducesATP. C) musclefibersareunabletocontract. D) oxygenisconsumedatabovetherestingrate. E) heatisgenerated. Answer: C

50) DuringtheCoricycle,intheliver A) glucoseisreleasedfromglycogen. B) lacticacidisproducedfromglucose. C) glucoseisproducedfromlacticacid. D) lacticacidisproducedfrompyruvicacid. E) lacticacidisshuffledtomusclecells. Answer: C

51) Duringtherecoveryperiodthebodysneedforoxygenisincreasedbecause A) musclecellsareproducingenergyanaerobically. B) theindividualispanting. C) additionaloxygenisrequiredtorestoreenergyreservesconsumedduringexercise. D) theliverrequiresmoreoxygentoproducelacticacid. E) themusclesarenotproducingATP. Answer: C

52) Fastfibers A) havelowresistancetofatigue. B) relyonaerobicmetabolism. C) havemanymitochondria. D) havetwitcheswithaverybriefcontractionphase. E) bothAandD Answer: E

53) Thetypeofmusclefiberthatismostresistanttofatigueisthe________fiber. A) fast B) slow C) intermediate D) anaerobic E) high-density Answer: B

54) Muscularforcecanbeadjustedtomatchdifferentloadsby A) varyingthefrequencyofactionpotentialsinmotorneurons B) recruitinglargermotorunits C) recruitingmoremotorunits D) A,B,andC E) Noneoftheabovemusclecontractionisall-or-none. Answer: D

55) Duringactivitiesrequiringaerobicendurance A) glycogenandglycolysisaretheprimarysourcesofreserveenergy. B) oxygendebtsarecommon. C) mostofthemusclesenergyisproducedinmitochondria. D) fatigueoccursinafewminutes. E) oxygenisnotrequired. Answer: C

56) Fastmusclefiberscanadapttoaerobicmetabolismbygeneratingmoremitochondriainresponseto A) repeated,exhaustivestimulation. B) sustainedlowlevelsofmuscleactivity. C) highamountsofoxygen. D) increasedlevelsoftestosterone. E) prolongedperiodsofinactivity. Answer: A

57) Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(are)trueregardinghumanmuscles? A) Mosthavebothslowandfastfibers. B) Slowfibersareabundantinthecalfmuscles. C) Eyemusclesarecomposedentirelyoffastfibers. D) Slowfibersareabundantinthebackmuscles. E) Alloftheabove. Answer: E

58) Whencomparingslowmotorunitstofastmotorunits,slowunits A) takeaboutthreetimesaslongtoreachpeaktension. B) havemuchsmallerfiberdiameters. C) generatemuchlesstension. D) arerichintheredproteinmyoglobin. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

59) Heatenergyproducedfrommusclecontractionisreleasedbythe________system. A) integumentary B) respiratory C) cardiovascular D) urinary E) alloftheabove Answer: A

60) Whichofthefollowingstatementsisfalse? A) Cardiacmusclecontractionscannotbesummated. B) Skeletalmusclecontractionsmaybesummated. C) Skeletalmusclestimulationisneural. D) Cardiacmusclestimulationisneural. E) Cardiocytesareinterconnectedthroughintercalateddiscs. Answer: D

61) Whichofthefollowingisnotcharacteristicofsmoothmuscle? A) Smoothmuscleconnectivetissueformstendonsandaponeuroses. B) Neuronsthatinnervatesmoothmusclesareunderinvoluntarycontrol. C) Smoothmusclesareuninucleate. D) Smoothmusclesdonotcontainsarcomeres. E) Thethinfilamentsofsmoothmusclefibersareattachedtodensebodies. Answer: A

62) Whichofthefollowingisnotafunctionofsmoothmuscletissue? A) alteringthediameteroftherespiratorypassageways B) elevatinghairsonthearm C) forcingbloodfromtheheartintothemajorarteries D) movingfoodmaterialsalongthedigestivetract E) forcingurineoutoftheurinarytract Answer: C

63) Theabilityofsmoothmuscletofunctionoverawiderangeoflengthsiscalled A) elasticity. B) contractility. C) extensibility. D) plasticity. E) variability. Answer: D

64) Muscletissue,oneofthefourbasictissuegroups,consistschieflyofcellsthatarehighlyspecializedfor A) conduction. B) contraction. C) peristalsis. D) cushioning E) anyoftheabove Answer: B

65) Thetypesofmuscletissueincludeallofthefollowing,except A) striatedmuscle. B) cardiacmuscle. C) smoothmuscle. D) skeletalmuscle. E) noneoftheabove Answer: D

66) Ateachendofthemuscle,thecollagenfibersoftheepimysium,andeachperimysiumandendomysium,come togethertoforma A) tendon. B) satellitecell. C) ligament. D) tenosynovium. E) sheath. Answer: A

67) Whichofthefollowingisnotatypeofmotorunit? A) redfasttwitch B) whiteslowtwitch C) whitefasttwitch D) redslowtwitch E) Allofthesearewellknown. Answer: B

68) Thethinfilamentsofstriatedmusclearemadeofwhichprotein(s)? A) actin B) tropomyosin C) troponin D) nebulin E) alloftheabove Answer: E

69) Comparedtoatypicalbodycell,skeletalmusclecellsare A) largerthannormalcells. B) multinucleate. C) filledwithcrystalline3-Darraysoffibrousproteins. D) capableofrapidshorteningagainstaload. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

70) Eachskeletalmusclefibercontains________myofibrils. A) 50to100 B) 100to150 C) 150to200 D) 200to500 E) hundredstothousands Answer: E

71) Whenaskeletalmusclefibercontracts, A) theHbandsandIbandsgetsmaller. B) thezonesofoverlapgetlarger. C) theZlinesgetclosertogether. D) thewidthoftheAbandremainsconstant. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

72) Sinceeachmyofibrilisattachedateitherendofthemusclefiber,whensarcomeresshorten,themusclefiber A) lengthens. B) shortens. C) strengthens. D) weakens. E) notenoughinformationtosay Answer: B

73) Whichstatementaboutthemicroscopicanatomyofskeletalmusclefibersistrue? A) Tubularextensionsofthesarcolemmapenetratethefibertransversely. B) Crossstriationsresultfromthelateralalignmentofthickandthinfilaments. C) Eachfiberhasmanynuclei. D) Musclefibersarecontinuousfromtendontotendon. E) Allaretrue. Answer: E

74) Thecytoplasmoftheneuromuscularterminalcontainsvesiclesfilledwithmoleculesoftheneurotransmitter A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) acetylcholine. D) antidiuretichormone. E) alloftheabove Answer: C

75) Whichstatementaboutexcitation-contractioncouplingisincorrect? A) Calciumionisreleasedfromthetransversetubule. B) Calciumionisreleasedfromthesarcoplasmicreticulum. C) Tropomyosinmovestoexposemyosinbindingsitesonactin. D) Troponinbindscalciumionandsignalstropomyosintomove. E) Relaxationrequiresuptakeofcalciumionbythesarcoplasmicreticulum. Answer: A

76) Aerobicmetabolismnormallyprovides________percentoftheATPdemandsofarestingmusclecell. A) 25 B) 50 C) 70 D) 95 E) 100 Answer: D

77) Inanisotoniccontraction, A) muscletensionexceedstheloadandthemuscleliftstheload. B) tensionrisesandfallsbutthemusclelengthisconstant. C) thepeaktensionislessthantheload. D) manytwitchesfuseintoone. E) flexionisproduced. Answer: A

78) Thecontractionofamuscleexertsapullonabonebecause A) musclesareattachedtobonesbyligaments. B) musclesareattachedtobonesbybursae. C) musclesareattachedtobonesbytendons. D) AorC E) A,B,orC Answer: C

79) Large-diameter,denselypackedmyofibrils,largeglycogenreserves,andfewmitochondriaarecharacteristics of A) slowfibers. B) intermediatefibers. C) fastfibers. D) redmuscles. E) fattymuscles. Answer: C

80) Whencontractionoccurs, A) theHbandsgetsmaller. B) theZlinesmoveclosertogether. C) thewidthoftheAbandremainsconstant. D) theIbandsgetsmaller. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

81) Whichofthefollowinghormonesdirectlystimulatesgrowthofmuscletissue,leadingtoincreasedmuscle mass? A) epinephrine B) thyroidhormone C) testosterone D) parathyroidhormone E) calcitonin Answer: C

82) BecauseskeletalmusclecontractionsdemandlargequantitiesofATP,skeletalmuscleshave A) arichnervesupply. B) arichbloodsupply. C) abundantmitochondria. D) A,B,andC E) bothBandC Answer: E

83) Inrigormortis A) themyosinheadsareattachedtoactin. B) ATPisdepleted. C) musclesareinextensible. D) cross-bridgecyclingisabsent. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

84) Physicalevidencethatsupportstheslidingfilamenttheoryofmusclecontractionincludes A) constantdistancebetweenZlinesduringcontraction. B) decreasedwidthoftheHbandduringcontraction. C) increasedwidthoftheIbandduringcontraction. D) decreasedwidthoftheAbandduringcontraction. E) theIband+Hbanddistanceisconstantduringcontraction. Answer: B

85) Whenmyosincross-bridgesbindtotheactivesitesonactin, A) ADPisreleased. B) theypivottowardtheMline. C) thesarcomereresistsstretching. D) bothAandB E) A,B,andC Answer: E

86) Whichofthefollowingisgreater? A) theconcentrationofcalciumioninthesarcoplasmofarestingmuscle B) theconcentrationofcalciumioninthesarcoplasmicreticulumofarestingmuscle Answer: B

87) Thefollowingisalistoftheeventsthatoccurduringamusclecontraction. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Myosincross-bridgesbindtotheactin. ThefreemyosinheadsplitsATP. Calciumionisreleasedfromthesarcoplasmicreticulum. Themyosinheadpivotstowardthecenterofthesarcomere. Calciumionbindstotroponin. ThemyosinheadbindsanATPmoleculeanddetachesfromtheactin.
Thecorrectsequenceoftheseeventsis A) 1,3,5,4,6,2. B) 5,1,4,6,2,3. C) 3,5,1,2,4,6. D) 3,5,1,4,6,2. E) 1,4,6,2,3,5. Answer: D

88) Afterdeath,musclefibersrunoutofATPandcalciumbeginstoleakfromthesarcoplasmicreticulumintothe sarcoplasm.Thisresultsinaconditionknownas A) tetany. B) treppe. C) depolarization. D) rigormortis. E) oxygendebt. Answer: D

89) Howwouldthelossofacetylcholinesterasefromthemotorendplateaffectskeletalmuscle? A) Itwouldmakethemuscleslessexcitable. B) Itwouldproducemuscleweakness. C) Itwouldcausespasticparalysis(musclesarecontractedandunabletorelax). D) Itwouldcauseflaccidparalysis(musclesarerelaxedandunabletocontract). E) Itwouldhavelittleeffectonskeletalmuscles. Answer: C

90) Whenacetylcholinebindstoreceptorsatthemotorendplate,theendplatemembranebecomes A) morepermeabletosodiumions. B) lesspermeabletosodiumions. C) morepermeabletocalciumions. D) lesspermeabletopotassiumions. E) repolarized. Answer: A

91) Triggeringofthemuscleactionpotentialoccursafter A) acetylcholinebindstochemicallygatedchannelsintheendplatemembrane. B) acetylcholinesterasebindstoreceptorsontheendplate. C) calciumionbindstochannelsontheendplate. D) thenerveactionpotentialjumpsacrosstheneuromuscularjunction. E) Anyoftheabovecanproduceanactionpotentialinthemusclecell. Answer: A

92) Inwhichofthefollowingwouldthemotorunitshavethefewestmusclefibers? A) musclesoftheneck B) posturalmusclesoftheback C) musclesthatcontroltheeyes D) thighmuscles E) calfmuscles Answer: C

93) Whichofthefollowingmuscleswouldcontractmoreforcefully? A) amusclereceiving10to15actionpotentialspersecond B) amusclereceiving20to25actionpotentialspersecond Answer: B

94) Whichofthefollowingmotorunitswouldproducethegreatesttension? A) amotorunitinabackmuscle B) amotorunitinahandmuscle C) amotorunitinaneyemuscle Answer: A

95) Decreasedbloodflowtoamusclecouldresultinallofthefollowing,except A) musclefatigue. B) anoxygendebt. C) anincreaseinintracellularglycogen. D) ashifttoanaerobicglycolysis. E) anincreaseinintracellularlactate. Answer: C

96) Whichofthesewouldleadtoincreasedoxygenconsumption ? A) increasedheatproduction B) increasedconversionoflacticacidtoglucose C) increasedaerobicrespirationbymusclecells D) increasedmuscleactivity E) alloftheabove Answer: E

97) Howwouldanelevatedlevelofthyroidhormoneinthebodyaffectskeletalmuscles? A) Itwouldstimulateatrophy. B) Itwouldstimulatehypertrophy. C) Itwouldstimulateenergyuseandheatproduction. D) Itwoulddecreaseheatproductionbymuscletissue. E) Itwouldcauseanincreaseinmusclemass. Answer: C

98) Howwouldadrugthatblocksacetylcholinereceptorsatthemotorendplateaffectskeletalmuscle? A) Itwouldmakethemusclesmoreexcitable. B) Itwouldproduceuncontrolledmusclespasms. C) Itwouldcausespasticparalysis(musclesarecontractedandunabletorelax). D) Itwouldcauseflaccidparalysis(musclesarerelaxedandunabletocontract). E) Itwouldhavelittleeffectonskeletalmuscles. Answer: D

99) Synapticvesiclescontainingneurotransmittersarereleasedby________whentheactionpotentialarrives. A) endocytosis B) apoptosis C) exocytosis D) hydrolysis E) sodium Answer: C

100) Themuscleweaknessofmyastheniagravisresultsfrom A) insufficientacetylcholinereleasefrompresynapticvesicles. B) lossofacetylcholinereceptorsintheend-platemembrane. C) themotorneuronactionpotentialbeingtoosmalltoshockthemusclefibers. D) excessiveacetylcholinesterasethatdestroystheneurotransmitter. E) Alloftheaboveprobablycontributetotheweakness. Answer: B

101) Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthetermmuscleorigin? A) broadtendonsheet B) connectivetissuethatsurroundsasinglemusclefiber C) tendonattachmentthatdoesntmove D) tendonattachmentthatmoves E) connectivetissuethatsurroundsanentiremuscle Answer: C

Figure10-1SkeletalMuscleFiber UseFigure10-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 102) Whatisreleasedfromthestructurelabeled9? A) sarcoplasm B) acetylcholine C) protein D) calciumions E) acetylcholinesterase Answer: D
103) Identifythestructurelabeled1. A) mitochondria B) glycogen C) ATP D) myofibril E) synapticvesicle Answer: A

104) Wherewouldcalciumionbepredominatelyfound? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 8 E) 9 Answer: E

105) Whatphysiologicalprocessoccursinthestructurelabeled7? A) releaseofneurotransmitter B) conductionoftheactionpotentialintothecellinterior C) activityofacetylcholinesterase D) releaseofproteinintothemusclefiber E) theslidingfilamenttheory Answer: B

106) Wherearethemyosinmoleculeslocated? A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8 Answer: B

107) Whichstructurecontainsthemotorendplate? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5 E) 8 Answer: B

108) Whichstructureactivelypumpscalciumionsoutofthesarcoplasmtoproducerelaxation? A) 6 B) 7 C) 1 D) 3 E) 2 Answer: A

109) Whichofthefollowingarefoundinthestructurelabeled3? A) actin B) myosin C) titin D) tropomyosin E) alloftheabove Answer: E

110) IdentifythestructurewhereATPisproduced. A) 6 B) 7 C) 1 D) 3 E) 2 Answer: C

111) WhereisATPisconsumed? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 6 E) 3and6 Answer: E

Figure10-2MuscleContractions UseFigure10-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 112) Toproduceacontractionsimilartotheoneingraph(b),themuscle A) mustbestimulatedtothepointoffatigue. B) mustbestimulatedagainbeforeithasrelaxedfromthepreviousstimulation. C) isexcitedbyastimulusofincreasingintensity. D) iscausedtoproduceisolatedtwitches. E) graduallywarmsup. Answer: B
113) Whyistherepartialrelaxationingraph(c)? A) Calciumionreleaseisslow. B) Themuscleisstartingtofatigue. C) Stimulationintensityisfluctuating. D) ATPreservesarecycling. E) Nervestimulationfrequencyisbelowmaximum. Answer: E

114) Whatisthecontractioningraph(d)called? A) completetetanus B) incompletetetanus C) twitch D) wavesummation E) treppe Answer: A

115) Whatisthecontractioningraph(a)called? A) completetetanus B) incompletetetanus C) twitch D) wavesummation E) treppe Answer: E

116) Whatisthoughttohappeninamuscleduringtheresponseshowningraph(a)? A) Itisgettingstrongerwithexercise. B) Thereisagradualincreaseintheconcentrationofcalciumionsinthesarcoplasm. C) Itisfatiguedandmustmakerepeatedeffortstotwitchnormally. D) Itisagedandhaslostcontractileproteins. E) ItisproducingmoreATPastensionincreases. Answer: B

1) ________arestemcellslocatedbetweentheendomysiumandsarcolemmathatfunctionintherepairof damagedmuscletissue. Answer: Satellitecells
2) Communicationbetweenaxonsandmusclefibersoccursatspecializedsynapsescalled________. Answer: neuromuscularjunctions

3) Thecomplexofatransversetubuleandtwoadjacentterminalcisternaeisknownasa________. Answer: triad

4) Thestructuraltheorythatexplainshowamusclefibercontractsiscalledthe________. Answer: slidingfilamenttheory

5) Thesequenceofprocessesthatlinkstheactionpotentialtocontractioniscalled________. Answer: excitation-contractioncoupling

6) Matchthetermwithitsdescription. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. thyroidhormone testosterone epinephrine myoglobin calmodulin
A) primarysexhormoneinmales B) elevatestherateofenergyconsumptioninrestingandactiveskeletalmuscles C) stimulatesmusclemetabolismandincreasesdurationandstimulationoftheforceofacontraction D) activatesmyosinlightchainkinase E) redpigmentinslowfibers Answer: 1-B;2-A;3-C;4-E;5-D

7) Matchthetermwithitsdescription. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A) B) C) D) E) skeletalmuscle musclefascicle musclefiber myofibril sarcomere surroundedbyendomysiumandcontainsmyofibrils surroundedbysarcoplasmicreticulumandconsistsofsarcomeres surroundedbyepimysiumandcontainsmusclefascicles surroundedbyperimysiumandcontainsmusclefibers containsthickandthinfilaments
Answer: 1-C;2-D;3-A;4-B;5-E
8) Asinglecontraction-relaxationcycleinamusclefiberproducesa________. Answer: twitch

9) An________canbedescribedasabroadtendinoussheet. Answer: aponeurosis

10) AninfectionbythebacteriumClostridiumtetanicancausethediseasecalled________. Answer: tetanus

11) Amuscleproducesitshighesttensionwhenincomplete________. Answer: tetanus

True/FalseQuestions
1) GlucosebreakdownthroughglycolysisandmitochondrialactivityprovidestheATPneededtopower muscularcontractions. Answer: TRUE
2) Athinfilamentisconstructedfromactin,tropomyosin,troponin,andnebulin. Answer: FALSE

EssayQuestions
1) Marywantstoenteraweight-liftingcompetitionandconsultsyouastowhattypeofmusclefiberssheneeds todevelopandhowsheshouldgoaboutit.Whatwouldyousuggesttoher? Answer: Weightliftingrequiresanaerobicendurance.Marywouldwanttodevelopherfastfibersforshort -term maximumstrength.Shewouldachievethisbyengaginginactivitiesthatinvolvefrequent,brief,but intensiveworkouts,suchaswithheavyweightstothepointofmusclefatigue.Thefatiguetriggersthe productionofnewmyofilamentproteins,leadingtomusclebulkandstrength.
2) Describethebasicsequenceofeventsthatoccursattheneuromuscularjunctionandinthemusclecell. Answer: Theactionpotentialtriggerstheexocytosisofneurotransmittersstoredinvesiclesintheaxonending. Thisacetylcholinebindstoreceptorsinthemotorendplate,increasingthemusclemembrane permeabilitytosodium.Acetylcholinesterasedestroystheacetylcholine,ensuringthateachnerveaction potentialproducesonlyasingletwitch.Theinfluxofthesepositivesodiumionstriggersanaction potential.Theactionpotentialspreadsinbothdirectionsawayfromtheendplateacrosstheentire surfaceofthemusclefiberandintotheinteriorviatransversetubules,triggeringapulseofcalciumion releasefromthesarcoplasmicreticulum,whichgeneratesabriefsmalltwitch.Withadditionalstimuli, calciumionbuildsupandhighertensionsareproduced.
3) Manyvisceralsmoothmusclecellslackmotorneuroninnervation.Howaretheircontractionscoordinatedand controlled? Answer: Gapjunctionsinterconnectvisceralsmoothmusclefibers.Anactionpotentialthatbeginsinonewill spreadtoitssurroundingneighbors.Theactionpotentialcanbetriggeredbystretching,hormones, chemicalchanges,orstimulationatamyoneuraljunctiononadistantsmoothmusclecell.

4) Ahypotheticalgeneticdiseasecausesthebodytoproduceantibodiesthatcompetewithacetylcholinefor receptorsonthemotorendplate.Patientswiththisdiseaseexhibitvaryingdegreesofmuscleweaknessand flaccidparalysisintheaffectedmuscles.Ifyoucouldadministeradrugthatinhibitsacetylcholinesteraseora drugthatblocksacetylcholine,whichonewouldyouusetoalleviatethesesymptoms? Answer: Thisisacaseofcompetitionbetweenacetylcholineandtheantibody.Tomakethepatientsacetylcholine moreeffective,adrugthatinhibitsacetylcholinesterasewouldslowthebreakdownofhisacetylcholine, relievingsomeoftheweakness.Anacetylcholineblockerwouldbeworsethandoingnothing.

5) ThirtyminutesafterMaryhascompleteda25 -kmrace,shebeginstonoticeseveremusclesorenessand stiffnessinherlegs.Herurineisdarkcolored.Shewonderswhethershemayhavedamagedhermuscles duringtherace.ShevisitstheER,andthedoctorordersseveralbloodtests.Whatkindofbloodtestscanhelp determinewhethermuscledamagehasoccurred? Answer: Ifmuscledamageoccurred,thedoctorwouldfindenzymessuchascreatinephosphokinaseandproteins suchasmyoglobinortroponininthebloodstreamreleasedbyinjuredskeletalmusclecells.Thelevelof thesesubstancescorrelateswiththeseverityoftheinjury.

6) Describeamotorunit.Howmanyfibersdoesamuscleunitcontain? Answer: Amotorunitconsistsofalltheskeletalmusclefiberscontrolledbyasinglemotorneuron.Theymay haveasfewas10fibers(eyemuscles)orasmanyas10,000(backmuscles).

Chapter11 TheMuscularSystem MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Musclesthatguardentrancesandexitsofinternalpassagewaysare________muscles. A) parallel B) convergent C) pennate D) bipennate E) circular Answer: E
2) Thetypeofmusclewhosefunctionalcharacteristicsmostcloselyresemblethoseofitsmusclefibersisthe ________muscles. A) pennate B) circular C) parallel D) convergent E) divergent Answer: C

3) Skeletalmusclesinwhichthefasciclesformacommonanglewiththetendonare________muscles. A) parallel B) circular C) pennate D) convergent E) divergent Answer: C

4) Themostcommonleversystemsinthebodyarethosethathavetheappliedforcebetweenthefulcrumandthe load.Thesearecalled________levers. A) first-class B) second-class C) third-class D) fourth-class E) fifth-class Answer: C

5) Amusclethatinsertsonthebodyofthemandibleisprobablyinvolvedin A) kissing. B) blowing. C) chewing. D) frowning. E) spitting. Answer: C

6) Thepectoralismajormuscleinsertsonthegreatertubercleofthehumerus.Whenitcontracts,itproduces A) flexion. B) medialrotation. C) adduction. D) bothAandC E) A,B,andC Answer: E

7) Musclesthatinsertontheolecranonprocessoftheulnacanactto A) flextheforearm. B) extendtheforearm. C) abducttheforearm. D) adducttheforearm. E) extendthecarpals. Answer: B

8) Whichofthefollowingmusclesdoesnothaveanactionthatisantagonistictotheactionofthebrachialis muscle? A) anconeus B) tricepsbrachiilateralhead C) tricepsbrachiilonghead D) tricepsbrachiimedialhead E) brachioradialis Answer: E

9) Amusclethatassiststhemusclethatisprimarilyresponsibleforagivenactionisa(n) A) agonist. B) antagonist. C) synergist. D) originator. E) levator. Answer: C

10) Thenamesofthemusclescanindicateallofthefollowing,except A) theangleofthemusclerelativetothelongaxisofthebody. B) theactionofthemuscle. C) thelocationofthemuscle. D) structuralcharacteristicsofthemuscle. E) collagencontentofthemuscle. Answer: E

11) Muscleswithfibersthatrunparalleltothelongaxisofthebodyarecalled A) lateralis. B) transversus. C) rectus. D) obliquus. E) medialis. Answer: C

12) Eachofthefollowingtermsisadescriptivetermforamusclesaction,except A) levator. B) pronator. C) tensor. D) sartorius. E) adductor. Answer: D

13) Whichofthefollowingtermscouldbeusedwithamusclethatisassociatedwiththechin? A) cleido B) costalis C) popliteus D) nuchal E) genio Answer: E

14) Eachofthefollowingtermsisusedtodescribetheshapeofamuscle,except A) pectinate. B) pyriformis. C) hallucis. D) splenius. E) trapezius. Answer: C

15) Amusclewhosenameendsinthesuffix-glossuswouldbefoundwithinorattachedtothe A) chin. B) cheek. C) jaw. D) tongue. E) lips. Answer: D

16) Musclesincludingthetermcapitiswouldbefoundwithinorattachedtothe A) head. B) neck. C) thorax. D) abdomen. E) groin. Answer: A

17) Whichofthefollowingisnotprimarilyamuscleoffacialexpression? A) buccinator B) depressorlabii C) risorius D) masseter E) mentalis Answer: D

18) Thekissingmusclethatpursesthelipsisthe A) zygomaticus. B) orbicularisoris. C) buccinator. D) levatorlabii. E) procerus. Answer: B

19) Allofthefollowingareinnervatedbythefacialnerve(NVII), exceptforthe________muscle. A) risorius B) orbicularisoculi C) levatorpalpebrae D) mentalis E) auricularis Answer: C

20) Theoriginofthefrontalismuscleisthe A) mandible. B) frontalbone. C) occipitalbone. D) galeaaponeurotica. E) forehead. Answer: D

21) Thetemporalismusclepassesthroughthe A) alveolarprocessesofthemaxillaeandmandible. B) tendinousbandaroundtheopticforamen. C) galeaaponeurotica. D) zygomaticarch. E) fasciasurroundingthesubmandibularsalivarygland. Answer: D

22) Theauricularismuscleactsto A) movetheexternalear. B) pursethelips. C) depressthelip. D) drawthecornerofthemouthbackandup. E) closetheeye. Answer: A

23) Thementalismuscleinsertsonthe A) orbicularisoris. B) skinofthechin. C) angleofthemouth. D) hyoidbone. E) skinaroundtheeyelids. Answer: B

24) Whichofthefollowingdescribestheactionofthecorrugatorsupercilii? A) depressesthelips B) pursesthelips C) wrinklesthebrow D) elevatesthemandible E) movestheexternalear Answer: C

25) Theprocerusinsertsonthe A) angleofthemouth. B) skinaroundtheeyelids. C) lateralnasalcartilages. D) orbicularisoris. E) sidesofthetongue. Answer: C

26) Whichofthefollowingdescribestheactionofthedigastricmuscle? A) elevatesthelarynx B) elevatesthelarynxanddepressesthemandible C) depressesthelarynx D) depressesandretractsthetongue E) elevatesthemandible Answer: B

27) Whichofthefollowingisnotanextrinsiceyemuscle? A) inferiorrectus B) rectusabdominis C) lateralrectus D) medialrectus E) superioroblique Answer: B

28) Theanteriormusclethatinsertswidelyontheperiosteumofthemandibleisthe A) temporalis. B) masseter. C) lateralpterygoideus. D) medialpterygoideus. E) platysma. Answer: E

29) Themusclethatelevatesthetongueisthe A) genioglossus. B) hyoglossus. C) palatoglossus. D) styloglossus. E) digastric. Answer: C

30) Whichofthefollowingdoesnotoriginateorinsertonthehyoidbone? A) digastric B) geniohyoid C) omohyoid D) sternohyoid E) sternothyroid Answer: E

31) Whichofthefollowingmuscleshasitsoriginonthehyoidandinsertsonthetongue? A) styloglossus B) lateralpterygoideus C) sternohyoid D) thyrohyoid E) geniohyoid Answer: A

32) Whichofthefollowingisaspinalflexor? A) quadratuslumborum B) longuscapitis C) longuscolli D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: D

33) Theiliaccrestistheoriginofthe A) quadratuslumborum. B) iliocostaliscervicis. C) longissimuscervicis. D) semispinaliscapitis. E) splenius. Answer: A

34) Thesternocleidomastoidinsertsonthe A) occipitalbone. B) clavicle. C) mastoidprocess. D) sternum. E) bothBandD Answer: C

35) Thescaleneshavetheiroriginonthe A) transverseandcostalprocessesofcervicalvertebrae. B) inferiorborderofthepreviousrib. C) superiorborderofthenextrib. D) cartilagesoftheribs. E) thoracodorsalfasciaandiliaccrest. Answer: A

36) Whichofthefollowingmuscleshasitsoriginonthesternum? A) internaloblique B) externalintercostal C) rectusabdominis D) internalintercostal E) scalene Answer: C

37) Themusclethatinsertsonthesuperiorsurfaceofthepubisaroundthesymphysisisthe A) internaloblique. B) externaloblique. C) rectusabdominis. D) transversusabdominis. E) scalene. Answer: C

38) Whichofthefollowingmusclescompressestheabdomen? A) diaphragm B) externaloblique C) rectusabdominis D) transverseabdominis E) B,C,andD Answer: E

39) Whichofthefollowingistheoriginofthebulbospongiosus? A) ischialspine B) inferiorischialramus C) lineaalbaandpubis D) coccyx E) collagensheathatthebaseoftheclitoris Answer: E

40) Whichofthefollowingmusclesisfoundwithinthepelvicfloor? A) ischiocavernosus B) perinealgroup C) bulbospongiosus D) coccygeus E) alloftheabove Answer: E

41) Thelevatoraniinsertsonthe A) iliaccrest. B) coccyx. C) ischialspine. D) centraltendonoftheperineum. E) sacrum. Answer: B

42) Thespinousprocessesoftheupperthoracicvertebraearetheoriginofthe A) levatorscapulae. B) rhomboidmajor. C) trapezius. D) supraspinatus. E) bothBandC Answer: E

43) Whichofthefollowingistheinsertionofthepectoralismajor? A) thevertebralbordernearthespine B) thegreatertubercleofthehumerus C) themastoidregionoftheskull D) theoccipitalboneoftheskull E) theclavicleandscapula Answer: B

44) Whichofthefollowingdescribestheactionoftheserratusanterior? A) adductsthearm B) adductsandflexesthehumerus C) protractstheshoulder,abductsandmediallyrotatesthescapula D) medialrotationofthehumerus E) lateralrotationofthehumerus Answer: C

45) Whichofthefollowingdoesnotmovetheshouldergirdle? A) pectoralismajor B) deltoid C) rhomboid D) serratusanterior E) trapezius Answer: B

46) Themusclethatadductsandrotatesthescapulalaterallyisthe A) rhomboid. B) levatorscapulae. C) serratusanterior. D) pectoralisminor. E) subclavius. Answer: A

47) Themusclethatinsertsontheacromionandscapularspineisthe A) serratusanterior. B) trapezius. C) sternocleidomastoid. D) pectoralisminor. E) levatorscapulae. Answer: B

48) Allofthefollowingoriginateonthescapula,exceptthe A) pectoralismajor. B) teresmajor. C) teresminor. D) subscapularis. E) supraspinatus. Answer: A

49) Thepowerfulabductormuscleoftheupperarmisthe A) supraspinatus. B) subscapularis. C) deltoid. D) coracobrachialis. E) teresmajor. Answer: C

50) Whichofthefollowingisnotamuscleoftherotatorcuff? A) supraspinatus B) infraspinatus C) teresminor D) subscapularis E) subclavius Answer: E

51) Amusclethatadductsthehumerusisthe A) coracobrachialis. B) deltoid. C) trapezius. D) latissimusdorsi. E) bothAandD Answer: E

52) Theinfraspinatushasitsinsertiononthe A) greatertubercleofthehumerus. B) tuberosityoftheradius. C) lessertubercleandintertuberculargrooveofthehumerus. D) clavicleandscapula. E) vertebralbordernearthespine. Answer: A

53) Whichofthefollowingdoesnotoriginateonthehumerus? A) anconeus B) brachialis C) brachioradialis D) bicepsbrachii E) bothBandC Answer: D

54) Themusclethatextendsthearmwhiledoingpush-upsisthe A) deltoid. B) pectorals. C) brachialis. D) triceps. E) biceps. Answer: D

55) Whichofthefollowingistheinsertionofthetricepsbrachialis? A) olecranonprocessoftheulna B) infraglenoidtuberosityofthescapula C) lateralcondyleofthehumerus D) medialepicondyleofthehumerus E) baseofthesecondmetacarpal Answer: A

56) Whichofthefollowingoriginatesonthemedialepicondyleofthehumerus? A) flexorcarpiradialis B) flexorcarpiulnaris C) palmarislongus D) pronatorteres. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

57) Themusclethatpronatestheforearmandopposesbicepsbrachiiisthe A) brachialis. B) tricepsbrachiimedialhead. C) pronatorquadratus. D) anconeus. E) latissimusdorsi. Answer: C

58) Whenopposingthethumb,whichmuscleisactive? A) flexorpollicislongus. B) abductorpollicislongus. C) flexordigitorumprofundus. D) flexorcarpiradialis. E) pronatorteres. Answer: A

59) Themusclethatadductsthethumbisthe A) adductorpollicis. B) abductorpollicis. C) extensordigitorum. D) flexordigitorumprofundus. E) flexorpollicislongus. Answer: A

60) Theadductorbrevishasitsoriginonthe A) ilium. B) pubis. C) sacrum. D) iliaccrest. E) lineaaspera. Answer: B

61) Themusclethatinsertsontheiliotibialtractandglutealtuberosityofthefemuristhe A) tensorfasciaelatae. B) piriformis. C) gluteusminimus. D) gluteusmedius. E) gluteusmaximus. Answer: E

62) Thebandofcollagenfibersthatlaterallybracesthekneeisthe A) lineaalba. B) tensorfasciaelatae. C) lineaaspera. D) iliotibialtract. E) piriformis. Answer: D

63) Musclesthatlaterallyrotatethethighincludeallofthefollowing, exceptthe A) gluteusmaximus. B) obturatorinternus. C) obturatorexternus. D) piriformis. E) tensorfasciaelatae. Answer: E

64) Whichofthefollowingisamemberofthehamstringgroup? A) bicepsfemoris B) semimembranosus C) semitendinosus D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: D

65) Whichofthefollowingmusclespullsontheiliotibialtract? A) gluteusmedius B) gluteusmaximus C) pectineus D) vastusmedialis E) bothAandC Answer: B

66) Theonlykneeflexorthatoriginatessuperiortotheacetabulumisthe A) bicepsfemoris. B) gracilis. C) sartorius. D) iliopsoas. E) semimembranosus. Answer: C

67) Theinferiorramusofthepubisistheoriginandthemedialtibiaistheinsertionofthe________muscle. A) bicepsfemoris B) gracilis C) sartorius D) vastusintermedius E) piriformis Answer: B

68) Amusclethatoriginatesalongthelineaasperaofthefemuris A) vastuslateralis. B) vastusmedialis. C) vastusintermedius. D) adductorbrevis. E) A,B,andC Answer: E

69) Themusclethatunlocksthekneejointisthe A) iliacus. B) gracilis. C) sartorius. D) soleus. E) popliteus. Answer: E

70) Asesamoidboneoccasionallyfoundwithinthelateralheadofthegastrocnemiusis A) thepatella. B) thefabella. C) thecalcaneus. D) thetibialis. E) thehallux. Answer: B

71) Whichofthesemusclesisamemberofthequadricepsgroup? A) vastuslateralis B) vastusmedialis C) vastusintermedius D) rectusfemoris E) alloftheabove Answer: E

72) Theinsertionoftheflexorhallucislongusis A) abovethefemoralcondyles. B) thesuperiorsurfaceofthedistalphalanxofthegreattoe. C) theinferiorsurfaceofthedistalphalanxofthegreattoe. D) thelateralcondyleofthetibiaandanteriorsurfaceofthefibula. E) theposteriorsurfaceofthemedialcondyleofthetibia. Answer: C

73) Anantagonisttothegastrocnemiusisthe A) peroneus. B) extensordigitorumlongus. C) soleus. D) tibialisposterior. E) tibialisanterior. Answer: E

74) Amusclethatdorsiflexesthefootisthe A) tibialisanterior. B) tibialisposterior. C) peroneusbrevis. D) soleus. E) gastrocnemius. Answer: A

75) Thefreedomofmovementisrelativelygreaterinthe A) pelvicgirdle. B) pectoralgirdle. Answer: B

76) Whichofthesephrasesmostaptlydescribesmuscleinsertion? A) broadtendonsheet B) connectivetissuethatsurroundsasinglemusclefiber C) tendonattachmentthatdoesntmove D) tendonattachmentthatmoves E) connectivetissuethatsurroundsanentiremuscle Answer: D

77) Thebones,whichserveasleversinthebody,change A) thedirectionofmovement. B) thedistanceandspeedofmovementproducedbyaforce. C) theeffectivestrengthofaforce. D) A,B,andC E) noneoftheabove Answer: D

78) Muscleslocatedclosetothemidlineofthebodymaybecalled A) rectus. B) distalis. C) proximal. D) medialis. E) lateralis. Answer: D

79) Reflectionofthetrapeziusmuscleexposesthe A) serratusanteriorandsubclavianmuscles. B) infraspinatusandteresminormuscles. C) deltoidandsupraspinatusmuscles. D) rhomboidandlevatorscapulaemuscles. E) gastrocnemiusandtibialisanteriormuscles. Answer: B

80) Muscleswithfibersthatrunatanangletothelongaxisofthebodyarecalled A) lateralis. B) transversus. C) rectus. D) oblique. E) medialis. Answer: D

81) Mostoftheskeletalmusclesinthebodyare A) convergentmuscles. B) parallelmuscles. C) straightmuscles. D) pennatemuscles. E) circularmuscles. Answer: B

82) Askeletalmusclefibercancontractuntilithasshortenedbyabout A) 50percent. B) 20percent. C) 25percent. D) 40percent. E) 30percent. Answer: E

83) Ina6.45-cm2 (1-inch2) crosssection,aparallelmusclecanexertapproximately________ofisometrictension. A) 6.45kg(14.2lb) B) 10kg(22lb) C) 18kg(40lb) D) 23kg(50lb) E) 50kg(110lb) Answer: D
84) ________musclefiberspullindifferentdirections,permittingdifferentactionsdependingonstimulation. A) Convergent B) Parallel C) Straight D) Pennate E) Circular Answer: A

85) Muscleswithfibersthatrunperpendiculartothelongaxisofthebodyarecalled A) lateralis. B) transversus. C) rectus. D) oblique. E) medialis. Answer: B

86) Ina________muscle,thefasciclesareconcentricallyarrangedaroundanopening. A) convergent B) parallel C) straight D) pennate E) circular Answer: E

87) Aleverconsistsof A) atendonandamuscle. B) arigidstructure. C) apivotpointorfulcrum. D) A,B,andC E) BandConly Answer: E

88) A(n)________isamusclewhosecontractionischieflyresponsibleforproducingaparticularmovement. A) primemover B) agonist C) antagonist D) alloftheabove E) AorBonly Answer: E

89) Musclesvisibleatthebodysurfaceareoftencalled A) internus. B) extrinsic. C) profundus. D) intrinsic. E) superficialis. Answer: E

90) Superficialmusclesthatpositionorstabilizeanorganarecalled A) internus. B) extrinsic. C) profundus. D) intrinsic. E) externus. Answer: B

91) Muscleslocatedentirelywithinanorganarecalled A) internus. B) extrinsic. C) profundus. D) intrinsic. E) externus. Answer: D

92) Deepmusclesarecalled A) superficialis. B) extrinsic. C) profundus. D) intrinsic. E) externus. Answer: C

93) Musclesthatarelongandroundincrosssectionaretermed A) longus. B) teres. C) longissimus. D) maximus. E) brevis. Answer: B

94) Theaxialmusclesoftheheadandneckareassignedtooneofthefollowingfunctionalgroups, except A) themusclesoffacialexpression. B) themusclesofvocalexpression. C) themusclesofthetongue. D) themusclesofthepharynx. E) themusclesofmastication. Answer: B

95) The________coverstheanteriorsurfaceoftheneck. A) buccinator B) epicranium C) occipitofrontalis D) orbicularisoris E) platysma Answer: E

96) Theeyemusclesincludewhichofthefollowingmuscles? A) medialrectus B) inferiorrectus C) superioroblique D) inferioroblique E) alloftheabove Answer: E

97) Whicheyemusclesendsitstendonoforiginthroughapulleyortrochleabeforeinsertingontheglobe? A) superiorrectus B) superioroblique C) lateralrectus D) inferiorrectus E) inferioroblique Answer: B

98) The________muscleallowsyoutolookdown. A) inferiorrectus B) medialrectus C) lateralrectus D) superiorrectus E) inferioroblique Answer: A

99) The________allowsyoutolookup. A) inferiorrectus B) medialrectus C) lateralrectus D) superiorrectus E) inferioroblique Answer: D

100) The________muscleisthestrongestjawmuscle. A) lateralpterygoid B) digastric C) pterygoid D) medialpterygoid E) masseter Answer: E

101) Inassessingastrokepatient,youaskhertostickout(protract)hertongue.Younotethatitdeviatestooneside. Yoususpectthatdamagetotheneuralcontrolofthe________musclehasoccurred. A) hyoglossus B) genioglossus C) palatoglossus D) styloglossus E) noneoftheabove Answer: B

102) The________extendstheneck. A) spinalisthoracis B) spleniuscapitis C) spinaliscervicis D) splenius E) spleniuscervicis Answer: C

103) Contractingthegastrocnemiusmusclestoelevatethebodyonthetoesinvolvesa________lever. A) first-class B) second-class C) third-class D) fourth-class E) bothBandC Answer: B

104) Ryanhearsaloudnoiseandquicklyturnshiseyessidewaysinthedirectionofthesound.Toaccomplishthis actionhemustusehis________muscles. A) superiorrectus B) lateralrectus C) inferiorrectus D) medialrectus E) bothBandD Answer: E

105) Duringabdominalsurgery,thesurgeonmakesacutlateraltothelineaalba.Themusclethatwouldbecutis the A) digastric. B) externalabdominaloblique. C) rectusabdominis. D) scalenus. E) splenius. Answer: C

106) Whichoftheseistrueaboutthemusclenamedlevatorpalpebraesuperioris? A) liftsthescapula B) elevatestheeyebrow C) raisestheuppereyelid D) originatesatthebackoftheorbit E) bothBandC Answer: E

107) Theleverageofthebicepsbrachiiappliesitsforcesixtimesclosertothefulcrum(elbowjoint)thanthe resistance.Thismeansitwillneedtoexert________kgofforcetosupportaloadof6kg. A) 1 B) 6 C) 36 D) 7 E) cantsayfromthisinformation Answer: C

108) Whichofthefollowingisnotapennatemuscle? A) rectusfemoris B) extensordigitorumlongus C) deltoid D) pectoralis E) Noneoftheaboveallarepinnate. Answer: D

109) Whichofthefollowingisnotoneoftheformsoffascicleorganization? A) perpendicular B) parallel C) convergent D) pennate E) circular Answer: A

110) Themusclesoftheheadandneckfunctionin A) nonverbalcommunication. B) feeding. C) controllingtheeyes. D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: D

111) Muscularwallsofthethoraxandabdomenarecomposedof A) spinalerectormuscles. B) musclesofmastication. C) obliqueandrectusmuscles. D) glossalmuscles. E) pectoralismuscles. Answer: C

112) Eachofthefollowingmusclesisinvolvedintheprocessofchewingormanipulatingfoodinthemouth, except the A) masseter. B) temporalis. C) pterygoid. D) omohyoid. E) genioglossus. Answer: D
113) Medialrotationoftheeyeballisperformedbythe________muscle. A) inferiorrectus B) lateralrectus C) medialrectus D) superiorrectus E) inferioroblique Answer: C

114) Amusclethatflexesthespinalcolumnisthe A) spinalis. B) longissimus. C) iliocostalis. D) sacrospinalis. E) rectusabdominis. Answer: E

115) Damagetowhichofthefollowingmuscleswouldinterferemostwiththeabilitytobreathe? A) pterygoid B) rectusabdominis C) intercostals D) platysma E) digastric Answer: C

116) Whichofthefollowingmusclesfunctionstoexpelurineorsemeninmales? A) bulbospongiosus B) superficialtransverseperineus C) coccygeus D) levatorani E) anconeus Answer: A

117) Musclesoftherotatorcuffincludeallofthefollowing, exceptthe A) supraspinatus. B) infraspinatus. C) subscapularis. D) teresminor. E) rhomboid. Answer: E

118) Whichofthesemusclesproduceslateralrotationatthehip? A) gluteusmaximus B) piriformis C) obturatorexternus D) obturatorinternus E) alloftheabove Answer: E

119) Eachofthefollowingmusclesactstoflextheleg, exceptthe A) semimembranosus. B) semitendinosus. C) vastuslateralis. D) gracilis. E) sartorius. Answer: C

120) Thequadricepsgroupincludesallofthefollowing,exceptthe A) bicepsfemoris. B) vastusintermedius. C) vastuslateralis. D) vastusmedialis. E) rectusfemoris. Answer: A

121) Whichofthefollowingmusclesbelongstothehamstringmusclegroup? A) bicepsfemoris B) semimembranosus C) semitendinosus D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: A

122) Excessiveabdominopelvicpressurecancause A) inguinalhernia. B) diaphragmatichernia. C) pneumothorax. D) diaphragmaticcramp. E) bothAandB Answer: E

123) Damagetothepectoralismajorwouldinterferewithapersonsabilityto A) extendtheforearm. B) abductthehumerus. C) adductthehumerus. D) elevatethescapula. E) rotatetheelbow. Answer: C

124) Individualswhoareengagedinrepetitivehandmovementssuchastypingorplayingthepianomaysuffer wristpain,especiallyduringpalmarflexion.Allofthefollowingaretrueconcerningthiscondition, exceptthat it A) iscalledcarpaltunnelsyndrome. B) resultsfrominflammationofthesynovialtendonsheaths. C) nevercausesmuscleweakness. D) resultsfrominflammationofthecarpalretinacula. E) irritatesthemediannerve. Answer: C
125) Ifyoubruisedyourgluteusmaximus,youwouldexpecttoexperiencediscomfortwhen A) flexingyourhip. B) extendingyourhip. C) abductingyourhip. D) laterallyrotatingyourhip. E) bothBandD Answer: E

126) Tomishavingdifficultyplantarflexingandevertinghisfoot.Whichmuscleismostlikelyinvolvedinthis problem? A) tibialisanterior B) soleus C) gastrocnemius D) flexordigitorumlongus E) fibularis Answer: B

127) Thepreferredsiteforintramuscular(IM)injectionsininfantsisthe A) gluteusmaximus. B) gluteusminimus. C) soleus. D) vastuslateralis. E) deltoid. Answer: D

128) Iftheanteriorcompartmentofthelowerlimbwassufferingfromcompartmentsyndrome,whichofthese muscleswouldbeatriskofinjury? A) tibialisanterior B) extensorhallucislongus C) extensordigitorumlongus D) A,B,andC E) BandConly Answer: D

129) Tom,atrumpetplayer,asksyouwhichmusclesheshoulddevelopinordertobeabettertrumpeter.What wouldyoutellhim? A) themasseterandbuccinator B) thebuccinatorandorbicularisoris C) theorbicularisorisandrisorius D) therisoriusandzygomaticus E) thelevatorlabiiandmentalis Answer: B

130) Pamsdaughterisborncross-eyed.Asshegrows,theproblemdoesnotbecomeanybetter.Herphysician suggestscuttinganeyemuscletobringtheeyesintoamorenormalposition.Whichmusclewillhecut? A) inferiorrectus B) lateralrectus C) medialrectus D) superiorrectus E) superioroblique Answer: C

131) Jillsuffersaseverecutthatseversthetendonthatattachestheinsertionoftheflexorcarpiulnaris.Asaresultof thisinjury,whatactionisdifficultforhertoperform? A) flexherforearm B) flexherelbow C) flexherulna D) flexandadductherhand E) flexhershoulder Answer: D

Figure11-1MajorAnteriorSkeletalMuscles UseFigure11-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: Page277 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
132) Identifythemusclelabeled1. A) trapezius B) deltoid C) sternocleidomastoid D) temporalis E) pectoralismajor Answer: A

133) Identifythemusclelabeled6. A) bicepsbrachii B) brachialis C) tricepsbrachii D) pronatorteres E) deltoid Answer: B

134) Identifythemusclelabeled11. A) rectusanterior B) vastuslateralis C) soleus D) serratusanterior E) tibialisanterior Answer: E

135) Identifythemusclelabeled25. A) rectusfemoris B) bicepsfemoris C) adductorlongus D) risorius E) sartorius Answer: E

136) Identifythemusclelabeled27. A) rectusfemoris B) gastrocnemius C) soleus D) gracilis E) bicepsfemoris Answer: B

Figure11-2MajorPosteriorSkeletalMuscles UseFigure11-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: Page279 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
137) Identifythemusclelabeled6. A) trapezius B) tensorfasciaelatae C) latissimusdorsi D) adductormagnus E) rhomboidmajor Answer: C

138) Identifythemusclelabeled2. A) deltoid B) teresmajor C) sternocleidomastoid D) trapezius E) anconeus Answer: A

139) Identifythemusclelabeled11. A) gracilis B) semitendinosus C) gluteusmedius D) bicepsfemoris E) adductormagnus Answer: D

140) Identifythemusclelabeled12. A) soleus B) gastrocnemius C) sartorius D) tibialisposterior E) peroneuslongus Answer: B

141) Identifythemusclelabeled7. A) anconeus B) extensorcarpiulnaris C) extensordigitorum D) pronatorteres E) brachioradialis Answer: A

1) Inthemusculoskeletonsystem,leversareformedby________. Answer: bone
2) A(n)________isarigidstructurethatmovesonafixedpoint. Answer: lever

3) Theendofamusclethatremainsstationarywhenthemusclecontractsiscalledthe________. Answer: origin

4) Theendofamusclethatisattachedtothepointthatmoveswhenthemusclecontractsiscalledthe________. Answer: insertion

5) Matchthemusclewithitsmuscletype. 1.parallelmuscle 2.convergentmuscle 3.circularmuscle 4.unipennatemuscle Answer: 1-B;2-D;3-A;4-C

A)orbicularisorismuscle B)bicepsbrachiimuscle C)extensordigitorummuscle D)pectoralismuscle
6) Matchtheleverwiththemovement. 1.first-classlever 2.second-classlever 3.third-classlever Answer: 1-B;2-C;3-A

A)elbowflexion B)extensionoftheneck C)plantarflexion
7) Matchthemusclewithitsaction. 1.buccinator 2.risorius 3.nasalis 4.platysma 5.occipitofrontalis A)elevatescornersofthenostrils B)drawscornerofthemouthtotheside C)raiseseyebrows D)compressescheeks E)tensesskinoftheneck
Answer: 1-D;2-B;3-A;4-E;5-C
8) Matchthemusclewithitsaction. 1.genioglossus 2.hyoglossus 3.palatoglossus 4.styloglossus Answer: 1-C;2-D;3-A;4-B

A)elevatesthetongue B)retractstongueandelevatesside C)depressesandprotractstongue D)depressesandretractstongue
9) Matchthemusclewithitsaction. 1.stylohyoid 2.thyrohyoid 3.mylohyoid 4.digastric Answer: 1-C;2-A;3-D;4-B

A)elevatesthyroidcartilage B)depressesmandible C)elevateslarynx D)elevatesfloorofmouth
10) Ina(n)________aportionofthestomachisforcedintothepleuralcavity. Answer: diaphragmatichernia

11) Thetensionthatcanbeproducedbyaskeletalmuscleisrelatedtotherestinglengthofits________. Answer: sarcomeres

12) A________isatearinamuscle. Answer: strain

13) Musclefibersinskeletalmuscleformbundlescalled________. Answer: fascicles

14) Inaconvergentmuscle,fasciclesconvergeonacommonattachmentsitethatmaybeaslenderbandofcollagen fibersknownasa________. Answer: raphe

True/FalseQuestions
1) Thediaphragmseparatestheabdominopelvicandthoraciccavities. Answer: TRUE
2) Skeletalmusclesusuallyworkingroups. Answer: TRUE

3) Thetricepsbrachiimuscleisanagonistthatextendstheelbow. Answer: TRUE

4) Theadductormagnuscanbothflexandextendthethighdependingonthepartactivated. Answer: TRUE

EssayQuestions
1) Whileplayingsoftball,Sidpullshishamstringmuscle.Asaresultoftheinjury,hehasdifficultyextendingand mediallyrotatinghisthigh.Whichmuscle(s)ofthehamstringgroupdidheprobablyinjure? Answer: Sidprobablyinjuredthesemimembranosusand/orthesemitendinosus,sincebothofthesemuscleshave thesedifficultactions.
2) Howdofirst-,second-,andthird-classleversdiffer? Answer: Leversdifferinthepositionoftheirfulcruminrelationtotheappliedforceandtheload.Afirst -class leverhasthefulcrumpositionedbetweentheappliedforceandtheload.Second -classlevershavethe fulcrumatoneend,adjacenttotheload,withtheappliedforceattheotherend.Third -classlevershave thefulcrumatoneend,theloadattheother,andtheappliedforceinthemiddle.

3) Whatthreefunctionalrolesinamovementareusedtocharacterizemusclegroups?Giveabriefdescriptionof eachaction. Answer: Agonist,antagonist,orsynergist.Agonistsarechieflyresponsibleforamovement.Antagonistsoppose theagonists,keepingthemovementssmooth.Synergistsprovideadditionalforceorstabilizetheorigin.

4) Jeffisinterestedintoninghisabdomen.WhatmuscleswouldyoutellJefftoexercisetoaccomplishhisgoal? Whatmovementswouldbestexercisethesemuscles? Answer: Jeffshoulddoexercisesthatflexandtwistthetrunk.Themusclesheshouldtargetaretherectus abdominusmuscles,theexternalandinternalobliquemuscles,andthelatissimusdorsimuscles.Sit -ups andtwistingmovementswillstimulatethesemuscles.Ifheplacesaweightonhischestashedoes sit-ups,itwillproducefasterresultsbecausetherectusabdominismusclewouldbeworkingagainsta greaterload.

5) Shellygiveshersonanice-creamcone.Theboygraspstheconewithhisrighthand,openshismouth,and beginstolicktheicecream.Whichmusclesdoesheusetoperformtheseactions? Answer: Asthechildgraspstheice-creamcone,heusesflexormuscles,principallytheflexordigitorum superficialis,flexordigitorumprofundus,andflexorpollicislongusmuscles.Openinghismouth requiresthecontractionoftheplatysmaanddigastricmusclesandtherelaxationofthemasseter, temporalis,andpterygoidmuscles.Thelickingactionwouldinvolvethegenioglossusmuscle(to depressandprotractthetongue)andthepalatoglossusmuscle(toelevatethetongue).

Chapter12 NeuralTissue MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Whichofthefollowingisnotafunctionofthenervoussystem? A) sensetheinternalandexternalenvironments B) integratesensoryinformation C) coordinatevoluntaryandinvoluntaryactivities D) directlong-termfunctions,suchasgrowth E) controlperipheraleffectors Answer: D
2) The________nervoussystemiscomposedofthebrainandspinalcord. A) autonomic B) peripheral C) central D) efferent E) afferent Answer: C

3) The________nervoussystemcontrolstheskeletalmuscles. A) sympathetic B) parasympathetic C) afferent D) somatic E) autonomic Answer: D

4) ThepartoftheperipheralnervoussystemthatcarriessensoryinformationtotheCNSisdesignated A) motor. B) afferent. C) efferent. D) autonomic. E) somatic. Answer: B

5) Whichofthefollowingisnotafunctionoftheneuroglia? A) support B) memory C) secretionofcerebrospinalfluid D) maintenanceofblood-brainbarrier E) phagocytosis Answer: B

6) Whichofthefollowingareatypeofglialcellfoundintheperipheralnervoussystem? A) astrocytes B) satellitecells C) oligodendrocytes D) microglia E) ependymalcells Answer: B

7) Thelargestandmostnumerousoftheglialcellsinthecentralnervoussystemarethe A) astrocytes. B) satellitecells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymalcells. Answer: A

8) Functionsofastrocytesincludeallofthefollowing,except A) maintainingtheblood-brainbarrier. B) conductingactionpotentials. C) guidingneurondevelopment. D) respondingtoneuraltissuedamage. E) formingathree-dimensionalframeworkfortheCNS. Answer: B

9) ThemyelinsheaththatcoversmanyCNSaxonsisformedby A) astrocytes. B) satellitecells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymalcells. Answer: C

10) ________linethebrainventriclesandspinalcanal. A) Astrocytes B) Satellitecells C) Oligodendrocytes D) Microglia E) Ependymalcells Answer: E

11) Small,wanderingcellsthatengulfcelldebrisandpathogensintheCNSarecalled A) astrocytes. B) satellitecells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymalcells. Answer: D

12) Theneurilemmaofaxonsintheperipheralnervoussystemisformedby A) astrocytes. B) satellitecells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) Schwanncells. Answer: E

13) Glialcellsthatsurroundtheneuronsingangliaare A) astrocytes. B) satellitecells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymalcells. Answer: B

14) Whichofthefollowingisnotarecognizedstructuralclassificationforneurons? A) anaxonic B) bipolar C) multipolar D) pseudopolar E) unipolar Answer: D

15) Themostabundantclassofneuroninthecentralnervoussystemis A) anaxonic. B) bipolar. C) multipolar. D) pseudopolar. E) unipolar. Answer: C

16) Thecytoplasmthatsurroundsthenucleusofaneuroniscalledthe A) protoplasm. B) nucleoplasm. C) sarcoplasm. D) neuroplasm. E) perikaryon. Answer: E

17) ClustersofRERandfreeribosomesinneuronsarecalled A) neurofilaments. B) neurofibrils. C) perikaryon. D) Nisslbodies. E) microglia. Answer: D

18) Theaxonisconnectedtothesomaatthe A) telodendria. B) synapticknobs. C) collaterals. D) axonhillock. E) synapse. Answer: D

19) Branchesthatmayoccuralonganaxonarecalled A) telodendria. B) synapticknobs. C) collaterals. D) hillocks. E) synapses. Answer: C

20) Axonsterminateinaseriesoffineextensionsknownas A) telodendria. B) knobs. C) collaterals. D) dendrites. E) synapses. Answer: A

21) Neurotransmitterforreleaseisstoredinsynaptic A) telodendria. B) knobs. C) vesicles. D) mitochondria. E) neurosomes. Answer: C

22) Thesiteofintercellularcommunicationbetweenneuronsisthe A) telodendria. B) synapticknob. C) collateral. D) hillock. E) synapse. Answer: E

23) TherabiesvirustravelstotheCNSvia A) anterogradeaxoplasmictransport. B) retrogradeaxoplasmictransport. C) bloodvessels. D) subcutaneousconnectivetissue. E) cerebrospinalfluid. Answer: B

24) Neuronsthatarerare,small,andlackfeaturesthatdistinguishdendritesfromaxonsarecalled A) anaxonic. B) unipolar. C) bipolar. D) tripolar. E) multipolar. Answer: A

25) Neuronsinwhichdendriticandaxonalprocessesarecontinuousandthesomaliesofftoonesidearecalled A) anaxonic. B) unipolar. C) bipolar. D) tripolar. E) multipolar. Answer: B

26) Neuronsthathaveoneaxonandonedendrite,withthesomainbetween,arecalled A) anaxonic. B) unipolar. C) bipolar. D) tripolar. E) multipolar. Answer: C

27) Neuronsthathaveseveraldendritesandasingleaxonarecalled A) anaxonic. B) unipolar. C) bipolar. D) tripolar. E) multipolar. Answer: E

28) SensoryneuronsofthePNSare A) unipolar. B) bipolar. C) anaxonic. D) multipolar. E) tripolar. Answer: A

29) Whichofthefollowingactivitiesorsensationsisnotmonitoredbyinteroceptors? A) sight B) taste C) activitiesofthedigestivesystem D) cardiovascularactivities E) urinaryactivities Answer: A

30) Whichofthefollowingisnotinvolvedincreatingtherestingpotentialofaneuron? A) diffusionofpotassiumionsoutofthecell B) diffusionofsodiumionsintothecell C) membranepermeabilityforsodiumionsgreaterthanpotassiumions D) membranepermeabilityforpotassiumionsgreaterthansodiumions E) Theinterioroftheplasmamembranehasanexcessofnegativecharges. Answer: C

31) Whichofthefollowinginteractionsbetweenelectricalandchemicalgradientsdoes notleadtothe establishmentofaneuronsrestingpotential? A) Chemicalandelectricalforcesbothfavorsodiumionsenteringthecell. B) Electricalforcespushsodiumionsoutofthecell. C) Chemicalforcestendtodrivepotassiumionsoutofthecell. D) Potassiumionsareattractedtothenegativechargesinsidethecell. E) Potassiumionsarerepulsedbypositivechargesoutsidethecell. Answer: B
32) Atthenormalrestingpotentialofatypicalneuron,itsNa-Kionexchangepumptransports A) 1intracellularsodiumionfor2extracellularpotassiumions. B) 2intracellularsodiumionsfor1extracellularpotassiumion. C) 3intracellularsodiumionsfor1extracellularpotassiumion. D) 3intracellularsodiumionsfor2extracellularpotassiumions. E) 3extracellularsodiumionsfor2intracellularpotassiumions. Answer: D

33) Ionchannelsthatarealwaysopenarecalled________channels. A) active B) gated C) leak D) regulated E) local Answer: C

34) Openingofsodiumchannelsintheaxonmembranecauses A) depolarization. B) repolarization. C) hyperpolarization. D) increasedpositivechargeinsidethemembrane. E) bothAandD Answer: E

35) Voltage-gatedchannelsarepresent A) atthemotorendplate. B) onthesurfaceofdendrites. C) inthemembranethatcoversaxons. D) onthesomaofneurons. E) alongtheperikaryonofneurons. Answer: C

36) Thefollowingarethemainstepsinthegenerationofanactionpotential. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Sodiumchannelsareinactivated. Voltage-gatedpotassiumchannelsopenandpotassiummovesoutofthecell,initiatingrepolarization. Sodiumchannelsregaintheirnormalproperties. Agradeddepolarizationbringsanareaofanexcitablemembranetothreshold. Atemporaryhyperpolarizationoccurs. Sodiumchannelactivationoccurs. Sodiumionsenterthecellanddepolarizationoccurs.
Thepropersequenceoftheseeventsis A) 4,6,7,3,2,5,1. B) 4,6,7,1,2,3,5. C) 6,7,4,1,2,3,5. D) 2,4,6,7,1,3,5. E) 4,2,5,6,7,3,1. Answer: B

37) Thesodium-potassiumionexchangepump A) mustreestablishionconcentrationsaftereachactionpotential. B) transportssodiumionsintothecellduringdepolarization. C) transportspotassiumionsoutofthecellduringrepolarization. D) movessodiumandpotassiumoppositetothedirectionoftheirelectrochemicalgradients. E) dependsonahydrogengradientforenergy. Answer: D

38) Theall-or-noneprinciplestatesthat A) allstimuliwillproduceidenticalactionpotentials. B) allstimuligreatenoughtobringthemembranetothresholdwillproduceidenticalactionpotentials. C) thegreaterthemagnitudeofthestimuli,thegreaterthemagnitudeoftheactionpotential. D) onlysensorystimulicanactivateactionpotentials. E) onlymotorstimulicanactivateactionpotentials. Answer: B

39) Intheprocessofcontinuousactionpotentialpropagation, A) theactionpotentialistriggeredbygradeddepolarizationoftheinitialsegment. B) atthreshold,sodiumchannelsbegintoopenrapidly. C) localcurrentsdepolarizetheregionjustadjacenttotheactivezone. D) localcurrentsdepolarizeasensitivespotdistantfromtheactivezone. E) A,B,andC Answer: E

40) Intheprocessofsaltatoryactionpotentialpropagation, A) theactionpotentialistriggeredbygradeddepolarizationoftheinitialsegment. B) atthreshold,sodiumchannelsbegintoopenrapidly. C) localcurrentsdepolarizetheregionjustadjacenttotheactivezone. D) localcurrentsdepolarizeasensitivespotdistantfromtheactivezone. E) A,B,andD Answer: E

41) Whichofthefollowingdoesnotinfluencethetimenecessaryforanerveimpulsetobetransmitted? A) lengthoftheaxon B) presenceorabsenceofamyelinsheath C) diameteroftheaxon D) presenceorabsenceofnodes E) whetherornottheimpulsebeginsintheCNS Answer: E

42) Whichofthefollowingtypesofnervefiberpossessesthefastestspeedofimpulsepropagation? A) typeA B) typeB C) typeC D) typeD E) typeE Answer: A

43) Whichofthefollowingcomparisonsbetweenneuronsandmuscletissueisfalse? A) Restingpotentialsaregreaterinmusclefibers. B) Musclefibersconductactionpotentialsatslowspeeds. C) Actionpotentialslastlongerinmusclefibers. D) Musclefibersconductactionpotentialsonlybycontinuouspropagation. E) Actionpotentialsarebrieferinmusclefibers. Answer: E

44) Whichtypeofsynapseismostcommoninthenervoussystem? A) chemical B) electrical C) mechanical D) processing E) radiative Answer: A

45) Theionthattriggersthereleaseofacetylcholineintothesynapticcleftis A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) chloride. E) magnesium. Answer: C

46) Cholinergicsynapsesreleasetheneurotransmitter A) norepinephrine. B) adrenalin. C) serotonin. D) acetylcholine. E) GABA. Answer: D

47) Thefollowingarethestepsinvolvedintransmissionatacholinergicsynapse. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Chemicallygatedsodiumchannelsonthepostsynapticmembraneareactivated. Calciumionsenterthesynapticknob. Acetylcholinesterasehydrolyzesacetylcholine. Anactionpotentialdepolarizesthesynapticknobatthepresynapticmembrane. Thesynapticknobreabsorbscholine. Acetylcholineisreleasedfromstoragevesiclesbyexocytosis. Acetylcholinebindstoreceptorsonthepostsynapticmembrane. Calciumionsareremovedfromthecytoplasmofthesynapticknob.
Thecorrectsequencefortheseeventsis A) 4,2,6,7,8,5,3,1. B) 4,2,6,7,1,8,3,5. C) 2,4,6,7,1,8,3,5. D) 2,5,4,6,7,1,8,3. E) 6,4,2,7,1,8,3,5. Answer: B

48) Adrenergicsynapsesreleasetheneurotransmitter A) acetylcholine. B) norepinephrine. C) dopamine. D) serotonin. E) GABA. Answer: B

49) Ifthechemicallygatedsodiumchannelsinthepostsynapticmembranewerecompletelyblocked, A) synaptictransmissionwouldfail. B) releaseofneurotransmitterwouldstop. C) smalleractionpotentialswouldresult. D) bothAandB E) A,B,andC Answer: A

50) Theeffectthataneurotransmitterhasonthepostsynapticmembranedependson A) thefrequencyofneurotransmitterrelease. B) thenatureoftheneurotransmitter. C) thecharacteristicsofthereceptors. D) thequantityofneurotransmittersreleased. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

51) Whichofthefollowingisthemostimportantexcitatoryneurotransmitterinthebrain? A) glutamate B) gammaaminobutyricacid C) serotonin D) noradrenaline E) glycine Answer: A

52) Whichofthefollowingisnotapossibledrugeffectonsynapticfunction? A) interferewithneurotransmittersynthesis B) interferewithneurotransmitterreuptake C) preventneurotransmitterinactivation D) blockneurotransmitterbindingtoreceptors E) changethetypeofreceptorfoundinthepostsynapticmembrane Answer: E

53) ThesiteintheneuronwhereEPSPsandIPSPsareintegratedisthe A) chemicalsynapse. B) electricalsynapse. C) axonhillock. D) dendriticmembrane. E) synapticknob. Answer: C

54) EPSPs(excitatorypostsynapticpotentials)occurwhen A) morepotassiumionsthanusualleakoutofacell. B) morecalciumionsthanusualleakoutofacell. C) chlorideionsenteracell. D) extrasodiumionsenteracell. E) hyperpolarizationsoccur. Answer: D

55) IPSPs(inhibitorypostsynapticpotentials) A) arelocaldepolarizations. B) arelocalhyperpolarizations. C) increasemembranepermeabilitytosodiumions. D) blocktheeffluxofpotassiumions. E) blocktheeffluxofcalciumions. Answer: B

56) WhenasecondEPSParrivesatasinglesynapsebeforetheeffectsofthefirsthavedisappeared,whatoccurs? A) spatialsummation B) temporalsummation C) inhibitionoftheimpulse D) hyperpolarization E) decreaseinspeedofimpulsetransmission Answer: B

57) Summationthatresultsfromthecumulativeeffectofmultiplesynapsesatmultipleplacesontheneuronis designated A) spatialsummation. B) temporalsummation. C) inhibitionoftheimpulse. D) hyperpolarization. E) impulsetransmission. Answer: A

58) Afteracetylcholinesteraseacts,thesynapticknob A) reabsorbstheacetylcholine. B) reabsorbstheacetate. C) reabsorbsthecholine. D) alloftheabove E) bothBandC Answer: C

59) ActiveneuronsneedATPtosupportwhichofthefollowing? A) themovementofmaterialstothesomabyaxoplasmictransport B) thesynthesisofneurotransmittermolecules C) themovementofmaterialsfromthesomabyaxoplasmictransport D) therecoveryfromactionpotentials E) alloftheabove Answer: E

60) Theefferentdivisionoftheperipheralnervoussysteminnervates: A) skeletalmusclecells B) smoothmusclecells C) heartmusclecells D) glandularcells E) alloftheabove Answer: E

61) Integralmembraneproteinsthatconnectelectricalsynapsesarecalled A) connexons. B) receptors. C) desmosomes. D) sodiumchannels. E) synapsins. Answer: A

62) Thesame________canhavedifferenteffectsdependingonthepropertiesofthe________. A) neurotransmitter;receptor B) receptor;neurotransmitter C) substrate;receptor D) hormone;neurotransmitter E) propagation;neurotransmitter Answer: A

63) Deterioratingchangesinthedistalsegmentofanaxonasaresultofabreakbetweenitandthesomaiscalled ________degeneration. A) neural B) central C) peripheral D) Wallerian E) conduction Answer: D

64) Whichofthefollowingisafunctionofneuroglia? A) regulatethecompositionofinterstitialfluid B) provideasupportiveframework C) producecerebrospinalfluid D) actasphagocytes E) alloftheabove Answer: E

65) Thecytoskeletonoftheperikaryoncontainswhichofthefollowing? A) neurofilaments B) neurofibrils C) neurotubules D) BandConly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

66) Theaxoplasmoftheaxoncontainswhichofthefollowing? A) neurotubules B) mitochondria C) vesicles D) neurofibrils E) alloftheabove Answer: E

67) ________neuronsaresmallandhavenoanatomicalfeaturesthatdistinguishdendritesfromaxons. A) Multipolar B) Anaxonic C) Unipolar D) Bipolar E) noneoftheabove Answer: B

68) ________neuronsareshort,withacellbodybetweendendriteandaxon,andoccurinspecialsenseorgans. A) Multipolar B) Anaxonic C) Unipolar D) Bipolar E) noneoftheabove Answer: D

69) Ina(n)________neuron,thedendritesandaxonarecontinuousorfused. A) multipolar B) anaxonic C) unipolar D) bipolar E) noneoftheabove Answer: C

70) ________neuronsarethemostcommonclassintheCNS. A) Multipolar B) Anaxonic C) Unipolar D) Bipolar E) noneoftheabove Answer: A

71) ________neuronsformtheafferentdivisionofthePNS. A) Visceralsensory B) Sensory C) Neuralsensory D) Somaticsensory E) noneoftheabove Answer: B

72) ________arethemostnumeroustypeofneuronintheCNS. A) Sensoryneurons B) Motorneurons C) Unipolarneurons D) Bipolarneurons E) Interneurons Answer: E

73) Whichofthefollowingaretypesofneuroglia? A) ependymalcells B) microglia C) astrocytes D) oligodendrocytes E) alloftheabove Answer: E

74) ________accountforroughlyhalfofthevolumeofthenervoussystem. A) Axons B) Dendrites C) Neuroglia D) Synapses E) Efferentfibers Answer: C

75) Ionscanmoveacrosstheplasmamembraneinwhichofthefollowingways? A) throughvoltage-gatedchannelsasintheactionpotential B) throughpassiveorleakchannels C) byATP-dependentionpumpslikethesodium-potassiumexchangepump D) throughchemically-gatedchannelsasinneuromusculartransmission E) alloftheabove Answer: E

76) Whichofthefollowingarepropertiesofcerebrospinalfluid? A) surroundsthebrainandspinalcord B) fillsthebrainventricles C) transportsnutrients D) circulatescontinuously E) alloftheabove Answer: E

77) ThefunctionoftheastrocytesintheCNSincludeswhichofthefollowing? A) adjustingthecompositionoftheinterstitialfluid B) guidingneurondevelopment C) maintainingtheblood-brainbarrier D) repairingdamagedneuraltissue E) alloftheabove Answer: E

78) ThelargestandmostnumerousneurogliaintheCNSarethe A) astrocytes. B) ependymalcells. C) microglia. D) oligodendrocytes. E) noneoftheabove Answer: A

79) ThesmallestneurogliaoftheCNSarethe A) astrocytes. B) ependymalcells. C) microglia. D) oligodendrocytes. E) noneoftheabove Answer: C

80) Raisingthepotassiumionconcentrationintheextracellularfluidsurroundinganervecellwillhavewhich effect? A) depolarizeit B) hyperpolarizeit C) increasethemagnitudeofthepotassiumequilibriumpotential D) decreasethemagnitudeofthepotassiumequilibriumpotential E) bothAandD Answer: E

81) Theequilibriumpotentialforpotassiumionoccursatapproximately A) 90mV. B) 70mV. C) +66mV. D) 0mV. E) CorD Answer: A

82) Ionchannelsthatarealwaysopenareknownas A) leakchannels. B) activechannels. C) chemicallygatedchannels. D) voltage-gatedchannels. E) bothBandD Answer: A

83) ________openorcloseinresponsetobindingspecificmolecules. A) Leakchannels B) Activatedchannels C) Chemicallygatedchannels D) Voltage-gatedchannels E) bothCandD Answer: C

84) ________channelsopenorcloseinresponsetophysicaldistortionofthemembranesurface. A) Voltage-gated B) Chemicallygated C) Active D) Mechanicallygated E) Leak Answer: D

85) Anystimulusthatopens________ionchannelwillproduceagradedpotential. A) avoltage-gated B) achemicallygated C) asodium D) amechanicallygated E) anyoftheabove Answer: E

86) Type________fibershavethelargestdiameteraxons. A) S B) F C) A D) B E) C Answer: C

87) Sensoryinformationfromskeletalmusclestravelsover________fibers. A) typeA B) typeB C) typeC D) typeD E) typeE Answer: A

88) Whichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheactionpotentialisfalse? A) Therapiddepolarizationphaseiscausedbytheentryofpotassiumions. B) Duringtherepolarizationphase,sodiumchannelscloseandpotassiumchannelsopen. C) Duringthedepolarizationphase,membranepotentialbecomespositive. D) Intheafter-hyperpolarizationphase,membranepotentialapproachesthepotassiumequilibrium potential. E) Noneofthesestatementsisfalseallaretrue. Answer: A

89) ForwhichofthefollowingfunctionsdoactiveneuronsrequireasupplyofATP? A) synthesisandreuptakeofneurotransmitters B) axoplasmictransport C) poweringthesodium-potassiumexchangepump D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

90) Whenpressureisappliedtoneuraltissue,alltheseeffectsarepossible,except A) adecreaseinbloodflow. B) theaxonbecomesinexcitable. C) actionpotentialsaregeneratedspontaneously. D) glialcellsdegenerate. E) neuronsaretriggeredtodivide. Answer: E

91) Intheperipheralnervoussystem,Schwanncellsparticipateintherepairofdamagednervesby A) producingnewaxons. B) regeneratingcellbodiesfortheneurons. C) formingacellularcordthatdirectsaxonalregrowth. D) clearingawaycellulardebris. E) producingmoresatellitecellsthatfusetoformnewaxons. Answer: C

92) Voltage-gatedsodiumchannelshavebothanactivationgateanda(n)________gate. A) inactivation B) ion C) swinging D) repolarization E) threshold Answer: A

93) MostCNSneuronslackcentrioles.Thisobservationexplains A) whyCNSneuronsgrowsuchlongaxons. B) whyCNSneuronscannotregenerate. C) theabilityofneuronstogenerateanactionpotential. D) theabilityofneuronstocommunicatewitheachother. E) theabilityofneuronstoproducearestingpotential. Answer: B

94) Eachofthefollowingisanexampleofaneuroeffectorjunction, exceptthejunctionbetweenaneuronanda(n) A) skeletalmusclecell. B) smoothmusclecell. C) endocrineglandcell. D) exocrineglandcell. E) nervecell. Answer: E

95) Howdoesblockingretrogradeaxoplasmictransportinanaxonaffecttheactivityofaneuron? A) Theneuronbecomesunabletoproduceneurotransmitters. B) Theneuronbecomesunabletoproduceactionpotentials. C) Thesomabecomesunabletoexportproductstothesynapticknobs. D) Thesomabecomesunabletorespondtochangesinthedistalendoftheaxon. E) Theneuronbecomesunabletodepolarizewhenstimulated. Answer: D

96) ManymedicationsintroducedintothebloodstreamcannotdirectlyaffecttheneuronsoftheCNSbecause A) oligodendrocytesformacontinuousmyelinsheatharoundtheaxons. B) theendotheliumofCNScapillariesformsablood-brainbarrier. C) theneurolemmaisimpermeabletomostmolecules. D) ependymalcellsrestricttheflowofinterstitialfluidbetweenthecapillariesandtheneurons. E) astrocytesformacapsulearoundneurons. Answer: B

97) ExtensivedamagetooligodendrocytesintheCNScouldresultin A) lossofthestructuralframeworkofthebrain. B) abreakdownoftheblood-brainbarrier. C) inabilitytoproducescartissueatthesiteofaninjury. D) decreasedproductionofcerebrospinalfluid. E) lossofsensationandmotorcontrol. Answer: E

98) Damagetoependymalcellswouldmostlikelyaffectthe A) formationofmyelinsheaths. B) formationofcerebrospinalfluid. C) formationofganglia. D) repairofaxons. E) transportofneurotransmitterswithinaxons. Answer: B

99) Ifthepermeabilityofarestingaxontosodiumionincreases, A) themembranepotentialwilldepolarize. B) themembranepotentialwillhyperpolarize. C) inwardmovementofsodiumionwillincrease. D) outwardmovementofsodiumionwilldecrease. E) bothAandC Answer: E

100) Gradedpotentials A) produceaneffectthatincreaseswithdistancefromthepointofstimulation. B) produceaneffectthatspreadsactivelyacrossthemembranesurface. C) maybeeitheradepolarizationorahyperpolarization. D) areoftenall-or-none. E) causerepolarization. Answer: C

101) Ifthepotassiumpermeabilityofarestingneuronincreasesabovetherestingpermeability,whateffectwillthis haveonthetransmembranepotential? A) Theinsideofthemembranewillbecomemorepositive. B) Theinsideofthemembranewillbecomemorenegative. C) Therewillbealmostnoeffectontransmembranepotential. D) Themembranewillbecomedepolarized. E) bothBandD Answer: B

102) Ifthesodium-potassiumpumpsintheplasmamembranefailtofunction,allofthefollowingoccur, except A) theintracellularconcentrationofpotassiumionswillincrease. B) theneuronwillslowlydepolarize. C) themembranewillslowlyloseitscapacitytogenerateactionpotentials. D) theinsideofthemembranewillhavearestingpotentialthatismorepositivethannormal. E) theintracellularconcentrationofsodiumionswillincrease. Answer: A

103) Howwouldtheabsoluterefractoryperiodbeaffectedifvoltage-regulatedsodiumchannelsfailedto inactivate? A) Itwouldlastindefinitely. B) Itwouldbemuchbriefer. C) Itwouldbebasicallyunaffected. Answer: A

104) Inwhichofthefollowingwouldtherateofimpulseconductionbethegreatest? A) amyelinatedfiberof10-mdiameter B) anonmyelinatedfiberof20-mdiameter C) amyelinatedfiberof1-mdiameter D) anonmyelinatedfiberof10-mdiameter E) thesameinallbecauseoftheall-or-noneprinciple Answer: A

105) Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthresholdforanactionpotential A) Itismorepositivethantherestingpotential. B) Voltage-gatedpotassiumchannelsbegintoclose. C) Voltage-gatedsodiumchannelsbegintoopen. D) AandConly E) A,B,andC Answer: D

106) Whencholinergicreceptorsarestimulated, A) sodiumionsenterthepostsynapticneuron. B) sodiumionsleavethepostsynapticneuron. C) chlorideionsenterthepostsynapticneuron. D) chlorideionsleavethepostsynapticneuron. E) bothBandD Answer: A

107) Iftheaxonterminalofamotorneuronsuddenlybecamepermeabletocalciumion, A) theneuronwillfireanactionpotential. B) themotorendplatewillbedepolarized. C) themotorendplatewillbehyperpolarized. D) neurotransmitterreleasewillbeblocked. E) theneuronwillbecomeunabletostimulatethemusclecell. Answer: B

108) Presynapticfacilitationbyserotoniniscausedby A) increasedextracellularconcentrationofsodiumion. B) increasedextracellularconcentrationofpotassiumion. C) blockageofcalciumchannelsinthepresynapticmembrane. D) calciumchannelsinthepresynapticmembraneremainingopenlonger. E) temporalsummation. Answer: D

109) Afterastroke,whattypeofglialcellaccumulateswithintheaffectedbrainregion? A) astrocytes B) satellitecells C) oligodendrocytes D) microglia E) ependymalcells Answer: D

110) Pufferfishpoisonblocksvoltage-gatedsodiumchannelslikeacork.Whateffectwouldthisneurotoxinhave onthefunctionofneurons? A) Neuronswoulddepolarizemorerapidly. B) Actionpotentialswouldlackarepolarizationphase. C) Theabsoluterefractoryperiodwouldbeshorterthannormal. D) Theaxonwouldbeunabletogenerateactionpotentials. E) None,becausethechemicallygatedsodiumchannelswouldstillfunction. Answer: D

111) Opioidsrelievepainbyblockingthereleaseof A) substanceO. B) substanceP. C) substanceQ. D) substanceX. E) noneoftheabove Answer: B

112) Whichofthefollowingisarecognizedclassofopioidneuromodulators? A) endorphins B) enkephalins C) endomorphins D) dynorphins E) alloftheabove Answer: E

Figure12-1TheNeuron UseFigure12-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 113) Thestructureslabeled1aredendrites.Theirmembranescontainnumerouschemicallygatedionchannels. A) Thefirststatementistruebutthesecondstatementisfalse. B) Thefirststatementisfalsebutthesecondstatementistrue. C) Bothstatementsaretrue. D) Bothstatementsarefalse. E) Bothstatementsaretrueandrelatetosynaptictransmission. Answer: E
114) Thestructurelabeled2isa A) soma. B) dendrite. C) initialsegment. D) perikaryon. E) Nisslbody. Answer: A

115) Whichtypeofmembranechannelsarefoundatlabel3? A) voltage-gatedNa+ channels B) voltage-gatedK+ channels C) chemicallygatedNa+ andK+ channels D) voltage-gatedCa2+ channels E) bothAandB Answer: E
116) Whichpartoftheneuroncanconductanactionpotential? A) 1 B) 1and2 C) 2and3 D) 3and4 E) 3,4,and5 Answer: D

117) Identifythestructurelabeled5. A) axons B) telodendria C) dendriticspines D) synapticterminals E) axosomata Answer: D

Figure12-2TheNerveActionPotential UseFigure12-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 118) Whichareaofthegraphshowswhenpassivedepolarizationisoccurring? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Answer: A

119) Whichareaofthegraphoccurswhenthereisasuddeninrushofsodiumions? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Answer: B

120) Whichareaofthegraphshowswhenmembranepotentialapproachesthepotassiumequilibriumpotential? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Answer: D

121) Whichpointofthegraphshowswhenpotassiumionoutflowexceedssodiumioninflow? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Answer: C

122) Whenistheneuronintherefractoryperiod? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Answer: D

1) Thenervoustissueoutsideofthecentralnervoussystemcomposesthe________nervoussystem. Answer: peripheral
2) The________divisionoftheperipheralnervoussystembringssensoryinformationtothecentralnervous system. Answer: afferent

3) The________divisioncarriesmotorcommandstomusclesandglands. Answer: efferent

4) The________nervoussystemprovidesinvoluntaryregulationofsmoothmuscle,cardiacmuscle,and glandularactivity. Answer: autonomic

5) Theplasmamembraneofanaxoniscalledthe________. Answer: axolemma

6) Thebasicfunctionalunitofthenervoussystemisthe________. Answer: neuron

7) ThetinygapsbetweenadjacentSchwanncellsarecalled________. Answer: nodesofRanvier

8) Amovementofchargesinresponsetoapotentialdifferenceiscalleda________. Answer: current

9) Theseparationofplusandnegativechargesacrossthemembranecreatesa________difference,orvoltage. Answer: potential

10) Thesumoftheelectricalandchemicalforcesactingonanionisknownasits________. Answer: electrochemicalgradient

11) Theminimumstimulusrequiredtotriggeranactionpotentialisknownasthe________. Answer: threshold

12) The________principlestatesthatthesizeandspeedoftheactionpotentialareindependentofthestimulus strength. Answer: all-or-none

13) Theperiodduringwhichanexcitablemembranecannotrespondtofurtherstimulationisthe________. Answer: absoluterefractoryperiod

14) Theperiodduringwhichanexcitablemembranecanrespondagain,butonlyifthestimulusisgreaterthanthe thresholdstimulus,isthe________. Answer: relativerefractoryperiod

15) Anactionpotentialtravelingalonganaxonisalsocalleda(n)________. Answer: nerveimpulse

16) Ata(n)________synapse,aneurotransmitterisreleasedtostimulatethepostsynapticmembrane. Answer: chemical

17) Ina(n)________synapse,currentflowsdirectlybetweencells. Answer: electrical

18) Compoundsthataltertherateofneurotransmitterreleasebythepresynapticneuronorchangethe postsynapticcellsresponsetoneurotransmittersarecalled________. Answer: neuromodulators

19) ThebuildupofdepolarizationwhenEPSPsarriveinrapidsuccessioniscalled________summation. Answer: temporal

20) ThebuildupofdepolarizationwhenEPSPsarriveatseveralplacesontheneuroniscalled________ summation. Answer: spatial

21) ________carrysensoryinformationtotheCNS. Answer: Afferentneurons

22) ________carrymotorinformationtoperipheraleffectors. Answer: Efferentneurons

23) ________arenervesthatconnecttothespinalcord. Answer: Spinalnerves

24) ________arenervesthatconnecttothebrain. Answer: Cranialnerves

25) Matchthesystemwithitscomponents. 1. 2. 3. 4. centralnervoussystem peripheralnervoussystem somaticnervoussystem autonomicnervoussystem
A) includesallneuraltissueoutsidetheCNS B) includesthespinalcordandbrain C) controlsvisceraleffectors D) controlsskeletalmusclecontractions Answer: 1-B;2-A;3-D;4-C

26) Matchthesensoryreceptorwithitsfunction. 1. interoceptors 2. exteroceptors 3. proprioceptors A) monitorthepositionandmovementofskeletalmusclesandjoints B) providesensationsoftaste,deeppressure,andpain C) provideinformationabouttheexternalenvironment Answer: 1-B;2-C;3-A
27) Matchthemembranepotentialwithitsexample. 1. repolarization 2. hyperpolarization 3. depolarization A) anincreasefrom-70to-80mV B) changesfromresttoamorepositivevalue C) returntorestingpotentialafterdepolarization Answer: 1-C;2-A;3-B
28) ________monitorthedigestive,respiratory,cardiovascular,urinary,andreproductivesystems. Answer: Interoceptors

29) Productsfromthesomaofaneuronaretransportedtothesynapticterminalsby________axoplasmic transport. Answer: anterograde

30) Achangeintheconditionsinthesynapticknobcaninfluencethesomaasaresultof________axoplasmic transport. Answer: retrograde

31) RegionsoftheCNSwithanabundanceofmyelinatedaxonsconstitutethe________matter. Answer: white

32) RegionsoftheCNSwhereneuroncellbodiesdominateconstitutethe________matter. Answer: gray

33) NeuroncellbodiesinthePNSareclusteredtogetherinmassescalled________. Answer: ganglia

34) ________provideinformationabouttheexternalenvironment. Answer: Exteroceptors

35) ________monitorthepositionofskeletalmusclesandjoints. Answer: Proprioceptors

36) ________monitortheinternalenvironment. Answer: Interoceptors

37) Thebasicfunctionalunitofthenervoussystemarecellscalled________. Answer: neurons

38) Duringfetaldevelopmentandearlychildhood,thefreesurfaceofependymalcellsiscoveredwith________. Answer: cilia

39) Thepresenceof________dramaticallyincreasesthespeedatwhichanactionpotentialmovesalonganaxon. Answer: myelin

40) Thesensorylossandmuscleweaknessassociatedwithmultiplesclerosisareaconsequenceof________. Answer: demyelination

41) Ashiftoftherestingtransmembranepotentialtoward0mViscalled________. Answer: depolarization

42) Theperiodfromwhenanactionpotentialbeginsuntilnormalexcitabilityreturnsisknownasthe________ period. Answer: refractory

43) Mostneuronslack________andsoarepermanentlyblockedfromundergoingcelldivision. Answer: centrioles

EssayQuestions
1) Rabiesiscausedbyavirusthatattacksthecentralnervoussystem.Thevirusisnormallyintroducedbyan animalbitethatbreaksthesurfaceoftheskin.Sincethevirusisnotmotile,howdoesittraveltothecentral nervoussystem? Answer: Whentheskinisbrokenbyananimalbitesomecutaneousreceptorsarephysicallydamaged.Itis throughthesedamagedaxonsthatthevirusgainsentrancetotheneuron.Retrogradeaxoplasmic transportcarriesthevirustothecentralnervoussystem,whereitcanreproduceandspread.
2) Themyelinationofcentralandperipheralaxonsoccursrapidlythroughthefirstfewyearsoflife.Howcanthis developmentalprocessexplaintheimprovedmotorabilitiesofinfantsandtoddlers? Answer: Withoutfullmyelination,informationaboutlimbmovementandbodypositionmovesslowlytothe CNS,andmotorcommandsmoveslowlyanderraticallytothemuscles.Bythetimethebrainisawareof movementorpositionandcanissueamotorcommand,thelimbhasalreadymoved.Whenthemotor commandreachestheskeletalmuscle,theresponseisnolongerappropriate.Astheneuronsbecome fullymyelinated,informationprocessingspeedsup,soweobserveimprovedbalance,coordination,and movement.

3) AdrugthatblocksATPproductionisintroducedintoanisolatedaxonpreparation.Theaxonisthen repeatedlystimulated,andrecordingsaremadeoftheresponse.Whateffectswouldyouexpecttoobserve? Answer: Initially,therecordingwouldshownormalactionpotentialsinresponsetotherepetitivestimulation. After50,000to100,000actionpotentialshavepassed,therecordingwouldstarttoindicateless responsivenessfromtheaxon;ultimately,theaxonwouldfailtorespond.Becauseveryfewionsactually moveacrossthemembraneduringanactionpotential,axonscancarrythousandsofactionpotentials beforetheconcentrationsofsodiumandpotassiumionsmustbereestablishedbythesodium-potassium pump.WithoutATPproduction,thesupplyofATPwouldbeconsumed,thepumpwouldshutdown, andsothecellcouldnotrestorethesodiumandpotassiumiongradients.Theresultingslow depolarizationwouldinactivatevoltage-gatedsodiumchannels,leadingtoapersistentabsolute refractorystate.Thelossoftheelectrochemicalgradientsdeniestheaxonstheirmeansofgeneratingan actionpotential,andtransmissionwouldstop.
Chapter13 TheSpinalCord,SpinalNerves,andSpinalReflexes MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Inthespinalcord,whitematterisseparatedintoascendinganddescendingtractsorganizedas A) nuclei. B) ganglia. C) columns. D) nerves. E) horns. Answer: C
2) Enlargementsofthespinalcordoccur A) neartheposteriormediansulcus. B) adjacenttotheanteriormedianfissure. C) inthosespinalsegmentsthatcontrolthelimbs. D) inthethoracicregion. E) inthesacralregion. Answer: C

3) The________isastrandoffibroustissuethatprovideslongitudinalsupportasacomponentofthecoccygeal ligament. A) conusmedullaris B) filumterminale C) caudaequina D) dorsalroot E) ventralroot Answer: B

4) Thespinalcordconsistsoffiveregionsand________segments. A) 5 B) 12 C) 25 D) 31 E) numbervarieswidelyamongindividuals Answer: D

5) Thespinalcordcontinuestoelongateuntilaboutage A) 20years. B) 10years. C) 4years. D) 6months. E) 2months. Answer: C

6) Thespecializedmembranesthatsurroundthespinalcordaretermedthe A) cranialmeninges. B) cranialmater. C) spinalmeninges. D) spinalmater. E) epiduralmembranes. Answer: C

7) Bloodvesselsthatsupplythespinalcordrunalongthesurfaceofthe A) piamater. B) duramater. C) epiduralspace. D) subduralspace. E) subarachnoidspace. Answer: A

8) Theoutwardprojectionsfromthecentralgraymatterofthespinalcordarecalled A) wings. B) horns. C) pyramids. D) fibers. E) tracts. Answer: B

9) Axonscrossingfromonesideofthespinalcordtotheotherwithinthegraymatterarefoundinthe A) anteriorgrayhorns. B) lateralgrayhorns. C) posteriorgrayhorns. D) graycommissures. E) whitecommissures. Answer: D

10) Thewhitematterofthespinalcordcontains A) bundlesofaxonswithcommonorigins,destinations,andfunctions. B) bundlesofdendriteswithcommonorigins,destinations,andfunctions. C) sensoryandmotornuclei. D) bothaxonsanddendrites. E) interneurons. Answer: A

11) Theoutermostconnective-tissuecoveringofnervesisthe A) endoneurium. B) endomysium. C) perineurium. D) epineurium. E) epimysium. Answer: D

12) Thedorsalrootgangliamainlycontain A) axonsofmotorneurons. B) axonsofsensoryneurons. C) cellbodiesofmotorneurons. D) cellbodiesofsensoryneurons. E) synapses. Answer: D

13) Thedorsalrootofaspinalnervecontains A) axonsofmotorneurons. B) axonsofsensoryneurons. C) cellbodiesofmotorneurons. D) cellbodiesofsensoryneurons. E) interneurons. Answer: B

14) Theventralrootofaspinalnervecontains A) axonsofmotorneurons. B) axonsofsensoryneurons. C) cellbodiesofmotorneurons. D) cellbodiesofsensoryneurons. E) interneurons. Answer: A

15) Spinalnervesare A) purelysensory. B) purelymotor. C) bothsensoryandmotor. D) interneuronal. E) involuntary. Answer: C

16) Adorsalandventralrootofeachspinalsegmentunitetoforma A) cervicalenlargement. B) lumbarenlargement. C) spinalnerve. D) spinalmeninx. E) spinalganglion. Answer: C

17) Thepreganglionicfibersthatconnectaspinalnervewithanautonomicganglioninthethoracicandlumbar regionofthespinalcordformthe A) whiteramicommunicantes. B) grayramicommunicantes. C) dorsalramus. D) ventralramus. E) dermatomes. Answer: A

18) Thepostganglionicfibersthatconnectanautonomicganglioninthethoracicorlumbarregionwiththespinal nerveare A) whiteramicommunicantes. B) grayramicommunicantes. C) dorsalramus. D) ventralramus. E) dermatomes. Answer: B

19) Postganglionicfibersoftheautonomicnervoussystemthatinnervateinternalorgansdonotrejointhespinal nervebutform A) dorsalrami. B) ventralrami. C) whiterami. D) grayrami. E) autonomicnerves. Answer: E

20) Whichofthefollowingassociationsisincorrect? A) 8cervicalspinalnerves B) 11thoracicspinalnerves C) 5lumbarspinalnerves D) 5sacralspinalnerves E) 1coccygealspinalnerve Answer: B

21) The________ofeachspinalnerveinnervatestheskinandmusclesoftheback. A) whiteramuscommunicantes B) grayramuscommunicantes C) dorsalramus D) ventralramus E) dermatome Answer: C

22) Musclesoftheneckandshoulderareinnervatedbyspinalnervesfromthe________region. A) cervical B) thoracic C) lumbar D) sacral E) coccygeal Answer: A

23) Spinalnervesfromthesacralregionofthecordinnervatethe________muscles. A) shoulder B) intercostal C) abdominal D) leg E) facial Answer: D

24) The________innervatestheventrolateralbodysurface,structuresinthebodywall,andthelimbs. A) whiteramicommunicantes B) grayramicommunicantes C) dorsalramus D) ventralramus E) dermatomes Answer: D

25) Thecomplex,interwovennetworkformedbycontributionsfromtheventralramiofneighboringspinalnerves istermeda(n) A) dermatome. B) autonomicnerve. C) lateralnerve. D) tract. E) plexus. Answer: E

26) Eachofthefollowingnervesoriginatesinthelumbarplexus,exceptthe________nerve. A) saphenous B) sciatic C) femoral D) obturator E) genitofemoral Answer: B

27) The________nerve,whicharisesinthecervicalplexus,innervatesthediaphragm. A) ansacervicalis B) lesseroccipital C) radial D) phrenic E) sciatic Answer: D

28) TheventralramiofspinalnervesC5toT1contributefiberstothe________plexus. A) cervical B) brachial C) lumbar D) sacral E) thoracic Answer: B

29) Inwhichplexusdoestheulnarnervearise? A) cranial B) cervical C) brachial D) lumbar E) sacral Answer: C

30) Allofthefollowingaretrueofneuralreflexes,exceptthatthey A) areautomaticmotorresponses. B) arethesimplestformofbehavior. C) helppreservehomeostasis. D) cannotbemodifiedbythebrain. E) involveatleasttwoneurons. Answer: D

31) Reflexescanbeclassifiedaccordingtoallofthefollowing,except A) theirdevelopment. B) whereinformationprocessingoccurs. C) themotorresponse. D) thecomplexityoftheneuralcircuit. E) whethertheyaresensoryormotor. Answer: E

32) Reflexesbasedonsynapsesformedduringdevelopmentare________reflexes. A) visceral B) innate C) acquired D) somatic E) vegetative Answer: B

33) Thestretchreflex A) isanexampleofapolysynapticreflex. B) isimportantinregulatingmusclelength. C) involvesareceptorcalledtheGolgitendonorgan. D) isactivatedwhenaskeletalmusclelengthens. E) bothBandD Answer: E

34) Allofthefollowingaretrueofmusclespindles,exceptthatthey A) arefoundwithinskeletalmuscle. B) consistofspecializedfiberscalledintrafusalfibers. C) arefoundintendons. D) arethereceptorforthestretchreflex. E) areinnervatedbygammamotorneurons. Answer: C

35) Thereflexthatpreventsamusclefromexertingtoomuchtensionisthe________reflex. A) stretch B) tendon C) flexor D) crossedextensor E) reciprocal Answer: B

36) Theflexorreflex A) preventsamusclefromoverstretching. B) preventsamusclefromgeneratingdamagingtension. C) movesalimbawayfromapainfulstimulus. D) usuallydependsoncranialneurons. E) isanexampleofamonosynapticreflex. Answer: C

37) The________reflexcomplementstheflexorreflexbyactivatingcontralateralmuscles. A) stretch B) tendon C) flexor D) crossedextensor E) reciprocal Answer: D

38) Spinalinterneuronsinhibitantagonistmotorneuronsinaprocesscalled A) acrossedextensorreflex. B) astretchreflex. C) atendonreflex. D) reciprocalinhibition. E) reverberatingcircuits. Answer: D

39) Allofthefollowingaretrueofpolysynapticreflexes, exceptthatthey A) arearrangedaccordingtodermatomes. B) areintersegmentalindistribution. C) involvereciprocalinnervation. D) havereverberatingcircuitsthatprolongthereflexivemotorresponse. E) involvepoolsofinterneurons. Answer: A

40) Recognizedneuronalcircuitpatternsincludeallofthefollowing,except A) convergent. B) divergent. C) multipolar. D) reverberating. E) parallelprocessing. Answer: C

41) Thetough,fibrous,outermostcoveringofthespinalcordisthe A) arachnoid. B) piamater. C) duramater. D) epiduralblock. E) periosteum. Answer: C

42) Thewhitematterofthespinalcordismainly A) unmyelinatedaxons. B) neuroglia. C) Schwanncells. D) myelinatedaxons. E) nodesofRanvier. Answer: D

43) Thelayerofconnectivetissuethatsurroundsafasciclewithinaperipheralnerveisthe A) perineurium. B) epineurium. C) endoneurium. D) epimysium. E) endosteum. Answer: A

44) Comparedtothevertebralcolumn,thespinalcordis A) longer. B) shorter. C) thesamelength. D) A,B,orC,dependingonage E) AorC,dependingonage Answer: B

45) Afterage________thevertebralcolumncontinuestoelongate,butthespinalcorditselfdoesnot. A) 8 B) 12 C) 18 D) 4 E) noneoftheabove Answer: D

46) Inmeningitis, A) inflammationofthemeningesoccurs. B) bacteriacanbethecause. C) virusescanbethecause. D) CSFflowcanbedisrupted. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

47) Whichofthefollowingistrueregardinganepiduralblock? A) Itiscommonlyusedasamethodofpaincontrolduringlaboranddelivery. B) Itaffectsonlythespinalnervesintheimmediateareaoftheinjection. C) Itcanbedifficulttoachieveintheuppercervicalandmidthoracicregion. D) Itprovidesmainlysensoryanesthesia. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

48) Somaticmotorneuronsinthespinalcordcontrolallofthefollowingmuscles,exceptthosethat A) positionthepectoralgirdle. B) movethearm. C) movethehandandfingers. D) movetheneck. E) movetheforearmandhand. Answer: D

49) Thelayerofconnectivetissuethatsurroundsindividualaxonswithinaperipheralnerveistermedthe A) endoneurium. B) perineurium. C) aponeurium. D) metaneurium. E) subneurium. Answer: A

50) WhichofthefollowingisnottrueaboutapositiveBabinskireflex? A) normalinnewborns B) abnormalinadults C) asignofinjurytodescendingspinaltracts D) whyyoucloseyoureyeswhenyousneeze E) flaringofthetoeswhenthesoleisstroked Answer: D

51) Inthecondition________,avirusinfectsdorsalrootganglia,causingapainfulrashwhosedistribution correspondstothatoftheaffectedsensorynervesasseenintheirdermatomes. A) myastheniagravis B) neuronaldamage C) shingles D) chickenpox E) Hodgkinsdisease Answer: C

52) Eachperipheralnerveprovides________innervationtoperipheralstructures. A) motor B) sensory C) motorANDsensory D) motorORsensory E) bothCandD Answer: E

53) Theventralramiformfourmajorplexuses,includingallofthefollowing, exceptthe________plexus. A) brachial B) lumbar C) sacral D) nuchal E) cervical Answer: D

54) IfapersonhasacrushinjurytotheC 3 -C5 spinalsegments,youwouldexpectthathe A) mightbeunabletobreatheonhisown. B) couldwalkwithoutdifficulty. C) wouldhavefullrangeofmotioninallextremities. D) wouldbeinacoma. E) wouldexhibitnoneoftheabove. Answer: A
55) Asthe________nerveapproachestheknee,itdividesintotwobranches,thefibularnerveandthetibialnerve. A) perineal B) femoral C) brachial D) pudendal E) sciatic Answer: E

56) Theobturatornerveisdistributedtothe A) adductorsofthehip. B) skinovertheperineum. C) extensorsofthehip. D) skinoverbuttocks. E) bicepsfemoris. Answer: A

57) Aviraldiseasethatdestroysthecellsoftheanteriorgrayhornwill A) leadtomuscleweaknessorparalysis. B) interferewithpositionsense. C) mainlyinterferewithcrudetouchandtemperaturesense. D) blockautonomicregulation. E) alloftheabove Answer: A

58) Cerebrospinalfluidflowswithinthe A) filumterminale. B) subarachnoidspace. C) duramater. D) piamater. E) arachnoidmater. Answer: B

59) Theepiduralspacecontains A) cerebrospinalfluid. B) lymph. C) blood. D) connectivetissueandbloodvessels. E) denticulateligaments. Answer: D

60) Thesubduralspaceliesbetween A) thearachnoidmaterandthepiamater. B) thepiamaterandtheduramater. C) theduramaterandthearachnoidmater. D) thepiamaterandthesubarachnoidspace. E) theendosteumandtheperiosteum. Answer: C

61) Thelayerofthemeningesindirectcontactwiththespinalcordisthe A) duramater. B) subarachnoidspace. C) arachnoid. D) piamater. E) choroidplexus. Answer: D

62) Thegrayhornsofthespinalcordcontainmainly A) nervetracts. B) columns. C) meninges. D) nervecellbodies. E) funiculi. Answer: D

63) Theposteriorhornsofthespinalcordcontainmainly A) sensorynuclei. B) somaticmotornuclei. C) autonomicmotornuclei. D) nervetracts. E) sympatheticnuclei. Answer: A

64) Theanteriorhornsofthespinalcordcontainmainly A) sensorynuclei. B) somaticmotornuclei. C) autonomicmotornuclei. D) nervetracts. E) sympatheticnuclei. Answer: B

65) Nervetractsorfasciculimakeupthe A) centralcanal. B) posteriorgrayhorns. C) graycommissures. D) anteriorwhitecolumns. E) bothBandC Answer: D

66) Ifthedorsalrootofaspinalnerveissevered, A) outputtoskeletalmuscleswouldbeblocked. B) outputtovisceralorganswouldbeblocked. C) thespinalcordwouldnotbeabletoprocessinformationatthatlevel. D) thebrainwouldnotbeabletocommunicatewiththatlevelofthespinalcord. E) sensoryinputwouldbeblocked. Answer: E

67) SamplesofCSFfordiagnosticpurposesarenormallyobtainedbyplacingthetipofaneedleinthe A) duramater. B) arachnoidmater. C) epiduralspace. D) subarachnoidspace. E) cerebralventricles. Answer: D

68) Inwhichofthefollowingwouldthedelaybetweenstimulusandresponsebegreater? A) amonosynapticreflex B) apolysynapticreflex Answer: B

69) Inanadult,theconusmedullarisisfoundatabout A) T6 . B) T10. C) L1 . D) L5 . E) Co1 . Answer: C

70) Billcontractsaviraldiseasethatdestroyscellsintheposteriorgrayhornsinhisspinalcord.Asaresult,which ofthefollowingwouldyouexpect? A) lossofsensationinhistorso B) inabilitytobreathe C) problemswithmovinghisarms D) uncontrollablesweatingofhisfeet E) problemswithmovinghislegs Answer: A

71) Maryisinanautomobileaccidentandsuffersaspinalcordinjury.Shehaslostfeelinginherlowerbody.Her doctortellsherthatswellingiscompressingaportionofherspinalcord.Whichpartofhercordislikelytobe compressed? A) theanteriorgrayhorns B) theanteriorgraycommissures C) ascendingtracts D) descendingtracts E) theanteriorwhitecommissures Answer: C
72) Thebrachialplexusgivesrisetoallofthefollowingnerves,except the A) radial. B) median. C) ulnar. D) musculocutaneous. E) phrenic. Answer: E

73) Tinafallswhileclimbingatreeandlandsonherback.Herfrightenedparentstakehertotheemergencyroom, wheresheisexamined.Herknee-jerkreflexisnormalandsheexhibitsaplantarreflex(negativeBabinski reflex).Theseresultssuggestthat A) Tinahasinjuredoneofherdescendingnervetracts. B) Tinahasinjuredoneofherascendingnervetracts. C) Tinahasaspinalinjuryinthelumbarregion. D) Tinahasaspinalinjuryinthecervicalregion. E) Tinasufferednodamagetoherspinalcord. Answer: E
Figure13-1TheSpinalCord UseFigure13-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 74) Whatisthefunctionofthestructurelabeled12? A) controlofskeletalmuscle B) somaticsensoryreceiving C) visceralsensoryreceiving D) controlofvisceraleffectors E) ascendingpathway Answer: B
75) Wheredosomaticmotorneuronsreside? A) 10 B) 12 C) 13 D) 14 E) 15 Answer: E

76) Whatisthefunctionofthestructurelabeled14? A) controlofskeletalmuscle B) somaticsensoryprocessing C) controlofvisceraleffectors D) somaticmotorcontrol E) visceralsensoryprocessing Answer: C

77) Identifythestructurelabeled10. A) anteriorwhitecommissure B) anteriormedianfissure C) anteriorwhitecolumn D) anteriorgraycommissure E) anteriorwhitehorn Answer: D

78) Identifythestructurelabeled1. A) anteriorwhitecolumn B) lateralwhitecolumn C) lateralwhitehorn D) mediancommissure E) posteriorwhitecolumn Answer: E

Figure13-2SpinalNerves UseFigure13-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 79) Identifythestructurelabeled2. A) ventralroot B) dorsalramus C) spinalnerve D) ventralramus E) whiteramus Answer: D
80) Identifythestructurelabeled6. A) autonomicnerve B) sympatheticganglion C) dorsalrootganglion D) ramicommunicantes E) ventralroot Answer: B

81) Identifythestructurelabeled5. A) autonomicnerve B) autonomicganglion C) ramicommunicantes D) dorsalrootganglion E) ventralroot Answer: C

82) Inwhichstructurearesensorycellbodieslocated? A) 4 B) 6 C) 5 D) 10 E) 12 Answer: D

83) Identifythestructurelabeled8. A) peripheralnerve B) dorsalramus C) spinalnerve D) ventralroot E) dorsalroot Answer: C

1) Supposethatyoufeelsomethingbrushingagainstyourabdomen.Thesensoryinformationwouldbecarriedto thespinalcordovera________ramus. Answer: ventral
2) The________plexussuppliesinnervationtothediaphragm. Answer: cervical

3) Thespecificstripofskinthatisinnervatedbyaspecificspinalnerveiscalleda(n)________. Answer: dermatome

4) Acomplex,interwovennetworkofnervesiscalleda(n)________. Answer: plexus

5) Theneuralwiringofasinglereflexiscalleda(n)________. Answer: reflexarc

6) ________reflexesactivateskeletalmuscles. Answer: Somatic

7) Themostcomplicatedspinalreflexesarecalled________. Answer: intersegmentalreflexarcs

8) Reflexesthatactivatemusclesonthesamesideofthebodyasthestimulusarecalled________. Answer: ipsilateral

9) Reflexesthatactivatemusclesontheoppositesideofthebodyasthestimulusarecalled________. Answer: contralateral

10) Ina(n)________reflex,asensoryneuronsynapsesdirectlyonamotorneuron. Answer: monosynaptic

11) A(n)________reflexhasatleastoneinterneuronplacedbetweenthesensoryandmotorneurons. Answer: polysynaptic

12) Theduramatertapersinferiorlytoformthe________. Answer: coccygealligament

13) Theconditioninwhichapersonlosesallfeelingandmovementofthearmsandlegsduetospinalcordinjury istermed________. Answer: quadriplegia

14) Thelossoffeelingandmovementofthelegsistermed________. Answer: paraplegia

15) The________separatestheduramaterfromthewallsofthevertebralcanal. Answer: epiduralspace

16) Bloodvesselstravelingwithinthe________deliveroxygenandnutrientstothespinalcord. Answer: subarachnoidspace

17) Duringtheprocedureknownasa(n)________,aneedleisinsertedintothesubarachnoidspaceintheinferior lumbarregion. Answer: lumbarpuncture(orspinaltap)

18) Thenervecrucialforbreathingthatoriginateswithinthecervicalplexusiscalledthe________nerve. Answer: phrenic

19) In________,oneneuronsynapsesonseveralpostsynapticneurons. Answer: divergence

20) In________,axoncollateralsextendbacktowardthesourceoftheimpulseandfurtherstimulatetheearlier neurons. Answer: reverberation

True/FalseQuestions
1) Visceralreflexesprovideamechanismforcontroloftheabdominalmuscles. Answer: FALSE
2) Inspinalreflexes,thesynapsesandneuralprocessingareinthespinalcord. Answer: TRUE

3) Thestretchreflexismonosynaptic. Answer: TRUE

4) Afterage4thevertebralcolumncontinuestoelongate,butthespinalcorddoesnot. Answer: TRUE

EssayQuestions
1) Whatisareflexarc?Whatcomponentsmustbepresenttoqualify? Answer: Areflexarcisthewiringpatternofneuronsthatunderlieaparticularreflex.Areflexarcconsistsofthree elementsattheminimum:(1)asensoryreceptorandneurontocarryafferentinformationtotheCNS;(2) anexcitatorysynapseonamotorneuron;(3)themotorneurontogenerateanactionpotentialand conducttheimpulsetoaneffectorsuchasaskeletalmusclemotorunit.
2) Whatwouldhappenifthedorsalrootofaspinalnervewerecompletelytransected? Answer: Thedorsalrootscontainaxonsofsensoryneurons,soinputfromthoseafferentswithintheseveredroot wouldnotbetransmittedtotheCNSandthusthislesionwouldresultinacompletelossoffeelingfrom thebodyregionservedbytheafferentfibersinthatdorsalroot.

3) Sometimes,whenitisdifficulttoinitiateaknee-jerkreflexbytappingthepatellartendon,apatientwillbe askedtovoluntarilymakeafist.Thenthereflexwillbeeasilyevoked.Whatdoesthisillustrateaboutthe relationbetweenvoluntaryandinvoluntaryreflexmovement? Answer: Descendingmotortractsthatexcitethemotorneuronsthatactivateforearmandhandmusclesalsosend excitatoryimpulsestomotorneuronslowerdownthespinalcord.TheseEPSPsspatiallysummatewith theexcitatoryinputsfromthemusclespindlestoquadricepsmotorneurons,bringingthequadriceps neuronstothreshold,andthusgenerateabriskkneejerkresponse.

4) Whileplayingfootball,Ramnistackledhard,andashetriestogetup,hefindsthathehasdifficultyflexing andadductinghisleftthighandextendinghisleftleg.Whichnerveinnervatingthelowerlimbmaybe damaged,andhowwouldthedamageaffectsensoryperceptioninRamnsleftleg? Answer: Ramnhasadamagedleftfemoralnerve.Thisnervealsosuppliessensoryinnervationtotheskinonthe anteromedialsurfaceofthethighandmedialsurfacesofthelegandfoot,sohewillalsoexperience numbnessinthoseregions.

Chapter14 TheBrainandCranialNerves MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Whichoftheseisnotoneofthemaindivisionsoftheadultbrain? A) cerebrum B) diencephalon C) prosencephalon D) mesencephalon E) pons Answer: C
2) Whichofthefollowingliesbetweenthecerebrumandthebrainstem? A) medullaoblongata B) pons C) mesencephalon D) diencephalon E) cerebellum Answer: D

3) Thefloorofthediencephalonisformedbythe A) hypothalamus. B) thalamus. C) brainstem. D) mesencephalon. E) myelencephalon. Answer: A

4) Thecerebellumandponsdevelopfromthe A) telencephalon. B) diencephalon. C) mesencephalon. D) metencephalon. E) myelencephalon. Answer: D

5) Sensoryinformationisprocessedandrelayedtothecerebrumbythe A) medullaoblongata. B) pons. C) midbrain. D) thalamus. E) cerebellum. Answer: D

6) Thetractsthatconnectthecerebellumtothebrainstemarelocatedinthe A) medullaoblongata. B) pons. C) mesencephalon. D) diencephalon. E) thalamus. Answer: B

7) Autonomiccentersthatcontrolbloodpressure,heartrate,anddigestionarelocatedinthe A) medullaoblongata. B) pons. C) mesencephalon. D) diencephalon. E) cerebellum. Answer: A

8) Aneuralcortexisfoundonthesurfaceofthe A) cerebralhemispheres. B) pons. C) cerebellum. D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: E

9) The________providestheprincipallinkbetweenthenervousandendocrinesystems. A) cerebellum B) medullaoblongata C) cerebrum D) pons E) hypothalamus Answer: E

10) Thethinpartitionthatseparatesthefirstandsecondventriclesisthe A) falxcerebri. B) septumpellucidum. C) septuminsula. D) interventricularforamina. E) cerebralaqueduct. Answer: B

11) Eachlateralventriclecommunicateswiththethirdventriclethrougha(n) A) aqueductofSylvius. B) cerebralaqueduct. C) aqueductofmidbrain. D) interventricularforamen. E) medullaoblongata. Answer: D

12) Thethirdandfourthventriclesarelinkedbyaslendercanaldesignatedasthe A) centralcanal. B) tentoriumcerebelli. C) mesencephalicaqueduct. D) interventricularforamina. E) pontinecanal. Answer: C

13) Theventricleassociatedwiththeponsanduppermedullaisthe A) first. B) second. C) third. D) fourth. E) lateral. Answer: D

14) Theduralsinusesarelocatedinthe A) paranasalcavity. B) arachnoid. C) piamater. D) duralfolds. E) tentoriumcerebelli. Answer: D

15) Whatstructureiscoveredbymanybloodvesselsandadherestightlytothesurfaceofthebrain? A) piamater B) arachnoid C) duramater D) cranialplexus E) choroidplexus Answer: A

16) Theduralfoldthatprojectsintothelongitudinalfissurebetweencerebralhemispheresiscalledthe A) duralsinus. B) falxcerebri. C) tentoriumcerebelli. D) falxcerebelli. E) choroidplexus. Answer: B

17) Whatcontainsaspiderweblikenetworkofcellsandfibersthroughwhichcerebrospinalfluidflows? A) subduralspace B) duralsinus C) falxcerebri D) subarachnoidspace E) piamater Answer: D

18) Whichofthefollowingisnotafunctionofcerebrospinalfluid? A) providescushioningfordelicateneuraltissues B) providesbuoyantsupportforthebrain C) actsasatransportmediumfornutrients D) providesATPforimpulsetransmission E) actsasatransportmediumforwasteproducts Answer: D

19) Cerebrospinalfluid A) issecretedbyependymalcells. B) isformedbyapassiveprocess. C) isnormallyproducedtwiceasfastasitisremoved. D) hasalmostthesamecompositionasbloodplasma. E) bothBandD Answer: A

20) AbsorptionatthearachnoidgranulationsreturnsCSFtothe A) thirdventricle. B) arterialcirculation. C) venouscirculation. D) fourthventricle. E) centralcanal. Answer: C

21) Cerebrospinalfluidentersthesubarachnoidspacethroughthe A) interventricularforamina. B) aqueductofSylvius. C) duralsinus. D) lateralandmedianapertures. E) falxcerebri. Answer: D

22) Cerebrospinalfluidentersthebloodcirculationatthe A) jugularveins. B) duraldrain. C) superiorsagittalsinus. D) tentoriumcerebelli. E) frontalsinus. Answer: C

23) Whichofthefollowingisapropertyoftheblood-brainbarrier? A) Thecapillaryendothelialcellsareinterconnectedbytightjunctions. B) Itisgenerallypermeabletolipid-solublecompounds. C) AstrocytessurroundtheCNScapillaries. D) Itisabsentinportionsofthehypothalamus. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

24) Thenucleusgracilisandnucleuscuneatus A) arelocatedinthemedullaoblongata. B) relaysomaticsensoryinformationtothethalamus. C) passmotorinformationtothecerebellum. D) bothAandB E) A,B,andC Answer: D

25) Theponscontains A) sensoryandmotornucleiforfourcranialnerves. B) nucleiconcernedwiththecontrolofrespiration. C) tractsthatlinkthecerebellumwiththebrainstem. D) bothBandC E) A,B,andC Answer: E

26) Overseeingtheposturalmusclesofthebodyandmakingrapidadjustmentstomaintainbalanceand equilibriumarefunctionsofthe A) cerebrum. B) mesencephalon. C) cerebellum. D) pons. E) medullaoblongata. Answer: C

27) Thecerebellarhemispheresareseparatedbyabandofcortexcalledthe A) flocculonodularlobe. B) arborvitae. C) folia. D) vermis. E) pyramid. Answer: D

28) Thewhitematterofthecerebellumformsthe A) flocculonodularlobe. B) arborvitae. C) folia. D) vermis. E) pyramid. Answer: B

29) Thetractthatlinksthecerebellumwiththeponsisthe A) superiorcerebellarpeduncle. B) inferiorcerebellarpeduncle. C) middlecerebellarpeduncle. D) longitudinalfibers. E) obversefibers. Answer: C

30) Themedullaoblongatarelaysauditoryinformationtothe A) substantianigra. B) rednuclei. C) cerebralpeduncles. D) superiorcolliculi. E) inferiorcolliculi. Answer: E

31) Theregionsofthemesencephalonthatissuesubconsciousmotorcommandsthataffectupperlimbposition andbackgroundmuscletonearethe A) tecta. B) rednuclei. C) cerebralpeduncles. D) superiorcolliculi. E) inferiorcolliculi. Answer: B

32) Nervefiberbundlesontheventrolateralsurfaceofthemesencephalonarethe A) tegmenta. B) corporaquadrigemina. C) cerebralpeduncles. D) superiorcolliculi. E) inferiorcolliculi. Answer: C

33) Whichofthefollowingisapropertyofthemamillarybodies? A) controlreflexeatingmovements B) processolfactoryinformation C) locatedinposteriorhypothalamus D) shapedlikelittlebreasts E) alloftheabove Answer: E

34) Stimulationofthereticularformationresultsin A) increasedconsciousness. B) sleep. C) coma. D) decreasedcerebralfunction. E) B,C,andD Answer: A

35) Whichofthefollowingisafunctionofthethalamus? A) secretecerebrospinalfluid B) secretemelatonin C) processsensoryinformationandrelayittothecerebrum D) storememories E) regulatefoodintake Answer: C

36) Whichofthefollowingis(are)trueoftheepithalamus? A) containsthechoroidplexusandpinealgland B) formstheroofofthediencephalon C) processessensoryinformationandrelaysittothecerebrum D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: E

37) Theanteriornucleiofthethalamus A) arepartofthelimbicsystem. B) secretepituitaryhormones. C) secretemelatonin. D) receiveaxoncollateralsfromtheopticnerve. E) bothBandC Answer: A

38) Themedialnucleiofthethalamus A) arepartofthelimbicsystem. B) connectemotionalcentersinthehypothalamuswiththefrontallobe. C) producethehormoneoxytocin. D) processvisualinformation. E) processolfactoryinformation. Answer: B

39) Theventralnucleiofthethalamus A) receiveinputfrombasalganglia. B) receiveinputfromcerebellum. C) receivegeneralsensoryinput. D) A,BandC. E) BandConly Answer: D

40) Theposteriornucleiofthethalamusincludethe A) pulvinar. B) lateralgeniculate. C) medialgeniculate. D) A,BandC E) BandConly Answer: D

41) Theoptictractscarryvisualinformationfromtheretinatothe A) pulvinar. B) lateralgeniculates. C) medialgeniculates. D) supraopticnuclei. E) paraventricularnuclei. Answer: B

42) The________relayauditoryinformationtotheauditorycortex. A) pulvinar B) lateralgeniculates C) medialgeniculates D) supraopticnuclei E) paraventricularnuclei Answer: C

43) The________integrate(s)sensoryinformationforprojectiontothecerebralcortex. A) pulvinar B) lateralgeniculates C) medialgeniculates D) supraopticnuclei E) paraventricularnuclei Answer: A

44) Whichofthefollowingisafunctionofthehypothalamus? A) producesADH B) controlsautonomiccenters C) regulatesbodytemperature D) secretesoxytocin E) alloftheabove Answer: E

45) Themamillarybodiesofthehypothalamus A) regulatelactation. B) secreteoxytocin. C) controlfeedingreflexes. D) controlheartrateandbloodpressure. E) secreteantidiuretichormone. Answer: C

46) Thetectumofthemesencephaloncontainsthe A) substantianigra. B) rednuclei. C) superiorandinferiorcolliculi. D) cerebralpeduncles. E) basalganglia. Answer: C

47) The________receivevisualinputfromthelateralgeniculates. A) substantianigra B) rednuclei C) cerebralpeduncles D) superiorcolliculi E) inferiorcolliculi Answer: D

48) Whichofthefollowingisnotacomponentofthelimbicsystem? A) amygdaloidbody B) cingulategyrus C) globuspallidus D) hippocampus E) fornix Answer: C

49) Whichofthefollowingisnotapropertyofthelimbicsystem? A) containscerebralanddiencephaliccomponents B) functionsinmaintaininghomeostasisincoldweather C) locatedbetweentheborderofthecerebrumanddiencephalon D) linksconsciousfunctionsofthecerebralcortexwithunconsciousfunctionsofthebrainstem E) functionsinemotions,learning,andmemory Answer: B

50) The________isimportantinstorageandrecallofnewlong -termmemories. A) amygdaloidbody B) cingulategyrus C) mamillarybodies D) hippocampus E) fornix Answer: D

51) Atractofwhitematterthatconnectsthehippocampuswiththehypothalamusisthe A) amygdaloidbody. B) cingulategyrus. C) mamillarybodies. D) hippocampus. E) fornix. Answer: E

52) Thetwocerebralhemispheresareseparatedbythe A) longitudinalfissure. B) centralsulcus. C) transversefissure. D) parieto-occipitalsulcus. E) postcentralsulcus. Answer: A

53) Divisionsofthecerebralhemispheresthatarenamedaftertheoverlyingskullbonesare A) fissures. B) sinuses. C) lobes. D) sulci. E) gyri. Answer: C

54) Thecerebralareaposteriortothecentralsulcusisthe A) parietallobe. B) temporallobe. C) frontallobe. D) occipitallobe. E) insula. Answer: A

55) Thesuperiorborderofthetemporallobeismarkedbythe A) insula. B) longitudinalfissure. C) centralsulcus. D) lateralsulcus. E) parieto-occipitalsulcus. Answer: D

56) Theregionofthecerebralcortexsuperiortothelateralsulcusisthe A) parietallobe. B) temporallobe. C) frontallobe. D) occipitallobe. E) AandC Answer: E

57) Theregionofthecerebralcortexthatismedialanddeeptothetemporallobeisthe A) parietallobe. B) temporallobe. C) frontallobe. D) occipitallobe. E) insula. Answer: E

58) Theprimarymotorcortexisthesurfaceofthe A) insula. B) precentralgyrus. C) postcentralgyrus. D) arcuategyrus. E) corpuscallosum. Answer: B

59) Thesurfaceofthepostcentralgyruscontainsthe________cortex. A) primarysensory B) primarymotor C) visual D) olfactory E) auditory Answer: A

60) Thevisualcortexislocatedinthe A) frontallobe. B) parietallobe. C) temporallobe. D) occipitallobe. E) insula. Answer: D

61) Theauditorycortexislocatedinthe A) frontallobe. B) parietallobe. C) temporallobe. D) occipitallobe. E) insula. Answer: C

62) Corticalregionsthatinterpretsensoryinformationorcoordinatemotorresponsesarecalled________areas. A) commissural B) sensory C) association D) somesthetic E) processing Answer: C

63) Theregionofthebrainresponsibleforpredictingtheconsequenceofeventsoractionsisthe A) prefrontalcerebralcortex. B) occipitalassociationcortex. C) reticularformation. D) temporallobe. E) cerebralganglia. Answer: A

64) Thesenseoftasteprojectstothegustatorycortexlocatedinthe________and________. A) insula;parietallobe B) frontallobe;temporallobe C) insula;frontallobe D) precentralgyrus;prefrontalcortex. E) corpuscallosum;fornix Answer: D

65) Thecorpuscallosumiscomposedof A) arcuatefibers. B) longitudinalfasciculi. C) associationfibers. D) commissuralfibers. E) projectionfibers. Answer: D

66) Theinternalcapsuleofthecerebrumiscomposedof A) arcuatefibers. B) longitudinalfasciculi. C) associationfibers. D) commissuralfibers. E) projectionfibers. Answer: E

67) Withineachhemisphere,deeptothefloorofthelateralventricle,youwillfindthe A) anteriorcommissures. B) basalnuclei. C) motorassociationareas. D) visualcortex. E) auditorycortex. Answer: B

68) Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthebasalnuclei? A) caudatenucleus B) globuspallidus C) putamen D) hippocampus E) amygdaloidbody Answer: D

69) The________islocatedatthetipofthetailofthecaudatenucleus. A) amygdaloidbody B) claustrum C) putamen D) globuspallidus E) corpusstriatum Answer: A

70) Theputamenandglobuspallidusarefrequentlyconsideredtobesubdivisionsofthe A) caudatenucleus. B) claustrum. C) lentiformnucleus. D) corpusstriatum. E) limbicsystem. Answer: C

71) Thecardiovascularreflexesarebasedinthe A) cerebrum. B) mesencephalon. C) cerebellum. D) medullaoblongata. E) spinalcord. Answer: D

72) Thehighestlevelsofinformationprocessingoccurinthe A) cerebrum. B) diencephalon. C) cerebellum. D) medullaoblongata. E) corpuscallosum. Answer: A

73) Higher-orderfunctions A) canbeadjustedovertimebasedonexperience. B) involvecomplexinteractionsamongareasofthecortex. C) combinebothconsciousandunconsciousinformationprocessing. D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: D

74) Thebasalnuclei A) planandcoordinatevoluntarymuscleactivity. B) providethegeneralpatternandrhythmformovementssuchaswalking. C) coordinatesensoryinformation. D) controlthesecretionsofthepituitarygland. E) controlrespirationandbloodpressure. Answer: B

75) Theadulthumanbraincontainsalmost________ofthebodysneuraltissue. A) 15percent B) 25percent C) 68percent D) 97percent E) noneoftheabove Answer: D

76) Malebrainsaretypically________comparedtofemalebrains. A) larger B) smaller C) thesamesize D) verysmooth E) moreconvoluted Answer: A

77) Themedullaoblongataregulates A) bloodpressure. B) foodintake. C) respiration. D) bothAandB E) bothAandC Answer: E

78) The________filtersandrelayssensoryinformationtocerebralcortex. A) cerebrum B) thalamus C) pons D) medullaoblongata E) cerebellum Answer: B

79) Duringembryonicdevelopment,whichofthefollowingsecondarybrainvesicleswillformthecerebrum? A) telencephalon B) diencephalon C) mesencephalon D) metencephalon E) myelencephalon Answer: A

80) Specialized________cellsformthesecretorycomponentofthechoroidplexus. A) epididymal B) ependymal C) appended D) bothAandB E) bothBandC Answer: B

81) Asyouascendfromthemedullaoblongatatothecerebrum,thefunctionsofeachsuccessivelevelbecome A) morecomplex. B) simpler. C) betterunderstood. D) lesscrucialtovisceralfunctions. E) bothAandD Answer: E

82) Whichofthefollowinghelptoprotectthebrain? A) theblood-brainbarrier B) thebonesoftheskull C) thecranialmeninges D) theCSF E) alloftheabove Answer: E

83) Ependymalcellsworkto A) surroundthecapillariesofthechoroidplexus. B) secreteCSFintotheventricles. C) removewasteproductsfromCSF. D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: D

84) ThechoroidplexusproducesCSFatarateofabout A) 500mL/day. B) 250mL/day. C) 50mL/day. D) 1000mL/day. E) 150mL/day Answer: A

85) AsCSFcirculates,________betweenitandtheinterstitialfluidoftheCNSisunrestrictedbetweenandacross theependyma. A) osmosis B) perfusion C) diffusion D) convection E) conduction Answer: C

86) ThecellsthatcovertheoutersurfacesofCNSendothelialcellsarethe A) blastocytes. B) astrocytes. C) monocytes. D) leukocytes. E) lymphocytes. Answer: B

87) WhichantibioticenterstheCNSwithoutdifficultybecauseiteasilycrossestheblood-brainbarrier? A) tetracycline B) doxycycline C) sulfadiazine D) periostat E) actisite Answer: C

88) Therespiratoryrhythmicitycenterislocatedin A) thepons. B) thecerebrum. C) themedullaoblongata. D) thecerebellum. E) alloftheabove Answer: C

89) Thecerebellumcanbepermanentlydamagedbystrokeortemporarilyaffectedbydrugsoralcohol.The resultingdisturbanceinmotorcontrolisknownas A) ataxia. B) aphasia. C) dysphagia. D) AorC E) BorC Answer: A

90) Damagetothesubstantianigracausesadecreaseintheneurotransmitterdopamine.Thiscausesagradual, generalizedincreaseinmuscletone,whichisthemainsymptomof A) Parkinsondisease. B) rabies. C) Alzheimerdisease. D) myastheniagravis. E) tetanus. Answer: A

91) ________centersreceiveinformationfrommanyassociationareasanddirectextremelycomplexmotor activitiessuchasspeech. A) Frontal B) Integrative C) Communication D) Terminal E) Vocal Answer: B

92) YoususpectyourfriendhasdamagetocranialnerveIwhenheisunableto A) smellhisfood. B) smile. C) blinkhiseyes. D) nodhishead. E) alloftheabove Answer: A

93) ________isaconditionresultingfromaninflammationofafacialnerve. A) Cerebralpalsy B) Bellpalsy C) Addisondisease D) anyoftheabove E) AorB Answer: B

94) ________isadisorderaffectingtheabilitytospeakorread. A) Aphasia B) Ataxia C) Apraxia D) Bellpalsy E) alloftheabove Answer: A

95) ________isatemporarycerebraldisorderaccompaniedbyabnormalmovements,unusualsensations,and/or inappropriatebehavior. A) Dyslexia B) Apraxia C) Aphasia D) Parkinsondisease E) Aseizure Answer: E

96) A(n)________isaprintedrecordofthebrainselectricalactivityoveraperiodoftime. A) electrocardiogram B) electroencephalogram C) x-ray D) MRI E) CTscan Answer: B

97) Theonlysensationthatisreceiveddirectlybythecerebrumis A) olfaction. B) gustation. C) hearing. D) vision. E) dizziness. Answer: A

98) Thecontrolofheartrateandbloodpressureisbasedinthe A) cerebrum. B) cerebellum. C) diencephalon. D) medullaoblongata. E) heart. Answer: D

99) Whichoftheseduralfoldsismismatched withitslocation? A) falxcerebri;transversefissure B) tentoriumcerebelli;coveringcerebellum C) falxcerebelli;betweencerebellarhemispheres D) AandConly E) Nonearemismatched. Answer: A

100) Thelayerofthemeningesthatcloselyfollowseverygyrusandsulcusisthe A) piamater. B) duramater. C) arachnoidmembrane. D) neuralcortex. E) subarachnoidmater. Answer: A

101) Damagetothecorporaquadrigeminawouldinterferewith A) controlofautonomicfunction. B) regulationofbodytemperature. C) visualandauditoryreflexmovementsoftheheadandneck. D) consciouscontrolofskeletalmuscles. E) controlofbreathing. Answer: C

102) Ifthecorpuscallosumissurgicallycut, A) thetwocerebralhemispheresoperateindependently. B) symptomsofthedisconnectionsyndromeappear. C) objectstouchedbythelefthandcanberecognizedbutnotverballyidentified. D) consciousdecisionsaremadewithoutregardtosensationsfromtheleftside. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

103) Apersonwithadamagedvisualassociationareamaybe A) unabletoseerowsofletters. B) declaredlegallyblind. C) unabletorecognizelettersbutabletoidentifywholewordsandtheirmeanings. D) abletoseelettersbutunabletoassociatethemintowords. E) unabletounderstandspokenwords. Answer: D

104) Thereare________pairsofcranialnerves. A) 2 B) 6 C) 12 D) 22 E) 31 Answer: C

105) Droopyeyelidsanddoublevisioncanresultfrominjurytothe________nerve. A) optic B) oculomotor C) trochlear D) olfactory E) abducens Answer: B

106) Thecranialnervesthatinnervatetheeyemusclesare A) I,II,andIII. B) III,IV,andVI. C) II,III,andIV. D) IIandVI. E) IIIandV. Answer: B

107) Thecranialnervethathasthreemajorbranchesisthe A) abducens. B) facial. C) vagus. D) trigeminal. E) glossopharyngeal. Answer: D

108) Sensoryinnervationofthelowerteethandgumsisbythe________nerve. A) ophthalmicbranchofthetrigeminal B) maxillarybranchofthetrigeminal C) mandibularbranchofthetrigeminal D) glossopharyngeal E) hypoglossal Answer: C

109) Gustatoryinformationreachesthebrainbywayof A) cranialnerveI B) cranialnerveII C) cranialnerveX D) cranialnerveIV E) cranialnerveIX Answer: E

110) Difficultyinswallowingmaybeasignofdamagetowhichcranialnerve(s)? A) vagus B) facial C) glossopharyngeal D) A,B,andC E) AandConly Answer: E

111) Areflexthatisusedtoassessthesensoryfunctionofthetrigeminalnerveisthe________reflex. A) corneal B) tympanic C) auditory D) vestibulo-ocular E) consensual Answer: A

112) Thetympanicreflex A) producesrapidblinkingwhensomethingcomesintocontactwiththecornea. B) restrictsthemovementofauditoryossicles. C) triggersablinkinresponsetosuddennoises. D) causestheeyestomoveintheoppositedirectionofarotationalmovementofthehead. E) causesthepupiloftheeyetoconstrictwhensubjectedtoabrightlight. Answer: B

113) Integrativecentersconcernedwiththeperformanceofcomplexprocessesarerestrictedtoeithertheleftorthe righthemisphere.Thesecomplexprocessesinclude A) speech. B) writing. C) mathematicalcomputation. D) understandingspatialrelationships. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

114) Damagetothepyramidalcellsofthecerebralcortexwoulddirectlyaffect A) perceptionofpain. B) sight. C) voluntarymotoractivity. D) hearing. E) bothAandC Answer: C

115) Damagetothepremotorcortexofthefrontallobewouldinterferewiththeabilityto A) understandwrittenwords. B) understandspokenwords. C) understandvisualimages. D) playthepiano. E) sensethetextureofvelvet. Answer: D

116) Excitationofneuronsinthebasalnucleiwouldleadto A) increasedmuscletone. B) lossofconsciousness. C) inabilitytosensepain. D) sexualarousal. E) involuntaryspeechproduction. Answer: A

117) Ticdouloureuxis A) adisorderofthemaxillaryandmandibularbranchesofnerveV. B) characterizedbyalmosttotallydebilitatingpain. C) triggeredbycontactwiththelip,tongue,orgums. D) alsocalledtrigeminalneuralgia. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

118) Damagetothepreopticareaofthehypothalamusleadstowhichproblem? A) anintensethirst B) anuncontrolledsexdrive C) reducedabilitytoregulatebodytemperature D) aninsatiableappetite E) productionofalargevolumeofurine Answer: C

119) Thereflexmovementoftheheadtowardaloudnoiseisdirectedbythemesencephalon.Whichnuclei accomplishthis? A) substantianigra B) rednuclei C) tectum D) superiorcolliculi E) inferiorcolliculi Answer: E

120) Damagetothesuperiorcolliculiwouldinterferewiththereflexabilityto A) expressrage. B) voluntarilymovethearm. C) reacttoabrightlight. D) reacttoloudnoises. E) maintainproperposture. Answer: C

121) Parkinsondiseaseistheresultof A) inadequateproductionofGABAbyneuronsinthebasalnuclei. B) decreasedlevelsofacetylcholinefromneuronsinthesubstantianigra. C) inadequateproductionofdopaminebysubstantianigraneurons. D) hyperactivityofthelimbicsystem. E) weakresponseoftherednucleiofthemesencephalon. Answer: C

122) Thepresenceofmanylarge,highly-branchedPurkinjecellsinasampleofbraintissueindicatesthatitcame fromthe A) pons. B) medulla. C) cerebralcortex. D) cerebellarcortex. E) arborvitae. Answer: D

123) Olfactoryreceptorssendaxonsthroughthecribriformplateandsynapseonneuronsinthe A) medulla. B) thalamus. C) cerebralcortex. D) olfactorybulb. E) olfactorytract. Answer: D

124) Hydrocephalusorwateronthebrainmay A) resultfromdeficientproductionofcerebrospinalfluid. B) resultfromexcessiveproductionofcerebrospinalfluid. C) resultfromblockageofcirculationofCSF. D) resultfromexcessivewaterintake. E) BorC Answer: E

125) Apatientdevelopsatumorofacranialnervethatleadstodifficultyinspeakingfromalossoftongue movement.Whichcranialnerveisaffected? A) glossopharyngeal B) hypoglossal C) vagus D) spinalaccessory E) trigeminal Answer: B

126) Whichofthefollowingsymptomswouldyouassociatewithdamagetothespinalaccessorynerve? A) lossofthesenseoftaste B) toothpain C) weaknessofthesternocleidomastoidmuscle D) lackoffacialexpression E) drymouthfromlackofsaliva Answer: C

127) Aftersufferingastroke,Maryfindsthatshecannotmoveherrightarm.Thiswouldsuggestthatthestroke damageisintheareaofthe________lobe. A) rightfrontal B) leftfrontal C) righttemporal D) lefttemporal E) occipital Answer: B

128) Attheopticchiasm A) axonsfromthenasalhalvesofeachretinacross. B) axonsfromthetemporalhalvesofeachretinacross. C) axonsfromtheretinaesynapseonthosefromtheotherhalf. D) bothAandC E) bothBandC Answer: A

129) Joebeginstoexperiencemoodswingsanddisturbedthirstandhunger.Imagingstudiesindicatethatabrain tumoristhelikelycauseofthesedisorders.Inwhatpartofthebrainisthetumormostlikelylocated? A) prefrontalcortex B) postcentralgyrus C) basalnuclei D) hypothalamus E) reticularformation Answer: D

130) Aftersufferingablowtothebackofthehead,Philloseshisvision.Theblowprobablycauseddamagetothe A) prefrontalcortex. B) postcentralgyrus. C) cerebralnuclei. D) limbicsystem. E) occipitallobe. Answer: E

131) Thegeneralinterpretivearea A) isthespeechcenterofthebrain. B) isresponsibleforpredictingfutureconsequences. C) isthesiteoflong-termmemorystorage. D) allowsustointerpretwhatisreadorheard. E) maybedamagedbyevenasmallstroke. Answer: D

132) Difficultiesinestimatingtemporalrelationshipsbetweeneventsmaystemfromdamageto A) theprefrontalcortex. B) thegeneralinterpretivearea. C) Brocasarea. D) Wernickesarea. E) thetemporallobe. Answer: A

133) Examinationofatissuesamplefromthecentralnervoussystemrevealsmanydarklypigmentedcells.This tissueprobablycamefromthe A) nucleusgracilis. B) nucleuscuneatus. C) motorcortex. D) substantianigra. E) rednucleus. Answer: D

134) Thebrainrequiresasubstantialbloodsupply.Thevesselsthatdeliverbloodtothebrainarethe A) internalcarotidarteries. B) vertebralarteries. C) jugularveins. D) AandBonly E) A,B,andC Answer: D

135) Whichsensation(s)doesthevestibulocochlearnervecarry? A) hearing B) equilbrium C) atmosphericpressure D) AandBonly E) A,B,andC Answer: D

136) Increasedproductionandreleaseofacetylcholinebytheneuronsofthecerebralnucleiwouldresultin A) flaccidparalysis. B) spastic,uncontrolledmusclecontractions. C) decreasedactivityofuppermotorneurons. D) feweractionpotentialsalongthecorticospinaltracts. E) muscularatrophy. Answer: B

137) Terrysuffersfromdissociationofmemoriesfromtheiremotionalcontentastheresultofanautomobile accident.Whatsystemofthebrainisprobablydamaged? A) theprefrontallobe B) thegeneralinterpretivearea C) thelimbicsystem D) thethalamus E) theputamen Answer: C

138) Whichofthecranialnervesisnamedforthefactthatitwanders,thatis,innervatesstructuresthroughoutthe thoraxandabdomen? A) VIII B) IX C) X D) XI E) XII Answer: C

139) Bobisstruckontheleftsideoftheheadandisknockedunconscious.Whenherecoversconsciousness,hecan hearindividualwordsbutcannotunderstandthemeaningofphrasesorsentences.Thisimpliesdamagetohis A) vestibulocochlearnerve. B) generalinterpretivearea. C) speechcenter. D) prefrontallobe. E) temporallobe. Answer: B

140) Janesuffersfromchronicseizuresandinordertocontroltheproblemundergoessurgeryinwhichthefibersof thecorpuscallosumarecut.Asaresultofthissurgeryshewouldlikelybeunableto A) speak. B) moveherleftarm. C) verballyidentifyanobjectplacedinherlefthand. D) recognizewrittenwords. E) touchhernosewithhereyesclosed. Answer: C

141) Jeanneedstohaveatoothinhermandiblefilled.Herdentistinjectsalocalanesthetictoblockpainafferentsin oneofhercranialnerves.Whatcranialnervedoesthedentistnumb? A) trochlear B) trigeminal C) facial D) glossopharyngeal E) hypoglossal Answer: B

Figure14-1TheCirculationofCerebrospinalFluid UseFigure14-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 142) Whatisproducedbythestructurelabeled2? Page367 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
A) cerebrospinalfluid B) neurotransmitters C) whitematter D) hormones E) BandD Answer: A

143) Identifythestructurelabeled3. A) arborvitae B) corporaquadrigemina C) aqueductofmidbrain D) pons E) diencephalon Answer: C

144) Identifythestructurelabeled10. A) arborvitae B) centralcanal C) corpuscallosum D) pons E) diencephalon Answer: B

145) Identifythestructurelabeled8. A) piamater B) duramater C) corpuscallosum D) ventricles E) arachnoidgranulation Answer: E

146) Identifythestructurelabeled7. A) duramater B) lateralventricle C) fourthventricle D) subarachnoidspace E) filumterminale Answer: A

Figure14-2CranialNerves UseFigure14-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 147) Whatisthefunctionofthestructurelabeled7? A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) auditory E) eyemovement Answer: B
148) Whatisthefunctionofthenervelabeled10? A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) auditory E) eyemovement Answer: E

149) Identifythenervelabeled11. A) oculomotor B) trigeminal C) trochlear D) abducens E) optic Answer: B

150) Whatisthefunctionofthenervelabeled5? A) movementofthetongue B) facialexpression C) vision D) taste E) visceralsensationandmotorcontrol Answer: E

151) Whatisthefunctionofthenervelabeled4? A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) hearingandbalance E) eyemovement Answer: D

1) ________arechamberswithinthebrainthatcontaincerebrospinalfluid. Answer: Ventricles
2) Thefoldsofthesurfaceofthecerebellumarecalled________. Answer: folia

3) Unfocusedimpressionssuchasthirstoriginatinginthehypothalamusareknownas________. Answer: drives

4) Stimulationofthe________withinthehypothalamusproducesthesensationofhunger. Answer: feedingcenter

5) The________,anarrowstalk,connectsthehypothalamustothepituitarygland. Answer: infundibulum

6) The________connectthefrontallobetotheotherlobesofthesamehemisphere. Answer: longitudinalfasciculi

7) Twolargevenoussinuses,thesagittalsinuses,liewithinaduralfoldcalledthe________. Answer: falxcerebri

8) Inmostcases,thegeneralinterpretivecenterandthespeechcenterarelocatedinthe________cerebral hemisphere. Answer: left

9) Thehemisphereofthebrainthatperformsanalyticaltasksiscalledthe________hemisphere. Answer: dominant

10) Apersonwhohasdifficultycomprehendingandusingwrittenlanguagesuffersfromthedisorderknownas ________. Answer: dyslexia

11) Corticalregionsthatinterpretsensoryinformationorcoordinatemotorresponsesarecalled________areas. Answer: association

12) Cardiovascularcenterslocatedinthe________adjusttheheartrate,thestrengthofcardiaccontractions,and theflowofbloodthroughtheperipheraltissues. Answer: medullaoblongata

13) ________isthetermusedtodescribethecrossingoverofatracttothesideofthenervoussystemoppositeto wheretheaxonsoriginated. Answer: Decussation

14) Corticalregionsthatinterpretsensoryinformationorcoordinatemotorresponsesarecalled________areas. Answer: association

15) Thewhitematterofthecerebellumformsabranchingarraycalledthe________. Answer: arborvitae

16) Themesencephaloncontainstheheadquartersofthe________,aspecializedcomponentofthereticular formationthatcontrolsalertnessandattention. Answer: reticularactivatingsystem

True/FalseQuestions
1) Researchhasshownthatthereisastrongcorrelationbetweenbrainsizeandintelligence. Answer: FALSE
2) Thelentiformnucleusconsistsoftheglobuspallidusandtheputamen. Answer: TRUE

3) Thebasalnucleialterthemotorcommandsissuedbythecerebralcortexthroughfeedback. Answer: TRUE

4) Theconcentrationsofsodium,potassium,calcium,andmagnesiumionsinthebloodandCSFarethesame. Answer: FALSE

5) Duringthemiddleofthe20thcentury,adrasticproceduretermedprefrontallobotomywasusedtotreata varietyofmentalillnesses. Answer: TRUE

6) Therighthemisphereisusuallythedominanthemisphere. Answer: FALSE

7) Anothertermfortrigeminalneuralgiaisticdouloureux. Answer: TRUE

8) Epilepticseizuresthatresistdrugtreatmentaresometimestreatedbysurgicallycuttingthroughthecorpus callosum. Answer: TRUE

9) Mostcranialreflexesaremonosynaptic. Answer: FALSE

EssayQuestions
1) Bellpalsyiscausedbyinflammationofthefacialnerve(VII).Whatsignsandsymptomswouldyouexpectin thiscondition?Isitpermanent? Answer: PatientssufferingfromBellpalsyusuallyexperienceparalysisofthefacialmusclesontheaffectedside alongwithalossofsensationfromtheanteriortwo -thirdsofthetongue.Painisrareandthecondition usuallyresolveswithoutspecifictreatment.
2) Whyisinjurytothemedullaoblongatafrequentlyfatal? Answer: Thisregionofthebraincontainsthecentersforregulatingthecardiovascularsystemandinitiating respiration,bothvitaltolife.Inaddition,mostsensoryandmotortractspassthroughthemedulla oblongatabetweenhigherandlowercentersofthenervoussystem.

3) Apatientdevelopsaclotthatblocksthebloodsupplytotherightcerebralhemisphere.Whatsignsand symptomswouldyouexpectasaresultofthisblockage? Answer: Becausetherightprimarymotorcortexcontrolsthemusclesoftheleftsideofthebody,youwould expectleft-sidedparalysiswhoseextentandseveritywilldependontheextentofbraininjury.Similarly, thepatientwillexperiencesomaticsensorylossontheleftsideofthebody.Higher-orderfunctionssuch asmemory,planning,spatialorientation,andemotionalcontrolcouldbedamagedbutmanylanguage skillswouldbespared.

Chapter15 NeuralIntegrationI:SensoryPathwaysandtheSomaticNervousSystem MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Thetermgeneralsensesreferstosensitivitytoallofthefollowing,except A) temperature. B) taste. C) touch. D) vibration. E) pain. Answer: B
2) Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthespecialsenses? A) hearing B) smell C) taste D) vibration E) vision Answer: D

3) Thegeneralsenses A) involvereceptorsthatarerelativelysimpleinstructure. B) arelocatedinspecializedstructurescalledsenseorgans. C) arelocalizedtospecificareasofthebody. D) cannotgenerateactionpotentials. E) bothAandB Answer: A

4) Whichofthefollowingcancontributetoreceptorspecificity? A) thestructureofthereceptorcell B) characteristicsofthereceptorcellmembrane C) accessorycellsthatfunctionwiththereceptor D) accessorystructuresandtissuesthatshieldthereceptorsfromotherstimuli E) anyoftheabove Answer: E

5) Sensorytransductioncaninvolvewhichofthefollowing? A) astimulusalteringthepermeabilityofareceptormembrane B) changeintheflowofionsacrossthesensorymembrane C) theproductionofareceptorpotential D) inhibitionofneurotransmitterrelease E) anyoftheabove Answer: E

6) Centraladaptationrefersto A) thedeclineinactivityofperipheralreceptorswhenstimulated. B) acharacteristicofphasicreceptors. C) inhibitionofnucleilocatedalongasensorypathway. D) increasesinconsciousperceptionofasensorystimulus. E) achangeinmotorreceptivityofaneuron. Answer: C

7) Ourperceptionofourenvironmentisimperfectforallofthefollowingreasons, exceptthat A) humanslackreceptorsforeverypossiblestimulus. B) receptorsrespondinanall-or-nothingmanner. C) notallsensationsleadtoaperception. D) abnormalreceptorfunctioncanproducesensationsthathavenobasisinfact. E) ourreceptorshavelimitedsensitivity. Answer: B

8) Whichofthefollowingissometimescalledpricklingpain? A) mechanicaldamage B) chemicals C) extremesoftemperature D) fastpain E) bothBandD Answer: D

9) Endorphinscanreduceperceptionofsensationsinitiatedby A) nociceptors. B) mechanoreceptors. C) thermoreceptors. D) chemoreceptors. E) proprioceptors. Answer: A

10) Thermoreceptors A) arefoundwithinthedermis. B) arefreenerveendings. C) forcoldarestructurallyindistinguishablefromthoseforwarm. D) AandBonly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

11) Areceptorthatcontainsmanymechanicallygatedionchannelswouldfunctionbestasa A) tactilereceptor. B) chemoreceptor. C) nociceptor. D) thermoreceptor. E) lightreceptor. Answer: A

12) Afast-adaptingmechanoreceptorinthepapillarylayerofthedermisthatrespondstofinetouchisa A) tactile(Merkel)disc. B) roothairplexus. C) freenerveending. D) Ruffinicorpuscle. E) tactile(Meissner)corpuscle. Answer: E

13) Receptorsthatmonitorthepositionofjointsbelongtothecategorycalled A) nociceptors. B) chemoreceptors. C) baroreceptors. D) proprioceptors. E) thermoreceptors. Answer: D

14) Mechanoreceptorsthatrespondtochangesinbloodpressurearecalled A) nociceptors. B) baroreceptors. C) chemoreceptors. D) proprioceptors. E) thermoreceptors. Answer: B

15) Tactilereceptorscomposedofcapsulesthatsurroundacoreofcollagenfibersintertwinedwithdendritesare called A) Ruffinicorpuscles. B) lamellatedcorpuscles. C) tactile(Meissner)corpuscles. D) tactilediscs. E) roothairplexuses. Answer: A

16) AtactilereceptorcomposedofhighlycoileddendritesthataresurroundedbymodifiedSchwanncellsanda fibrouscapsuleisa A) lamellatedcorpuscle. B) Ruffinicorpuscle. C) tactile(Meissner)corpuscle. D) tactile(Merkel)disc. E) roothairplexus. Answer: C

17) Averylarge,fast-adaptingtactilereceptorthatiscomposedofasingledendriteenclosedbyconcentriclayers ofcollagenisa A) Ruffinicorpuscle. B) lamellatedcorpuscle. C) tactile(Meissner)corpuscle. D) tactile(Merkel)disc. E) roothairplexus. Answer: B

18) Ahighlysensitivetactilereceptorcomposedofdendriticprocessesofasinglemyelinatedfiberthatmakes contactwithspecializedcellsofthestratumgerminativumisa A) lamellatedcorpuscle. B) tactile(Meissner)corpuscle. C) Ruffinicorpuscle. D) tactile(Merkel)disc. E) roothairplexus. Answer: D

19) Afast-adaptingtactilereceptorthatmonitorsmovementsacrossthebodysurfaceisa A) tactile(Merkel)disc. B) lamellatedcorpuscle. C) tactile(Meissner)corpuscle. D) Ruffinicorpuscle. E) roothairplexus. Answer: E

20) Whichofthefollowingkindsofinformationdofine-touchandlight-pressuremechanoreceptorsprovide? A) locationofthestimulus. B) shapeofthestimulus. C) textureofthestimulus. D) movementofthestimulus. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

21) Whichofthefollowingisnotapropertyofthermoreceptors? A) sensationconductedinsamepathwayaspain B) tonicresponsetotemperaturechange C) foundinskeletalmuscle,hypothalamus,andskin D) projecttoreticularformation E) coldreceptorsoutnumberwarmreceptors Answer: B

22) Chemoreceptorsarelocatedinallofthefollowing,except A) carotidbodies. B) aorticbodies. C) intheskin. D) theorgansoftaste. E) theorgansofsmell. Answer: C

23) Whichascendingtractcarriesthesensationsforfinetouchandvibration? A) corticobulbar B) corticospinal C) posterior(dorsal)column D) spinothalamic E) bothCandD Answer: C

24) ThespinaltractthatcarriessensationsfromproprioceptorstotheCNSisthe A) fasciculusgracilis. B) fasciculuscuneatus. C) spinocerebellar. D) lateralspinothalamic. E) anteriorspinothalamic. Answer: C

25) ThespinaltractthatrelaysinformationconcerningpainandtemperaturetotheCNSisthe A) fasciculusgracilis. B) fasciculuscuneatus. C) posteriorspinocerebellar. D) lateralspinothalamic. E) anteriorspinothalamic. Answer: D

26) ThespinaltractthatrelaysinformationconcerningcrudetouchandpressuretotheCNSisthe A) fasciculusgracilis. B) fasciculuscuneatus. C) posteriorspinocerebellar. D) lateralspinothalamic. E) anteriorspinothalamic. Answer: E

27) Eachofthefollowingisanascendingtractinthespinalcord, exceptthe A) fasciculusgracilis. B) fasciculuscuneatus. C) posteriorspinocerebellar. D) reticulospinaltract. E) anteriorspinothalamic. Answer: D

28) TheafferentneuronthatcarriesthesensationtotheCNSisa________neuron. A) receptor B) first-order C) second-order D) third-order E) fourth-order Answer: B

29) Examplesofsensorymodalitiesinclude A) touch. B) warmth. C) smell. D) vibration. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

30) Thalamicneuronsthatprojecttotheprimarysensorycortexare________neurons. A) receptor B) first-order C) second-order D) third-order E) fourth-order Answer: D

31) Onlyabout________percentoftheinformationprovidedbyafferentfibersreachesthecerebralcortexandour awareness. A) 1 B) 10 C) 25 D) 50 E) 95 Answer: A

32) Neuronsfromthenucleusgracilis A) relayinformationdirectlytothecerebrum. B) decussatebeforeenteringthemediallemniscus. C) relaysensoryinformationtotheipsilateralcerebralhemisphere. D) carrybothcrudeandfinetouch. E) bothAandD Answer: B

33) Wecanlocalizesensationsthatoriginateindifferentareasofthebodybecause A) sensoryneuronscarryonlyonemodality. B) sensoryneuronsfromspecificbodyregionsprojecttospecificcorticalregions. C) incomingsensoryinformationisfirstprocessedbythethalamus. D) differenttypesofsensoryreceptorsproduceactionpotentialsofdifferentsizesandshapes. E) ofthemanytypesoftactilereceptors. Answer: B

34) Thedescendingspinaltractthatcrossestotheoppositesideofthebodywithinthecordisthe________tract. A) lateralcorticospinal B) anteriorcorticospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal Answer: B

35) Thedescendingspinaltractthatcrossestotheoppositesideofthebodywithinthemedullaoblongataisthe ________tract. A) lateralcorticospinal B) anteriorcorticospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal Answer: A

36) Thespinaltractthatnormallyplaysaminorroleinthecontrolofthedistalmusclesofthearmsisthe________ tract. A) lateralcorticospinal B) anteriorcorticospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal Answer: C

37) Thespinaltractthatunconsciouslymaintainsbalanceandmuscletoneisthe________tract. A) lateralcorticospinal B) anteriorcorticospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal Answer: E

38) Themedialpathwaythatcontrolsinvoluntarymovementsofhead,neck,andarmpositioninresponseto suddenvisualandauditorystimuliisthe________tract. A) lateralcorticospinal B) tectospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal Answer: B

39) Thepyramidalsystemprovides A) voluntarycontroloverskeletalmuscles. B) voluntarycontroloversmoothmuscles. C) involuntarycontroloverskeletalmuscles. D) involuntarycontroloversmoothmuscles. E) involuntarycontrolovercardiacmuscle. Answer: A

40) Thecorticospinalsystemisoftenreferredtoasthe A) rednucleus. B) reticularformation. C) spinothalamictracts. D) pyramidalsystem. E) medullarycenters. Answer: D

41) Theareaofthemotorcortexthatisdevotedtoaparticularregionofthebodyisproportionaltothe A) sizeofthebodyarea. B) distanceofthebodyareafromthebrain. C) numberofmotorunitsinthatregion. D) numberofsensoryreceptorsintheareaofthebody. E) sizeofthenervesthatservetheareaofthebody. Answer: C

42) Axonsofthecorticobulbartractterminateinthe A) sensoryneurons. B) somaticmotorneuronsinthespinalcord. C) autonomicmotorneuronsinthespinalcord. D) motornucleiofcranialnerves. E) nucleiinthethalamus. Answer: D

43) Basedonthemotorhomunculus,whichofthefollowingbodyregionshasthelargestmotorunits? A) tongue B) face C) hands D) back E) larynx Answer: D

44) Thepyramidsontheventralsurfaceofthemedullaoblongataareformedbyfibersofthe________tracts. A) corticospinal B) corticobulbar C) reticulospinal D) vestibulospinal E) tectospinal Answer: A

45) Axonsthatdecussatebetweenthepyramidsofthemedullaoblongatabelongtothe________tracts. A) anteriorcorticospinal B) lateralcorticospinal C) vestibulospinal D) reticulospinal E) rubrospinal Answer: B

46) Theuppermotorneuronsofthemedialpathwayarelocatedwithinanyofthefollowing, except the A) vestibularnuclei. B) reticularformation. C) superiorcolliculi. D) inferiorcolliculi. E) mamillarybodies. Answer: E
47) Tractsofthelateralandmedialpathwaysincludeallofthefollowing,except________tracts. A) corticospinal B) tectospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal Answer: A

48) Abraininjurytoapatientresultsinfacialparalysis.Whichdescendingtractismostlikelyaffected? A) corticospinaltract B) tectospinaltract C) rubrospinaltract D) corticobulbartract E) reticulospinaltract Answer: D

49) Thebasalnuclei A) initiateconsciousmotoractivity. B) activatespinalreflexes. C) providethebackgroundpatternsofmovementinvolvedinvoluntarymotoractivities. D) exertdirectcontroloverlowermotorneurons. E) actasgatekeepers,filteringoutunnecessarysensorimotoractivity. Answer: C

50) Complexmotoractivitiessuchasridingabicycle A) onlyrequireneuralprocessingatthelevelofthecerebrum. B) withpractice,involvelittleinputfromthebrain. C) requirethecoordinatedactivityofseveralregionsofthebrain. D) arelargelycontrolledatthelevelofthespinalcord. E) usuallyescapenoticebythecerebellum. Answer: C

51) Damagetothepyramidalcellsofthecerebralcortexwoulddirectlyaffect A) perceptionofpain. B) sight. C) voluntarymotoractivity. D) hearing. E) bothAandD Answer: C

52) Thecerebellumadjustsmotoractivityinresponsetoallofthefollowing,except A) touchsensations. B) visualinformation. C) equilibrium-relatedsensations. D) inputfromthemotorcortex. E) inputfromproprioceptors. Answer: A

53) Motorneuronswhosecellbodiesarewithinthespinalcordarecalled________neurons. A) uppermotor B) lowermotor C) preganglionic D) postganglionic E) somesthetic Answer: B

54) Whichascendingtractcarriesthesensationsforfinetouchandvibration? A) corticobulbar B) corticospinal C) posterior(dorsal)column D) spinothalamic E) bothCandD Answer: C

55) Someneuronswithinthebasalnucleiareknownto A) stimulateneuronswithGABA. B) inhibitneuronswithGABA. C) stimulateneuronswithacetylcholine. D) bothAandC E) bothBandC Answer: E

56) VisceralsensoryinformationenterstheCNSonafferentfiberswithin A) cranialnervesV,VII,IX,andX. B) dorsalrootsT 1 toL2 . C) dorsalrootsS 2 toS4 . D) bothBandC E) A,B,andC Answer: E
57) Mechanoreceptorsmightdetectwhichofthefollowingsensations? A) pressure B) touch C) vibration D) musclelength E) alloftheabove Answer: E

58) Ifafriendistalkingaboutsomeonesheknowswholosthisspecialsenses,youwouldcorrectherwhenyou hearhermention________,becauseitisnotaspecialsense. A) smell B) sight C) balance D) cold E) hearing Answer: D

59) Inorderforasensationtobecomeaperception, A) itmustreceivedbythesomatosensorycortex. B) theindividualmustvocalizeaboutit. C) itmustarriveoverfast-conductingnervefibers. D) theothersensesmustbesilent. E) itmustreceivedbythepulvinarnucleusofthethalamus. Answer: A

60) Gustatoryreceptorsaresensitivetodissolvedchemicalsbutinsensitivetolight.Thisisdueto A) receptorspecificity. B) accessorycells. C) thefactthattheyareinteroceptors. D) receptorpotentials. E) bothBandC Answer: A

61) Areceptorpotentialmay A) increaseneurotransmitterrelease. B) decreaseneurotransmitterrelease. C) beahyperpolarization. D) beadepolarization. E) beanyoftheabove Answer: E

62) SensoryinformationthatarrivesattheCNSisroutedaccordingtothe________ofthestimulus. A) modality B) intensity C) location D) speed E) bothAandC Answer: E

63) Painisto________ascoldisto________. A) nociceptors;thermoreceptors B) baroreceptors;chemoreceptors C) baroreceptors;nociceptors D) chemoreceptors;nociceptors E) baroreceptors;thermoreceptors Answer: A

64) Peripheraladaptation________thenumberofactionpotentialsthatreachtheCNS. A) decreases B) increases C) stabilizes D) neutralizes E) bothAandC Answer: A

65) Tickleisto________asitchisto________. A) pressure;heat B) baroreceptors;chemoreceptors C) touch;pain D) stretch;temperature E) thermoreceptors;nociceptors Answer: C

66) Tactilediscsareto________astactilecorpusclesareto________. A) Wilms;Meissner B) Merkel;Meissner C) Meissner;Merkel D) Pacinian;Merkel E) pain;pressure Answer: B

67) ________arereceptorsintheaortathatmonitorthebloodpressure. A) Chemoreceptors B) Nociceptors C) Baroreptors D) Proprioceptors E) noneoftheabove Answer: C

68) Yourunclewasjustdiagnosedwithaheartattack.Oneofhismajorsymptomsisleftarmpain.Youarenot surprisedbecauseyouarefamiliarwiththephenomenonof A) referredpain. B) phantompain. C) psychogenicpain. D) somaticpain. E) neurogenicpain. Answer: A

69) Descending(motor)pathwaysalwaysinvolveatleast________motorneuron(s). A) one B) two C) three D) four E) spinal Answer: B

70) Consciousandsubconsciousmotorcommandscontrolskeletalmusclesbytravelingoverthe A) corticospinalpathway. B) medialpathway. C) lateralpathway. D) anyoftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

71) Themedialandlateralmotorpathwayscanmodify,ordirect,skeletalmusclecontractionsby________lower motorneurons. A) stimulating B) facilitating C) inhibiting D) anyoftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

72) Thecerebellumreliesoninformationfrom A) theeyes. B) theinnerearasmovementsareunderway. C) proprioceptivesensations. D) motorcommandsfromuppermotorneurons. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

73) ________isarareconditioninwhichthebrainfailstodevelopatlevelsabovethemesencephalonorinferior partofthediencephalon. A) Anencephaly B) Encephalopathy C) Hydrocephaly D) TetralogyofFallot E) noneoftheabove Answer: A

74) Alabeledlineis A) atranslationofcomplexsensoryinformation. B) alinkbetweenareceptorandacorticalneuron. C) areductioninsensitivity. D) astimulationthatproducesactionpotentials. E) anadjustmentforsensitivityadaptation. Answer: B

75) ________receptorsare________timesmorenumerousthan________receptors. A) Warm;threeorfour;cold B) Thermoreceptors;threeorfour;cold C) Cold;threeorfour;warm D) Thermoreceptors;threeorfour;temperature E) Cold;10;warm Answer: C

76) Inrelationtothemedialandlateralpathways,the________pathwaycontrols________movementsoftrunk and________limbmuscles. A) lateral;precise;distal B) lateral;gross;distal C) medial;fine;distal D) medial;gross;proximal E) medial;gross;distal Answer: D

77) Inrelationtothemedialandlateralpathways,the________pathwaycontrols________movementsof ________limbmuscles. A) lateral;gross;distal B) lateral;gross;proximal C) medial;precise;proximal D) medial;gross;proximal E) lateral;precise;distal Answer: E

78) Asensoryreceptorcharacterizedperipherallyasafreenerveendingandcentrallyusesglutamateand/or substancePasneurotransmitters,wouldmostlikelybea A) chemoreceptor. B) mechanoreceptor. C) thermoreceptor. D) nociceptor. E) freereceptor. Answer: D

79) Sensoryencodingoftheperceivedlocation ofastimulusdependson A) thefrequencyofactionpotentials. B) whichlabeledlineisactive. C) thespecificlocationofthecorticalneuronthatisstimulated. D) thespecificsensitivityoftheperipheralreceptor. E) bothAandB Answer: C

80) Destructionofordamagetoalowermotorneuroninthesomaticnervoussystemproduces A) theinabilitytolocalizeastimulus. B) asubconsciousresponsetoastimulation. C) flaccidparalysisofitsmusclefibers(motorunit). D) astimulationoftheinnervatedmuscle. E) noneoftheabove Answer: C

81) Thecerebellum A) functionstomaintainproperpostureandequilibrium. B) receivesinputfromthemotorcortexandbasalganglia. C) comparesintendedmovementtoactualmovement. D) ifdamagedleadstouncoordinatedandjerkymovements. E) hasallthesecharacteristics. Answer: E

82) Allofthefollowingaretrueofapricklingpainsensation, exceptthatthey A) arecarriedbytypeAfibers. B) reachtheCNSquickly. C) arefastadapting. D) receiveconsciousattention. E) oftentriggersomaticreflexes. Answer: C

83) Sensationsofburningorachingpain A) arecarriedbytypeAfibers. B) reachtheCNSquickly. C) causeageneralizedactivationofthereticularformationandthethalamus. D) arewelllocalized. E) arefastadapting. Answer: C

84) Whatlosswouldresultfromcuttingthroughthemediallemniscusontherightside? A) lossofpainsensationontheleftsideofthebody B) lossofpainsensationontherightsideofthebody C) lossoffinetouchsensationontheleftsideofthebody D) lossoffinetouchsensationontherightsideofthebody E) completehemiplegia(paralysis)ontheleftsideofthebody Answer: C

85) Stimulationofaneuronthatterminatesinthesuperiorregionoftheleftpostcentralgyruswouldproduce A) asensationintherightleg. B) asensationinthelips. C) amuscletwitchintherightleg. D) amuscletwitchinthelips. E) bothsensationsandmuscletwitchesintherightleg. Answer: A

86) Uppermotorneuronsarelocatedinthe A) precentralgyrus. B) postcentralgyrus. C) brainstem. D) spinalcord. E) bothAandC Answer: E

87) Somaticsensoryaxonsentertheventralrootandusuallyascenddirectlytothethalamus. A) Thefirstpartofthestatementistrue,andthesecondpartofthestatementisfalse. B) Thefirstpartofthestatementisfalse,andthesecondpartofthestatementistrue. C) Bothpartsofthestatementsaretrue. D) Bothpartsofthestatementsarefalse. Answer: D

88) Whichofthefollowingistrueabouttherelationbetweenstimulusintensityanditsneuralrepresentation? A) Strongstimuliproducelargegeneratorpotentialsinsensoryreceptors. B) Strongstimuliproducelargeactionpotentialsinsensoryafferents. C) Strongstimuliproduceahighfrequencyofactionpotentialsinsensoryafferents. D) AandConly E) A,B,andC Answer: D

89) Damagetothetectospinaltractswouldinterferewiththe A) abilitytopositionthearms. B) abilitytomonitorbodyposition. C) abilitytomakereflexresponsesoftheheadandneckinresponsetosuddenmovementsorloudnoises. D) abilitytocontrolmotorunitslocatedintheleg. E) abilitytocoordinateeatingandswallowingmovements. Answer: C

90) Bladderfullnessisto________asbloodpHisto________. A) nociceptors;thermoreceptors B) baroreceptors;chemoreceptors C) baroreceptors;nociceptors D) chemoreceptors;nociceptors E) baroreceptors;thermoreceptors Answer: B

91) Iftheprimarymotorcortexisdestroyed,finecontrolofmovementwillbelost,butmovementmaynotbelost completelybecausethemedialandlateralpathwayscanstillprovidecoarsemotorcontrol. A) Thefirstpartofthestatementistrue,andthesecondpartofthestatementisfalse. B) Thefirstpartofthestatementisfalse,andthesecondpartofthestatementistrue. C) Bothpartsofthestatementsaretrue. D) Bothpartsofthestatementsarefalse. Answer: C

Figure15-1SpinothalamicTracts UseFigure15-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 92) Identifytheneuronlabeled1. A) lowermotorneuron B) uppermotorneuron C) first-orderneuron D) second-orderneuron Page392 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
E) ganglionicneuron Answer: C
93) Identifythestructurelabeled5. A) thalamus B) cerebralcortex C) primarymotorcortex D) primarysensorycortex E) autonomicganglion Answer: A

94) Whichofthefollowingistrueregardingthestructurelabeled6? 1.Thesynapseoccursbetweenmotorneurons. 2.Thesensationsmaybefilteredout. 3.Thethird-orderneuronprojectstotheprimarysensorycortex. 4.Thethird-orderneuronsaxonisidentified. A) 1and4 B) 2only C) 3only D) 3and4 E) 1and3 Answer: D
95) Whichstructureconductsactionpotentialsdirectlyfromasensoryreceptor? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5 E) 7 Answer: A

96) Identifythetypeofinformationthattravelsalongthestructurelabeled2. A) motorcommandstoskeletalmuscles B) proprioceptiontothecerebralcortex C) finetouchtothecerebralcortex D) painandcrudetouchsensations E) visceralmotorcommandstosmoothmuscle Answer: D

Figure15-2TheCorticospinalPathway UseFigure15-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 97) Identifytheoriginoftheaxonlabeled2. A) lowermotorneuron B) uppermotorneuron C) decussationneuron D) second-orderneuron E) ganglionicneuron Answer: B
98) Identifythestructurelabeled5. A) ventralroot B) uppermotorneuron C) first-orderneuron D) second-orderneuron E) dorsalroot Answer: A

99) Whatoccursinthisneuralpathwayatlabel3? A) synapse B) communicationbetweensensoryandmotorneurons C) amplificationofmotorsignals D) decussation E) autonomicreflexes Answer: D

100) Identifythestructurelabeled1inthisneuralpathway. A) primarysensorycortex B) primarymotorcortex C) thalamus D) autonomicmotorcenter E) basalnuclei Answer: B

101) Identifythetypeofinformationthattravelsalongthestructurelabeled4. A) motorcommandstoskeletalmuscles B) proprioceptiontothecerebralcortex C) finetouchtothecerebralcortex D) painandcrudetouchsensations E) visceralmotorcommandstosmoothmuscle Answer: A

1) Whenaxonscrossoverfromonesideofthebraintotheother,theyaresaidto________. Answer: decussate
2) Theinformationthatispassedfromasensoryreceptortothecentralnervoussystemiscalleda(n)________. Answer: sensation

3) The________istheareamonitoredbyasinglereceptorcell. Answer: receptivefield

4) Thelinkbetweenperipheralreceptorandcorticalneuroniscalleda________. Answer: labeledline

5) A(n)________isadepolarizationofasensorydendritethatcanleadtoanafferentnerveimpulseifstrong enough. Answer: generatorpotential

6) Sensoryneuronsthatadaptquicklyarecalled________receptors. Answer: phasic

7) Sensoryneuronsthatarealwaysactivearecalled________receptors. Answer: tonic

8) ________providesinformationabouttheintensity,duration,location,andmodalityofasensorystimulus. Answer: Sensorycoding

9) Theconversionofasensoryinputtoachangeinmembranepotentialinthereceptorisknownas________. Answer: transduction

10) TheCNSinterpretsthe________entirelyonthebasisofthelabeledlineoverwhichitarrives. Answer: modality

11) ________isareductioninsensitivityinthepresenceofaconstantstimulus. Answer: Adaptation

12) Sensoryinformationfromallpartsofthebodyisroutedtothe________cortex. Answer: somatosensory

True/FalseQuestions
1) Painreceptorsarefast-adaptingreceptors. Answer: FALSE
2) Iftheprimarymotorcortexisdamaged,theindividuallosestheabilitytoexertfinecontroloverskeletal muscles. Answer: TRUE

EssayQuestions
1) Whataredifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweencrudetouchandfinetouchsensations? Answer: Crudetouchreferstosensationsfromstimulationoftactilereceptorsoflowsensitivitywithlarge receptivefields.Incontrast,finetouchreferstotactilereceptorsofhighsensitivitywithsmallreceptive fields.Crudetouchascendsintheanteriorspinothalamicpathwaywhereasfinetouchascendsinthe posteriorcolumnpathway.Thespinothalamicpathwaycrossestheneuralaxisinthespinalcordbutthe posteriorcolumnpathwaycrossesinthemedullaoblongata.Bothultimatelyprojecttothe somatosensorycortexonthecontralateralsideofthestimulusinthesameregionofcortex.
2) Whatarethefourtypesofsensoryreceptorsforthegeneralsenses?Whatisthenatureofthestimulithatexcite eachtype? Answer: (1)Nociceptors:avarietyofstimuliassociatedwithtissuedamage;(2)thermoreceptors:respondto changesintemperature;(3)mechanoreceptors:stimulatedbyphysicaldistortion,contact,orpressure; and(4)chemoreceptors:monitorthepresenceofspecificchemicalsubstances.

3) Whileplayinglacrosse,Franktookablowtothebackofhisneck.Thiscausedswellingoftheposteriorspinal cordatC 7 ,T 1 .Whattractliesinthisarea?WhatsignsmightyouexpectFranktoshowwhiletheswelling persists? Answer: Theposteriorspinocerebellartractsandposteriorcolumnsmightbeaffected.Difficultywith proprioceptionandsensationsoffinetouch,pressure,andvibrationmaybealtered.

4) Howcananunderstandingoftheneurotransmitterimportantinthefunctionofthebasalnucleicontributeto anunderstandingtheunderlyingcauseforParkinsondisease? Answer: Twodistinctpopulationsofneuronsexist:onethatstimulatesneuronsbyreleasingacetylcholine,and anotherthatinhibitsneuronsthroughthereleaseofgammaaminobutyricacid(GABA).Undernormal conditions,theexcitatoryinterneuronsarekeptinactive,andthetractsleavingthebasalnucleihavean inhibitoryeffectonuppermotorneurons.InParkinsondisease,theexcitatoryneuronsbecomemore active,leadingtoproblemswiththevoluntarycontrolofmovement.Treatmentdirectedatincreasing thesupplyofGABAisbeinginvestigatedactively.

Chapter16 NeuralIntegrationII:TheAutonomicNervousSystemandHigher-OrderFunctions MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) ThestatementthereisalwaysaperipheralsynapsebetweentheCNSandtheeffectororganis A) trueonlyfortheparasympatheticnervoussystem. B) trueonlyforthesympatheticnervoussystem. C) trueforboththeparasympatheticandsympatheticnervoussystems. D) nottrueforeithertheparasympatheticorsympatheticnervoussystems. E) trueonlyforthesomaticnervoussystem. Answer: C
2) Preganglionicneuronsoftheautonomicnervoussystemarelocatedin A) thebrain. B) thelateralgrayhornsofthespinalcord. C) theposteriorgrayhornsofthespinalcord. D) bothAandB E) bothAandC Answer: D

3) Postganglionicaxonsusuallyare A) myelinated. B) unmyelinated. C) largerthanpreganglionicfibers. D) locatedinthebrain. E) locatedinthespinalcord. Answer: B

4) The________divisionoftheautonomicnervoussystemissaidtofunctionduringrestanddigest. A) sympathetic B) parasympathetic C) thoracolumbar D) visceral E) somatomotor Answer: B

5) Preganglionicneuronsofthesympatheticnervoussystemarelocatedinthe A) lateralgrayhornsofthecervicalcord. B) anteriorgrayhornsofthecervicalandthoracicspinalcord. C) lateralgrayhornsofsegmentsT1 toL2 ofthespinalcord. D) anteriorgrayhornsofsegmentsT 1 toL2 ofthespinalcord. E) lateralgrayhornsofT 1 toS2ofthespinalcord. Answer: C
6) Clustersofganglionicsympatheticneuronslyingalongeithersideofthespinalcordarecalledsympathetic ________ganglia. A) intramural B) collateral C) chain D) prevertebral E) suprarenal Answer: C

7) Clustersofganglionicsympatheticneuronsthatinnervateorgansintheabdominopelvicregionarecalled ________ganglia. A) intramural B) collateral C) chain D) paravertebral E) suprarenal Answer: B

8) Specializedganglionicsympatheticneuronsthatreleasehormonesintothebloodstreamarefoundwithinthe A) intramuralganglia. B) collateralganglia. C) chainganglia. D) brainstem. E) suprarenalglands. Answer: E

9) Postganglionicfibersthatinnervatetargetsinthebodywallorthoraciccavityoriginateonneuronswithin A) intramuralganglia. B) collateralganglia. C) sympatheticchainganglia. D) suprarenalganglia. E) whiterami. Answer: C

10) Thestatementitinitiatescontractionofurinarybladdersmoothmuscleis A) trueonlyfortheparasympatheticnervoussystem. B) trueonlyforthesympatheticnervoussystem. C) trueforboththeparasympatheticandsympatheticnervoussystems. D) nottrueforeithertheparasympatheticorsympatheticnervoussystems. E) trueonlyforthesomaticnervoussystem. Answer: A

11) Eachofthefollowingeffectsisassociatedwiththeactionofpostganglionicsympatheticfibers,except A) increasedsweatsecretion. B) reducedcirculationtotheskin. C) decreasedheartrate. D) dilationofthepupils. E) increasedbloodflowtoskeletalmuscles. Answer: C

12) Splanchnicnerves A) originatefromfirst-orderneuronslocatedintheupperfivethoracicsegmentsofthespinalcord. B) consistofaxonsthatsynapseincollateralganglia. C) controlsympatheticfunctionofstructuresinthethorax. D) connectchainganglia. E) areformedofparasympatheticfibers. Answer: B

13) Theceliacganglioninnervatesthe A) stomach. B) liver. C) pancreas. D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

14) Sympatheticinnervationoftheurinarybladderisbywayofthe A) celiacganglion. B) superiormesentericganglion. C) inferiormesentericganglion. D) pudendalganglion. E) pelvicganglion. Answer: C

15) Thesympatheticcollateralgangliaincludethe A) celiac. B) superiormesenteric. C) inferiormesenteric. D) BandConly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

16) Preganglionicfibersofparasympatheticneuronsarepresentinallofthefollowingcranialnerves, exceptN A) III. B) VII. C) IX. D) X. E) XII. Answer: E

17) Almost75percentofallparasympatheticoutflowtravelsalongthe A) splanchnicnerves. B) facialnerves. C) vagusnerves. D) glossopharyngealnerves. E) trigeminalnerve. Answer: C

18) Whichofthefollowingisnotaparasympatheticganglion? A) ciliaryganglion. B) pterygopalatineganglion. C) submandibularganglion. D) oticganglion. E) celiacganglion. Answer: E

19) Intramuralgangliainthedigestive,urinary,andreproductiveorgansareinnervatedbythe________nerves. A) spinal B) splanchnic C) chain D) pelvic E) collateral Answer: D

20) Ganglionicneuronsinthesuprarenalgland A) arelocatedinthesuprarenalcortex. B) releaseacetylcholineintobloodcapillaries. C) releaseepinephrineintobloodcapillaries. D) havenoknownfunction. E) aremodifiedandcantreleaseneurotransmitters. Answer: C

21) Thestatementitcontrolsthediameterofthepupilis A) trueonlyfortheparasympatheticnervoussystem. B) trueonlyforthesympatheticnervoussystem. C) trueforboththeparasympatheticandsympatheticnervoussystems. D) nottrueforeithertheparasympatheticorsympatheticnervoussystems. E) trueonlyforthesomaticnervoussystem. Answer: C

22) Postganglionicsympatheticaxonsreleasetheneurotransmitter________attheireffectorjunctions. A) acetylcholine B) nitricoxide C) norepinephrine D) eitherAorC E) A,B,orC Answer: E

23) Stimulationof1adrenergicreceptorsbynorepinephrineresultsin A) anincreaseintheamountofintracellularcAMP. B) adecreaseintheamountofintracellularcAMP. C) decreasedmembranepermeabilitytosodiumion. D) releaseofcalciumionsfromintracellularstores. E) increasedmembranepermeabilitytopotassiumions. Answer: D

24) Thestatementitspostganglionicaxonsalwaysuseacetylcholineastheneurotransmitteris A) trueonlyfortheparasympatheticnervoussystem. B) trueonlyforthesympatheticnervoussystem. C) trueforboththeparasympatheticandsympatheticnervoussystems. D) nottrueforeithertheparasympatheticorsympatheticnervoussystems. E) trueonlyforthesomaticnervoussystem. Answer: A

25) Thestatementitsgangliaareusuallynearorwithintheendorganis A) trueonlyfortheparasympatheticnervoussystem. B) trueonlyforthesympatheticnervoussystem. C) trueforboththeparasympatheticandsympatheticnervoussystems. D) nottrueforeithertheparasympatheticorsympatheticnervoussystems. E) trueonlyforthesomaticnervoussystem. Answer: A

26) Stimulationofthebetareceptorsonheartmusclecellsresultsin A) theformationofcAMP. B) increasedheartrate. C) increasedforceofcontraction. D) A,B,andC E) BandConly Answer: D

27) Sweatglandscontain________receptors. A) nicotiniccholinergic B) muscariniccholinergic C) alpha D) beta E) bothCandD Answer: B

28) Nicotinicreceptors A) respondtoepinephrine. B) respondtonorepinephrine. C) openchemicallygatedsodiumionchannels. D) arefoundatneuroeffectorjunctionsoftheparasympatheticnervoussystem. E) openchemicallygatedcalciumionchannels. Answer: C

29) Muscarinicreceptors A) arenormallyactivatedbyacetylcholine. B) arefoundmostlyinautonomicganglia. C) alwaysproduceanexcitatoryresponse. D) controlsodiumchannelsintheaffectedmembrane. E) areblockedbynorepinephrine. Answer: A

30) Parasympatheticstimulation A) increasesheartrate. B) increasesgastricmotility. C) causessweatglandstosecrete. D) causesbloodvesselsintheskintodilate. E) causesthepupilstodilate. Answer: B

31) Dualinnervationreferstoanorganreceiving A) twonervesfromthespinalcord. B) bothautonomicandsomatomotornerves. C) bothsympatheticandparasympatheticinnervation. D) nervesfromboththebrainandthespinalcord. E) bothAandB Answer: C

32) Sympatheticandparasympatheticfibersthatinnervatetheheartpassthroughthe A) celiacplexus. B) hypogastricplexus. C) cardiacplexus. D) sphenopalatineganglia. E) oticganglia. Answer: C

33) Controlofthediameteroftherespiratorypassagesdependsupon A) sympatheticstimulationonly. B) parasympatheticstimulationonly. C) somatomotorstimulationonly. D) bothparasympatheticandsympatheticlevelsofstimulation. E) sensoryreceptorssensitivetochangesinlungventilation. Answer: D

34) AutonomictoneisanimportantaspectofANSfunctionbecauseit A) allowsANSneuronstobesilentundernormalconditions. B) allowsANSneuronstoincreaseactivityondemandbutnotdecreasetheiractivity. C) allowsANSneuronstodecreasetheiractivityondemandbutnotincreasetheiractivity. D) allowsANSneuronstoincreaseordecreasetheiractivity,providingarangeofcontroloptions. E) providesforanarrowrangeofcontroloptionsthatkeepstargettissuesconstantlyactive. Answer: D

35) Adecreaseintheautonomictoneofthesmoothmuscleinabloodvesselwouldresultin A) anincreaseinvesseldiameter. B) adecreaseinvesseldiameter. C) oscillationinvesseldiameter. D) anincreaseinbloodflowthroughthevessel. E) bothAandD Answer: E

36) Ingeneral,autonomictoneofperipheralbloodvesselsincreaseswhen A) sympatheticstimulationisincreased. B) sympatheticstimulationisdecreased. C) parasympatheticstimulationisincreased. D) parasympatheticstimulationisdecreased. E) somatomotorstimulationisincreased. Answer: A

37) Whichofthefollowingisanexampleof avisceralreflex? A) defecationreflex B) vomitingreflex C) pupillaryreflex D) ejaculationinresponsetotactilestimuli E) alloftheabove Answer: E

38) Whichofthefollowingvisceralreflexesisnotcoordinatedbythemedullaoblongata? A) swallowingreflex B) vomitingreflex C) coughingreflex D) cardioinhibitoryreflex E) pupillaryreflex Answer: E

39) Whichofthefollowingwouldbeanexampleofhigher -levelcontrolofautonomicfunction? A) gaggingonfoodthatdoesnotappealtoyou B) aviolentcoughingattackinresponsetoanirritant C) increasedheartratewhenyouseeapersonyoufear D) dilationofthepupilswhenyouenteradarkroom E) increasedsalivationwhenyousmellfoodthatappealstoyou Answer: C

40) Whichofthefollowingisessentialformemoryconsolidation? A) occipitallobe B) basalnuclei C) hippocampus D) insula E) prefrontallobe Answer: C

41) Mechanismsinvolvedinmemoryformationandstorageinvolveallofthefollowing,except A) increasedreleaseofneurotransmitters. B) anterogradeamnesia. C) formationofadditionalsynapticconnections. D) theformationofmemoryengrams. E) facilitationatsynapses. Answer: B

42) Long-termmemoriesthatarewithyouforalifetimearecalled A) tertiarymemories. B) reflexivememories. C) consolidatedmemories. D) multilobarmemories. E) secondarymemories. Answer: A

43) Conversionofashort-termmemorytoalong-termmemoryiscalled A) memoryconversion. B) anterogradeamnesia. C) memoryprogramming. D) memoryconsolidation. E) memoryengraving. Answer: D

44) Theconsciousstateismaintainedbythe A) prefrontallobes. B) generalinterpretivearea. C) limbicsystem. D) reticularactivatingsystem. E) nucleusgracilis. Answer: D

45) Basedonstimulationstudies,theheadquartersofthereticularactivatingsystemappearstobebasedinthe A) medulla. B) pons. C) mesencephalon. D) diencephalon. E) cerebrum. Answer: C

46) Anage-relateddeclineinmentalfunctioncharacterizedbydifficultieswithspatialorientation,memory, language,andpersonalityiscalled A) deliriumagitans. B) seniledementia. C) persistentvegetativestate. D) somnolenceoftheaged. E) progressivecerebraldysfunction. Answer: B

47) Astateofunconsciousnessinwhichanindividualcanbearousedbynormalstimuliis A) somnolence. B) sleep. C) stupor. D) coma. E) achronicvegetativestate. Answer: B

48) Astateofunconsciousnessinwhichanindividualcannotbearousedevenbystrongstimuliis A) somnolence. B) sleep. C) stupor. D) coma. E) achronicvegetativestate. Answer: D

49) Thebrainwavesproducedbynormaladultswhilerestingwiththeireyesclosedare________waves. A) alpha B) beta C) theta D) delta E) gamma Answer: A

50) Indeepsleep, A) theEEGpatternischaracterizedasslowwave. B) cerebralactivityisparadoxicallyhigh. C) rapideyemovementsspeedup. D) rapideyemovementsaremaintainedatnormallevels. E) A,B,andC Answer: A

51) Afterarousalbyasensorystimulus,consciousnesscanbemaintainedbypositivefeedback,becauseofactivity inthe A) cerebralcortex. B) basalnuclei. C) sensorypathways. D) motorpathways. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

52) Changesinthecentralnervoussystemthataccompanyaginginclude A) reductioninbrainsizeandweight. B) decreaseinthenumberofneurons. C) decreasedbloodflowtothebrain. D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: D

53) Alzheimerdiseaseischaracterizedbyallofthefollowing,exceptthatit A) isthemostcommoncauseofseniledementia. B) ischaracterizedbyaprogressivelossofmemory. C) hasacleargeneticbasis. D) isassociatedwiththeformationofplaquesandneurofibrillarytangles. E) maybeassociatedwithdamagetothenucleusbasalis. Answer: C

54) Autonomicefferents A) causegeneralrelaxation. B) causegeneralexcitation. C) conductimpulsesfromsensoryreceptors. D) conductimpulsestoskeletalmuscles. E) conductimpulsestosmoothandcardiacmusclesandglands. Answer: E

55) PreganglionicfibersleavetheCNSandthensynapseon A) postganglionicfibers. B) visceralreflexresponses. C) motorneurons. D) ganglionicneurons. E) afferentneurons. Answer: D

56) Ganglionicneuronsinnervatesuchthingsas A) smoothmuscle. B) cardiacmuscle. C) adiposetissue. D) glands. E) anyoftheabove Answer: E

57) Theparasympatheticnervoussystemisespeciallyactiveduringwhichphysiologicalstate(s)? A) exertion B) trauma C) digestion D) stress E) alloftheabove Answer: C

58) ThesympatheticdivisionoftheANSisalsoknownaswhichofthefollowing? A) somaticdivision B) craniosacraldivision C) restingdivision D) thoracolumbardivision E) bothBandD Answer: D

59) Ingeneral,sympatheticpreganglionicfibersare________andpostganglionicfibersare________. A) myelinated;unmyelinated B) long;short C) short;long D) bothAandB E) bothAandC Answer: E

60) Inthesympatheticnervoussystem,wherearethepreganglionicneuronslocated? A) cervicalandsacralsegmentsofthespinalcord B) sacralsegmentsofthespinalcord C) brainstem D) thoracicandlumbarsegmentsofthespinalcord E) bothBandC Answer: D

61) Craniosacraldivisionisanothernameforthe A) sympatheticdivisionoftheANS. B) parasympatheticdivisionoftheANS. C) restanddigestdivision. D) bothAandC E) bothBandC Answer: E

62) Ingeneral,parasympatheticpreganglionicfibersare________andpostganglionicfibersare________. A) myelinated;unmyelinated B) long;short C) short;long D) bothAandB E) bothAandC Answer: D

63) Collateralgangliacontainneuronsthatinnervatetissuesandorgansinwhichcavity? A) thoracic B) lumbar C) abdominopelvic D) craniosacral E) bothBandC Answer: C

64) Sympatheticnerves A) provokefeelingsofsympathy. B) allowustorelax,rest,andrecover. C) arebundlesofpostganglionicfibersthatinnervateorganswithinthethoraciccavity. D) controlswallowing. E) stimulategastricsecretion. Answer: C

65) Preganglionicfibersthatinnervatethecollateralgangliaformthe A) suprarenalmedulla. B) celiacganglia. C) sympatheticchainganglia. D) inferiormesentericganglia. E) splanchnicnerves. Answer: E

66) Theceliacgangliainnervatewhichofthefollowing? A) liver B) spleen C) stomach D) pancreas E) alloftheabove Answer: E

67) Thesuprarenalmedullaesecrete A) medullin. B) epinephrine. C) norepinephrine. D) renin. E) bothBandC Answer: E

68) Duringsympatheticactivation,________occurs. A) elevatedheartrate B) elevatedbloodpressure C) sweating D) elevatedbloodglucose E) alloftheabove Answer: E

69) Thestimulationofbeta-adrenergicreceptorscanleadto A) anincreaseinmetabolicactivity. B) aninhibitionofairwaysmoothmuscle. C) thebreakdownoftriglycerideswithinadipocytes. D) bothAandC E) A,B,andC Answer: E

70) Aninhalerusedtotreatairwayconstrictioninasthmaorallergymightcontainadrugthat A) activates 1 adrenergicreceptors. B) activates 2 adrenergicreceptors. C) blocksmuscariniccholinergicreceptors. D) AorB E) BorC Answer: E
71) Parasympatheticfunctionsincludeallofthefollowing,except A) decreaseintherateofcardiaccontraction. B) constrictionofthepupils. C) dilationoftheairways. D) stimulationofurination. E) stimulationofdefecation. Answer: C

72) Postganglionicfibersreleaseneurotransmitteronperipheraleffectors A) atdistinctsynapses. B) atpearl-likeswellingscalledvaricosities. C) intocapillarieswithinthetargetorgan. D) attheendplates. E) bothAandD Answer: B

73) ThestatementItsendsitspreganglionicaxonsintotheventralroots.is A) trueonlyfortheparasympatheticnervoussystem. B) trueonlyforthesympatheticnervoussystem. C) trueforboththeparasympatheticandsympatheticnervoussystems. D) nottrueforeithertheparasympatheticorsympatheticnervoussystems. E) trueonlyforthesomaticnervoussystem. Answer: C

74) Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutadrenergicreceptorsistrue? A) TheyareGproteins. B) Whenactivated,cAMPlevelsareaffected. C) Epinephrineactivatesbothalphaandbetatypes. D) Norepinephrineactivatesmainlythealphatype. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

75) Whichoftheseprovidespreganglionicparasympatheticinnervationtostructuresintheneckandinthe thoracicandabdominopelviccavities? A) vagusnerves B) sciaticnerves C) glossopharyngealnerves D) pelvicnerves E) cervicothoracocabdominopelvicnerves Answer: A

76) ThestatementPreganglionicaxonterminalsreleaseacetylcholine.is A) trueonlyfortheparasympatheticnervoussystem. B) trueonlyforthesympatheticnervoussystem. C) trueforboththeparasympatheticandsympatheticnervoussystems. D) nottrueforeithertheparasympatheticorsympatheticnervoussystems. E) trueonlyforthesomaticnervoussystem. Answer: C

77) AvisceralmotorneuronwhosecellbodyiswithintheCNSiscalleda(n)________neuron. A) uppermotor B) lowermotor C) preganglionic D) postganglionic E) somatomotor Answer: C

78) Whichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningtheparasympatheticdivisionoftheautonomicnervoussystem isfalse? A) Preganglionicneuronsarelocatedinthebrainstemandsacralregionofthespinalcord. B) Ganglionicneuronsarelocatedingangliawithinorneartoeffectors. C) Preganglionicfibersarerelativelyshortandpostganglionicfibersarerelativelylong. D) Theactionsoftheparasympatheticdivisionaremorelocalizedthanthoseofthesympatheticdivision. E) Theganglionicneuronsalwaysreleaseacetylcholine. Answer: C

79) Injurytotheneuronsofacollateralganglionwouldaffectthefunctionofthe A) heart. B) pupils. C) sweatglands. D) digestivetract. E) arrectorpilimuscles. Answer: D

80) Damagetotheventralrootsofthefirstfivethoracicspinalnervesontherightsideofthebodywouldinterfere withtheabilityto A) dilatetherightpupil. B) constricttherightpupil. C) dilatetheleftpupil. D) constricttheleftpupil. E) smileandfrown. Answer: A

81) Stimulationoftheneuronsintheceliacganglionwouldleadto A) relaxationoftheurinarysphincter. B) increasedheartrate. C) hydrolysisofliverglycogenreserves. D) activationofventralsweatglands. E) increasedgastricmotility. Answer: C

82) Injurytothecervicalsympatheticgangliawouldaffectthefunctionofthe A) heart. B) pupils. C) salivaryglands. D) lungs. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

83) Drugsthathaveeffectssimilartothoseofsympatheticactivationarecalledsympathomimeticdrugs.Whichof thefollowingwouldyounotexpecttoobserveinapersonwhohastakenasympathomimeticdrug? A) sweating B) increasedheartrate C) wheezing D) decreasedbloodpressure E) increasedbloodsugarlevel Answer: D

84) Mostsympatheticeffectorjunctionsreleasenorepinephrinebutasignificantnumberreleaseacetylcholine instead.Whichoftheseisanexampleofanorganofthecholinergictype? A) theheart B) abloodvesselintheskin C) asweatgland D) theliver E) thesalivaryglands Answer: C

85) Acertaindrugdecreasesheartratebyblockingareceptoroncardiacpacemakercells.Thisdrugprobably bindsto________receptors. A) nicotiniccholinergic B) muscariniccholinergic C) alpha-1adrenergic D) alpha-2adrenergic E) beta-1adrenergic Answer: E

86) Aneuronwithnicotinicreceptorsisexposedtoacetylcholine.Thiswillleadto A) activationofchemicallygatedionchannels. B) excitationoftheneuron. C) entryofsodiumion. D) bothAandB E) A,B,andC Answer: E

87) Whichofthefollowingwouldleadtoincreasedheartrate? A) increasedsympatheticinput B) decreasedsympatheticinput C) increasedparasympatheticinput D) decreasedparasympatheticinput E) bothAandD Answer: E

88) Drugsknownasbeta-blockersmaybeusefulfortreating A) constipation. B) diarrhea. C) excessivesalivation. D) excessiveheartrate. E) prostatedisorders. Answer: D

89) Drugsthatstimulatealphareceptors,causingconstrictionofperipheralvessels,are A) sympatheticblockingagents. B) sympathomimetic. C) parasympatheticblockingagents. D) parasympathomimetic. E) autonomicblockingagents. Answer: B

90) Sympathomimeticdrugsmightbeusedto A) decreaseheartrate. B) decreasebloodpressure. C) dilateairways. D) increasegastricmotility. E) reducebloodsugarlevels. Answer: C

91) Drugsthatblocknicotinicreceptorswouldbe A) sympathomimetic. B) parasympathomimetic. C) parasympatheticblockingagents. D) sympatheticblockingagents. E) autonomicblockingagents. Answer: E

92) Parasympatheticblockingagentscanbeusefulintreating A) heartfailure. B) highbloodpressure. C) urinaryincontinence. D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: C

93) Adoctorplacesdropsintheeyestodilatethepupilsforanexamination.Thetypeofdrugthatisusedis A) asympathomimeticdrug. B) amuscarinicblockingdrug. C) anadrenergicactivatingdrug. D) A,B,orC E) AorConly Answer: D

94) Astheresultofanaccident,thewhiteramiofspinalnervesT 1 andT 2 ontheleftsideofBradsbodyare severed.Whatorgan(s)wouldyouexpectmightbeaffectedbythisinjury? A) leftpupil B) rightpupil C) heart D) AandBonly E) AandConly Answer: E
95) Apersonisconfrontedbyadangerousdog.Hisheartbeginstoraceandbeatstrongly,hispupilsdilate,and hishairsstandup.Thesesignsaretheresultof A) sympatheticactivation. B) increasedlevelsofepinephrineintheblood. C) increasedactivityofautonomiccentersinthehypothalamus. D) A,B,andC E) BandConly Answer: D

96) Tomsuffersfromhypertension(highbloodpressure).Whichofthefollowingmighthelpdealwithhis problem?Adrugthat A) blocksalpha-1receptorsinskinandskeletalmuscle. B) blocksalpha-2receptorsinadiposetissue. C) increasescAMPlevelsincardiacmuscletissue. D) blocksbetareceptorsincardiacmuscletissue. E) bothAandD Answer: E

97) Maryaccidentallyatepoisonmushroomsthatcontainmuscarine.Whatsymptomswouldyouexpectto observe? A) diarrhea B) salivation C) verylowheartrate D) sweating E) alloftheabove Answer: E

98) Hallucinogenicdrugs,suchasLSD,functionby A) stimulatingreceptorsfornorepinephrine. B) blockingacetylcholinereceptors. C) increasingtheproductionofGABA. D) stimulatingserotoninreceptors. E) mimickingtheactionofdopamine. Answer: D

99) TheinheritedbraindisorderHuntingtondiseaseiscausedbythedestructionofbasalnucleithatusedifferent neurotransmitters.Oneneurotransmitteris________andtheotheris________. A) acetylcholine;serotonin B) serotonin;norepinephrine C) norepinephrine;serotonin D) acetylcholine;GABA E) glutamate;serotonin Answer: D

100) Theregulationofawake-asleepcyclesappearstoinvolveaninterplaybetweenbrainstemnucleithatuse differentneurotransmitters.Theonethatfavorsalertnessis________andtheotherpromotingdeepsleepis ________. A) acetylcholine;serotonin B) serotonin;norepinephrine C) norepinephrine;serotonin D) dopamine;GABA E) glutamate;serotonin Answer: C
101) Whatmentalillnessisoftenimprovedbydrugsthatblockserotoninre-uptake? A) agitation B) hallucinations C) depression D) Parkinson E) Huntington Answer: C

Figure16-1ANSPathway UseFigure16-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 102) Identifythestructurelabeled1. A) somaticmotorneuron B) preganglionicneuron C) sensoryneuron D) ganglionicneuron E) astrocyte Answer: B
103) Whichneurotransmitterisreleasedatthesynapsesinthestructurelabeled3? A) norepinephrine B) dopamine C) acetylcholine D) endorphin E) anytheabove Answer: C

104) Identifythestructurelabeled5. A) grayramus B) dorsalramus C) spinalnerve D) whiteramus E) ventralroot Answer: A

105) Identifythestructurelabeled2. A) ventralroot B) dorsalramus C) spinalnerve D) ventralramus E) whiteramus Answer: C

106) Identifythestructurelabeled6. A) somaticmotorneuron B) preganglionicneuron C) sensoryneuron D) ganglionicneuron E) astrocyte Answer: D

1) Preganglionicfibersofparasympatheticnervessynapseonneuronslocatedwithin________. Answer: intramuralganglia
2) ________performthesimplestfunctionsoftheautonomicnervoussystem. Answer: Visceralreflexes

3) VisceralreflexarcscanbypassCNSneuronsin________reflexes. Answer: short

4) Theleveloftonicactivityofautonomicneuronsdeterminesthe________ofanindividual. Answer: autonomictone

5) Drugsthatmimictheactionsofnorepinephrinearecalled________. Answer: sympathomimetic

6) During________sleep,theentirebodyrelaxesandtheactivityofthecerebralcortexisataminimum. Answer: deep

7) During________sleep,dreamingoccurs. Answer: REM

8) Theintegrativecentersforautonomicactivityarelocatedinthe________. Answer: hypothalamus

9) The________nervoussystemstimulatesthearrectorpilimusclesandgivesyougoosebumps. Answer: sympathetic

10) Synapsesthatusenorepinephrineasatransmitterarecalled________. Answer: adrenergic

11) Neuronsthatusenorepinephrineasatransmitterarecalled________. Answer: adrenergic

12) Mostvitalorgansreceive________innervation.Thatis,theyreceiveinputfrombothsympatheticand parasympatheticdivisions. Answer: dual

True/FalseQuestions
1) Onlythesympatheticnervoussysteminnervatestheskin. Answer: TRUE
2) Everyspinalnervereceivesagrayramusfromaganglionofthesympatheticchain. Answer: TRUE

3) Theeffectsofacetylcholineonnicotinicreceptorslastlongerthanthoseofnorepinephrineonbeta -adrenergic receptors. Answer: FALSE

EssayQuestions
1) Thenervousandendocrinesystemsarethebodystwomainregulatorysystems.Describesomeoftheways thattheautonomicnervoussystemandtheendocrinesysteminteract. Answer: Thereleaseofepinephrinefromthesuprarenalmedullaistriggeredbypreganglionicsympathetic activity.Thesympatheticsalsocontrolthereleaseofrenninfromthekidneys,insulinfromthepancreas, ADHfromthepituitary,andmelatoninfromthepineal.Hormonessuchasthyroidhaveapowerful effectonbraindevelopmentandmetabolism.
2) Whyisthesuprarenalmedullaconsideredtobeamodifiedsympatheticganglion? Answer: Preganglionicsympatheticfibersenteringthesuprarenalglandproceedtothesuprarenalmedulla, wheretheysynapseonneuroendocrinecellsthatreleasetheneurotransmittersnorepinephrineand epinephrineintothebloodstream.

3) Listthedifferenttypesofadrenergicreceptors,theresponsestheyproduce,andbywhatmechanisms. Answer: Therearetwotypesofalphareceptorsandtwotypesofbetareceptors.Thealpha -1receptorproduces excitationorstimulationofmetabolism.Itworksbyactivationofanenzymeand/orbyreleaseofcalcium ionfrominternalstores.Thealpha-2receptorisinhibitoryonitstargetcellbyreducingthelevelof cAMP.Beta-1receptorsarestimulatingand/orleadtoincreasedenergyconsumption.Theyactivate cellularenzymes.Beta-2receptorsinhibitactivityorproducerelaxationinsmoothmusclecells.They operatethroughenzymeactivation.

4) Whateffectwouldcuttingthevagusnervebranchthatinnervatesthestomachhaveongastricfunction? Answer: Thevagusnervecarriesparasympatheticpreganglionicfiberstomanyorganswithintheventralcavity, includingthedigestiveorgans.Itstimulatesgastricmotilityandsecretionofacidandenzymes. Removingthevagusinnervationwilleliminateparasympatheticstimulation,leavingonlysympathetic innervation,whichisinhibitory.Thisprocedurewillthusgreatlyreducegastricactivity.Hormonal stimulationwillremainbuthighercenterswillnolongerinfluencesecretionofgastricjuice.

5) Mr.Martinissufferingfromaconditionknownasventriculartachycardia,inwhichhisheartbeatstooquickly. Wouldanalpha-blockerorabeta-blockerhelpalleviatehisproblem?Why? Answer: Youwouldwanttouseabeta-blocker,becausethestimulationofbeta-1receptorsincreasesheartrate. Byblockingthesereceptors,parasympatheticinfluencewillpredominateandtheheartwillslowdown.

Chapter17 TheSpecialSenses MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Olfactoryglands A) housethesenseofsmell. B) supporttheolfactoryepithelium. C) reacttoaromaticmolecules. D) coattheolfactoryepitheliumwithapigmentedmucus. E) groupasolfactorybulbs. Answer: D
2) Themucusthatcoverstheolfactoryepitheliumdoesallofthefollowing,except thatit A) dilutespotentiallydangerousodorants. B) dissolvesunwantedchemicalsandwashesthemaway. C) keepsthetissuefreeofparticles. D) providesamediumtodissolveodorants. E) keepsthetissuemoist. Answer: B

3) Beforeanolfactoryreceptorcandetectanodorant,ithasto A) contactaspecializedolfactorycell. B) bindtoreceptorsinolfactorycilia. C) gateopenionchannels. D) respondtoappliedpressure. E) betransportedtotheolfactorybulbs. Answer: B

4) Allofthefollowingaretrueofolfactorypathways,except A) theyprojectfirsttothemamillarybodiesandthentothethalamus. B) primaryafferentssynapseintheolfactorybulb. C) informationflowstotheolfactorycortex,hypothalamus,andlimbicsystem. D) theyaretheonlysensorypathwaystoreachtheforebrainwithoutfirstsynapsinginthethalamus. E) theyexhibitaconsiderableamountofconvergence. Answer: A

5) Someneuraltissuesretainstemcellsandthusthecapacitytodivideandreplacelostneurons.Whichofthese specialsensescanreplaceitsdamagedneuralreceptors? A) olfaction B) audition C) equilibrium D) A,B,andC E) BandConly Answer: A

6) Gustatoryreceptorsarelocated A) intheeye. B) intheear. C) onthesurfaceofthetongue. D) inthenose. E) ontheskin. Answer: C

7) Thefunctionofgustatoryreceptorsparallelsthatof A) lightreceptorsintheeye. B) mechanoreceptorsintheear. C) olfactoryreceptors. D) lamellatedcorpuscles. E) Meissnercorpuscles. Answer: C

8) Olfactoryreceptorssendaxonsthroughthecribriformplate.Theysynapseonneuronsinthe A) medullaoblongata. B) medialgeniculate. C) cerebralcortex. D) olfactorybulb. E) olfactorytract. Answer: D

9) Thelargestnumbersoftastebudsinadultsareassociatedwiththe A) pharynx. B) larynx. C) filiformpapillae. D) fungiformpapillae. E) circumvallatepapillae. Answer: E

10) Tastebudsaremonitoredbycranialnerves A) IX,X,XI. B) VII,VIII,IX. C) VII,IX,X. D) V,VII,IX. E) IX,XI,XII. Answer: C

11) Allofthefollowingaretrueofthelacrimalglands,except thatthey A) produceastronglyhypertonicfluid. B) producemostofthevolumeoftears. C) producelysozyme. D) producewatery,slightlyalkalinesecretions. E) arelocatedinrecessesinthefrontalbones. Answer: A

12) Allofthefollowingaretrueofthefibroustunicoftheeye,except thatit A) consistsofthesclera,limbus,andcornea. B) providesmechanicalsupportandsomeprotectionfortheeye. C) producesaqueoushumor. D) contributessubstantialfocusingpower. E) iswhereextrinsiceyemusclesinsert. Answer: C

13) Whichofthefollowingistrueofthevasculartunicoftheeye? A) providesarouteforbloodvesselsandlymphaticsthatsupplytissuesoftheeye B) regulatestheamountoflightenteringtheeye C) secretesandreabsorbstheaqueoushumor D) controlstheshapeofthelens E) alloftheabove Answer: E

14) Thepalpebrae A) arecontrolledbycranialnerves. B) containtarsalglands. C) coverandprotecttheeye. D) supportthelateralrectusmusclesoftheeye. E) A,B,andC Answer: E

15) Thepalpebraeareconnectedatthe A) eyelids. B) lateralandmedialcanthus. C) lacrimalcaruncle. D) chalazion. E) conjunctiva. Answer: B

16) Astructurethatislocatedatthemedialcanthusandcontainsglandsthatcontributetoagrittydepositisthe A) palpebra. B) lacrimalcaruncle. C) chalazion. D) Meibomiangland. E) conjunctiva. Answer: B

17) Whichofthefollowingproducesalipid-richsecretionthatpreventstheupperandlowereyelidsfromsticking togetherattheiredges? A) palpebra B) lacrimalcaruncle C) chalazion D) tarsalgland E) conjunctiva Answer: D

18) Thevitreousbody A) fillstheposteriorcavity. B) helpstostabilizetheeyeandgivephysicalsupporttotheretina. C) isreplacedattherateof20percentperyearuntilmiddleage. D) A,B,andC E) AandBonly Answer: B

19) The________coversmostoftheexposedsurfaceoftheeye. A) conjunctiva B) cornea C) iris D) anteriorchamber E) canthus Answer: A

20) Thetransparentportionofthefibroustunicisthe A) conjunctiva. B) cornea. C) iris. D) pupil. E) canthus. Answer: B

21) Thepartoftheeyethatdetermineseyecoloristhe A) conjunctiva. B) cornea. C) iris. D) pupil. E) canalofSchlemm. Answer: C

22) Theopeningintheiristhroughwhichlightpassesisthe A) conjunctiva. B) cornea. C) pupil. D) anteriorchamber. E) posteriorchamber. Answer: C

23) Thespacebetweenthecorneaandtheirisisthe A) anteriorcavity. B) posteriorcavity. C) canalofSchlemm. D) aqueoushumor. E) pupil. Answer: A

24) Thespacebetweentheirisandciliarybodyandthelensisthe A) anteriorcavity. B) posteriorcavity. C) pupil. D) canalofSchlemm. E) vitreousbody. Answer: B

25) Whatstructurechangestheshapeofthelensforfarandnearvision? A) aqueoushumor B) ciliarybody C) iris D) extrinsiceyemuscles E) none,becausethelensisrigid Answer: B

26) Theneuraltunic A) containsganglioncells. B) containsthephotoreceptorcells. C) producesthevitreoushumor. D) A,B,andC E) AandBonly Answer: E

27) Thehumanlensfocuseslightonthephotoreceptorcellsby A) movingupanddown. B) movinginandout. C) changingshape. D) openingandclosing. E) dilatingandconstricting. Answer: C

28) Theshapeofthelensiscontrolledbythe A) pupillarysphinctermuscles. B) pupillaryradialmuscles. C) ciliarymuscles. D) iris. E) A,B,andC Answer: C

29) Inthehumaneye,mostrefractionoccurswhenlightpassesthroughthe A) iris. B) cornea. C) lens. D) aqueoushumor. E) vitreoushumor. Answer: B

30) Theciliarymusclecontractsto A) controltheamountoflightreachingtheretina. B) adjusttheshapeofthelensfordistantvision. C) adjusttheshapeofthelensfornearvision. D) controltheproductionofaqueoushumor. E) adjusttheshapeofthecorneaandvitreous. Answer: C

31) Therearethreedifferenttypesofcones,eachonesensitivetodifferentlightenergies.Theseconesare designated A) red,yellow,blue. B) red,green,blue. C) red,green,yellow. D) yellow,red,blue. E) red,white,blue. Answer: B

32) Anareaoftheretinathatcontainsonlyconesandisthesiteofsharpestvisionisthe A) outersegment. B) innersegment. C) fovea. D) opticdisc. E) tapetumlucidum. Answer: C

33) Anelongateoutersegmentcontainingmembranousdiscsandanarrowconnectingstalkthatattachestheouter segmenttotheinnersegmentdescribes A) abipolarcell. B) aphotoreceptor. C) aganglioncell. D) anamacrinecell. E) ahorizontalcell. Answer: B

34) Whenallthreeconepopulationsarestimulatedequally,weperceive A) red. B) blue. C) green. D) white. E) blackness. Answer: D

35) Thefirststepintheprocessofphotoreceptionis A) thebleachingofrods. B) thebleachingofcones. C) absorptionofaphotonbyavisualpigment. D) inhibitionofthesodiumpumps. E) releaseofneurotransmitter. Answer: C

36) Visualpigmentsarederivativesofthecompound A) retinal. B) opsin. C) rhodopsin. D) transducin. E) cGMP. Answer: C

37) ApigmentsynthesizedfromvitaminAis A) retinal. B) opsin. C) rhodopsin. D) transducin. E) cGMP. Answer: A

38) Thefollowingstepsoccurinrodswhentheyareexcitedbyphotonsoflight. 1.Membranesodiumchannelsclose. 2.IncreasedphosphodiesterasebreaksdowncGMP. 3.Retinalchangesfromthe11-cisformtothe11-transform. 4.Themembranehyperpolarizesandtherateofneurotransmitterreleasedeclines. 5.Opsinactivatestransducin. 6.Opsinactivationoccurs. Thepropersequenceforthesestepsis A) 1,6,5,2,4,3. B) 3,6,5,2,1,4. C) 6,3,5,2,1,4. D) 3,6,5,1,2,4. E) 1,3,4,5,6,2. Answer: B
39) Whichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningvisionisfalse? A) Approximatelyhalfofthefibersineachopticnervecrosstooppositesidesofthebrainattheoptic chiasm. B) Fibersoftheopticnervesynapseatthelateralgeniculatesofthethalamus. C) Theimagethatisformedontheretinaisinverted. D) Theentireretinareceivesequalrepresentationinthevisualcortex. E) Thevisualcortexofthebrainreceivestheentirefieldofvision. Answer: D

40) Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutrhodopsin? A) calledvisualpurple B) isbleachedduringphotoreception C) isthevisualpigmentinrods D) consistsofopsin+retinal E) alloftheabove Answer: E

41) Theexternalearendsatthe A) vestibule. B) cochlea. C) ossicles. D) tympanicmembrane. E) pinna. Answer: D

42) Theauditoryossiclesconnectthe A) tympanicmembranetotheovalwindow. B) tympanicmembranetotheroundwindow. C) ovalwindowtotheroundwindow. D) stapediustothetympanicmembrane. E) otitistothemedia. Answer: A

43) Thevibrationsreceivedbythetympanicmembranearetransferredtotheovalwindowbythe A) auditoryossicles. B) cochlea. C) ovalwindow. D) tensortympani. E) stapediusmuscle. Answer: A

44) Themiddleearcommunicateswiththenasopharynxthroughthe A) auricle. B) membranouslabyrinth. C) bonylabyrinth. D) auditorytube. E) auditorymeatus. Answer: D

45) Thesensesofequilibriumandhearingareprovidedbyreceptorsofthe A) membranousendolymph. B) organofSchlemm. C) innerear. D) bonylabyrinth. E) perilymph. Answer: C

46) ThestructurethatoverliestheorganofCortiisthe A) basilarmembrane. B) tectorialmembrane. C) stapedius. D) perilymph. E) endolymph. Answer: B

47) ThestructurethatsupportstheorganofCortiisthe A) tectorialmembrane. B) basilarmembrane. C) membranouslabyrinth. D) vestibularduct. E) tympanicmembrane. Answer: B

48) Gravityandlinearaccelerationaresensedinthe A) semicircularcanals. B) cochlea. C) statoconia. D) sacculeandutricle. E) organofCorti. Answer: D

49) Whenanexternalforcebendsthestereociliaoftheinnerearhaircells, A) theforceisconvertedintomechanicalenergy. B) thehaircellsaretemporarilydamaged. C) thereisachangeinthetransmembranepotentialofthehaircells. D) dizzinessresults. E) thecellsbecomeunresponsive. Answer: C

50) Thesensoryreceptorsofthesemicircularcanalsarelocatedinthe A) saccules. B) ampullae. C) perilymph. D) utricles. E) cupulas. Answer: B

51) Movementoftheendolymphinthesemicircularcanals A) producesarushingsound. B) allowsustohearlowtones. C) signalsrotationalmovements. D) signalsbodypositionwithrespecttogravity. E) signalslinearacceleration. Answer: C

52) Thehaircellsoftheutricleandsacculeareclusteredin A) ampullae. B) cristae. C) cupulae. D) maculae. E) otoconia. Answer: D

53) Perceptionofgravityandlinearaccelerationdependson A) changesinthepressureexertedbythecupulaonhaircells. B) vibrationsofthetectorialmembranestrikinghaircells. C) theforceexertedbyotolithsonhaircellsofthemaculae. D) themovementofendolymphwithinthesemicircularcanals. E) bothCandD Answer: C

54) Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsbestmatchesthetermstapes? A) movesupanddownwhenthestapediusmusclecontracts B) auditoryossicleattachedtotympanicmembrane C) bendingitproducesreceptorpotentialinhaircells D) necessaryforthestaticsenseofequilibrium E) sealstheovalwindow Answer: E

55) Soundwavesareconvertedintomechanicalmovementsbythe A) auditoryossicles. B) cochlea. C) ovalwindow. D) roundwindow. E) tympanicmembrane. Answer: E

56) Thefrequencyofaperceivedsounddependson A) thefrequencyofstereociliavibration. B) thenumberofhaircellsthatarestimulated. C) whichpartofthecochlearductisstimulated. D) themovementofperilymphinthecochlearduct. E) thefrequencyofvibrationofthetectorialmembrane. Answer: C

57) Thefollowingisalistofthestepsthatoccurintheproductionofanauditorysensation. 1.Thepressurewavedistortsthebasilarmembraneonitswaytotheroundwindow. 2.Movementofthetympanicmembranecausesdisplacementofthemalleus. 3.Displacementofthestereociliastimulatessensoryneuronsofthecochlearnerve. 4.Movementofthemalleuscausesmovementoftheincusandstapes. 5.DistortionofthebasilarmembraneforcesthehaircellsoftheorganofCortitowardorawayfromthe tectorialmembrane. 6.Movementoftheovalwindowestablishespressurewavesintheperilymphofthevestibularduct. Thepropersequenceforthesestepsis A) 2,4,1,6,5,3. B) 2,4,6,3,5,1. C) 2,1,4,6,5,3. D) 2,4,6,1,5,3. E) 2,5,4,6,1,3. Answer: D
58) Thecellbodiesofsensoryneuronsthatinnervatethehaircellsofthecochleaformthe________ganglion. A) vestibular B) spiral C) cochlear D) acoustic E) auditory Answer: B

59) Thevestibularnucleiattheboundaryoftheponsandthemedullafunctioninallofthefollowing, exceptthat they A) integratethevestibularinformationarrivingfromeachsideofthehead. B) relayvestibularinformationtothecerebellum. C) relayvestibularinformationtothecerebralcortex. D) sendcommandstomotornucleiinthebrainstemandspinalcord. E) sendinformationtothevestibularcomplexoftheinnerear. Answer: E
60) Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsbestmatchesthetermstereocilia? A) moveupanddownwhenthestapesmovesbackandforth B) transmitmovementofthetympanicmembranetotheinnerear C) bendingtheseproducesreceptorpotentialinhaircells D) tinyweightsnecessaryforthestaticsenseofequilibrium E) sealtheovalwindow Answer: C

61) Whichofthefollowingisnotacomponentofthelaminapropriaoftheolfactoryorgan? A) areolartissue B) bloodvessels C) nerves D) olfactoryglands E) noneoftheabove Answer: E

62) Anormal,relaxedinhalationcarriesabout________oftheinhaledairtotheolfactoryorgans. A) 50percent B) 8percent C) 2percent D) 35percent E) 10percent Answer: C

63) Tastereceptorsaredistributedinwhichofthefollowingplaces? A) portionsofthelarynx B) surfaceofthetongue C) portionsofthepharynx D) alloftheabove E) onlyBandC Answer: D

64) Anadulthasapproximately________tastebuds. A) 30 B) 3000 C) 300,000 D) 300 E) 30,000 Answer: B

65) Allofthefollowingcomposetheepithelialprojectionsfoundonthetongue, except A) fungiformpapillae. B) circumvallatepapillae. C) filiformpapillae. D) gustatorypapillae. E) noneoftheabove Answer: D

66) Tastebudsaremonitoredbywhichcranialnerve(s)? A) glossopharyngealnerve(IX) B) vagusnerve(X) C) facialnerve(VII) D) alloftheabove E) onlyAandC Answer: E

67) Apatientwhoexperiencedheadtraumahaslosttheabilitytotastespicyfood.Youshouldexpectdamageto cranialnerve________. A) VII B) III C) IX D) V E) XII Answer: D

68) Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthesixprimarytastesensations? A) sweet B) peppery C) sour D) salty E) umami Answer: B

69) Thetastesensationthatistriggeredbytheaminoacidglutamateisknownas A) sweet. B) umami. C) salty. D) peppery. E) sour. Answer: B

70) Olfactoryinformationisfirstreceivedbywhichpartofthebrain? A) frontallobe B) cerebellum C) parietallobe D) cerebrum E) medullaoblongata Answer: D

71) Arayoflightenteringtheeyewillencounterthesestructuresinwhichorder? A) conjunctivacorneaaqueoushumor lens vitreousbody retinachoroid B) vitreousbodyretinachoroids aqueoushumor lens conjunctivacornea C) corneaaqueoushumorvitreousbody lens conjunctiva choroidsretina D) conjunctivacornealensaqueoushumor vitreousbody retinachoroid E) corneaaqueoushumorconjunctiva lens vitreousbody retinachoroid Answer: A
72) WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheretinaisTRUE? A) GanglioncellssendaxonstothebrainascranialnerveII. B) Axonscarryingitsoutputsynapseinthethalamus. C) Ithasphotoreceptorsthatdonotrespondtodimlight. D) Ithasphotoreceptorsthatdonotrespondtoredlight. E) Alloftheabovearetrue. Answer: E

73) Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsbestmatchesthetermaqueoushumor? A) gelatinousfluidthatfillsanteriorchamber B) secretedinbrightlight C) excessiveproductionmayleadtoglaucoma D) convertstovitreoushumorwithage E) bothCandD Answer: C

74) Asty________ A) isoftencausedbybacteria. B) isapainfulswellinginaneyelash. C) mayinvolveasebaceousgland. D) mayinvolveatarsalgland. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

75) Whichofthefollowingisafunctionoftears? A) lubricatetheeye B) washawaydebris C) provideoxygen D) nourishthecorneaandconjunctiva E) alloftheabove Answer: E

76) The________earcollectssoundswavesandtransmitsthemtothe________ear,whichcontainsauditory ossicles A) inner;middle B) outer;middle C) outer;inner D) middle;inner E) eitherBorD Answer: B

77) Theexternalacousticmeatusendsat A) thetympanicmembrane. B) theeardrum. C) thetympanum. D) A,B,orC E) noneoftheabove Answer: D

78) Whichoftheseanatomicalsequencesiscorrect? A) tympanumincusmalleusstapesovalwindowroundwindow B) tympanumincusmalleusstapesroundwindowovalwindow C) tympanummalleusincusstapesovalwindowroundwindow D) tympanumincusstapesmalleusovalwindowroundwindow E) tympanummalleusincusstapesroundwindowovalwindow Answer: C

79) Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsbestmatchesthetermbasilarmembrane? A) movesupanddownwhenthestapesmovesbackandforth B) transmitsmovementofthetympanicmembranetotheinnerear C) supportstheolfactoryorgan D) tinyductnecessaryforthestaticsenseofequilibrium E) coversovertheovalwindow Answer: A

80) The________conveysinformationaboutheadpositionwithrespecttogravity. A) cochlea B) utricle C) ampulla D) saccule E) bothBandD Answer: E

81) Thecorneaispartofthe A) fibroustunic. B) iris. C) neuraltunic. D) uvea. E) bothAandC Answer: E

82) Thegelatinousmaterialthatgivestheeyeballitsbasicshapeisthe A) vitreoushumor. B) aqueoushumor. C) oraserrata. D) perilymph. E) posteriorcavity. Answer: A

83) PupillarymusclegroupsarecontrolledbytheANS.Parasympatheticactivationcausespupillary________,and sympatheticactivationcauses________. A) dilation;constriction B) dilation;dilation C) constriction;dilation D) constriction;constriction E) vasoconstriction;vasoconstriction Answer: C

84) Ifyourvisionis20/15,thismeansthatyoucan A) see20-pointtypeat15feet. B) seeobjectsat20feetthatindividualswithnormaleyesightcanseeat15feet. C) seeobjectsat15feetthatindividualswitheyeproblemsseeat20feet. D) seeall15eyechartlettersfrom20feet. E) seeobjectsthatare20feetorlessaway. Answer: B

85) Thequantityofneurotransmitterthatisreleasedbyahaircell A) respondstoalmostanymechanicalstimulationofthehaircell. B) issensitivetowhichwaystereociliaarebentwithrespecttothekinocilium. C) determinesifasensoryneuronwillbeexcited. D) A,B,andC E) AandConly Answer: D

86) Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsbestmatchesthetermossicles? A) moveupanddownwhenthestapesmovesbackandforth B) transmitmovementofthetympanicmembranetotheinnerear C) bendingtheseproducesreceptorpotentialinhaircells D) tinyweightsnecessaryforthestaticsenseofequilibrium E) sealtheovalwindow Answer: B

87) Asoundwithafrequencyof12,000hertzwould A) beveryloud. B) bebarelyaudible. C) behigh-pitched. D) below-pitched. E) bothBandD Answer: C

88) Aloudnoisecauses A) alargemovementofthetympanicmembrane. B) analertingreactionleadingtosympatheticactivation. C) reflexcontractionsofmiddleearmuscles. D) abigpressurepulseenteringthecochlearductatthatovalwindow. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

89) Asuddenriseofroombrightnesswouldcause A) contractionofthesphincterpupillarymuscles. B) contractionoftheradialpupillarymuscles. C) conversionof11-transto11-cisretinal. D) adecreaseinthesizeofthepupil. E) alloftheabove Answer: A

90) Whydothingslookblurryunderwaterwithoutdivegogglesormask? A) Thewatermagnifiestheimagebecauseitisdenserthanthelensoftheeye. B) Lightmovesmoreslowlythroughthewater,causingimagestoappearlargerandcloser. C) Ratherthanair,lightismovingfromwaterintothecorneaandisthusrefractedtoolittleforasharp focus. D) Thecorneadoesnotfunctioninwater,causingtheimagetoappearlargerandcloser. E) Lightwavesarescatteredbythewaterbeforereachingtheeye,causingtheimagetoappearblurryand unsharp. Answer: C
91) Inwhichofthefollowingcaseswouldthefocaldistancebegreater? A) anobject10inchesawayfromyournose B) anobject20feetaway Answer: A

92) Inwhichofthefollowingcaseswouldthefocaldistancebegreater? A) aroundlens B) aflatlens Answer: B

93) Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsapplies/applytothetermmyopia? A) nearsightedness B) correctedwithdiverginglens C) imagefocusedinfrontofretina D) AandConly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

94) Whenarodisstimulatedbylight, A) theplasmamembranebecomeshyperpolarized. B) theretinalchangesfromthe11-cis tothe11-trans form. C) lessneurotransmitterisreleased. D) cGMPdecreasesandsodiumchannelsclose. E) alloftheabove Answer: E
95) Inthelight-adaptedstate, A) photoreceptorsaremuchmoresensitivetostimulation. B) photoreceptorsaremuchlesssensitivetostimulation. C) wecanonlyseecolor,andnotblackandwhite. D) wewouldseebetterinthedark. E) colorsaredull. Answer: B

96) HowwouldamoleculethatmimicscAMPaffectanolfactoryreceptor? A) Itwouldincreasesodiumpermeability. B) Itwouldopenchemicallygatedsodiumchannels. C) Itwoulddepolarizetheolfactoryreceptor. D) Itcouldtriggeranafferentactionpotential. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

97) Stimulationofnociceptivereceptorswithinthetrigeminalnervemightproduceaperceptionof A) intenselysweet. B) intenselysour. C) quitesalty. D) pepperyhot. E) decidedlybitter. Answer: D

98) Underwhichconditionwouldthereleaseofneurotransmitterbyphotoreceptorsbegreatest? A) undernormalroomlight B) inapitch-blackroomafter30minutes C) immediatelyaftergoingoutsideinbrightsunlight D) focusingintentlyonacloseobject E) focusingintentlyonadistantobject Answer: B

99) Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsbestmatchesthetermotoliths? A) moveupanddownwhenthestapesmovesbackandforth B) transmitmovementofthetympanicmembranetotheinnerear C) bendingtheseproducesreceptorpotentialinhaircells D) tinyweightsnecessaryforthestaticsenseofequilibrium E) sealtheovalwindow Answer: D

100) Intheretina,thecorrectsequenceofneuralwiringis A) rodbipolarcellMcellthalamus B) conebipolarcellPcellsinferiorcolliculus C) conebipolarcellhorizontalcellPcell D) rodbipolarcellPcellthalamus E) rodbipolarcellamacrinecellMcell Answer: A

Figure17-1TheSectionalAnatomyoftheEye Page443 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
UseFigure17-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 101) Identifythestructurelabeled7. A) choroid B) opticdisc C) sclera D) retina E) cornea Answer: E

102) Identifythestructurelabeled14. A) pupil B) opticdisc C) sclera D) fovea E) suspensoryligaments Answer: D

103) Identifythespacelabeled1. A) posteriorcavity B) posteriorchamber C) pupil D) anteriorcavity E) bothAandD Answer: D

104) Identifythestructurelabeled9. A) suspensoryligaments B) opticdisc C) sclera D) fovea E) pupil Answer: A

105) Identifythestructurelabeled12. A) pupil B) opticdisc C) sclera D) fovea E) retina Answer: E

Figure17-2TheEar UseFigure17-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 106) Identifythestructureslabeled8. A) cochlea B) auditoryossicles C) auricle D) tympanicmembrane E) vestibule Answer: B
107) Whichstructurecontainsthereceptorsforhearing? A) 6 B) 8 C) 9 D) 10 E) 11 Answer: E

108) Whichstructureisknownasthevestibule? A) 6 B) 8 C) 9 D) 10 E) 11 Answer: A

109) Identifythestructurethatiscoveredupbythestapes. A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 8 E) 9 Answer: A

110) Identifythestructureslabeled3. A) cochlea B) semicircularcanals C) auricle D) tympanicmembrane E) vestibule Answer: D

1) Olfactoryorgansarelocatedinthenasalcavityinferiortotheperforatedbonystructureknownasthe ________. Answer: cribriformplate(ethmoidbone)
2) Theolfactoryorganconsistsofthe________andthelaminapropria. Answer: olfactoryepithelium

3) Theolfactoryepitheliumissensitivetomorethan________differentprimarysmells. Answer: 50
4) Gustatoryreceptorsareclusteredinindividual________. Answer: tastebuds

5) Eachgustatorycellextends________(ortastehairs)intothesurroundingfluidsthroughanarrowtastepore. Answer: microvilli

6) Tastebudsonthetongueareoftenassociatedwithepithelialprojectionscalled________. Answer: lingualpapillae

7) Atypicalgustatorycellsurvivesforonlyabout________daysbeforeitisreplaced. Answer: 10
8) ________glandsaremodifiedsebaceousglandslocatedalongthemarginoftheeyelidthatsecretealipid -rich product. Answer: Tarsal(orMeibomian)

9) A(n)________isaninfectioninoneoftheglandsontheeyelids. Answer: sty

10) Theabnormalitythatdevelopswhenalenslosesitstransparencyisknownasa________. Answer: cataract

11) ________cellsconnectphotoreceptorstoganglioncells. Answer: Bipolar

12) ________andamacrinecellsfacilitateorinhibitcommunicationbetweenphotoreceptorsandganglioncells. Answer: Horizontal

13) ________cellsadjustsensitivitiesatthesynapsesbetweenbipolarandganglioncells. Answer: Amacrine

14) Whenlightencountersamediumofdifferentdensity,itisbentor________. Answer: refracted

15) Thevisiblespectrumforhumansextendsbetweenawavelengthof400nmand________nm. Answer: 700

16) A(n)________isabasicunitorpacketoflightenergy. Answer: photon

17) Thevisualreceptorsoftheretinaarecalled________. Answer: photoreceptors

18) ________arephotoreceptorcellsthataremostusefulindimlight. Answer: Rods

19) ________arephotoreceptorsthatconveyourabilitytoseecolor. Answer: Cones

20) Peopleunabletodistinguishcertaincolorshaveaformof________. Answer: colorblindness

21) When________,thevisualsystembecomesextremelysensitivetostimulation. Answer: dark-adapted

22) Apersonsufferingfrom________canseeobjectsthatareclose,butdistantobjectsappearblurred. Answer: myopia

23) Apersonsufferingfrom________canseedistantobjectsmoreclearlythanthosethatareclose. Answer: hyperopia

24) ________isatypeoffarsightednessthatresultsfromalossoflenselasticitywithage. Answer: Presbyopia

25) Theolfactoryreceptorsarehighlymodified________. Answer: neurons

26) Anirregularityincurvatureinthecorneaorlenscalleda(n)________causesareductioninvisualacuity. Answer: astigmatism

27) Soundtravelstotheeardrumthroughthe________. Answer: externalauditorycanal

28) ________glandsproduceasecretioncommonlycalledearwax. Answer: Ceruminous

29) Theelevatedridgeswithintheampullaeofthesemicircularcanalsthatsupportthehaircellsareknownasa ________. Answer: cristae

30) ________fillsthemembranouslabyrinth. Answer: Endolymph

31) The________isaregionofdensebonethatsurroundsandprotectsthemembranouslabyrinth. Answer: bonylabyrinth

32) ________isafluidsimilartocerebrospinalfluidthatfillsthespacebetweenthebonylabyrinthandthe membranouslabyrinth. Answer: Perilymph

33) Thehaircellsofthecochlearductarelocatedintheorganof________. Answer: Corti

34) ________deafnessresultsfromconditionsintheouterormiddleearthatblockthetransferofvibrationsfrom theenvironmenttothetympanicmembraneortotheovalwindow. Answer: Conductive

35) ________deafnessoccursbecauseofaprobleminthecochleaorsomewherealongtheauditorypathway. Answer: Nerve

36) Abnormaljumpyeyemovementsthatmayappearafterbrainstemorinnereardamagearecalled________. Answer: nystagmus

37) Wheretheeyelidsjoinatthemedialorlateraledgeiscalledthe________. Answer: canthus

38) Thesenseoftasteisalsoknownas________. Answer: gustation

39) Bowmanglands,alsoknownasthe________glands,secreteathick,pigmentedmucusthatabsorbswater. Answer: olfactory

40) Theformaltermforthesenseofbalanceandequilibriumisthe________sense. Answer: vestibular

41) Themembraneproteinsthatrespondtochemicalstimulitoproducesweet,bitter,andumamisensationsare called________. Answer: gustducins

42) ________,orpinkeye,resultsfromdamagetoorirritationoftheconjunctivalsurface. Answer: Conjunctivitis

43) ________sensationsinformusofthepositionoftheheadinspacebymonitoringgravity,linearacceleration, androtation. Answer: Vestibular(orEquilibrium)

44) Whenyouspinquickly,youmayfeeldizzy.Whichcomponentoftheinnereargeneratesthesensationsthat canleadtothisfeeling? Answer: semicircularcanal

45) Thecochlearreceptorsthatprovideoursenseofhearingare________cells. Answer: hair

True/FalseQuestions
1) Theeyelidsaretechnicallycalledthepalpebrae. Answer: TRUE
2) Theexternalacousticcanalcontainshairs,whichincreasesensitivitytolighttouch. Answer: TRUE

3) Theearfunctionsbyturningarrivingsoundwavesintodisplacementsofthebasilarmembranebythe amplifyingsystemprovidedbythetympanumandossicles. Answer: TRUE

EssayQuestions
1) Howwouldblockageoftheauditory(Eustachian)tubeatitsexitinthenasopharynxbylymphatictissue (adenoids)affectearfunctionandhealth? Answer: Blockageoftheauditorytubeleadstopainbecausepressurecannotequilibratebetweenthemiddleear andtheatmosphere.Also,fluidcanaccumulate(otitismedia)inthemiddleear,whichisalsopainful andpotentiallyinfective.Untreated,adenoidscanleadtoscarringofthetympanumandsomelossof hearing.
2) Janedevelopsacataractinoneeyeandgetsavisiontest.Hertestresultforthateyeisreportedas20/400.What doesthismean?Isaratingof20/20betterorworse? Answer: Avisualacuityof20/400meansthatJanecanbarelysee.Whatsheseesata20 -footdistance,otherswith normalvisionseeat400feet.Normalvisionis20/20vision.

3) Tracethepathwayofanerveimpulsefromtheeyetothecortex. Answer: ganglioncellopticnerve(cranialnerveI)throughopticchiasm lateralgeniculatenucleusof thalamusprimaryvisualcortex(occipitallobe)

4) Whatsixbasicstepsareinvolvedintheprocessofhearing? Answer: (1)Soundwavesarriveatthetympanicmembrane. (2)Movementofthetympanicmembranecausesdisplacementoftheauditoryossicles. (3)Movementofthestapesattheovalwindowestablishespressurewavesintheperilymphofthe vestibularduct. (4)Thepressurewavesdistortthebasilarmembraneontheirwaytotheroundwindowofthetympanic duct. (5)Vibrationofthebasilarmembranecausesvibrationofhaircellsandbendingofstereociliaagainstthe tectorialmembrane. (6)Informationabouttheregionandintensityofstimulationisrelayedtothebrainstemoverthe cochlearbranchofNVIII.
5) Sallysdriverslicenseindicatesthatshemustwearglasseswhenshedrives.Shedoesnotneedglassestosee objectsthatareclose.WhattypeoflensesareinSallyseyeglasses?Howdotheywork? Answer: Sallyisapparentlynearsighted(myopic)andneedsdiverginglensestocorrecttheconditionbymoving thefocaldistancebackintheeyetotheretina.

6) Eachofthespecialsensescanbeexpectedtodeclineinsomewayovertime.Describesomeofthechanges commonlyseeninthefunctionofthespecialsenseswithage. Answer: Olfactoryreceptorsarereducedinnumberandolfactoryglandsdeclineinactivity.Bothchangesreduce olfactoryacuity.Gustatorysensedeclineswithadeclineinthenumberoftastebudsandtastereceptors. Visionsuffersfromalossofretinalfunction,cloudingoflensandcornea,andlossoflenselasticity, leadingtosenilehyperopia(presbyopia).Hearingdeclinesduetoaccumulationofcerumen,scarringof thetympanum,arthritisoftheossicularchain,andlossofproximalhaircellsintheorganofCorti, leadingtohigh-tonedeafness.Balancedeclinesduetonerveproblems,fluidproblems,andvascular problems,leadingtofaultyordelayedvestibularinformation.Thatdeclinecoupledwithasluggishand weakmotorresponseincreasestheriskoffallsandconsequenttrauma.
Chapter18 TheEndocrineSystem MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Allofthefollowingaretrueofthenervoussystem,except thatitdoesnt A) respondrapidlytostimuli. B) respondspecificallytostimuli. C) communicatebythereleaseofneurotransmitters. D) respondwithmotoroutput. E) functionindependentlyoftheendocrinesystem. Answer: E
2) Endocrinecells A) areatypeofnervecell. B) releasetheirsecretionsontoanepithelialsurface. C) releasetheirsecretionsdirectlyintobodyfluids. D) containfewvesicles. E) aremodifiedconnective-tissuecells. Answer: C

3) Hormonesknownascatecholaminesare A) lipids. B) peptides. C) steroids. D) derivativesoftheaminoacidtyrosine. E) derivativesofreproductiveglands. Answer: D

4) Peptidehormonesare A) composedofaminoacids. B) producedbythesuprarenalglands. C) derivedfromtheaminoacidtyrosine. D) lipids. E) chemicallyrelatedtocholesterol. Answer: A

5) Allofthefollowingaretrueofsteroidhormones,except thatthey A) areproducedbythesuprarenalmedulla. B) arederivedfromcholesterol. C) areproducedbyreproductiveglands. D) bindtoreceptorswithinthecell. E) arelipids. Answer: A

6) Eachofthefollowinghormonesisanaminoacidderivative, except A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) thyroidhormone. D) thyroid-stimulatinghormone. E) melatonin. Answer: D

7) Extracellularmembranereceptorsareusedbywhichofthefollowingtypesofhormones? A) catecholamines B) peptidehormones C) eicosanoids D) thyroid E) A,B,andConly Answer: E

8) Steroidhormones A) areproteins. B) cannotdiffusethroughcellmembranes. C) bindtoreceptorsinthenucleusoftheirtargetcells. D) remainincirculationforrelativelyshortperiodsoftime. E) aretransportedintheblooddissolvedintheplasma. Answer: C

9) Whenacatecholamineorpeptidehormonebindstoreceptorsonthesurfaceofacell,the A) hormonereceptorcomplexmovesintothecytoplasm. B) cellmembranebecomesdepolarized. C) secondmessengerappearsinthecytoplasm. D) cellbecomesinactive. E) hormoneistransportedtothenucleuswhereitalterstheactivityofDNA. Answer: C

10) Hormonescanbedividedintodifferentgroupsbasedontheirchemistry.Thesecategoriesinclude A) peptides. B) steroids. C) eicosanoids. D) aminoacidderivatives. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

11) Hormonalactionsoncellsincludethosethataffect A) quantitiesofenzymes. B) activitiesofenzymes. C) synthesisofenzymes. D) gatingofionchannels. E) anyoftheabove Answer: E

12) Thelinkbetweenafirstmessengerandasecondmessengerinacellthatrespondstopeptidehormonesis usually A) cAMP. B) cGMP. C) adenylcyclase. D) aGprotein. E) calciumionlevels. Answer: D

13) Whenadenylcyclaseisactivated, A) ATPisconsumed. B) cAMPisformed. C) cAMPisbrokendown. D) B,C,andD E) onlyAandB Answer: E

14) Afterasteroidhormonebindstoitsreceptortoformanactivecomplex, A) adenylcyclaseisactivated. B) cyclicnucleotidesareformed. C) Gproteinsarephosphylated. D) genetranscriptionisinitiated. E) proteinkinasesareactivated. Answer: D

15) Themostcomplexendocrineresponsesinvolvethe A) thyroidgland. B) pancreas. C) suprarenalglands. D) hypothalamus. E) thymusgland. Answer: D

16) Hormonereleasemaybecontrolledbywhichofthefollowingfactors? A) bloodlevelofanion-likepotassium B) bloodlevelofglucose C) bloodlevelofahormone D) nervousstimuli E) anyoftheabove Answer: E

17) Changesinbloodosmoticpressurewouldmostaffectthesecretionof A) ACTH. B) ADH. C) oxytocin. D) TSH. E) LH. Answer: B

18) Regulatoryfactorsthatcontrolsecretionofadenohypophysealhormonesarereleasedbyneuronsatthe ________ofthehypothalamus. A) paraventricularnuclei B) supraopticnuclei C) medianeminence D) infundibulum E) geniculatebodies Answer: C

19) Thehypothalamuscontrolssecretionbytheadenohypophysisby A) directneuralstimulation. B) indirectosmoticcontrol. C) secretingreleasingandinhibitingfactorsintoatinyportalsystem. D) alteringionconcentrationsandpHintheanteriorpituitary. E) gapsynapticjunctions. Answer: C

20) Neuronsofthesupraopticandparaventricularnucleiofthehypothalamusmanufacture A) CRFandGnRH. B) TSHandFSH. C) ADHandoxytocin. D) FSHandPRL. E) GHIHandGHRH. Answer: C

21) Secretorycellsoftheadenohypophysisrelease A) FSH. B) TSH. C) ADH. D) GH. E) alloftheaboveexceptC Answer: E

22) Theposteriorpituitaryglandsecretes A) FSH. B) TSH. C) ACTH. D) ADH. E) MSH. Answer: D

23) Thehormoneproducedbytheparsintermediaoftheadenohypophysisduringearlychildhoodis A) FSH. B) ADH. C) TSH. D) MSH. E) ACTH. Answer: D

24) Eachofthefollowinghormonesisproducedbytheparsdistalisoftheadenohypophysis, except A) FSH. B) oxytocin. C) TSH. D) corticotropin. E) somatotropin. Answer: B

25) Thehormoneoxytocin A) promotesuterinecontractions. B) isresponsibleformilkexpressionfromthemammaryglands. C) triggersprostateglandcontraction. D) AandBonly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

26) Growthhormonedoesallofthefollowing,except thatit A) promotesbonegrowth. B) promotesmusclegrowth. C) causesfataccumulationwithinadipocytes. D) isglucosesparing. E) promotesaminoaciduptakebycells. Answer: C

27) Livercellsrespondtogrowthhormonebyreleasinghormonescalled A) gonadotrophins. B) prostaglandins. C) hepatichormones. D) somatomedins. E) glucocorticoids. Answer: D

28) Thepituitaryhormonethattriggersthereleaseofthyroidhormonefromthethyroidglandis A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH. Answer: A

29) Thepituitaryhormonethatcontrolsthereleaseofglucocorticoidsfromthesuprarenalcortexis A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH. Answer: B

30) Thepituitaryhormonethatpromoteseggdevelopmentinovariesandspermdevelopmentintestesis A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH. Answer: C

31) Thepituitaryhormonethatpromotesovariansecretionofprogesteroneandtesticularsecretionoftestosterone is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH. Answer: D

32) Thepituitaryhormonethatstimulatesmilkproductionbythemammaryglandsis A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) growthhormone. D) FSH. E) prolactin. Answer: E

33) Thepituitaryhormonethatstimulatescellgrowthandreplicationbyacceleratingproteinsynthesisis A) ACTH. B) MSH. C) prolactin. D) insulin. E) somatotropin. Answer: E

34) Thepituitaryhormonethatcausesthekidneytoreducewaterlossis A) TSH. B) FSH. C) MSH. D) STH. E) ADH. Answer: E

35) Whichofthefollowingisaknowneffectofthyroidhormoneonperipheraltissues? A) increasedoxygenconsumption B) increasedheartrate C) increasedsensitivitytoadrenergicstimulation D) increasedbodytemperature E) alloftheabove Answer: E

36) Thyroidhormonecontainstheelement A) fluorine. B) chlorine. C) iron. D) iodine. E) zinc. Answer: D

37) Mentalandphysicalsluggishnessandlowbodytemperaturemaybesignsof A) hyperthyroidism. B) hypothyroidism. C) hyperparathyroidism. D) hypoparathyroidism. E) beingaturtleonice. Answer: B

38) Thehormonethatplaysapivotalroleinsettingthemetabolicrateandthusimpactingbodytemperatureis A) somatotropin. B) thyroxine. C) calcitonin. D) parathyroidhormone. E) glucagon. Answer: B

39) Ahormonethatcanlowerbloodlevelsofcalciumionis A) parathyroidhormone. B) thyroxine. C) calcitonin. D) glucagon. E) oxytocin. Answer: C

40) Theconditionknownasgoitercanresultfromtoo A) muchinsulin. B) littleTSH. C) muchACTH. D) littleiodineinthediet. E) littleglucagon. Answer: D

41) TheCcellsofthethyroidglandproduce A) thyroxine. B) TSH. C) calcitonin. D) PTH. E) triiodothyronine. Answer: C

42) Increasedlevelsofthehormone________willleadtoincreasedlevelsofcalciumionintheblood. A) thymosin B) calcitonin C) PTH D) aldosterone E) cortisol Answer: C

43) Thehormonethatdoestheoppositeofcalcitoninis A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) growthhormone. D) parathyroidhormone. E) thyroidhormone. Answer: D

44) AngiotensinIisconvertedtoangiotensinIIbyconvertingenzymesinthe A) kidneys. B) liver. C) heart. D) lungs. E) blood. Answer: D

45) Theenzymereninisresponsiblefortheactivationof A) angiotensin. B) cortisol. C) erythropoietin. D) atrialnatriureticpeptide. E) adrenaline. Answer: A

46) Theparathyroidglandsproduceahormonethat A) stimulatestheformationofwhitebloodcells. B) increasesthelevelofcalciumionsintheblood. C) increasesthelevelofsodiumionsintheblood. D) increasesthelevelofpotassiumionsintheblood. E) increasesthelevelofglucoseintheblood. Answer: B

47) Thezonareticularisofthesuprarenalcortexproduces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine. Answer: A

48) Thezonafasciculataofthesuprarenalcortexproduces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine. Answer: B

49) Thezonaglomerulosaofthesuprarenalcortexproduces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine. Answer: C

50) Thesuprarenalmedullaproduces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) catecholamines. E) corticosteroids. Answer: D

51) Ahormonethatpromotesgluconeogenesis intheliveris A) aldosterone. B) erythropoietin. C) thymosin. D) cortisol. E) parathormone. Answer: D

52) Ahormonethathelpstoregulatethesodiumioncontentofthebodyis A) cortisol. B) parathormone. C) thymosin. D) somatotropin. E) aldosterone. Answer: E

53) Thepancreatichormonethatcausesbloodsugarlevelstofallis A) cortisol. B) somatotropin. C) insulin. D) glucagon. E) aldosterone. Answer: C

54) Toolittlesecretionofcortisolandaldosteronecauses A) goiter. B) diabetesmellitus. C) diabetesinsipidus. D) Addisondisease. E) Cushingdisease. Answer: D

55) Ahormonethatissynergistictogrowthhormoneis A) aldosterone. B) insulin. C) cortisol. D) calcitonin. E) renin. Answer: C

56) Pinealocytesproduce A) MSH. B) FSH. C) LH. D) melanin. E) melatonin. Answer: E

57) Whenbloodglucoselevelsrise, A) insulinisreleased. B) glucagonisreleased. C) peripheralcellstakeuplessglucose. D) proteinsynthesisdecreases. E) peripheralcellsbreakdownglycogen. Answer: A

58) Whenbloodglucoselevelsfall, A) insulinisreleased. B) glucagonisreleased. C) peripheralcellstakeupmoreglucose. D) proteinsynthesisincreases. E) bothBandD Answer: B

59) Cellsofthesuprarenalcortexproduce A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) aldosterone. D) ACTH. E) angiotensin. Answer: C

60) Thebetacellsofthepancreaticisletsproduce A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) somatostatin. D) cortisol. E) peptideP. Answer: A

61) Thedeltacellsofthepancreaticisletsproduce A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) somatostatin. D) cortisol. E) peptideP. Answer: C

62) Eachofthefollowingistrueofthepinealgland,exceptthatit A) isacomponentoftheepithalamus. B) isacomponentofthehypothalamus. C) secretesmelatonin. D) containspinealocytes. E) respondstolightanddarkness. Answer: B

63) Theexocrineportionofthepancreasproduces A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) somatotropin. D) digestiveenzymes. E) bile. Answer: D

64) Thepancreaticislets(isletsofLangerhans) A) containfourtypesofendocrinecells. B) makeupalmosthalfofthepancreas. C) producesomedigestiveenzymes. D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: A

65) Thepancreatichormonethatcausesbloodsugartoenteritstargetcellsis A) somatotropin. B) cortisol. C) insulin. D) glucagon. E) erythropoietin. Answer: C

66) Inabilityofthepancreastoproduceinsulinresultsin A) acromegaly. B) goiter. C) diabetesmellitus. D) diabetesinsipidus. E) Addisondisease. Answer: C

67) Theinterstitialcellsofthetestesproduce A) LH. B) progesterone. C) testosterone. D) inhibin. E) FSH. Answer: C

68) Folliclecellsintheovarysecrete________whenstimulatedbyFSH. A) estrogen B) progesterone C) testosterone D) inhibin E) gonadotropins Answer: A

69) Astructureknownasthecorpusluteumsecretes A) testosterone. B) progesterone. C) aldosterone. D) cortisone. E) androstenedione. Answer: B

70) Whenhormonesinteracttheycanproduceanyofthefollowingkindsofeffects, except A) antagonistic. B) synergistic. C) permissive. D) integrative. E) bucolic. Answer: E

71) ThehormonethatopposesthereleaseofFSHinbothmalesandfemalesis A) testosterone. B) LH. C) inhibin. D) aldosterone. E) somatostatin. Answer: C

72) Thehormonesthatareimportantforcoordinatingtheimmuneresponseare A) thymosins. B) corticosteroids. C) aldosterones. D) thyroxines. E) somatotropins. Answer: A

73) Whichofthesehormonesincreasesproductionofredbloodcells? A) cortisol B) erythropoietin C) thymosin D) aldosterone E) atrialnatriureticpeptide Answer: B

74) Propergrowthrequireswhichofthesehormones? A) thyroidhormone B) calcitriol C) insulin D) growthhormone E) alloftheabove Answer: E

75) Increasedaggressiveandassertivebehaviorisassociatedwithanincreaseinwhichofthesehormones? A) somatostatin B) thyroxine C) growthhormone D) sexhormones E) bothCandD Answer: D

76) Excesssecretionofgrowthhormoneduringearlydevelopmentwillcause A) dwarfism. B) rickets. C) gigantism. D) acromegaly. E) diabetesinsipidus. Answer: C

77) Thehormonethatdominatesduringthealarmphaseofthegeneraladaptationsyndrome(GAS)is A) testosterone. B) aldosterone. C) cortisol. D) thyroidhormone. E) epinephrine. Answer: E

78) Duringthealarmphaseofthegeneraladaptationsyndrome(GAS)thereis A) decreasedbloodflowtoskeletalmusclesandskin. B) decreasedmentalalertness. C) mobilizationofenergyreserves. D) increasedurinerelease. E) decreasedrateofrespiration. Answer: C

79) Ifstresslastslongerthanafewhours,anindividualwillenterthe________phaseofthegeneraladaptation syndrome(GAS). A) alarm B) resistance C) exhaustion D) extension E) prolonged Answer: B

80) Hormonesthatdominateduringtheresistancephaseofthegeneraladaptationsyndrome(GAS)arethe A) mineralocorticoids. B) androgens. C) glucocorticoids. D) catecholamines. E) gonadotropins. Answer: C

81) Duringtheresistancephaseofthegeneraladaptationsyndrome(GAS) A) lipidreservesaremobilized. B) proteinsareconserved. C) bloodglucoselevelsfalldrastically. D) levelsofgrowthhormonedecrease. E) levelsofinsulindecrease. Answer: A

82) Theexhaustionphaseofthegeneraladaptationsyndrome(GAS)ischaracterizedby A) decreasedresistancetodiseaseandinfection. B) increasingabilitytoproduceglucosefromglycogen. C) increasedpumpingeffectivenessoftheheart. D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: A

83) Cholecalciferolissynthesizedwithinthe A) bonemarrowoftheskeletalsystem. B) splenicpulpofthelymphaticsystem. C) endothelialliningsofthecardiovascularsystem. D) hypothalamusofthenervoussystem. E) epidermisoftheintegumentarysystem. Answer: E

84) Gapjunctions A) coordinateciliarymovementamongepithelialcells. B) coordinatethecontractionsofcardiacmusclecells. C) facilitatethepropagationofactionpotentialsfromonecelltothenextatelectricalsynapses. D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

85) ________arechemicalmessengersthatarereleasedinonetissueandtransportedinthebloodstreamtoalter theactivitiesofspecificcellsinothertissues. A) Hormones B) Neuropeptides C) Neurotransmitters D) Humoralantibodies E) noneoftheabove Answer: A

86) Inadequateiodineinthedietmayleadto A) hypothyroidism. B) cretinism. C) goiter. D) highbloodlevelsofTSH. E) anyoftheabove Answer: E

87) Cellscanrespondto________hormone(s)atthesametime. A) onlyone B) oneortwo C) threeorless D) many Answer: D

88) Norepinephrineandepinephrineareconsideredtobe________whenreleasedintothebloodstream,but ________whenreleasedatsynapses. A) hormones;neurotransmitters B) neuropeptides;neurotransmitters C) neurotransmitters;hormones D) neurotransmitters;neuropeptides E) neuropeptides;neurohormones Answer: A

89) Thekidneyssecrete A) renin. B) erythropoietin. C) calcitriol. D) alloftheabove E) bothBandC Answer: D

90) Theheartisknowntosecreteallofthefollowinghormones,except A) ANP. B) BNP. C) thymosin. D) thyroxine. E) bothCandD Answer: E

91) Thyroxineandcalcitoninaresecretedbythe A) kidneys. B) heart. C) thyroidgland. D) gonads. E) pituitarygland. Answer: C

92) Melatoninisproducedbythe A) thymus. B) pinealgland. C) kidneys. D) skin. E) heart. Answer: B

93) Akinaseisanenzymethatperforms A) phosphorylation. B) asamembranechannel. C) activetransport. D) bothAandB E) bothAandC Answer: A

94) AnactivatedGproteincantrigger A) theproductionofdiacylglycerol. B) theopeningofcalciumionchannelsinthemembrane. C) thereleaseofcalciumionsfromintracellularstores. D) afallincAMPlevels. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

95) Calciumionsserveasmessengers,oftenincombinationwiththeintracellularprotein A) calcitonin. B) calcitriol. C) calmodulin. D) calcium-bindingglobulin. E) calcitropin. Answer: C

96) Hormonescanoperateonthe________leveloforganization. A) cellular B) tissue C) organ D) organismic E) anyoftheabove Answer: E

97) Thefunctionalorganizationofthenervoussystemparallelsthatofthe________systeminmanyways. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) body D) muscular E) hepatic Answer: A

98) Thehypothalamusactsasbothaneuralanda(n)________organ. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) renal D) muscular E) hepatic Answer: A

99) Asimpleendocrinereflexinvolves________hormone(s). A) one B) five C) few D) morethan15 E) noneoftheabove Answer: A

100) Theactionofthyroidhormoneonatargetcellinvolvesallthesesteps except one.Identifytheincorrect step. A) bindingtoahormonereceptorintheplasmamembrane B) specifictransportintothetargetcell C) bindingtoacytoplasmicreceptorprotein D) activationofaspecificgene E) activationofmitochondria Answer: A
101) PRListo________asACTHisto________. A) prolactin;corticotropin B) oxytocin;mammotropin C) gonadotropin;mammotropin D) oxytocin;cortisol Answer: A

102) Ifadiabeticpatientreceivedtoomuchinsulin,thelowbloodsugarcouldbecorrectedbyinjecting A) glucagon B) GHIH. C) thyroidhormone. D) aldosterone. E) antidiuretichormone. Answer: A

103) Wheredoesthechemicalreactionbetweenthyroglobulinandiodinetakeplace? A) inlysosomes B) inroughendoplasmicreticulum C) inthelumenofthethyroidfollicle D) inpinocytoticvesicles E) inapicalmicrovilli Answer: C

104) Melanocyte-stimulatinghormone(MSH)issecretedbythehumanparsintermedia A) duringpregnancy. B) inveryyoungchildren. C) duringfetaldevelopment. D) insomediseaseprocesses. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

105) Thetwolobesofthepituitaryglandtogetherproducehowmanyhormones? A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9 E) 16 Answer: D

106) Thehormonethatmaybeslowlyadministeredbyintravenousdriptoacceleratelaboranddeliveryis A) oxytocin. B) prolactin. C) luteinizinghormone. D) justextrafluids. E) bothAandC Answer: A

107) TSHplaysakeyroleinthe________ofthyroidhormones. A) inhibition B) synthesis C) release D) bothAandB E) bothBandC Answer: E

108) Thecontrolofcalcitoninexcretionisanexampleofdirect________regulation. A) endocrine B) pancreatic C) homeostatic D) hepatic E) vascular Answer: A

109) Parathyroidhormonedoesallofthefollowing,except thatitdoesnt A) stimulateosteoclastactivity. B) inhibitosteoblastactivity. C) buildupbone. D) stimulatetheformationandsecretionofcalcitriolatthekidneys. E) enhancethereabsorptionofcalciumatthekidneys. Answer: C

110) Alphacellsareto________asbetacellsareto________. A) glucagon;insulin B) somatostatin;insulin C) insulin;glucagon D) glucagon;somatostatin E) pancreaticpolypeptide;insulin Answer: A

111) Whichofthefollowingsubstancesactivatesproteinkinasesandthusactsasasecondmessenger? A) insulin B) ACTH C) epinephrine D) cyclicAMP E) TSH Answer: D

112) Theprimarytargetofinsulinis A) skeletal,cardiac,andsmoothmusclecells. B) adipocytes. C) livercells. D) AandC E) A,B,andC Answer: E

113) Ingeneral,theeffectsofnatriureticpeptides________thoseofangiotensinII. A) increase B) oppose C) propose D) stabilize E) bothBandC Answer: B

114) Afterbrainsurgery,apatientreceivingpostoperativecareinanintensivecareunitbegantopasslargevolumes ofverydiluteurine.TheICUnurseadministeredamedicinethatmimicsoneofthefollowinghormones. Whichone? A) aldosterone B) epinephrine C) renin D) ADH E) cortisol Answer: D
115) Cushingdiseaseresultsfromanexcessof A) growthhormone. B) parathyroidhormone. C) ADH. D) glucocorticoids. E) epinephrine. Answer: D

116) Thetermusedtodescribeexcessproductionofurineis A) polyuria. B) polydipsia. C) hematuria. D) glycosuria. E) noneoftheabove Answer: A

117) Whichofthefollowinghormonesiswatersolubleandthereforebindstoextracellularreceptors? A) insulin B) epinephrine C) cortisol D) AandBonly E) A,B,andC Answer: D

118) TheprimaryfunctionofADHisto A) increasetheamountofsodiumlostatthekidneys. B) decreasetheamountofwaterlostatthekidneys. C) decreasebloodpressure. D) increasedigestiveabsorption. E) delayurination. Answer: B

119) ReductionoffluidlossesatthekidneysduetotheretentionofNa + istheactionof A) antidiuretichormone. B) calcitonin. C) aldosterone. D) cortisone. E) oxytocin. Answer: C

120) Thesuprarenalmedullaproducesthehormones A) synephrineandneosynephrine. B) epinephrineandnorepinephrine. C) corticosteroneandtestosterone. D) androgensandprogesterone. E) norcortisolandcortisol. Answer: B

121) Iftheadenylcyclaseactivityoflivercellsweremissing,whichofthesehormonescouldnolongerstimulate releaseofglucose? A) insulin B) epinephrine C) cortisol D) thyroxine E) leptin Answer: B

122) Increasedactivityofphosphodiesteraseinatargetcellwoulddecreaseitslevelof A) testosterone. B) estrogen. C) thyroidhormone. D) cAMP. E) progesterone. Answer: D

123) Destructionofthesupraopticnucleusofthehypothalamuswouldhavewhichresult? A) lossofADHsecretion B) lossofGHsecretion C) lossofmelatoninsecretion D) lossofemotionalresponse E) lossoflossofregulatoryfactorsecretion Answer: A

124) Alltargetcells A) havehormonereceptors B) respondtochemicalsignals C) secretehormones D) AandBonly E) A,B,andC Answer: D

125) Inpersonswithuntreateddiabetesmellitus, A) bloodglucoselevelsareveryhigh. B) excessivethirstisshown. C) glucoseispresentintheurineinlargeamounts. D) alargeexcretionofurineoccurs. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

126) Ifthemedianeminenceofthehypothalamusisdestroyed,thehypothalamuswouldnolongerbeableto controlthesecretionofwhichofthefollowinghormones? A) TSH B) ACTH C) PRL D) ADH E) A,B,andC Answer: E

127) Thehypophysealportalsystem A) hastwocapillaryplexusesconnectedbyshortveins. B) carriesneurosecretionstotheanteriorlobeofthepituitary. C) carriesADHandoxytocin. D) AandBonly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

128) Damagetocellsofthezonafasciculataofthesuprarenalcortexwouldresultin A) thelossofaxillaryandpubichair. B) increasedvolumeofurineformation. C) decreasedlevelsofsodiumionintheblood. D) decreasedabilitytoconvertaminoacidstoglucose. E) increasedwaterretention. Answer: D

129) Ariseincortisolwouldcauseanincreaseineachofthefollowing, except A) therateofglucosesynthesisbytheliver. B) therateofglycogenformationbytheliver. C) theleveloffattyacidsintheblood. D) fattyacidmetabolismbymusclecells. E) ACTHlevels. Answer: E

130) AriseinangiotensinIIlevelswouldresultinallofthefollowing,except A) elevatedbloodpressure. B) increasedretentionofsodiumionsatthekidney. C) increasedwaterretention. D) increasedurineproduction. E) increasedbloodvolume. Answer: D

131) Decreasedbloodflowtothekidneyswouldleadtowhichofthefollowing? A) increasedbloodlevelsofrenin B) elevatedbloodlevelsofangiotensin C) increasedbloodlevelsoferythropoietin D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: D

132) Ifapatientisadministeredapowerfulglucocorticoid(suchasprednisone)tosuppresstheimmunesystem, whatunintendedeffectsmightthishaveonbloodchemistry? A) increaseofinsulin B) decreaseofinsulin C) increaseofbloodglucose D) decreaseofbloodglucose E) bothAandC Answer: E

133) Whichofthefollowingmightoccurinanoverdoseofinsulin? A) glycosuria B) ketoacidosis C) highbloodglucose D) lowbloodglucose E) polyuria Answer: D

134) Whichofthesestatementsaboutmelatoninisfalse? A) exposuretolightinhibitsproduction B) exposuretolightstimulatesproduction C) inhibitsreleasesofGnRH D) producedbypinealocytes E) madefromserotonin Answer: B

135) Theconditionknownasseasonalaffectivedisorder(SAD)maybecausedby A) increasedlevelsofmelanin. B) increasedlevelsofmelatonin. C) increasedlevelsofmelanocyte-stimulatinghormone. D) increasedlevelsofgonadotrophins. E) bothBandD Answer: B

136) Shellyhasahormone-secretingtumorofthesuprarenalgland.Thetumoriscausinghertohaveadeepvoice, togrowextensivebodyhair,andtostopmenstruating.Thistumorprobablyinvolvescellsofthe A) zonaglomerulosa. B) zonafasciculata. C) zonareticularis. D) suprarenalmedulla. E) parsintermedia. Answer: C

137) Whichofthefollowinghormonesmayleadtoacromegalyifhypersecretedafterclosureoftheepiphyseal plates? A) cortisol B) parathyroidhormone C) insulin D) growthhormone E) epinephrine Answer: D

138) Whichofthefollowinghormonesincreasesandprolongseffectsofthesympatheticnervoussystem? A) cortisol B) parathyroidhormone C) insulin D) growthhormone E) epinephrine Answer: E

139) Whichofthefollowingorganscontaintargetcellsforoxytocin? A) prostate B) ductusdeferens C) mammaryglands D) uterus E) alloftheabove Answer: E

140) Beforethediscoveryoftheseglands,thyroidsurgeryoftenledtoarapiddropinbloodcalciumlevels,which triggeredmusclecontractionsandcardiacarrhythmias.Whatglandsaretheseandwhichhormoneislacking? A) thyroidglands;calcitonin B) parathyroidglands;calcitonin C) parathyroidglands;parathyroidhormone D) thyroidglands;levothyroxine E) parathyroidglands;levothyroxine Answer: C

141) WhichofthefollowingisnotanactionofTSH? A) stimulatesT3 andT 4 secretion B) stimulatesiodidetrappingbythyroidfolliclecells C) inhibitsT3 andT 4 secretion D) stimulatespinocytosisofcolloidbythyroidfolliclecells E) increasescyclicAMPconcentrationwithinthyroidfolliclecells Answer: C
142) Whichofthefollowingcooperatetopreparethemammaryglandsformilksecretion? A) prolactin B) estrogens C) progesterone D) placentalhormones E) alloftheabove Answer: E

Figure18-1PituitaryHormonesandTheirTargets UseFigure18-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 143) Identifythehormonelabeled4. A) thyroid-releasinghormone B) thyroid-stimulatinghormone C) thyroxin D) thyrotropin E) calcitonin Answer: B
144) Identifythehormonelabeled1. A) mineralocorticoid B) cortisol C) dopamine D) corticotropin(ACTH) E) aldosterone Answer: D

145) Adeficiencyofwhichhormonecanleadtodiabetesinsipidus? A) 3 B) 7 C) 2 D) 8 E) 14 Answer: E

146) Identifythehormonelabeled5. A) thyroid-releasinghormone B) thyroid-stimulatinghormone C) thyroxin D) thyrotropin E) parathyroidhormone(PTH) Answer: C

147) Identifythehormonelabeled13. A) LH B) progesterone C) estrogen D) oxytocin E) testosterone Answer: D

1) Theintracellularprotein________bindscalciumion.Thiscomplexcanthenactivateenzymes. Answer: calmodulin
2) Intheendocrinesystem,thefunctionalcounterpartsofneuralreflexesare________. Answer: endocrinereflexes

3) Peripheralcellsthatrespondtoahormonearecalled________. Answer: targetcells

4) Theposteriorlobeofthepituitaryisalsoknownasthe________. Answer: neurohypophysis

5) Theanteriorlobeofthepituitaryisalsoknownasthe________. Answer: adenohypophysis

6) Theadenohypophysiscanbedividedintothreeparts,thepars________,thepars________,andthepars ________. Answer: distalis;intermedia;tuberalis

7) Hormonesthatregulatethemaleandfemalereproductiveorgansarecollectivelycalled________. Answer: gonadotropins

8) Thetwolobesofthethyroidglandareconnectedbythe________. Answer: isthmus

9) Thethyroidglandiscomposedofmany________thatproduceandstorethyroidhormone. Answer: thyroidfollicles

10) Thyroidhormonesarestructuralderivativesoftheaminoacid________. Answer: tyrosine

11) Hormonesmaycirculatefreelyorbeboundto________proteins. Answer: transport

12) The________glandsitsalongthesuperiorborderofthekidney. Answer: suprarenal

13) Theouterlayerofthesuprarenalglandisthe________. Answer: suprarenalcortex

14) Theinnerportionofthesuprarenalglandisthe________. Answer: suprarenalmedulla

15) Thesuprarenalcortexproducessteroidhormonescalled________. Answer: corticosteroids

16) Receptorsfor________,peptidehormones,andeicosanoidsarefoundinthecellmembranesoftargetcells. Answer: catecholamines

17) Theendocrinesystemregulatesphysiologicalprocessesthroughthebindingofhormonesto________. Answer: receptors

18) Twohormonesthathaveopposingeffectsarecalled________. Answer: antagonists

19) Twohormonesthathaveadditiveeffectsarecalled________. Answer: synergists

20) Whenonehormoneisneededforasecondhormonetoproduceaneffect,itiscalled________. Answer: permissive

21) Hormonesthatproducedifferentbutcomplementaryresultsarecalled________. Answer: integrative

22) Thehormonethatdominatesthealarmphaseofthestressresponseis________. Answer: epinephrine

23) Theconsistentpatternofhormonalandphysiologicalresponsestostressesofdifferentkindsiscalledthe ________. Answer: generaladaptationsyndrome

24) Adipocytesproduceapeptidehormonecalled________thatactsonthehypothalamus. Answer: leptin

True/FalseQuestions
1) CortisolsuppressesreleaseofACTHfromtheanteriorlobeofthepituitary. Answer: TRUE
2) AngiotensinIItriggersreleaseofaldosteronefromthesuprarenalcortex. Answer: TRUE

EssayQuestions
1) Communicationbetweencellsiskeytoorganism-levelregulationoftheinternalenvironmenttomaintain health,thatis,nearlyconstantinternalconditions(homeostasis).Outlineandcomparetheintercellular communicationpathwaysthatfunctiontoprovidehomeostasis. Answer: Intercellularcommunicationoccurslargelythroughthenervoussystemandtheendocrinesystem.In general,thenervoussystemperformsshort-termcrisismanagement,whereastheendocrinesystem regulateslonger-term,ongoingmetabolicprocesses.Ideally,thenervoussystemcommunicatesbyan impulseoveranaxontoaneuronorsomeothereffector.Thisisaveryfastandspatiallyspecificprocess. Incontrast,theendocrinesystemreliesonblindlysendingoutchemicalmessagestothewholebody throughthebloodandinterstitialfluid.Thisprocessisslow,andreliesontheresponseofadifferent targetcell.
2) JanelivesinAppalachiaandsuffersfromhypothyroidism.Herthyroidglandisenlarged,herbody temperatureislow,andherhairandskinlookbrittleanddry.Bloodtestsshowverylowlevelsofcirculating iodine,T3,andT4,buthighlevelsofTSH.Whatisyourdiagnosis?Whattreatmentwouldyourecommend? Answer: Janeappearstosufferfromnutritionalgoiterduetoinsufficientiodineintake.Thisexplainsthelow thyroidlevels,theenlargedthyroid,andthehighlevelofTSH.Therecommendedtreatmentwouldbe iodizedsaltoriodidesupplements.

3) Whatdoesitmeantosaythatthepancreasisbothanendocrineandanexocrineorgan? Answer: Thepancreascontainsbothexocrineandendocrinecells.Cellsoftheendocrinepancreasformclusters calledpancreaticislets(isletsofLangerhans)andtheexocrinecellsclusterinstructurescalledpancreatic acini.Theendocrinecellssecreteattheirbasalsurfacesintotheinterstitialspace,exactlyoppositetothe exocrineglandcells,whichsecretefluidanddigestiveenzymesoutoftheirapicalsurfacesintotiny ducts.Thepancreaticisletssecretethehormonesglucagon,insulin,somatostatin,andpancreatic polypeptide,whichdiffuseintonearbycapillariesandthenreachcellsthroughoutthebodyviathe circulation.Thepancreaticexocrinesecretionsentertheintestineduringdigestionandplayakeyrolein bothprotectingtheepitheliumanddissolvingfoodparticlesintotheirconstituentbuildingblocks.
4) Describethefourpatternsofhormonalinteraction. Answer: Hormonescaninteractinoneoffourways:antagonistic interactionsopposeoneanother;synergistic interactionsenhancetheeffectsofeachhormone;permissiveeffectsoccurwhenonehormoneisrequired fortheothertofunction;andintegrativeeffectsoccurwhentheactionofahormonedifferswithdiffering targetorgans.

5) Describethethreephasesofthegeneraladaptationsyndrome(GAS)thatconstitutethebodysresponseto stress.Whichendocrinesecretionsplaydominantrolesinthealarmandresistancephases? Answer: Thethreephasesarealarm,resistance,andexhaustion.Duringthealarmphase,energyreservesare mobilizedandthebodypreparesitselfwithfightorflightresponses.Duringtheresistancephase, glucocorticoidsarereleasedto(1)mobilizelipidandproteinreserves,(2)conserveglucoseforneural tissue,(3)elevateandstabilizebloodglucoseconcentrations,(4)conservesaltsandwater,and(5)lose K+ andH + .Duringtheexhaustionphase,homeostaticregulationbreaksdown.Epinephrineplaysa dominantroleinthealarmphaseandglucocorticoidsaredominantintheresistancephase.
6) Whenpatientswhoarereceivingglucocorticoidtherapy(forexample,withprednisone)needtostoptakingit, thedoctorwillprescribeaseriesofdosesoftaperingsizetograduallylowerthedoseratherthansuddenlystop it.Explainthisdosagestrategyintermsofthenegativefeedbackcontrolofcortisolsecretion. Answer: Glucocorticoidsinhibittheproductionofcorticotrophin-releasinghormonebythehypothalamusand ACTHbytheanteriorpituitary.HighdosesofprednisonewillmeanthatlevelsofACTHinthepatient havebeenquitelow,andsothezonafasciculateofthesuprarenalcortexwillhavenotbeenstimulated forawhileandcantdomuchsynthesis.Byslowlyreducingtheprednisone,itgivesthepatientsown abilitytomakecortisolachancetorecoverandthuspreventscollapseofbloodpressureandother seriouseffectsofsuddenlywithholdingthecorticosteroid.
Chapter19 Blood MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Whichofthefollowingisafunctionoftheblood? A) transportofnutrientsandwastes B) transportofbodyheat C) transportofgases D) defenseagainsttoxinsandpathogens E) alloftheabove Answer: E
2) Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutbloodisfalse? A) containsbuffersthatcontrolpH B) normalpHis6.8to7.0 C) ismoreviscousthanwater D) isabout55percentplasma E) Noneoftheaboveisfalseallaretrue. Answer: B

3) Formedelementsmakeupaboutwhatpercentageofblood? A) 55percent B) 38percent C) 60percent D) 45percent E) 20percent Answer: D

4) Thecombinationofplasmaandformedelementsiscalled A) serum. B) lymph. C) wholeblood. D) extracellularfluid. E) packedblood. Answer: C

5) Wholebloodfortestinginaclinicallaboratoryisusuallycollectedfrom A) theheart. B) asuperficialartery. C) asuperficialvein. D) acapillary. E) anarteriole. Answer: C

6) Whencheckingtheefficiencyofgasexchange,itmaybenecessarytodrawabloodsamplefrom A) theheart. B) thelungs. C) anartery. D) avein. E) capillaries. Answer: C

7) Eachofthefollowingisacharacteristicofwholeblood,except a A) temperatureofapproximately38degreesCelsius. B) viscosityaboutthesameaswater. C) pHof7.4. D) built-insystemforclotting. E) deepredcolorfromhemoglobin. Answer: B

8) Thetotalvolumeofbloodinthebodyofa76-kgmanisapproximately________liters. A) 10 B) 6to8 C) 5.3 D) 4.4 E) 3.8 Answer: C

9) Apersonwhohasalowbloodvolumeissaidtobe A) hypovolemic. B) hypervolemic. C) normovolemic. D) isovolemic. E) antivolemic. Answer: A

10) Thechiefdifferencesbetweenplasmaandinterstitialfluidinvolvesthe A) concentrationofwater. B) concentrationofelectrolytes. C) concentrationofnitrogenwastes. D) concentrationofproteins. E) concentrationofglucose. Answer: D

11) Themostabundantproteinsinbloodplasmaare A) globulins. B) transportproteins. C) albumins. D) lipoproteins. E) fibrinogens. Answer: C

12) Plasmaproteinsessentialinbodydefensearethe A) albumins. B) fibrinogens. C) immunoglobulins. D) metalloproteins. E) lipoproteins. Answer: C

13) Aplasmaproteinessentialforbloodcoagulationis A) albuminalpha. B) fibrinogen. C) immunoglobulinA. D) metalloproteinD. E) lipoproteinC. Answer: B

14) Themostabundantcomponentofplasmais A) ions. B) proteins. C) water. D) gases. E) nutrients. Answer: C

15) Allthecirculatingredbloodcellsoriginateinthe A) heart. B) thymus. C) spleen. D) redbonemarrow. E) lymphtissue. Answer: D

16) Theprocessoflymphopoiesisgoesoninallofthefollowingorgans, except A) thespleen. B) thekidney. C) thelymphnodes. D) theredbonemarrow. E) thethymus. Answer: B

17) Granulocytesformin A) theintestines. B) thespleen. C) thethymus. D) redbonemarrow. E) yellowbonemarrow. Answer: D

18) Redbloodcellproductionisregulatedbythehormone A) thymosin. B) angiotensin. C) erythropoietin. D) M-CSF. E) renin. Answer: C

19) Whichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningredbloodcellsisfalse? A) Redcellsarebiconcavediscs. B) Redcellslackmitochondria. C) Redcellsareabout18mindiameter. D) Redcellsarespecializedforcarryingoxygen. E) Redcellscanformstackscalledrouleaux. Answer: C

20) Theaveragelifespanofaredbloodcellis A) 24hours. B) 1month. C) 4months. D) about1year. E) manyyears. Answer: C

21) Thefunctionofredbloodcellsisto A) carrycarbondioxidefromthecellstothelungs. B) carryoxygenfromthelungstothebodyscells. C) carrynutrientsfromthedigestivesystemtothebodyscells. D) defendthebodyagainstinfectiousorganisms. E) bothAandB Answer: E

22) Morethan95percentoftheproteininaredbloodcellis A) albumin. B) porphyrin. C) hemoglobin. D) immunoglobulin. E) fibrinogen. Answer: C

23) Thefunctionofhemoglobinisto A) carryoxygen. B) carrycarbondioxide. C) aidintheprocessofbloodclotting. D) A,B,andC E) AandBonly Answer: E

24) ________isaconditioninwhichtheoxygen -carryingcapacityofthebloodisreduced. A) Polycythemia B) Leukemia C) Anemia D) Leukopenia E) Thrombocytopenia Answer: C

25) Perniciousanemiacausedbyalackofintrinsicfactorisspecificallytreatedby A) oraldosesofiron. B) injectionsofiron. C) oraldosesofvitaminB12. D) injectionsofvitaminB 12. E) bloodtransfusion. Answer: D

26) Aredbloodcellthatcontainsnormalamountsofhemoglobinwouldbecalled A) hyperchromic. B) normochromic. C) hypochromic. D) normocytic. E) macrocytic. Answer: B

27) Theconversionoffibrinogentofibriniscatalyzedbytheenzyme A) fibrinogen-convertingenzyme. B) plasmin. C) factorVIII. D) thrombin. E) prothrombinase. Answer: D

28) Agedanddamagederythrocytesarebrokendownbythe A) spleen. B) liver. C) bonemarrow. D) digestivetract. E) A,B,andC Answer: E

29) Thewasteproductbilirubinisproducedfrom A) globinchainsofhemoglobin. B) hememoleculesplusiron. C) hememoleculeslackingiron. D) ironfoundinhemoglobinmolecules. E) abnormalproteinsfoundinredbloodcells. Answer: C

30) Mostoftheironthatisremovedfromdegradedhemoglobinis A) excretedbythekidneys. B) excretedbytheliver. C) excretedbytheintestines. D) recycledtotheredbonemarrow. E) storedinyellowbonemarrow. Answer: D

31) Inadults,erythropoiesisexclusivelytakesplacein A) theliver. B) yellowbonemarrow. C) redbonemarrow. D) thespleen. E) lymphoidtissue. Answer: C

32) Inadults,redbonemarrowislocatedinthe A) sternumandribs. B) diaphysisoflongbones. C) iliaccrest,bodyofvertebrae. D) A,B,andC E) AandConly Answer: E

33) Theprocessofredbloodcellproductioniscalled A) erythrocytosis. B) erythropenia. C) hemocytosis. D) erythropoiesis. E) hematopenia. Answer: D

34) Thedevelopmentalstageatwhicherythrocytesenterthecirculationisas A) hemocytoblasts. B) reticulocytes. C) bandforms. D) myeloidcells. E) proerythrocytes. Answer: B

35) ________areimmatureerythrocytesthatarepresentinthecirculation. A) Erythroblasts B) Normoblasts C) Myeloblasts D) Bandcells E) Reticulocytes Answer: E

36) Erythropoiesisisstimulatedwhen A) oxygenlevelsinthebloodincrease. B) oxygenlevelsintheblooddecrease. C) bloodflowtothekidneydeclines. D) bothAandC E) bothBandC Answer: E

37) Thepercentfractionofformedelementsrelativetowholebloodisthe A) viscosity. B) specificgravity. C) packedvolume. D) hematocrit. E) differentialcellcount. Answer: D

38) Atypicaladulthematocritis A) 85. B) 75. C) 65. D) 45. E) 25. Answer: D

39) Considertheseresultsfromabloodlabtest.Whichvalueismostlikelyabnormal? A) RBCs5.2million/l B) platelets280,000/l C) leukocytes8600/l D) hemoglobin10.7g/100ml E) hematocrit44percent Answer: D

40) Apersonsbloodtypeisdeterminedlargelybythe A) sizeoftheRBCs. B) volumeoftheRBCs. C) chemicalcharacterofthehemoglobin. D) presenceofspecificglycoproteinsonthecellmembrane. E) shapeoftheRBCs. Answer: D

41) PeoplewithtypeABbloodareconsideredtheuniversalrecipientfortransfusionsbecause A) theirbloodcellslackAandBantigens. B) theirbloodlacksAorBagglutinins. C) theirbloodisplentifulinAandBagglutinins. D) theyusuallyhaveverystrongimmunesystems. E) theyareusuallyRhnegative. Answer: B

42) Allofthefollowingaretrueofneutrophils,exceptthattheyare A) granularleukocytes. B) phagocytic. C) alsoknownaspolymorphonuclearleukocytes. D) importantincoagulation. E) activeinfightingbacterialinfections. Answer: D

43) Themostnumerouswhitebloodcellsinperipheralcirculationarethe A) neutrophils. B) eosinophils. C) basophils. D) lymphocytes. E) monocytes. Answer: A

44) Whitebloodcellsthatreleasehistamineatthesiteofaninjuryare A) neutrophils. B) eosinophils. C) basophils. D) lymphocytes. E) monocytes. Answer: C

45) ________arelargephagocyticwhitecellsthatspendmostoftheirtimeoutsidethebloodasfixedandfree phagocyticcells. A) Neutrophils B) Eosinophils C) Basophils D) Lymphocytes E) Monocytes Answer: E

46) Whichofthesedescriptionsbestmatchesthetermcolonystimulatingfactor? A) adheretocollagenbeneathendothelium B) helpercellsareonetype C) hormonethatregulatesbloodcellformation D) killbacteriausinghydrogenperoxide E) oftenelevatedinallergicindividuals Answer: C

47) Whitebloodcellsthatareincreasedinallergicindividualsarethe A) neutrophils. B) eosinophils. C) basophils. D) lymphocytes. E) monocytes. Answer: B

48) Ahormonethatstimulatesproductionofgranulocytesandmonocytesis A) M-CSF. B) G-CSF. C) GM-CSF. D) multi-CSF. E) thymosin. Answer: C

49) Ahormonethatstimulatestheproductionofneutrophilsis A) M-CSF. B) G-CSF(Neupogen). C) GM-CSF. D) multi-CSF. E) thymosin. Answer: B

50) Plateletsfunctioninallofthefollowing,except A) dissolvingaformedclot. B) formingtemporaryclumpininjuredareas. C) contractionafterclotformation. D) initiatingtheclottingprocess. E) releasingchemicalsthatstimulateclotting. Answer: A

51) Plateletsarepinchedofffromgiantmultinucleatedcellsinthebonemarrowcalled A) erythroblasts. B) normoblasts. C) megakaryocytes. D) myeloblasts. E) lymphoblasts. Answer: C

52) Plateletsare A) redcellsthatlackanucleus. B) bluecellsthathaveanucleus. C) largecellswithaprominent,concavenucleus. D) tinycellswithapolynucleus. E) cytoplasmicfragmentsoflargecells. Answer: E

53) Plateletsarestoredasareserveincaseofhemorrhagein A) thesplenicvein. B) thesplenicartery. C) thespleen. D) othervascularorgans. E) CandDonly. Answer: E

54) ________involvesacascadeofreactionsleadingtotheconversionoffibrinogentofibrin. A) Vascularspasm B) Theplateletphase C) Retraction D) Coagulation E) Fibrinolysis Answer: D

55) Mostoftheproteinfactorsthatarerequiredforclottingaresynthesizedby A) platelets. B) megakaryocytes. C) theliver. D) thekidneys. E) thespleen. Answer: C

56) Theextrinsicpathwayofcoagulationisinitiatedbythe A) stickingofplateletstodamagedtissue. B) activationofFactorVIIexposedtocollagen. C) releaseoftissuefactor(FactorIII)bydamagedendothelium. D) releaseofheparinfromtheliver. E) conversionofprothrombintothrombin. Answer: C

57) Theintrinsicpathwayofcoagulationisactivatedbythe A) stickingofplateletstodamagedtissue. B) activationofFactorVIIexposedtocollagen. C) releaseoftissuefactor(FactorIII)bydamagedendothelium. D) releaseofheparinfromtheliver. E) conversionofprothrombintothrombin. Answer: B

58) Thecommonpathwayofcoagulationbeginswiththe A) stickingofplateletstodamagedtissue. B) activationofaproenzymeexposedtocollagen. C) releaseoftissuefactorbydamagedendothelium. D) conversionofFactorXtoprothrombinase. E) conversionoffibrinogentofibrin. Answer: D

59) Theprocessoffibrinolysis A) activatesfibrinogen. B) drawstornedgesofdamagedtissueclosertogether. C) dissolvesclots. D) formsemboli. E) formsthrombi. Answer: C

60) Theenzymethatcandigestfibrinanddissolveaclotis A) thrombin. B) plasmin. C) heparin. D) fibrinase. E) phosphokinase. Answer: B

61) Tissuefactor(FactorIII)isafactorinthe________pathway. A) extrinsic B) intrinsic C) common D) retraction E) fibrinolytic Answer: A

62) Plasmathromboplastinisafactorinthe________pathway. A) extrinsic B) intrinsic C) common D) retraction E) fibrinolytic Answer: B

63) Whichofthefollowingvitaminsisneededfortheformationofclottingfactors? A) vitaminA B) vitaminB C) vitaminK D) vitaminD E) vitaminE Answer: C

64) Apersonwhoseplateletcountis40,000/lissufferingfrom A) thrombocytosis. B) leukocytosis. C) hemocytosis. D) thrombocytopenia. E) leukopenia. Answer: D

65) Amovingbloodclotiscalleda(n) A) embolus. B) thrombus. C) plaque. D) procoagulant. E) plateletplug. Answer: A

66) Areasinavesselwallwherelargequantitiesoflipidaccumulatearecalled A) thrombi. B) emboli. C) plaques. D) clots. E) occlusions. Answer: C

67) Whichofthesedescriptionsbestmatchesthetermplatelets? A) adheretocollagenbeneathendothelium B) helpercellsareonetype C) produceantibodiesinresponsetoantigens D) killbacteriausinghydrogenperoxide E) oftenelevatedinallergicindividuals Answer: A

68) Plasmaisclosestincompositionto A) urine. B) isotonicsalinesolution. C) sterilewater. D) CSF. E) interstitialfluid. Answer: E

69) Whichofthefollowingdrivesexchangeoffluidsbetweenthetissuesandtheblood? A) concentrationgradients B) osmosis C) hydrostaticpressure D) A,B,andC E) AandBonly Answer: D

70) Whichofthefollowingispresentinverylowlevelsinplasma? A) electrolytes B) platelets C) fibrinogen D) albumin E) aminoacids Answer: E

71) Whichoftheseisnotoneoftheformedelementsofblood? A) RBCs B) platelets C) antibodies D) lymphocytes E) basophils Answer: C

72) Eachhemoglobinmoleculecontains A) fouralphachains. B) onealphaandonebetachain. C) fourironatoms. D) onehemegroup. E) BandConly Answer: C

73) Plasmacomposesabout________percentofwholebloodandwatercomposes________percentoftheplasma volume. A) 55,92 B) 92,7 C) 92,55 D) 45,55 E) 50,50 Answer: A

74) Thyroid-bindingglobulinisanexampleofwhichkindofplasmaprotein? A) metalloprotein B) steroid-binding C) hormone-binding D) apolipoprotein E) transportalbumin Answer: C

75) Transferrinisanexampleofwhichkindofplasmaprotein? A) metalloprotein B) steroid-bindingprotein C) hormone-bindingprotein D) apolipoprotein E) transportalbumin Answer: A

76) Whichplasmaproteintransportsfattyacidsandsomehormones? A) translipin B) steroid-bindingprotein C) hormone-bindingprotein D) albumin E) gammaglobulin Answer: D

77) Whichplasmaproteintransportstestosterone? A) testostoferrin B) sexualin C) hormone-bindingalbumin D) apolipoproteinT E) testosterone-bindingglobulin Answer: E

78) WhichofthesedescriptionsbestmatchesthetermBlymphocytes? A) adheretocollagenbeneathendothelium B) helpercellsareonetype C) produceantibodiesinresponsetoantigens D) killbacteriausinghydrogenperoxide E) oftenelevatedinallergicindividuals Answer: C

79) Whichofthefollowingproteinsis(are)foundinplasma? A) prolactin B) luteinizinghormone C) insulin D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

80) Whichorgansecretesmostoftheplasmaproteins? A) pancreas B) heart C) kidney D) brain E) liver Answer: E

81) Youarecaringforanadultpatientwhoweighs48kg.Whatwouldherapproximatebloodvolumebe? A) 6.6L B) 6.0L C) 5.6L D) 4.8L E) 3.8L Answer: E

82) Themostabundantwhitebloodcellsare A) NBCs. B) plasmacells. C) ABCs. D) neutrophils. E) monocytes Answer: D

83) Whichofthefollowingbloodcountvalueswouldbeasignofanemia? A) 10,000WBC B) 3.5millionRBC C) 400,000platelets D) 5.5millionRBC E) AandDtakentogether Answer: B

84) Whichofthefollowingisnottrueofneutrophils? A) lessabundantthanlymphocytes B) canmakehydrogenperoxide C) canexitcapillaries D) candestroybacteria E) attractedtocomplement-coatedbacteria Answer: A

85) Whichofthefollowingistrueofbasophils? A) constituteabout1percentofWBCs B) granulescontainheparin C) granulescontainhistamine D) attractotherdefensecells E) alloftheabove Answer: E

86) WhichofthesedescriptionsbestmatchesthetermTlymphocytes? A) adheretocollagenbeneathendothelium B) helpercellsareonetype C) produceantibodiesinresponsetoantigens D) killbacteriausinghydrogenperoxide E) oftenelevatedinallergicindividuals Answer: B

87) Theyellowcolorthatisvisibleintheeyesandskininjaundiceresultsfrom A) excessiveamountsofbilirubinintheplasma. B) extensivebreakdownofRBCs. C) destructionofhemoglobin. D) theyellowpigment,carotene. E) A,B,andC Answer: E

88) Afterdonating0.5literofblood,onewouldexpect A) anincreasedreticulocytecount. B) anincreasedplateletcount. C) anincreasederythrocytecount. D) anincreasedneutrophilcount. E) increasedlevelsofclottingfactors. Answer: A

89) Eileenisastrictveganandthereforeeatsnoanimalproducts.Shedevelopsananemiathatherdoctorthinksis causedbyanutritionaldeficiency.Whichofthefollowingisthelikeliestcandidate? A) irondeficiency B) vitaminB12deficiency C) lackofintrinsicfactor D) vitaminKdeficiency E) vitaminB6 deficiency Answer: B
90) Ahematocritprovidesinformationon A) bloodtype. B) clottingfactors. C) formedelementsabundance. D) plasmacomposition. E) sedimentationrate. Answer: C

91) Inadults,theonlysiteofredbloodcellproduction,andtheprimarysiteofwhitebloodcellformation,isthe A) liver. B) spleen. C) thymus. D) redbonemarrow. E) yellowbonemarrow. Answer: D

92) ThemostnumerousWBCsinadifferentialcountofahealthyindividualare A) neutrophils. B) basophils. C) lymphocytes. D) monocytes. E) leukocytes. Answer: A

93) ApersonwithTypeAbloodhas A) antigenAontheRBCs. B) anti-Bagglutininsintheplasma. C) anti-Aagglutininsontheredbloodcells. D) AandBonly E) BandConly Answer: D

94) Hemolyticdiseaseofthenewbornmayresultif A) themotherisRhpositiveandthefatherisRhnegative. B) boththefatherandthemotherareRhnegative. C) boththefatherandthemotherareRhpositive. D) anRh-negativemothercarriesanRh-positivefetus. E) anRh-positivemothercarriesanRh-negativefetus. Answer: D

95) Eachhemeringinhemoglobinenclosesanatomof A) magnesium. B) calcium. C) iron. D) sodium. E) copper. Answer: C

96) Excessironisstoredintheliverandspleenas A) transferrin. B) hemosiderin. C) ferritin D) A,B,andC E) BandConly Answer: E

97) Whichofthesedescriptionsbestmatchesthetermeosinophils? A) adheretocollagenbeneathendothelium B) helpercellsareonetype C) produceantibodiesinresponsetoantigens D) killbacteriausinghydrogenperoxide E) oftenelevatedinallergicindividuals Answer: E

98) Inwhichofthefollowingsituationswouldyouexpectthebloodlevelofbilirubintobe elevated? A) apersonsufferingfromhemolysis B) analcoholicwithadamagedliver C) iron-deficientdiet D) A,B,andC E) AandBonly Answer: E

99) Ifbileductsareblocked, A) morebilirubinappearsintheplasma. B) bilirubinappearsintheskinandeyes. C) morehemolysistakesplace. D) A,B,andC E) AandBonly Answer: E

100) Whichoftheseproteinsfunctionstostoreortransportiron? A) hemoglobin B) ferritin C) hemosiderin D) transferrin E) B,C,andD Answer: E

101) Thediseasesicklecellanemiaisanexampleofwhatcanhappenif A) thedietisdeficientiniron. B) thereisinsufficienthemeinthehemoglobin. C) ageneforadulthemoglobinisabnormal. D) redbloodcellsbindtoomuchoxygen. E) hemolysisispreventedbyabadgene. Answer: C

102) Duringabacterialinfectionyouwouldexpecttoseeincreasednumbersof A) neutrophils. B) eosinophils. C) basophils. D) reticulocytes. E) thrombocytes. Answer: A

103) Thepusassociatedwithinfectedwoundscontains A) deadneutrophils. B) cellulardebris. C) tissuefluids. D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: D

104) SomeratpoisonscontainatoxinthatblockstheliversabilitytoutilizevitaminK.Animalsthatconsumethis poisonwoulddieof A) anemia. B) acidosis. C) hemorrhage. D) thrombocytopenia. E) starvation. Answer: C

105) Asubstancethatactivatesplasminogenmightbeusefulto A) causeclotstoformfaster. B) causeclotdissolutiontoproceedfaster. C) initiateclotformation. D) mimicheparin. E) recruitneutrophilstoaninfection. Answer: B

106) Howwouldremovalofcalciumionsfromabloodsampleaffectcoagulation? A) thecoagulationpathwaywouldbelackingarequiredcofactoratmanysteps B) coagulationwouldbeprevented C) noimportanteffectbecausemagnesiumcansubstituteforcalcium D) AandBonly E) AandConly Answer: D

107) WhenapersonwholivesatsealevelvacationsintheRockyMountains,youwouldexpect A) adropinoxygenlevels. B) thereleaseoferythropoietin. C) ariseinhematocrit. D) bothAandC E) A,B,andC Answer: E

108) Surgicalremovalofthestomachcouldcause A) hemophilia. B) perniciousanemia. C) thrombocytopenia. D) leukocytosis. E) jaundice. Answer: B

109) Maryistestedfortheamountofhemoglobininherblood.Thetestresultsindicatethatherhemoglobinlevelis 16g/dLofblood.Thisvalueindicatesthat A) sheissufferingfromanemia. B) shehasfewerredbloodcellsthannormal. C) herhematocritisprobablylowerthannormal. D) shemaybesufferingfromaformofleukemia. E) herhemoglobinlevelisnormal. Answer: E

110) Anobstructioninbloodflowtothekidneyswouldultimatelyresultin A) perniciousanemia. B) renalanemia. C) increasederythropoiesis. D) decreasederythropoiesis. E) increasedsensitivitytovitaminK. Answer: C

111) Theleveloferythropoietininthebloodwouldriseduetoallofthefollowing,except A) duringanemia. B) athighaltitudes. C) asaconsequenceofhemorrhage. D) duringperiodsoffasting. E) whenbloodflowtothekidneysisdisrupted. Answer: D

112) Whichofthefollowingisnottrueofmonocytes? A) aboutsamesizeasbasophils B) entertissuesandwander C) becomemacrophages D) arelonglived E) canphagocytizebacteria Answer: A

113) Whichofthefollowingwouldyouexpecttoseeinincreased numbersinaperipheralbloodsampleafter donatingaunitofblood? A) erythrocytes B) platelets C) reticulocytes D) lymphocytes E) neutrophils Answer: C
114) WhatarecommonsourcesofvitaminK? A) greenvegetables B) organmeats C) wholegrains D) intestinalbacteria E) alloftheabove Answer: E

115) Billwantstodeterminehisbloodtype,sohetakesafewdropsofbloodfromapuncturewoundinhisfinger andmixesitwithvariousantisera.Hisbloodcellsagglutinatewhenmixedwiththeanti -Aserabutnotwith theanti-Boranti-Dsera.Thismeans A) BillcouldreceivetypeA-negativebloodinatransfusion. B) BillcoulddonatebloodtoanindividualwithtypeABblood. C) BillisRhpositive. D) BillsplasmacontainsBagglutinins. E) A,B,andD Answer: D
116) PeoplewhosufferfromhemophiliaAfailtoproduceafunctionalFactorVIII;asaresult A) theylackafunctionalintrinsicpathway. B) theylackafunctionalextrinsicpathway. C) theylackafunctionalcommonpathway. D) theircoagulationtimesaremuchlongerthannormal. E) bothAandD Answer: A

117) AdigestivedisorderthatimpairsapersonsabilitytoabsorbvitaminKwillresultin A) lowlevelsofprothrombin. B) lowlevelsofFactorX. C) lowlevelsofthromboplastin. D) prolongedbleeding. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

118) Tomsuffersfromsevereliverdiseasesecondarytoalcoholism.Whichofthefollowingsignswouldyouexpect toseeasaresult? A) decreasedclottingability B) increasedlevelsofbilirubinintheblood C) reducedironstorage D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

119) Whichofthefollowingistrueofeosinophils? A) granulesstainwithaciddyes B) allergicpatientshavemany C) havebilobednucleus D) constituteabout2to4percentofWBCs E) alloftheabove Answer: D

120) Meganhasaninfectedpuncturewoundtoherfoot.Whichtypeofwhitebloodcellwouldyouexpecttobe elevatedinadifferentialwhitecellcount? A) neutrophils B) eosinophils C) basophils D) lymphocytes E) monocytes Answer: A

Figure19-1TheOriginsandDifferentiationofFormedElements UseFigure19-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 121) Identifythecelllabeled5. A) erythrocyte B) lymphocyte C) eosinophil D) basophil E) monocyte Answer: E
122) Identifythecelllabeled6. A) erythrocyte B) lymphocyte C) eosinophil D) basophil E) monocyte Answer: B

123) Identifythecelllabeled7. A) neutrophil B) lymphocyte C) platelet D) basophil E) monocyte Answer: C

124) Identifythecelllabeled3. A) eosinophil B) lymphocyte C) erythrocyte D) basophil E) monocyte Answer: A

125) Identifythecelllabeled2. A) lymphocyte B) eosinophil C) basophil D) neutrophil E) monocyte Answer: D

1) Afterbloodisfractionated,itscomponentsare________forthepurposeofanalysis. Answer: separated
2) Bloodvolumerepresentsabout________percentofapersonsbodyweight. Answer: 7
3) Neutrophilsusuallymakeupfrom________to________percentofthecirculatingwhitebloodcells. Answer: 50;70

4) Bloodisapproximately________percentformedelementsbyvolume. Answer: 45
5) Erythropoiesisisstimulatedbyakidney-derivedhormonecalled________. Answer: erythropoietin(EPO)

6) Hormonescalled________areinvolvedinregulationofwhitebloodcellpopulations. Answer: colony-stimulatingfactors

7) The________isaprocedurethatisusedtodeterminethenumberofeachofthevarioustypesofwhiteblood cells. Answer: differentialcount

8) Afibrinnetworkthatcontainstrappedbloodcellsandplateletsiscalleda(n)________. Answer: bloodclot

9) Plasminogenisconvertedtoitsactiveformbyanenzymecalled________. Answer: tissueplasminogenactivator

10) Reticulocytescompletetheirdevelopmentinto________inthecirculation. Answer: erythrocytes(orRBCsorredbloodcells)

11) Matchthetermwithitsdefinition. 1.albumins 2.globulins 3.immunoglobulins Answer: 1-B;2-C;3-A

A)antibodiesfordefense B)arethemostabundantplasmaprotein C)includemanytransportproteins
12) Endothelialcellsrelease________thatstimulatesmoothmusclecontractionandacceleratetherepairprocess. Answer: endothelins

13) ThenormalpHofbloodis________. Answer: slightlyalkaline(7.4)

14) ________isresponsiblefortheRBCsabilitytotransportoxygenandCO 2 . Answer: Hemoglobin

15) ________istheconditioninwhichtheoxygen-carryingcapacityofbloodisreduced,owingtoalowblood hemoglobinconcentration. Answer: Anemia

True/FalseQuestions
1) Bloodaidsintheregulationofbodytemperature. Answer: TRUE
2) Thebloodofafetusanditsmotherarealmostidentical. Answer: FALSE

3) Hemoglobincanbindandtransportfourmoleculesofoxygen. Answer: TRUE

EssayQuestions
1) HowdoesRhogampreventerythroblastosis fetalis (HDN,hemolyticdiseaseofthenewborn)? Answer: IfamotherwhoisRhnegativecarriesafetuswhoisRhpositive,shewillmakeantibodiesagainstitsRh RBCsafterbeingexposedtotheinfantsbloodduringlaboranddelivery.Bygivingadoseofanti -Rh antibody(Rhogam)justbeforeorafterdelivery,thefetalredcellswillbeagglutinatedandremoved fromthemotherscirculationbeforeherimmunesystemwillhavetimetomakeanti -Rhantibodiesthat wouldendangerhernextRh-positiveoffspring.
2) Whichoftheformedelementswouldincreaseafterthedonationofapintofblood? Answer: ReticulocyteswouldincreaseinnumberasadditionalnumbersofimmatureRBCsmoveintothe bloodstreamtocompensateforthereductioninbloodvolume.

3) Whydopeoplewithadvancedkidneydiseasecommonlybecomeanemic? Answer: Forthreereasons:(1)Damagedkidneysproducelesserythropoietinandsothereislessstimulationof themarrowtoproduceRBCs.(2)Also,erythropoietinismoreeasilylostintotheurinebyleakykidneys. (3)Finally,duringdialysistreatment,thepatientserythropoietiniswashedaway.Treatmentforkidney patientstodayincludesinjectionsofsyntheticerythropoietin.

Chapter20 TheHeart MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Bloodreturningtotheheartfromthesystemiccircuitfirstentersthe A) rightatrium. B) rightventricle. C) leftatrium. D) leftventricle. E) conusarteriosus. Answer: A
2) Bloodreturningtotheheartfromthepulmonarycircuitfirstentersthe A) rightatrium. B) rightventricle. C) leftatrium. D) leftventricle. E) conusarteriosus. Answer: C

3) Theearlikeextensionoftheatriumisthe A) ventricle. B) coronarysinus. C) coronarysulcus. D) auricle. E) atricle. Answer: D

4) Thecoronarysulcusisagroovethat A) markstheborderbetweentheatriaandventricles. B) markstheboundarylinebetweentherightandleftventricles. C) markstheboundarylinebetweentherightandleftatria. D) separatestheatrioventricularvalvesfromtheatria. E) separatesthecoronaryarteriesfromthecoronaryveins. Answer: A

5) Inthemiddleofthethoraciccavityisaregionoccupiedbytheheart,greatvessels,thymus,esophagus,and tracheacalledthe A) pleuralspace. B) pericardialspace. C) mediastinum. D) cardiacnotch. E) ventralcavity. Answer: C

6) Thecusps(leaflets)ofatrioventricularvalvesattachdirectlyto A) papillarymuscles. B) trabeculaecarneae. C) chordaetendineae. D) interatrialsepta. E) coronarysulci. Answer: C

7) Contractionsofthepapillarymuscles A) closetheatrioventricularvalves. B) closethesemilunarvalves. C) ejectbloodfromtheventricles. D) preventtheatrioventricularvalvesfromreversingintotheatria. E) ejectbloodfromtheatriaintotheventricles. Answer: D

8) Thevisceralpericardiumisthesameasthe A) mediastinum. B) parietalpericardium. C) epicardium. D) myocardium. E) endocardium. Answer: C

9) Mostofthemiddlelayerintheheartwalliscomposedof A) cardiacmyocytes. B) chondrocytes. C) epitheliocytes. D) fibrocytes. E) smoothmusclecells. Answer: A

10) Therightventriclepumpsbloodtothe A) rightandleftlungs. B) leftventricle. C) leftatrium. D) aorta. E) rightatrium. Answer: A

11) Theleftventriclepumpsbloodtothe A) lungs. B) rightventricle. C) rightatrium. D) aorta. E) pulmonarycircuit. Answer: D

12) Therightatriumreceivesbloodfromthe A) coronarysinus. B) superiorvenacava. C) inferiorvenacava. D) A,B,andC E) BandConly Answer: D

13) Bloodflowingintotheheartfromthevenaecavaeflowsnextthroughthe________valve. A) mitral B) bicuspid C) tricuspid D) pulmonarysemilunar E) aorticsemilunar Answer: C

14) Asbloodleavestherightventricleitpassesthroughthe________andthenintothepulmonarytrunk. A) pulmonaryveins B) conusarteriosus C) aorta D) inferiorvenacava E) superiorvenacava Answer: B

15) Thepulmonarysemilunarvalvepreventsbackwardflowintothe A) aorta. B) pulmonarytrunk. C) pulmonaryveins. D) rightventricle. E) leftatrium. Answer: D

16) Thebicuspidormitralvalveislocated A) intheopeningoftheaorta. B) intheopeningofthepulmonarytrunk. C) wherethevenaecavaejointherightatrium. D) betweentherightatriumandrightventricle. E) betweentheleftatriumandleftventricle. Answer: E

17) The________valvepreventsbackwardflowintotheleftatrium. A) semicaval B) semilunar C) bicuspid D) tricuspid E) pulmonic Answer: C

18) Thefunctionoftheatriumisto A) collectblood. B) pumpbloodtothelungs. C) pumpbloodintothesystemiccircuit. D) pumpbloodtotheventricle. E) bothAandD Answer: E

19) Comparedtotherightventricle,theleftventriclehasallthefollowingcharacteristics,exceptthatit A) hasathickerwall. B) isroundincrosssection. C) pumpsagreatervolume. D) worksharder. E) producesaboutsixtoeighttimesmorepressurewhenitcontracts. Answer: C

20) Thefollowingisalistofvesselsandstructuresthatareassociatedwiththeheart. 1.rightatrium 2.leftatrium 3.rightventricle 4.leftventricle 5.venaecavae 6.aorta 7.pulmonarytrunk 8.pulmonaryveins Whatisthecorrectorderfortheflowofbloodenteringfromthesystemiccirculation? A) 1,2,7,8,3,4,6,5 B) 1,7,3,8,2,4,6,5 C) 5,1,3,7,8,2,4,6 D) 5,3,1,7,8,4,2,6 E) 5,1,3,8,7,2,4,6 Answer: C
21) Thepulmonaryarteriescarrybloodtothe A) heart. B) lungs. C) brain. D) intestines. E) liver. Answer: B

22) Thepulmonaryveinscarrybloodtothe A) heart. B) lungs. C) brain. D) intestines. E) liver. Answer: A

23) Theforamenovaleinthefetalheartislocatedinthe A) rightatrium. B) leftatrium. C) rightventricle. D) leftventricle. E) interatrialseptum. Answer: E

24) Bloodissuppliedtothemyocardiumby A) thecoronarysinus. B) contactwithbloodinthepumpingchambers. C) thecoronaryarteries. D) arteriesthatbranchfromthepulmonaryarteries. E) bothAandC Answer: C

25) Thefirstbloodvesselstobranchfromtheaortaarethe________arteries. A) pulmonary B) coronary C) circumflex D) carotid E) subclavian Answer: B

26) Themarginalbranchandposteriorinterventricularbrancharebranchesofthe A) rightcoronaryartery. B) leftcoronaryartery. C) circumflexartery. D) coronarysinus. E) aorta. Answer: A

27) Thecircumflexbranchandtheanteriorinterventriculararteryarebranchesofthe A) rightcoronaryartery. B) leftcoronaryartery. C) interventricularartery. D) coronarysinus. E) aorta. Answer: B

28) Thegreatandmiddlecardiacveinsdrainbloodintothe A) superiorvenacava. B) inferiorvenacava. C) coronarysinus. D) coronarysulcus. E) aorta. Answer: C

29) Theheartisinnervatedby________nerves. A) parasympathetic B) sympathetic C) bothparasympatheticandsympathetic D) neitherparasympatheticnorsympathetic E) somatomotor Answer: C

30) Incardiacmuscle,thefastdepolarizationphaseoftheactionpotentialistheresultof A) increasedmembranepermeabilitytosodiumions. B) increasedmembranepermeabilitytopotassiumions. C) decreasedmembranepermeabilitytocalciumions. D) decreasedmembranepermeabilitytosodiumions. E) increasedmembranepermeabilitytochlorideions. Answer: A

31) Thelongplateauphaseofthecardiacmuscleactionpotentialisdueto A) movementoffewersodiumionsacrossthecellmembrane. B) calciumchannelsremainingopen. C) increasedmembranepermeabilitytopotassiumion. D) decreaseintheamountofcalciumdiffusingacrossthemembrane. E) increasedmembranepermeabilitytosodiumions. Answer: B

32) Incardiacmuscle A) calciumionsarenotreleasedfromthesarcoplasmicreticulum. B) calciumionsdonotbindtotroponinmolecules. C) calciumionsplaynoroleintheprocessofcontraction. D) atleasthalfofthecalciumionrequiredforcontractioncomesfromoutsidethecell. E) calciumionsplayanimportantroleinrepolarizingthemembraneafterthedepolarizationphase. Answer: D

33) Thenormalpacemakeroftheheartislocatedinthe A) Purkinjefibers. B) sinoatrialnode. C) atrioventricularnode. D) walloftheleftventricle. E) boththeleftandrightventricles. Answer: B

34) Thefollowingarestructuralcomponentsoftheconductingsystemoftheheart. 1.Purkinjefibers 2.AVbundle 3.AVnode 4.SAnode 5.bundlebranches Thesequenceinwhichexcitationwouldmovethroughthissystemis A) 1,4,3,2,5. B) 3,2,4,5,1. C) 3,5,4,2,1. D) 4,3,2,5,1. E) 4,2,3,5,1. Answer: D
35) ThePwaveoftheelectrocardiogramisasignalfrom A) depolarizationoftheSAnode. B) depolarizationoftheAVnode. C) depolarizationoftheatria. D) repolarizationoftheatria. E) depolarizationoftheventricles. Answer: C

36) Depolarizationoftheventriclesisrepresentedonanelectrocardiogrambythe A) Pwave. B) Twave. C) Swave. D) QRScomplex. E) PRcomplex. Answer: D

37) TheTwaveonanECGtracingrepresents A) atrialdepolarization. B) atrialrepolarization. C) ventriculardepolarization. D) ventricularrepolarization. E) ventricularcontraction. Answer: D

38) Analysisoftheelectrocardiogramcanrevealallofthefollowing,exceptthe A) heartrate. B) strokevolume. C) conditionoftheconductingsystem. D) effectsofdrugsandpoisons. E) durationoftheventricularactionpotential. Answer: B

39) Thefirstheartsoundisheardwhenthe A) AVvalvesopen. B) AVvalvesclose. C) semilunarvalvesclose. D) atriacontract. E) bloodenterstheaorta. Answer: B

40) Duringtheisovolumetricphaseofventricularsystole,the A) atriaarecontractingandtheventriclesarerelaxing. B) atrioventricularvalvesandsemilunarvalvesareclosed. C) bloodisejectedintothegreatvessels. D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: B

41) Duringthecardiaccycle,the A) PwaveoftheECGoccursbetweenthefirstandsecondheartsounds. B) QRScomplexoftheECGprecedestheincreaseinventricularpressure. C) secondheartsoundoccursduringatrialsystole. D) firstheartsoundcoincideswiththeQRScomplexoftheECG. E) bothBandD Answer: E

42) Thevolumeofbloodejectedfromeachventricleduringacontractioniscalledthe A) end-diastolicvolume. B) end-systolicvolume. C) strokevolume. D) cardiacoutput. E) cardiacreserve. Answer: C

43) Eachofthefollowingfactorswillincreasecardiacoutput,except A) increasedvenousreturn. B) increasedparasympatheticstimulation. C) increasedsympatheticstimulation. D) increasedheartrate. E) bothAandB Answer: B

44) Anincreaseinend-diastolicvolumeincreasesthestrokevolumeisawayofstating A) Robinslawoftheheart. B) Finchslawoftheheart. C) Starlingslawoftheheart. D) Sparrowslawoftheheart. E) Hawkingslawoftheheart. Answer: C

45) Whichofthefollowingwouldincreaseheartrate? A) increasedsympatheticstimulationofSAnode B) decreasedparasympatheticstimulationofnodalfibers C) increasedlevelsofepinephrine D) fasterdepolarizationofthepacemakerpotential E) alloftheabove Answer: E

46) Thephaseinthecardiaccyclewhenthemitralvalveisclosedandtheaorticvalveisopenisthe A) atrialsystole. B) earlydiastolicfillingphase. C) latediastolicfillingphase. D) systolicejectionphase. E) dicroticphase. Answer: D

47) Drugsthatblockthebeta-oneadrenergicreceptorswill A) increaseheartrate. B) decreaseheartrate. C) increasecontractility. D) increasecardiacoutput. E) decreasetheend-systolicvolume. Answer: B

48) Arteryisto________asveinisto________. A) efferent;afferent B) afferent;efferent C) toward;away D) afferent;away E) noneoftheabove Answer: A

49) Theheartbeatsapproximately________timeseachday. A) 1,000 B) 10,000 C) 100,000 D) 1,000,000 E) 10,000,000 Answer: C

50) Theheartpumpsapproximately________litersofbloodeachday. A) 8,000 B) 15,000 C) 20,000 D) 50,000 E) 100,000 Answer: A

51) Theheartisroughlythesizeof A) athigh. B) amansclenchedfist. C) thegallbladder. D) thehandofa10-year-old. E) Texas. Answer: B

52) Thewalloftheleftventricleisthickerthantherightbecause A) theleftventricledoesmoreworkthantherightventricle. B) theleftventriclepumpsagreatervolumeofbloodthantherightventricle. C) theleftventricleproducesahigherpressurethantheright. D) bothAandB E) bothAandC Answer: E

53) Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsmatchesthetermneartheleftfifthintercostalspace? A) pericardialcavity B) visceralpericardium C) apexofheart D) aorta E) rightatrium Answer: C

54) Thetermusedtodescribefluidcollectinginthepericardialcavitythatrestrictsthemovementoftheheartis knownas A) cardiactamponade. B) mitralvalveprolapse. C) pleuraleffusion. D) cardiomyopathy. E) pericarditis. Answer: A

55) Theinterventricularsulciandcoronarysulcuscontain A) fat. B) arteries. C) veins. D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: D

56) Intercalateddiscsservetotransfer________fromcelltocell. A) ioniccurrents B) actionpotentials C) theforceofcontraction D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: D

57) Cardiacmusclecellsandskeletalmusclecellsdifferinafewways.Whichofthefollowingis not oneofthem? A) Cardiacmusclecellsaresmallerinsize. B) Cardiacmusclecellshaveasingle,centerednucleus. C) Cardiacmusclecellsbranch. D) Skeletalmusclecellslackintercalateddiscs. E) Cardiacmusclecellslacktransversetubules. Answer: E
58) Theatrioventricularvalvespermitbloodflow A) inonedirectiononly. B) inbothdirections. C) inmanydirections. D) inoppositedirectionsontherightandleft. E) bothAandD Answer: A

59) DuringtheTwaveoftheelectrocardiogram,theventriclesare A) depolarizing. B) repolarizing. C) contracting. D) relaxing. E) bothBandD Answer: E

60) Coronaryveinsemptyintothe A) leftatrium. B) leftventricle. C) rightatrium. D) rightventricle. E) conusarteriosus. Answer: C

61) Thereare________pulmonaryveins. A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 E) noneoftheabove Answer: B

62) Ruptureofthepapillarymusclesintheleftventriclemayresultin A) mitralregurgitation. B) mitralvalveprolapse. C) bicuspidregurgitation. D) bicuspidprolapse. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

63) Whenthesemilunarvalvesclose,theAVvalvesthen A) close. B) open. C) makethethirdheartsound. D) bothBandC E) bothAandC Answer: B

64) The________deliver(s)bloodtothemyocardium. A) rightcoronaryartery B) rightcoronaryvein C) superiorvenacava D) leftcoronaryartery E) bothAandD Answer: E

65) The________ventriclehasagreaterworkloadthanthe________. A) left;rightventricle B) right;leftventricle C) right;systemiccirculation D) bothAandC E) noneoftheabove Answer: A

66) Theconnectivetissuefibersofthemyocardium A) addstrengthandpreventoverexpansionoftheheart. B) helpdistributetheforcesofcontraction. C) provideelasticitytohelpreturnthehearttoitsnormalsize. D) providephysicalsupportforcardiacmuscle. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

67) Bloodissuppliedtotheleftatriumbythe A) brachiocephalicartery. B) rightcoronaryartery. C) leftcoronaryartery. D) phrenicarteries. E) pulmonaryarteries. Answer: C

68) Aheartmurmurmightbecausedby A) aorticvalvestenosis. B) mitralvalveinsufficiency. C) pulmonicvalveinsufficiency. D) BorC E) AorBorC Answer: E

69) Aheartbeatlasts A) 3seconds. B) 370msec. C) 5seconds. D) 100msec. E) noneoftheabove Answer: B

70) PacemakercellsintheSAnode A) haveawell-definedrestingpotential. B) showaslowspontaneousdepolarization. C) areconnectedbygapjunctionstoatrialmyocytes. D) bothBandC E) bothAandC Answer: D

71) Thefirstheartsound(lub) A) isassociatedwithatrialsystole. B) isassociatedwithclosingofthemitralvalve. C) isassociatedwithopeningofthemitralvalve. D) isassociatedwithclosingoftheaorticvalve. E) isassociatedwithopeningoftheaorticvalve. Answer: B

72) PacemakercellsisolatedfromtheSAnodegenerateactionpotentialsat________beatsperminute. A) 2040 B) 4060 C) 80100 D) 100140 E) 140180 Answer: C

73) ________istoslowheartrateas________istofastheartrate. A) Tachycardia;bradycardia B) Bradycardia;cardiomyopathy C) Bradycardia;tachycardia D) Cardiactamponade;bradycardia E) noneoftheabove Answer: C

74) DepolarizationoftheatriacorrespondstotheEKGs A) Pwave. B) QRScomplex. C) QTinterval. D) Twave. E) S-Tsegment. Answer: A

75) ________istocontractionas________istorelaxation. A) Systole;diastole B) Diastole;systole C) Filling;relaxing D) Ejection;filling E) bothAandD Answer: E

76) Thestructurethatpermitsbloodflowfromtherightatriumtotheleftatriuminthefetalcirculationisthe A) foramenovale. B) interatrialseptum. C) coronarysinus. D) fossaovalis. E) ligamentumarteriosus. Answer: A

77) Bloodleavestherightventriclebypassingthroughthe A) aorticvalve. B) pulmonaryvalve. C) mitralvalve. D) tricuspidvalve. E) bicuspidvalve. Answer: B

78) Excessfluidinthe________causescardiactamponade. A) pericardialcavity B) visceralpericardium C) apexofheart D) leftventricle E) bothatria Answer: A

79) Tetanicmusclecontractionsdontoccurinanormalcardiacmusclebecause A) cardiacmuscletissuecontractsonitsown. B) neuralstimulationislacking. C) therefractoryperiodlastsuntilthemusclerelaxes. D) therefractoryperiodendsbeforethemusclereachespeaktension. E) potassiumchannelsoutnumbersodiumchannels. Answer: C

80) Strokevolumedependson A) enddiastolicvolume. B) thecontractilityoftheventricle. C) thepressurerequiredtopumpbloodintotheaorta. D) AandBonly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

81) Whichofthesecomparisonsbetweenskeletalandheartmuscleisfalse? A) bothhaveT-tubules. B) bothreleasecalciumionfromthesarcoplasmicreticulum. C) botharestriated. D) bothrelyentirelyonoxidativemetabolismforenergy. E) bothtriggercontractionbymembranedepolarization. Answer: D

82) Cardiacoutputcanbeincreasedbyallofthefollowingexcept one.Choosetheexception. A) decreasingejectionfraction B) decreasingendsystolicvolume C) increasingstrokevolume D) increasingejectionfraction E) increasingheartrate Answer: A

83) Duringventricularsystole,the A) atriaarecontracting. B) bloodisenteringtheventricles. C) AVvalvesareclosed. D) pressureintheventriclesremainsconstant. E) pressureintheaortaremainsconstant. Answer: C

84) Whentheleftventriclecontracts,thedistancefromtheapextothebase A) increases. B) decreases. C) remainsunchanged. Answer: B

85) Whentheleftventriclecontracts,thediameteroftheventricularchamber A) increases. B) decreases. C) remainsthesame. Answer: B

86) Asaresultofthelongrefractoryperiodinthecardiacactionpotential,cardiacmusclecannotexhibit A) tonus. B) treppe. C) tetany. D) recruitment. E) fatigue. Answer: C

87) Ataheartrateof60beats/minute,acardiaccyclelasts A) 60seconds. B) 60milliseconds. C) 1second. D) 370milliseconds. E) 630milliseconds. Answer: C

88) Drugsknownascalciumchannelblockerssuchasnifedipinecanbeusedto A) decreasetheforceofcardiaccontraction. B) decreasebloodpressure. C) dilatethecoronaryarteries. D) produceanegativeinotropiceffect. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

89) Cardiaccellsdamagedbyinfarctionwillshowwhichofthefollowing? A) switchtoanaerobicmetabolism. B) releaseofenzymesintothecirculation. C) releaseoftroponinTandIintothecirculation. D) releaseofMB-CKintothecirculation. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

90) Whenabloodclotformsonarupturedplaqueinacoronaryartery,theconditionisreferredtoasa(n) A) coronaryspasm. B) myocardialinfarction. C) coronarythrombosis. D) anginapectoris. E) pulmonaryembolism. Answer: C

91) Anincreaseintherateofactionpotentialsfrombaroreceptorswillreflexlyleadto A) increaseinheartrate. B) decreaseinheartrate. C) decreaseinbloodpressure. D) bothBandC E) bothAandC Answer: D

92) AVnodalcellsarepoorlyinterconnectedcomparedtocontractilecellsbuttheyhavebiggerdiameters. A) Thefirstpartofthestatementistruebutthesecondpartisfalse. B) Thefirstpartofthestatementisfalsebutthesecondpartistrue. C) Bothpartsofthestatementaretrue. D) Bothpartsofthestatementarefalse. Answer: A

93) Whichofthefollowingisgreaterduringleftventricularsystole? A) thepeakpressureintheventricle B) thepeakpressureintheaorta C) Neitherisgreater. Answer: A

94) Iftheconnectionbetweenthevagusnerveandtheheartiscut,whichofthesechangeswilloccur? A) heartwillbeatslower B) strokevolumewilldecrease C) cardiacoutputwilldecrease D) nodalfiberswilldepolarizemoreslowly E) noneoftheabove Answer: E

95) Heartrateiscontrolledbyneuronsofthecardiovascularcenterlocatedinthe A) pons. B) thalamus. C) medullaoblongata. D) hypothalamus. E) highercenters. Answer: C

96) Cardiacoutputisincreasedby A) moresympatheticstimulation. B) increasedendsystolicvolume. C) increasedstrokevolume. D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: E

97) Whichofthefollowingwouldbegreater? A) theend-diastolicvolumewhentheheartrateis150beats/minute B) theend-diastolicvolumewhentheheartrateis60beats/minute Answer: B

98) Acetylcholineslowstheheartbecauseit A) openspotassiumionchannelsinSAnodecells. B) openssodium-calciumionchannelsinSAnodecells. C) causesthepacemakerpotentialtodepolarizemorequickly. D) causesthepacemakerpotentialtodepolarizemoreslowly. E) AandConly Answer: E

99) Activationofwhichkindofreceptorcausesheartratetoincrease? A) alpha-onereceptor B) beta-onereceptor C) muscarinicreceptor D) beta-tworeceptor E) preganglionic Answer: B

100) Abnormallyslowdepolarizationoftheventricleswouldmostchangetheshapeofthe________inanECG tracing. A) Pwave B) Twave C) QRScomplex D) P-Rinterval E) R-Tinterval Answer: C

101) Thecardioacceleratorycenteractivatessympatheticneuronsandthecardioinhibitorycentercontrols parasympatheticneurons. A) Thefirstpartofthestatementistruebutthesecondpartisfalse. B) Thefirstpartofthestatementisfalsebutthesecondpartistrue. C) Bothpartsofthestatementaretrue. D) Bothpartsofthestatementarefalse. E) Bothpartsofthestatementaretrueandrelatetobrainstemcontrolofheartrate. Answer: E

102) IfthepacemakercellsintheSAnodebecomemorepermeabletopotassiumions,the A) heartratewillincrease. B) heartratewilldecrease. C) membranewilldepolarize. D) membranewillhyperpolarize. E) bothBandD Answer: E

103) IftheconnectionbetweentheSAnodeandAVnodebecomesblocked, A) theventricleswillbeatfaster. B) theventricleswillbeatmoreslowly. C) theventricularbeatwillremainunchanged. D) cardiacoutputwillincrease. E) bothAandD Answer: B

104) InordertoperformaCABG,acardiacsurgeonmust A) openthepericardialsac. B) visualizethevisceralpericardium. C) visualizetheparietalpericardium. D) bothAandB E) A,B,andC Answer: D

105) Whateffectwouldcompressingtheinferiorvenacavajustbelowthediaphragmhaveoncardiacfunction? A) Strokevolumewouldincrease. B) Cardiacoutputwouldincrease. C) Sympatheticstimulationoftheheartwouldincrease. D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: C

106) Whichoftheseistrueabouttheatrialreflex? A) alsocalledBainbridgereflex B) triggeredbyatrialmechanoreceptors C) triggeredbyincreasingvenousreturn D) dependsonsympatheticinnervation E) alloftheabove Answer: E

107) Whichofthesewouldcausestrokevolumetoincrease? A) whenvenousreturnisincreased B) whenvenousreturnisdecreased C) whendiastolicbloodpressureisdecreased D) bothAandC E) bothBandC Answer: D

108) Ifapatientstricuspidvalvewasleakingduringsystole,whatwouldhappen? A) regurgitationintotherightatrium B) regurgitationintothesuperiorvenacava C) diastolicmurmur D) AandBonly E) A,B,andC Answer: C

109) Davidsuffersfromaprolapsedmitralvalve.Thisconditionwouldcause A) increasedeffortbytherightventricle. B) increasedeffortbytheleftventricle. C) systolicmurmur. D) bothAandC E) bothBandC Answer: E

110) IfthereisacompleteblockbetweentheSAnodeandtheAVnode,howwouldtheECGbeaffected? A) TheP-Rintervalwillbeshorter. B) TheQRSdurationwillbelonger. C) TherewillbemuchbiggerPwaves. D) Theventricleswillstopbeating. E) TherateofPwaveswillbefasterthantherateofQRScomplexes. Answer: E

Figure20-1TheHeart UseFigure20-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 111) Identifythestructurelabeled19. A) tricuspidvalve B) pulmonarysemilunarvalve C) aorticsemilunarvalve D) bicuspidvalve E) ligamentumarteriosum Answer: B
112) Identifythestructurelabeled8. A) moderatorband B) pectinatemuscles C) papillarymuscles D) trabeculaecarneae E) chordaetendineae Answer: C

113) Identifythestructurelabeled6. A) cuspoftricuspidvalve B) pulmonarysemilunarvalve C) aorticsemilunarvalve D) bicuspidvalve E) ligamentumarteriosum Answer: A

114) Whichchamberreceivesoxygenatedbloodfromthepulmonarycircuit? A) 5 B) 10 C) 16 D) 13 E) both5and16 Answer: C

115) Identifythestructurelabeled21. A) bicuspidvalve B) pulmonarysemilunarvalve C) aorticsemilunarvalve D) ligamentumarteriosum E) tricuspidvalve Answer: D

Figure20-2CardiacCycle UseFigure20-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 116) WhatoccursatthearealabeledDonthegraph? A) AVvalveopens B) semilunarvalveopens C) diastolicrefillingbegins D) bothAandC E) bothBandC Answer: D
117) WhatvolumeislabeledGonthegraph? A) cardiacoutput B) strokevolume C) end-systolicvolume D) end-diastolicvolume E) bothBandD Answer: C

118) WhatoccursatAonthegraph? A) semilunarvalveopens B) semilunarvalvecloses C) AVvalveopens D) AVvalvecloses E) endsystolicvolume Answer: A

119) WhatvolumeislabeledEonthegraph? A) cardiacoutput B) strokevolume C) end-diastolicvolume D) end-systolicvolume E) totalcardiacvolume Answer: B

120) Whatoccursatthecircledlabel5onthegraph? A) peaksystolicpressure B) isovolumetricsystole C) isovolumetriccontraction D) ventricularrefilling E) increasedheartrate Answer: A

1) Theheartlieswithinthe________. Answer: pericardialcavity
2) Thesuperiorportionoftheheartwheremajorbloodvesselsenterandexitisthe________. Answer: base

3) Theinferiorpointoftheheartiscalledthe________. Answer: apex

4) Mostofthemassoftheheartliestothe________ofthemidline. Answer: left

5) Anequivalenttermforepicardiumis________. Answer: visceralpericardium

6) Theleftborderoftheheartisformedbythe________. Answer: leftventricleandasmallportionoftheleftatrium

7) Thewallofthe________restsonthediaphragm. Answer: rightventricle

8) Thespacebetweenthepleuralcavitiesiscalledthe________. Answer: mediastinum

9) The________separatesthetwoatria. Answer: interatrialseptum

10) The________issharedbythetwoventricles. Answer: interventricularseptum

11) Muscularridgesontheinnersurfaceoftheventriclesarecalled________. Answer: trabeculaecarneae

12) The________circuitcarriesbloodtoandfromthelungs. Answer: pulmonary

13) The________circuitcarriesbloodfromtheaortatotherightventricle. Answer: systemic

14) ________carrybloodawayfromtheheart. Answer: Arteries

15) ________carrybloodtowardtheheart. Answer: Veins

16) The________coverstheoutersurfaceoftheheart. Answer: epicardium

17) Themusclelayeroftheheartisthe________. Answer: myocardium

18) The________linesthechambersoftheheart,coverstheheartvalves,andiscontinuouswiththeendothelium. Answer: endocardium

19) Thepropertyofheartmuscletocontractintheabsenceofneuralorhormonalstimulationiscalled________. Answer: automaticity

20) Cellsthatspontaneouslymakeactionpotentialsmakeup________tissue. Answer: nodal(orpacemaker)

21) Thestructuresresponsiblefordistributingexcitationtothecontractilecellsare________. Answer: conductingfibers

22) Aslower-than-normalheartrateiscalled________. Answer: bradycardia

23) Afaster-than-normalheartrateiscalled________. Answer: tachycardia

24) Oxygenisaddedtobloodasitflowsthroughthe________circuit. Answer: pulmonary

25) Thecontractionphaseofthecardiaccycleiscalled________. Answer: systole

26) Therelaxationphaseofthecardiaccycleiscalled________. Answer: diastole

27) Astheheartrateslows,________getslonger. Answer: diastole

28) ________areabnormalheartsoundscausedbyturbulentflowthroughfaultyvalves. Answer: Murmurs

29) Thebackwardflowofbloodfromaventricletoitsatriumorfromaoutflowvesseltoitsventricleiscalled ________. Answer: regurgitation

30) Inmitralvalveprolapse,thecuspsofthemitralvalvearepushedintothe________atrium. Answer: left

31) ________iswhentheheartcantmaintainadequatecardiacoutput. Answer: Heartfailure

32) Thecardiac________isthedifferencebetweentherestingandmaximalcardiacoutput. Answer: reserve

33) The________isthevolumeofbloodinaventricleatthebeginningofsystole. Answer: end-diastolicvolume

34) The________istheamountofbloodinaventricleafterithascontractedandbeforeitbeginstorefill. Answer: end-systolicvolume

35) Theprinciplethatincreasingtheend-diastolicvolumeresultsinacorrespondingincreaseinthestrokevolume isknownas________. Answer: Starlingslawoftheheart

36) Theamountofbloodreturningtotheheartisthe________. Answer: venousreturn

37) Theterm________referstoblockageinthecoronarycirculation. Answer: coronaryarterydisease

38) Theamountofbloodremainingintheventriclewhenthesemilunarvalveclosesisthe________. Answer: end-systolicvolume(ESV)

39) ________isthesymptomgenerallybroughtonbycoronaryischemia. Answer: Anginapectoris

40) Inaprocedureknownasballoon________,aninflatableballoonattheendofacatheterisusedtopressplaque backagainstthevesselwall. Answer: angioplasty

41) Aprocedureinwhichalengthofthepatientsveinorarteryisusedtocreateadetouraroundanobstructionin acoronaryarteryiscalled________. Answer: coronaryarterialbypassgraft(or,CABG)

42) Oxygenisremovedfrombloodasitflowsthroughthe________circuit. Answer: systemic

43) Afinetubularwiremeshcalleda________maybeinsertedintoacoronaryvessel,holdingitopen. Answer: stent

44) Astheleftventriclecontracts,itbulgesintothe________. Answer: rightventricularcavity

45) The________isaremnantofanimportantfetalbloodvesselthatoncelinkedthepulmonaryandsystemic circuits. Answer: ligamentumarteriosum

46) Thehearthasfourchambers,twosmallthin-walled________andtwolargemuscular________. Answer: atria;ventricles

47) Thetwotypesofcardiacmusclecellsinvolvedinanormalheartbeatincludespecializedcellsofthe________ systemand________cells. Answer: conducting;contractile

True/FalseQuestions
1) Becausetheheartworkscontinuously,itrequiresanuninterruptedsupplyofoxygenandnutrients. Answer: TRUE
2) Thelong-termsuccessrateofangioplastygreatlyincreaseswiththeuseofstents. Answer: TRUE

EssayQuestions
1) BethWoodtellshernursingstudentsthatitisimportanttomonitorpatientsbloodpressurewhentheyare receivingverapamil(acalciumchannelblocker).Why? Answer: Calciumchannelblockersinhibitthemovementofcalciumionsfromtheinterstitialfluidintocardiac andsmoothmusclecells.Thiswouldcauseadecreaseinheartrate,strokevolume,andcardiacoutput. Theseinturnwouldlowerbloodpressure.Inaddition,thecalciumchannelblockerswouldalsoinhibit contractionofthesmoothmuscleinthewallofbloodvessels,causingthemtogetwiderandthusalso lowerbloodpressure.Becausebothheartandsmoothmusclecellsareinhibitedbyverapamil,itseffects onbloodpressureareparticularlypotent.
2) Ifapatientsrestingcardiacoutputis5.6l/minandonastresstestsheelevatedherheartratetoamaximumof 176beats/minwithastrokevolumeof115ml/beat,whatishercardiacreserve?Showyourwork. Answer: Cardiacreserveequalsmaximumcardiacoutputrestingcardiacoutput. MaximumCO=HRxSV=176beats/minutex0.115liters/beat=20.2liters/minute. Cardiacreserveequals14.6liters/minute.

3) ApatientsECGrecordingshowsaverylongP-Rinterval.Whatisthecauseofthisabnormalwavepattern? Answer: ThePwavemarksthetimeofatrialdepolarizationandtheQRScomplexsignalsventricular depolarization.BetweenthosetwoeventstheAVnodewasexcitedandtheactionpotentialwasspread throughtheconductingtissuetotheventricularmyocardium.AprolongedP-Rintervalsignifiesan usuallyslowconductionthroughtheAVnodeandconductingsystem,possiblyduetoinsufficientblood flow(ischemia).

Chapter21 BloodVesselsandCirculation MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Themuscularlayerofabloodvesselisthe A) tunicaintima. B) tunicaexterna. C) tunicamedia. D) tunicainterna. E) tunicaadventitia. Answer: C
2) Comparedtoarteries,veins A) aremoreelastic. B) havemoresmoothmuscleintheirtunicamedia. C) haveapleatedendothelium. D) havethinnerwalls. E) holdtheirshapebetterwhencut. Answer: D

3) Arrangethestructuresinthefollowinglistintheorderthatbloodwillencounterasitflowsfromtheoutput sidetotheinputsideofthecardiovascularflowcircuit. 1.venules 2.arterioles 3.capillaries 4.elasticarteries 5.mediumveins 6.largeveins 7.musculararteries A) 7,4,2,3,1,5,6 B) 6,5,1,3,2,7,4 C) 5,6,1,3,2,7,4 D) 2,7,6,3,1,5,6 E) 4,7,2,3,1,5,6 Answer: E
4) Capillariesthathaveacompleteliningarecalled A) continuouscapillaries. B) fenestratedcapillaries. C) sinusoidalcapillaries. D) sinusoids. E) vasavasorum. Answer: A

5) Capillarieswithaperforatedliningarecalled A) perforatedcapillaries. B) discontinuouscapillaries. C) fenestratedcapillaries. D) sinuses. E) vasavasorum. Answer: C

6) Exchangebetweenabloodvesselandthecellsthatsurrounditcanoccuronlyin A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) veins. D) venules. E) capillaries. Answer: E

7) Materialscanmoveacrosscapillarywallsby A) diffusion. B) filtration. C) reabsorption. D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: D

8) Bloodflowthroughacapillaryiscontrolledbythe A) vasavasorum. B) plexus. C) precapillarysphincter. D) thoroughfarechannel. E) venule. Answer: C

9) Bloodmovesforwardthroughveinsbecauseofallofthefollowing, except A) thepressureintheveinsislowerthaninthearteries. B) pumpingbythesmoothmuscleinthewallofthevein. C) therespiratorypump. D) valvesintheveinspreventingthebackwardflowofblood. E) muscularcompression. Answer: B

10) Metabolitesexchangebydiffusionwithtissuecellsinwhichofthefollowinglocations? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein Answer: C

11) Totalperipheralresistanceisrelatedtoallofthefollowing,except the A) lengthofabloodvessel. B) osmolarityofinterstitialfluids. C) flowcharacteristics. D) bloodviscosity. E) bloodvesseldiameter. Answer: B

12) Asbloodtravelsfromarteriestoveins, A) pressurebuilds. B) pressuredrops. C) flowbecomesturbulent. D) viscosityincreases. E) diameterofthebloodvesselsgetsprogressivelysmaller. Answer: B

13) Bloodflowtoatissuewillincreaseifthe A) levelofoxygenatthetissueincreases. B) levelofcarbondioxideatthetissuedecreases. C) veinsconstrict. D) arteriolesdilate. E) bothCandD Answer: D

14) Bloodpressureisdeterminedby A) measuringthesizeofthepulse. B) listeningcarefullytothepulse. C) estimatingthepressureneededtocloseoffanarterywithanexternalpressurecuff. D) estimatingthedegreeofturbulenceinapartlyclosedvessel. E) measuringtheforceofcontractionoftheleftventricle. Answer: C

15) Bloodpressureishighesthere. A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein Answer: A

16) Bloodpressureincreaseswithallofthefollowing,except increased A) cardiacoutput. B) peripheralresistance. C) bloodvolume. D) parasympatheticinnervation. E) forceofcardiaccontraction. Answer: D

17) Thedifferencebetweenthesystolicanddiastolicpressuresiscalledthe________pressure. A) criticalclosing B) meanarterial C) pulse D) blood E) circulatory Answer: C

18) Thebloodcolloidosmoticpressuremostlydependsonthe A) concentrationofplasmasodiumions. B) concentrationofplasmaglucose. C) concentrationofplasmawasteproducts. D) concentrationofplasmaproteins. E) numberofredbloodcells. Answer: D

19) Whichofthefollowingstatementsisfalse concerningthemovementoffluidbetweencapillariesandinterstitial space? A) Bloodhydrostaticpressureforcesfluidfromthecapillarytotheinterstitialspace. B) Bloodosmoticpressuremovesfluidfromtheinterstitialspacetothecapillary. C) Theosmoticpressureoftheinterstitialfluidislessthanthebloodosmoticpressure. D) Thehydrostaticpressureoftheinterstitialfluidislargelyunimportantindeterminingfluidmovement. E) Thenetfiltrationpressureisusuallyzero. Answer: E
20) Whenreninisreleasedfromthekidney A) angiotensinIisconvertedtoangiotensinII. B) angiotensinogenisconvertedintoangiotensinI. C) angiotensinIincreasessaltreabsorptionatthekidneys. D) bloodpressuregoesdown. E) bloodflowtothekidneysdecreases. Answer: B

21) Eachofthefollowingwillleadtoadecreaseinbloodpressure,except A) releaseofrenin. B) decreaseinbloodvolume. C) decreasedperipheralresistance. D) increasedlevelsofANP(atrialnatriureticpeptide). E) increasedlevelsofaldosterone. Answer: A

22) Eachofthefollowingwillcauseanincreaseinbloodpressure,except A) increasedlevelsofaldosterone. B) increasedlevelsofangiotensinII. C) increasedbloodvolume. D) increasedlevelsofANP(atrialnatriureticpeptide). E) increasedlevelsofADH(antidiuretichormone). Answer: D

23) Eachofthefollowingchangeswillresultinincreasedbloodflowtoatissue,except A) increasedhematocrit. B) increasedvesseldiameter. C) increasedbloodpressure. D) decreasedperipheralresistance. E) relaxationofprecapillarysphincters. Answer: A

24) Pulmonaryarteriescarrybloodtothe A) rightatrium. B) leftatrium. C) lungs. D) aorta. E) systemiccircuit. Answer: C

25) Pulmonaryveinscarrybloodtothe A) rightatrium. B) leftatrium. C) lungs. D) aorta. E) pulmonarycircuit. Answer: B

26) Whichofthefollowingobeystherulethatarteriescarrybloodawayfromtheheart? A) rightcoronaryartery B) leftcircumflexartery C) commoncarotidartery D) marginalartery E) leftdescendingartery Answer: C

27) Eachofthefollowingarteriesisacomponentofthecerebralarterialcircle,exceptthe A) anteriorcommunicatingartery. B) anteriorcerebralartery. C) posteriorcommunicatingartery. D) posteriorcerebralartery. E) basilarartery. Answer: E

28) Animportantarterythatsuppliesbloodtothebrainisthe________artery. A) internalcarotid B) externalcarotid C) mental D) azygos E) maxillary Answer: A

29) Bloodfromthebrainreturnstotheheartthroughthe________vein. A) vertebral B) azygos C) innominate D) internaljugular E) externaljugular Answer: D

30) Whichofthefollowingarecharacteristicsofcardiovascularregulation? A) bloodflowthroughtissuesmeetsthedemandforoxygen B) bloodflowchangestomatchtissueresponses C) changesoccurwithoutdrasticallyalteringbloodpressure D) bloodflowthroughtissuesmeetsthedemandfornutrients E) alloftheabove Answer: E

31) Stimulationoftheaorticbaroreceptorsreflexlyresultsin A) stimulationofthecardioacceleratorcenterinthebrain. B) increasedsympatheticstimulationoftheheart. C) increasedactivitybytheparasympatheticnervoussystem. D) stimulationofthevasoconstrictivecenter. E) increasedheartrate. Answer: C

32) Fearcanresultin A) increasedstimulationofthecardioinhibitorycenterbyhigherbraincenters. B) increasedstimulationofthecardioacceleratorcenterbyhigherbraincenters. C) increasedheartrate. D) decreasedbloodpressure. E) bothBandC Answer: B

33) Duringexercise A) vasodilationoccursattheactiveskeletalmuscles. B) venousreturnincreases. C) bothcardiacoutputandstrokevolumeincrease. D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

34) Inresponsetohemorrhage,thereis A) peripheralvasoconstriction. B) increasedparasympatheticstimulationoftheheart. C) mobilizationofthevenousreserve. D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: E

35) Thehormonethatproducescardiovasculareffectssimilartoactivationofthesympatheticnervoussystemis: A) acetylcholine. B) epinephrine. C) bradykinin. D) tachykinin. E) sympatheticneuropeptide. Answer: B

36) Homeostaticmechanismsinresponsetobloodlossincludeallofthefollowing,except A) uptakeofinterstitialfluidduetoreducedcapillarypressure. B) inhibitionofEPOsecretion. C) activationofADHsecretion. D) activationofaldosteronesecretion. E) increasedthirstandwaterintake. Answer: B

37) Branchesofftheaorticarchincludethe A) brachiocephalictrunk. B) leftsubclavianartery. C) leftcommoncarotidartery. D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: D

38) Majorbranchesofthesubclavianarteryincludethe________artery(ies). A) radial B) brachial C) lateralthoracic D) digital E) bothBandC Answer: C

39) Afterpassingthefirstrib,thesubclavianarterybecomesthe________artery. A) radial B) ulnar C) brachial D) axillary E) digital Answer: D

40) Afterenteringthearm,theaxillaryarterybecomesthe________artery. A) radial B) ulnar C) brachial D) subclavian E) digital Answer: C

41) Thebrachialarterybranchestoformtheradialand________arteries. A) axillary B) digital C) ulnar D) subclavian E) brachiocephalic Answer: C

42) Thetwovertebralarteriesfusetoformalargeartery,the A) circleofWillis. B) commoncarotidartery. C) externalcarotidartery. D) internalcarotidartery. E) basilarartery. Answer: E

43) Theinternalcarotidsandthebasilararteryareinterconnectedbyananastomosiscalledthe A) commoncarotidartery. B) basalring. C) cerebralarterialcircle. D) externalcarotidartery. E) arterialbypass Answer: C

44) Nearthecarotidsinus, A) thecommoncarotiddividesintoaninternalandanexternalbranch. B) theinternalcarotidsfusewiththevertebralarteries. C) theexternalcarotidformstheinternalcarotid. D) veinsandarteriesanastomose. E) theaortagivesrisetothecommoncarotids. Answer: A

45) The________dividestheaortaintothethoracicaortaandtheabdominalaorta. A) pericardium B) mediastinum C) diaphragm D) peritoneum E) pleura Answer: C

46) Branchesofthethoracicaortaincludeallofthefollowing,except the________arteries. A) basilar B) superiorphrenic C) esophageal D) bronchial E) intercostal Answer: A

47) NearthelevelofvertebraL4 ,theaortabranchestoformthe________arteries. A) commoncarotid B) commoniliac C) femoral D) tibial E) popliteal Answer: B

48) Theexternaliliacarterybranchestoformthe________arteries. A) radialandulnar B) femoralandpopliteal C) femoralandtibial D) tibialandpopliteal E) femoralanddeepfemoral Answer: E

49) Attheknee,thefemoralarterybecomesthe________artery. A) iliac B) deepfemoral C) popliteal D) tibial E) peroneal Answer: C

50) Branchesofthepoplitealarteryincludethe A) femoralartery. B) fibularartery. C) iliacartery. D) dorsalispedis. E) plantararch. Answer: B

51) Thevesselthatreceivesbloodfromthehead,neck,chest,shoulders,andarmsisthe A) internaljugularvein. B) externaljugularvein. C) superiorvenacava. D) inferiorvenacava. E) coronarysinus. Answer: C

52) Veinsofthebrainemptyinto A) coronarysinuses. B) duralsinuses. C) thecircleofWillis. D) externaljugularveins. E) vertebralveins. Answer: B

53) Thesuperiorsagittalsinuscollectsbloodfromthe A) heart. B) lungs. C) brain. D) arms. E) legs. Answer: C

54) Veinsoftheupperarmincludethe________vein(s). A) basilic B) cephalic C) brachial D) AandConly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

55) Whichofthefollowingisadeepveinoftheforearm? A) azygos B) hemiazygos C) cephalic D) radial E) basilic Answer: D

56) Theradialandulnarveinsfusetoformthe________vein. A) azygos B) hemiazygos C) axillary D) brachial E) basilic Answer: D

57) Atthelevelofthefirstrib,theaxillaryveinbecomesthe________vein. A) cephalic B) azygos C) subclavian D) innominate E) externaljugular Answer: C

58) Theveinthatisformedfromthefusionofthesubclavianwiththeinternalandexternaljugularsisthe________ vein. A) azygos B) hemiazygos C) axillary D) iliac E) brachiocephalic Answer: E

59) Thefusionofthebrachiocephalicveinsformsthe A) inferiorvenacava. B) superiorvenacava. C) innominatevein. D) subclavianvein. E) azygosvein. Answer: B

60) Whichofthesecontributestotheformationofthepoplitealvein? A) internaliliac B) smallsaphenousandgreatsaphenous C) anteriorandposteriortibialandfibular D) peronealandpopliteal E) greatsaphenousandposteriortibial Answer: C

61) Bloodfromcapillariesonthesuperiorsurfaceofthefootdrainintoa(n) A) plantarvein. B) dorsalvenousarch. C) smallsaphenousvein. D) peronealvein. E) iliacvein. Answer: B

62) Bloodfromthedorsalvenousarchisdrainedbythe________vein(s). A) smallsaphenous B) posteriortibial C) greatsaphenous D) A,B,andC E) AandConly Answer: A

63) Attheknee,thesmallsaphenous,tibial,andfibularveinsunitetoformthe________vein. A) femoral B) popliteal C) externaliliac D) internaliliac E) inferiorvenacava Answer: B

64) Whenthepoplitealveinreachesthefemur,itbecomesthe________vein. A) femoral B) deepfemoral C) internaliliac D) externaliliac E) lumbar Answer: A

65) The________veinisformedbythefusionofthegreatersaphenousvein,femoralvein,anddeepfemoralvein. A) internaliliac B) externaliliac C) commoniliac D) inferiorvenacava E) azygous Answer: B

66) Thetwocommoniliacveinsformthe A) femoralvein. B) greatersaphenousvein. C) inferiorvenacava. D) hepaticportalvein. E) innominatevein. Answer: C

67) Nutrientsfromthedigestivetractenterthe A) inferiorvenacava. B) superiorvenacava. C) hepaticportalvein. D) hepaticvein. E) azygosvein. Answer: C

68) Elderlyindividualsusuallyhave A) reducedhematocrits. B) stiffinelasticarteries. C) increasedbloodpressure. D) decreasedcardiacreserve. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

69) Elderlyindividualsaremorepronethanareyoungerindividualstohaveallofthefollowing, except A) hypertension. B) venousthrombosis. C) increasedelasticityofvesselwalls. D) problemswiththeconductingsystemoftheheart. E) arteriosclerosis. Answer: C

70) Whichofthefollowingfactorswillincrease thenetfiltrationpressuretomovefluidoutofcapillaries? A) decreasedplasmaalbumen B) increasedbloodhydrostaticpressure C) increasedtissuehydrostaticpressure D) bothAandB E) A,B,andC Answer: D

71) Thesmallestarterialbranchesarecalledthe A) precapillaryarterioles. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins. Answer: A

72) Thelayerbetweenthetunicamediaandthetunicaexternainalargearteryisthe A) tunicaintima. B) externalelasticmembrane. C) tunicamedia. D) internalelasticmembrane. E) tunicaexterna. Answer: B

73) Thethoroughfarechannelendsatthe A) artery. B) arteriole. C) capillary. D) venule. E) vein. Answer: D

74) Whichofthefollowinglayersofavesselcontainscollagenfiberswithscatteredbandsofelasticfibers? A) tunicaintima B) externalelasticmembrane C) tunicamedia D) internalelasticmembrane E) tunicaexterna Answer: E

75) Afterbloodleavesthecapillaries,itentersthe A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins. Answer: D

76) Whichlayerofabloodvesselcontainsconcentricsheetsofsmoothmuscletissue? A) tunicaintima B) externalelasticmembrane C) tunicamedia D) internalelasticmembrane E) tunicaexterna Answer: C

77) Thelargevesselsthatreturnbloodtotheheartarecalled A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins. Answer: E

78) Inlargearteries,thethicklayerofelasticfibersiscalledthe A) tunicaintima. B) externalelasticmembrane. C) tunicamedia. D) internalelasticmembrane. E) tunicaexterna. Answer: D

79) Whichofthefollowingistheinnermostlayerofabloodvessel? A) tunicaintima B) externalelasticmembrane C) tunicamedia D) internalelasticmembrane E) tunicaexterna Answer: A

80) RBCsmovesinglefilethroughthisstructure. A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein Answer: C

81) Themaincontrolofperipheralresistanceoccursinthe A) artery. B) arteriole. C) capillary. D) venule. E) vein. Answer: B

82) Thecommoniliacarteryisanexampleofwhichtypeofartery? A) arteriolar B) elastic C) connective D) muscular E) vascular Answer: B

83) Whichofthefollowinglumendiameterswouldbetypicalofamuscularartery? A) 0.2mm B) 1.0cm C) 0.4mm D) 0.4cm E) noneoftheabove Answer: D

84) Thebrachialandfemoralarteriesareexamplesofwhichtypeofartery? A) arteriolar B) elastic C) connective D) muscular E) vascular Answer: D

85) Whichvesselisknownasaresistancevessel? A) arteriole B) elastic C) connective D) muscular E) venule Answer: A

86) Elasticfibersinthewallsofthesevesselsarestretchedduringsystole. A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins Answer: A

87) Whichofthefollowingismostlikelytoresultfromananeurysminabrainartery? A) hypotension B) quadriplegia C) stroke D) myocardialinfarction E) pulmonaryembolism Answer: C

88) Complicationsrelatedtoarteriosclerosisaccountforroughly________percentofdeathsintheUnitedStates. A) 30 B) 60 C) 20 D) 50 E) 25 Answer: D

89) Thesevesselsholdthelargestpercentageofthebloodsupply. A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein Answer: E

90) Arteriosclerosiscanleadto A) hypertension. B) stroke. C) coronaryarterydisease. D) bothAandC E) A,B,andC Answer: E

91) Aveinthatmeasures5mmwouldbeconsidered A) alargevein. B) avenule. C) amediumvein. D) anarteriovenule. E) avenousvalve. Answer: C

92) Thevascularpressurethatdeclinesfromroughly35mmHgtoabout18mmHgisthe A) venouspressure. B) capillaryhydrostaticpressure. C) diastolicpressure. D) peripheralpressure. E) pulsepressure. Answer: B

93) Theinferiorvenacavaisclassifiedasa(n) A) largevein. B) venule. C) mediumvein. D) arteriovenule. E) venousvalve. Answer: A

94) Whichofthefollowingarethesmallestvenousvessels? A) largeveins B) venules C) mediumveins D) arteriovenules E) venousvalves Answer: B

95) Clinically,thetermbloodpressureusuallyrefersto A) arteriovenouspressure. B) capillaryhydrostaticpressure. C) arterialpressure. D) peripheralpressure. E) pulsepressure Answer: C

96) Venousvalvesareresponsiblefor A) preventinganterogradeflow. B) channelingbloodawayfromtheheart. C) channelingbloodtowardtheheart. D) bothAandB E) bothAandC Answer: C

97) Venoconstriction________theamountofbloodwithinthevenoussystem,which________thevolumeinthe arterialandcapillarysystems. A) doubles;decreases B) reduces;increases C) decreases;doubles D) increases;reduces E) noneoftheabove Answer: B

98) Averagedoverafewheartbeats,venousreturnis________cardiacoutput. A) muchhigherthan B) somewhathigherthan C) equalto D) somewhatlowerthan E) muchlowerthan Answer: C

99) Bloodpressureislowestinthe A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins Answer: E

100) Whichofthefollowingaffectsbloodflowthroughthebody? A) bloodviscosity B) vesseldiameter C) turbulence D) vascularresistance E) alloftheabove Answer: E

101) Venaecavaearethelargestofthistypeofvessel. A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein Answer: E

102) Thelayerofthearteriolewallthatcanproducevasoconstrictionisthe A) tunicaadventitia. B) tunicamedia. C) tunicaintima. D) tunicaexterna. E) tunicamater. Answer: B

103) Ofthefollowingarteries,theonethatisanelasticarteryis A) thesubclavianartery. B) theexternalcarotidartery. C) thebrachialartery. D) thefemoralartery. E) noneoftheabove Answer: A

104) Todefendbloodvolumeagainstdehydration,thebody A) acceleratesreabsorptionofwateratthekidneys. B) experiencesarecallofinterstitialfluids. C) experiencesanincreaseinthebloodcolloidalosmoticpressure. D) increaseswaterintake. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

105) ElevatedlevelsofthehormonesANPandBNPwillproduceincreased A) saltandwaterlossthroughthekidneys. B) bloodvolume. C) sodiumionlevelsinblood. D) venousreturnandpreload. E) bothBandD Answer: A

106) ADHandaldosteronesecretionarepartofthebodyslong -termcompensationfor A) aheartattack. B) hypertension. C) aserioushemorrhage. D) prolongedexercise. E) aheavymeal. Answer: C

107) Youwouldexpecttofindfenestratedcapillariesin A) skeletalmuscles. B) cardiacmuscle. C) thepituitary. D) bone. E) skin. Answer: C

108) Asampleoftissuedisplaysmanylargeflattenedspaceslinedbyfenestratedendothelium.Bloodmovesslowly throughthesespaces.Thistissuesamplemostlikelycamefromthe A) heart. B) lungs. C) liver. D) kidneys. E) skin. Answer: C

109) Factorsthatincreasetheriskofatherosclerosisincludewhichofthefollowing? A) highcholesterol B) lackofexercise C) smoking D) obesity E) alloftheabove Answer: E

110) Thesevesselsmaybecontinuousorfenestrated. A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins Answer: C

111) Whencarotidandaorticbaroreceptorsslowtheirdischarge, A) heartrateincreases. B) heartratedecreases. C) strokevolumeincreases. D) bothAandC E) bothBandC Answer: D

112) Whichofthefollowingwouldhavethegreater effectonvascularresistance? A) doublingthelengthofabloodvessel B) decreasingthediameterofabloodvesselby C) neitherwouldbegreater Answer: B

113) Ifbloodpressuredoubled,thebloodflowthroughavesselwouldbe A) doubled. B) halved. C) fourtimesgreater. D) 1/4asmuch. E) unchanged. Answer: A

114) Inwhichofthefollowingwouldtheresistancebegreater? A) avessel10micronsindiameter B) avessel1mmindiameter Answer: A

115) Inwhichofthefollowingwouldthebloodflowbehighest? A) avessel0.5cmindiameterand2meterslong B) avessel1.0cmindiameterand10meterslong C) avessel0.5cmindiameterand4meterslong D) avessel1.0cmindiameterand2meterslong Answer: D

116) Whichofthefollowingchangesdoesnt occurduringexercisecomparedtorest? A) Cardiacoutputishigher. B) Heartbloodflowishigher. C) Skinbloodflowislower. D) Abdominalviscerabloodflowislower. E) Kidneybloodflowislower. Answer: C

117) Eachofthefollowingfactorswouldincreaseperipheralresistance, except A) increasedsympatheticstimulation. B) elevatedlevelsofepinephrine. C) vasodilation. D) irregularitiesinthevesselwallscausedbyplaques. E) elevatedhematocrit. Answer: C

118) Eachofthefollowingfactorswouldincreasecardiacoutput, except A) increasedvenousreturn. B) decreasedparasympatheticstimulationoftheheart. C) increasedsympatheticstimulationoftheheart. D) increasedbloodconcentrationofglucose. E) stimulationoftheheartbyepinephrine. Answer: D

119) Incomparingatrainedathletetoanonathlete,whichofthesecomparisonsis false? A) Theathletehasalowerrestingheartrate. B) Bothheartsweighaboutthesame. C) Theathletehasahigherrestingstrokevolume. D) Theathletehasahigherexercisestrokevolume. E) Theathletehasahigherexercisecardiacoutput. Answer: B

120) Turbulentbloodflowoccurs A) whenthereareirregularitiesinthevesselwall. B) athighflowrates. C) whentherearesuddenchangesinvesseldiameter. D) AandConly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

121) Ifapersonhasabloodpressureof120/90,hismeanarterialpressurewouldbe________mmHg. A) 210 B) 100 C) 93 D) 105 E) noneoftheabove Answer: C

122) Thecontinualmovementoffluidthroughtheinterstitialspacesproducedbycapillaryfiltrationserveswhichof thefollowingfunctions? A) acceleratesthedistributionofnutrientsandhormones B) assiststhetransportofinsolublesubstancesthatcannotenterthecapillaries C) helpscarrytoxinsandbacteriatocellsoftheimmunesystem D) flusheshormonesandwastesfromtheinterstitialspaces E) alloftheabove Answer: E

123) Edemaisfavoredwhen A) theplasmaconcentrationofproteinisreduced. B) endothelialpermeabilitygoesup. C) capillaryhydrostaticpressureiselevated. D) bothAandC E) A,B,andC Answer: E

124) Relativetothelumen,whichofthesevesselshasthethickesttunicamedia? A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins Answer: B

125) Whichofthefollowingisgreater? A) normalstrokevolume B) strokevolumeduringcirculatoryshock C) Bothareaboutthesame. Answer: A

126) Whenwillthebloodpressureisgreater? A) whentheperipheralvesselsdilate B) whentheperipheralvesselsconstrict C) Neitherisgreater. Answer: B

127) Increasedlevelsofcarbondioxideinthebloodwillresultindecreased A) heartrate. B) cardiacoutput. C) bloodflowtothelungs. D) parasympatheticstimulationoftheheart. E) noneoftheabove Answer: D

128) Whenapersonrisesquicklyfromasittingposition, A) thecarotidbaroreceptorsbecomelessactive. B) venousreturnisdecreased. C) reflexvasoconstrictionofperipheralbloodvesselsoccurs. D) heartrateisreflexlyelevated. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

129) Vickiehasatumorthatsecretesexcessamountsofthehormonealdosterone.Becauseoftheelevatedlevelof hormone,sheexhibits A) decreasedbloodvolume. B) increasedbloodpressure. C) increasedbodystoresofsodiumion. D) polycythemia. E) bothBandC Answer: E

130) Venoconstrictionreducesthediameterofwhichvessel? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein Answer: E

131) Whichofthefollowingwouldyouexpecttohavethelowest restingheartrate? A) atrainedathlete B) anunconditionedadult C) apersonwithheartfailure D) ateenagerwithasedentarylifestyle E) an80-year-oldwoman Answer: A

132) Afterlosing25percentofbloodvolumeinamotorcycleaccident,whichofthefollowingcompensatory responseswouldoccur? A) increasedheartrate B) increaseofcontractility C) vasoconstrictionofthebodywall D) venoconstrictionofskinvessels E) alloftheabove Answer: E

133) Paulhasahorriblechainsawaccidentandcutsseveralmajorbloodvesselsinhisheadandneck.Asaresultof thisinjury,youwouldexpecttoobserveallofthefollowing,excepta(n) A) increasedheartrate. B) increaseincardiacoutput. C) increasedsecretionofreninbythekidneys. D) cold,clammyskin. E) increasedtotalperipheralresistance. Answer: B

134) Whichofthefollowingconditionsisleastlikelytoleadtoreninrelease? A) renalarterythrombus B) vasospasmoftherenalarteries C) circulatoryshock D) increasedsympatheticactivity E) hypertension Answer: E

Figure21-1Arteries UseFigure21-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 135) Identifythearterylabeled16. A) axillary B) inferiormesenteric C) celiac D) superiormesenteric E) splenic Answer: B
136) Identifythearterylabeled12. A) axillary B) inferiormesenteric C) celiactrunk D) superiormesenteric E) splenic Answer: C

137) Identifythearterylabeled1. A) axillary B) brachiocephalic C) commoncarotid D) aorta E) brachial Answer: B

138) Identifythearterieslabeled9. A) axillary B) brachiocephalic C) commoncarotid D) aorta E) brachial Answer: C

139) Identifythearterylabeled6. A) commoniliac B) internaliliac C) externaliliac D) abdominalaorta E) femoral Answer: A

Figure21-2Veins UseFigure21-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 140) Identifytheveinlabeled9. A) axillary B) brachial C) cephalic D) basilic Page578 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
E) mediancubital Answer: A
141) Identifytheveinlabeled15. A) axillary B) brachial C) radial D) basilic E) ulnar Answer: E

142) Identifytheveinlabeled10. A) inferiorvenacava B) superiorvenacava C) aorta D) pulmonary E) thoracic Answer: A

143) Identifytheveinlabeled8. A) superiorvenacava B) brachiocephalic C) axillary D) externaljugular E) subclavian Answer: B

144) Identifytheveinlabeled6. A) inferiorvenacava B) commoniliac C) internaliliac D) externaliliac E) femoral Answer: D

1) The________aresmallbloodvesselsthatnourishtissuecomponentsinthewalloflargearteriesandveins. Answer: vasavasorum
2) Theincreaseineffectivebloodvolumethatresultsfromvenoconstrictionisthe________. Answer: venousreserve

3) Theopeningandclosingoftheprecapillarysphincteriscalled________. Answer: vasomotion

4) ________istheregulationofbloodflowbylocalmechanismswithinacapillarybed. Answer: Autoregulation

5) ________aremultiplearteriesjoinedinordertoserveasinglecapillarynetwork. Answer: Collaterals

6) Thedirectinterconnectionoftwoarteriesiscalledanarterial________. Answer: anastomosis

7) A(n)________isadirectconnectionbetweenanarterioleandavenule. Answer: arteriovenousanastomosis

8) Thevesselthatsuppliesacapillaryplexusfromanarterioleiscalleda(n)________. Answer: precapillaryarteriole

9) Thepressuredifferencebetweenthebaseoftheaortaandtherightatriumisthe________. Answer: circulatorypressure

10) Theterm________referstothepressureinthearterialsideofthecirculatorysystem. Answer: bloodpressure

11) ________referstoallthefactorsthatresistbloodflowintheentirecirculatorysystem. Answer: Totalperipheralresistance

12) Intheconditionknownas________,thewallofanarterybecomesthickerandstiffer. Answer: arteriosclerosis

13) Theconditionknownas________ischaracterizedbytheformationoffattyplaqueswithinthewallofarteries. Answer: atherosclerosis

14) ________arethedistinctivesoundsheardthroughthestethoscopeduetoturbulenceduringthemeasurement ofbloodpressure. Answer: SoundsofKorotkoff

15) Pointswhereamusculararterycanbecompressedagainstabonetocontrolseverebleedingarecalled ________. Answer: pressurepoints

16) Theprocessofdecreaseinvesseldiameterthatoccursduetosmoothmusclecontractioniscalled________. Answer: vasoconstriction

17) ________conductfluidfromtheinterstitialspacebacktothevenoussystem. Answer: Lymphaticvessels

18) Thebloodvesselthatcarriesbloodtothearmandshoulderisthe________. Answer: subclavianartery

19) Thebloodvesselthatsuppliesbloodtotheheadandneckisthe________. Answer: commoncarotidartery

20) Thebloodvesselthatbranchestoformarightcommoncarotidandsubclavianarteryisthe________. Answer: brachiocephalicartery

21) Thebloodvesselthatbranchesfromthesubclavianarterytosupplytheanteriorwallofthechestisthe ________. Answer: internalthoracicartery

22) Thebloodvesselthatsuppliesbloodtothecerebralarterialcirclefromtheposterioristhe________. Answer: basilarartery

23) Thebloodvesselthatsuppliesbloodtotheupperarmisthe________. Answer: brachialartery

24) Thesuperiorphrenicarterysuppliesbloodtothe________. Answer: diaphragm

25) Thebloodvesselthatsuppliesbloodtotheliver,stomach,andspleenisthe________. Answer: celiacartery

26) Thebloodvesselthatsuppliesbloodtothepancreas,thesmallintestine,andmostofthelargeintestineisthe ________. Answer: superiormesentericartery

27) Thebloodvesselthatsuppliesbloodtothebrainfromtheanteriordirectionisthe________. Answer: internalcarotidartery

28) The________arteryisthekidneyssolebloodsupply. Answer: renal

29) The________suppliesbloodtothefaceandneck. Answer: externalcarotidartery

30) Thebronchialarteriesbranchfromthe________tosupplythelungairways. Answer: thoracicaorta

31) Thebloodvesselsthatsupplybloodtostructureswithinthemediastinumotherthantheheartandpericardium arethe________. Answer: mediastinalarteries

32) Thecommoncarotidarterydividestoformthe________and________carotidarteries. Answer: internal;external

33) Thebloodvesselthatsuppliesvenousbloodtotheliveristhe________. Answer: hepaticportalvein

34) Thesmallintestineandmostofthelargeintestinereceivebloodfromthe________. Answer: superiormesentericartery

35) Thelowerpartofthelargeintestineincludingtherectumreceivesbloodfromthe________. Answer: inferiormesentericartery

36) Ovariesortestesreceiveabloodsupplyfromthe________. Answer: gonadalarteries

37) Thesuprarenalglandsreceiveabloodsupplyfromthe________. Answer: suprarenalarteries

38) Capillariesarecontinuousor________. Answer: fenestrated

39) Theinferiorportionofthespinalcordandtheabdominalwallreceivebloodfromthe________. Answer: lumbarartery

40) Thelargerofthetwobranchesofthecommoniliacarteryisthe________. Answer: externaliliacartery

41) Thebranchofthecommoniliacarterythatentersthepelviccavityisthe________. Answer: internaliliacartery

42) Belowtheankletheanteriortibialarterybecomesthe________arteryonthetopofthefoot. Answer: dorsalispedis

43) Arteriesthatsupplytheplantarportionofthefootbranchfromtheposterior________artery. Answer: tibial

44) Thevesselthatcollectsbloodfromtheoverlyingstructuresoftheheadandneckisthe________. Answer: externaljugularvein

45) Thecervicalregionofthespinalcordisdrainedbythe________. Answer: vertebralvein

46) Bloodfromthebrainisdrainedbythe________. Answer: internaljugularvein

47) Theveininthearmcommonlysampledforbloodbyvenipunctureisthe________. Answer: mediancubitalvein

48) The________veinascendsalongtheulnarsideoftheforearm. Answer: basilic

49) The________veinascendsalongtheradialsideoftheforearm. Answer: cephalic

50) The________receivesallthevenousbloodfromthekidney. Answer: renalvein

51) The________receivesbloodfromthesuprarenalgland. Answer: suprarenalvein

52) Thevesselsthatreceivebloodfromtheovariesortestesarethe________. Answer: gonadalveins

53) Bloodisdrainedfromtheliverbythe________. Answer: hepaticvein

54) The________receivesbloodfromthediaphragm. Answer: phrenicvein

55) Bloodreturnsfromthegallbladderbywayofthe________. Answer: cysticvein

56) Bloodfromthemedialborderofthestomachisdrainedbythe________. Answer: gastricvein

57) Bloodisdrainedfromthelowerportionofthelargeintestinebythe________. Answer: inferiormesentericvein

58) Veinsfromthespleen,pancreas,andinternalborderofthestomachunitetoformthe________. Answer: splenicvein

59) The________collectsbloodfromtheentiresmallintestineandtwo -thirdsofthelargeintestine. Answer: superiormesentericvein

60) Thehepaticportalveinformsfromthefusionofthesuperior________andthesplenicveins. Answer: mesenteric

61) Arteriolesfeedbloodinto________. Answer: capillaries

62) A(n)________isabulge,orweakenedwall,ofanartery. Answer: aneurysm

63) ________formelaboratenetworkswithintissuesthatallowveryslowbloodflow. Answer: Sinusoids

64) Theresistancetobloodflowoftheentirecardiovascularsystemisknownas________. Answer: totalperipheralpressure

65) ________aretheonlybloodvesselswhosewallsarethinenoughtopermitbloodtissueexchange. Answer: Capillaries

66) Venulesfeedbloodinto________. Answer: veins

67) Aftertheprecapillaryarteriole,bloodentersa________. Answer: thoroughfarechannel

True/FalseQuestions
1) Venuleshavevalvestoassistvenousreturn. Answer: FALSE
2) Thelumenofaveinisbiggerthanthatofitscompanionartery. Answer: TRUE

3) Thetunicaintimaofanarterymayhaveapleatedappearance. Answer: TRUE

4) Mostarteriolesvasoconstrictundersympatheticstimulation. Answer: TRUE

5) Capillariesaretheonlybloodvesselswhosewallsarethinenoughtopermitexchangebetweenthebloodand interstitialfluids. Answer: TRUE

6) Capillariesfeedbloodintovenules. Answer: TRUE

7) Bloodpressuredropsthemostwithinarterioles. Answer: TRUE

8) Venouspressureisapproximately18mmHgatmost. Answer: TRUE

EssayQuestions
1) Duringexercise,thebloodflowtotheactiveskeletalmusclesisincreasedbyautoregulation.Howdoesthis work?Whatothercontrolsonbloodflowoperate? Answer: Whenaskeletalmusclebecomesmoreactive,itconsumesoxygenandnutrientsandreleasescarbon dioxide,wasteproducts,andpotassiumion.Oneeffectofreducedoxygenistocausethesmoothmuscle cellsthatblockcapillarybloodflowtheprecapillarysphincterstorelax.Asitrelaxes,thecapillary opensandplasmaandredcellscanperfusetheactivetissue.Afterrecoveryfromexerciseiscomplete, gasesandmetabolitesreturntonormalandbloodflowreturnstoitsrestingvalue.Thislocalmechanism worksalongwithcentralcontrolofvasodilationbythesympatheticvasodilatorfibersthatappearto utilizenitricoxide(NO)asthetransmittersubstance.
2) Ifawoundoverwhelmstheclottingmechanismandleadstoserioushemorrhageanddropinbloodpressure, whatcompensationsdoesthebodyhavetodefendcardiacoutput? Answer: Acutely,theautonomicnervoussystemundergoessympatheticactivation.Epinephrinefromthe suprarenalmedullasupportstheneuralmechanisms.Heartrateandcontractilityareincreasedfrom tryingtomaintaincardiacoutput.Vasoconstrictionincreasesperipheralresistance,raisingblood pressureandredirectingflowtovitalinternalorgans.Simultaneously,venoconstrictionoccurs, increasingvenousreturnandforcingextrabloodfromthevenoustothearterialsideofthecirculation. TheendocrinesystemreleasesADH,angiotensinII,andaldosterone,whichacttogethertoraiseblood volumebyreducingfluidlossatthekidney.
3) Comparetheheartsofatrainedathleteandanonathlete. Answer: Theathletesheartwillbemoremassive,andwillhaveahigherrestingstrokevolumeandalower restingheartrate.Duringmaximumactivity,strokevolumewillbemuchgreaterfortheathlete,and cardiacoutputoftheathletemayapproach30liters/minutecomparedto20liters/minuteofthe nonathlete.Maximumheartrateswillbeaboutthesamedespitethemuchlargercardiacoutput,dueto thelargerstrokevolume.

Chapter22 TheLymphoidSystemandImmunity MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Thelymphoidsystemiscomposedofallofthefollowing,except A) lymphaticvessels. B) thevenaecavae. C) thespleen. D) lymphnodes. E) lymph. Answer: B
2) Theprimaryfunctionofthelymphoidsystemis A) circulationofnutrients. B) thetransportofhormones. C) defendingthebodyagainstbothenvironmentalhazardsandinternalthreats. D) theproductionanddistributionofplasmaproteins. E) bothBandD Answer: C

3) Thelymphoidsystemdoesallofthefollowing,except thatit A) helpsmaintainnormalbloodvolume. B) transportsgasestoandawayfromlymphnodes. C) eliminatesvariationsinthecompositionofinterstitialfluid. D) transportslipidsfromthedigestivetract. E) fightsinfection. Answer: B

4) Comparedtobloodcapillaries,lymphcapillariesexhibitallofthefollowing,exceptthatthey A) havenobasementmembrane. B) arelargerindiameter. C) havewallsofendothelialcellsthatoverlaplikeshingles. D) aresmallerindiameter. E) arefrequentlyirregularinshape. Answer: D

5) Mostofthelymphreturnstothevenouscirculationbywayofthe A) rightlymphaticduct. B) thoracicduct. C) cisternachyli. D) hepaticportalvein. E) duralsinus. Answer: B

6) Thethoracicductdrainslymphfromallofthefollowingregions,except the A) leftbreast. B) rightbreast. C) leftarmandshoulder. D) pelvicviscera. E) leftsideofneck. Answer: B

7) Lymphnodesdoallofthefollowing,except thatthey A) produceantibodies. B) monitorthecontentsoflymph. C) removedebrisandpathogensfromthelymph. D) accumulatecancercells. E) removeexcessnutrientsfromthelymph. Answer: E

8) Allofthefollowingaretrueofthethymusgland,except thatit A) activatesBcells. B) reachesitsgreatestrelativesizeduringthesecondyearoflife. C) involutesafterpuberty. D) producesTcells. E) liesintheanteriormediastinum. Answer: A

9) Ingeneral,lymphocytes A) spendmostoftheirtimeinlymphoidtissue. B) haverelativelylonglifespans. C) havetwonuclei. D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: E

10) Lymphocytes A) areactivelyphagocytic. B) destroyredbloodcells. C) respondtoantigens. D) areprimarilyfoundinredbonemarrow. E) decreaseinnumberduringinfection. Answer: C

11) Lymphocytesmaybefoundinwhichofthefollowingtissuesororgans? A) tonsils B) spleen C) lymphnodes D) thymus E) alloftheabove Answer: E

12) ________arelargelymphoidnodulesthatarelocatedinthewallsofthepharynx. A) Tonsils B) Peyerpatches C) Lymphnodes D) Immunecomplexes E) Spleens Answer: A

13) ________areclustersoflymphoidnodulesdeeptotheepithelialliningofthesmallintestine. A) Tonsils B) Adenoids C) Peyerpatches D) Immunecomplexes E) Lymphglands Answer: C

14) Thetermlymphadenopathyrefersto A) acongenitallackoflymphnodes. B) achronicorexcessiveenlargementoflymphnodes. C) accumulationsoflymphinthetissuespace. D) thelackoflymphocytesinperipheralcirculation. E) increasednumbersofcirculatinglymphocytes. Answer: B

15) Areasofthespleenthatcontainlargeaggregationsoflymphocytesareknownas A) Peyerpatches. B) adenoids. C) whitepulp. D) redpulp. E) lymphnodes. Answer: C

16) Whichclassofleucocytesisparticularlyabundantinthe redpulp ofthespleen? A) Tlymphocytes. B) freeandfixedmacrophages. C) Blymphocytes. D) neutrophils. E) redbloodcells. Answer: B
17) Lymphoidorgansdifferfromlymphoidtissuesinwhatway? A) TheycontainTlymphocytesandlymphoidtissuesdonot. B) Theyarefoundinthedigestivetractandlymphoidtissuesarefoundinthethorax. C) Theyaresurroundedbyafibrouscapsuleandlymphoidtissuesarenot. D) Theycannotproduceantibodies,whereaslymphoidtissuescan. E) bothAandB Answer: C

18) Thelargestsinglecollectionoflymphoidtissueintheadultbodyislocatedinthe A) liver. B) thymus. C) tonsils. D) spleen. E) lymphnodes. Answer: D

19) Thewhitepulpofthespleenispopulatedby A) lymphocytes. B) trabeculae. C) arteries. D) veins. E) fibrousconnectivetissue. Answer: A

20) Thebodysnonspecificdefensesincludeallofthefollowing, except A) theskin. B) complement. C) interferon. D) inflammation. E) antibodies. Answer: E

21) Eachofthefollowingisaphysicalbarriertoinfection,except A) bodyhair. B) epithelium. C) secretions. D) complement. E) basementmembranes. Answer: D

22) Aninflammatoryresponseistriggeredwhen A) redbloodcellsreleasepyrogens. B) Tcellsreleaseinterferon. C) mastcellsreleasehistamineandheparin. D) neutrophilsphagocytizebacteria. E) bloodflowtoanareaincreases. Answer: C

23) Thereleaseofendogenouspyrogen(orinterleukin-1)byactivemacrophageswould A) causeinflammation. B) produceafever. C) activatecomplement. D) opsonizepathogens. E) activateantibodies. Answer: B

24) Characteristicsofspecificdefensesinclude A) versatility. B) tolerance. C) memory. D) specificity. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

25) Defenseofthebodyagainstaparticularpathogenisprovidedby A) nonspecificimmunity. B) specificimmunity. C) immunologicalsurveillance. D) skindefenses. E) fever. Answer: B

26) Thefirstlineofcellulardefenseagainstpathogensarethe A) Tcells. B) Bcells. C) NKcells. D) phagocytes. E) plasmacells. Answer: D

27) Microphagesinclude A) monocytes. B) Kupffercells. C) neutrophils. D) eosinophils. E) bothCandD Answer: E

28) Varioustypesofmacrophagesarederivedfrom A) lymphocytes. B) monocytes. C) neutrophils. D) eosinophils. E) basophils. Answer: B

29) Theeffectsofactivatingthecomplementsystemincludeallofthefollowing,except A) destructionoftargetcellplasmamembranes. B) stimulationofinflammation. C) inhibitionoftheimmuneresponse. D) opsonization. E) chemotaxis. Answer: C

30) TheclassicpathwayofcomplementactivationbeginswhentheproteinC1bindsto A) thecellwallofbacteria. B) theplasmamembraneofbacteria. C) anantibodyattachedtoanantigen. D) acellsurfaceantigen. E) aplasmaprotein. Answer: C

31) Immunitythatisgeneticallydeterminedandpresentatbirthiscalled________immunity. A) active B) naturalpassive C) passive D) auto E) innate Answer: E

32) Immunitythatresultsfromexposuretoanantigenintheenvironmentiscalled________immunity. A) naturallyacquiredactive B) naturalpassive C) passive D) auto E) innate Answer: A

33) Immunitythatresultsfromantibodiesthatpasstheplacentafrommothertofetusiscalled________immunity. A) active B) naturallyacquiredpassive C) passive D) auto E) innate Answer: B

34) Inpassiveimmunization,the A) immunesystemattacksnormalbodycells. B) bodyisdeliberatelyexposedtoanantigen. C) bodyreceivesantibodiesproducedbyotherhumans. D) bodyreceivesantibodiesproducedbyananimal. E) eitherCorD Answer: E

35) Thecellsresponsiblefortheproductionofcirculatingimmunoglobulinsare________cells. A) NK B) plasma C) helperT D) thymus E) liver Answer: B

36) Thecellsdirectlyresponsibleforcellularimmunityarethe________cells. A) B B) plasma C) helperT D) cytotoxicT E) suppressorT Answer: D

37) Thecellsresponsibleforhumoralimmunityarethe________cells. A) NK B) B C) helperT D) cytotoxicT E) suppressorT Answer: B

38) Themedullarycordsofalymphnodecontain________lymphocytesandplasmacells. A) cytotoxicT B) medullary C) NK D) B E) cordal Answer: D

39) StemcellsthatwillformBcellsorNKcellsarefoundonlyinthe A) bonemarrow. B) liver. C) spleen. D) thymus. E) kidneys. Answer: A

40) Lymphocytesthatdestroyforeigncellsorvirus-infectedcellsare________cells. A) B B) plasma C) helperT D) cytotoxicT E) suppressorT Answer: D

41) Cellsthathelpregulatetheimmuneresponseare________cells. A) B B) plasma C) helperT D) cytotoxicT E) NK Answer: C

42) SuppressorTcellsactto A) suppressantigens. B) erasememoryTcells. C) limitantigenproliferation. D) inhibitTandBcellactivities. E) produceantibodiesinvolvedinautoimmunity. Answer: D

43) Thecellsthatperformimmunologicalsurveillancearethe________cells. A) NK B) plasma C) B D) helperT E) suppressorT Answer: A

44) StemcellsthatwillformTcellsdevelopinthe A) bonemarrow. B) liver. C) spleen. D) thymus. E) kidneys. Answer: D

45) Thecellthatdominatesthedeepcorticalregionofalymphnodeisthe________cell. A) B B) T C) plasma D) nodule E) NK Answer: B

46) Thevariousclassesofimmunoglobulinsaredifferentiatedonthebasisoftheir A) asymmetry. B) antigenspecificity. C) light-chainvariablesegments. D) heavy-chainconstantsegments. E) bothCandD Answer: D

47) Immunoglobulinsthataremostabundantandareresponsibleforresistanceagainstmanyviruses,bacteria,and bacterialtoxinsare A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM. Answer: D

48) Immunoglobulinsthatattachtoandsensitizemastcellsandbasophilsare A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM. Answer: C

49) ImmunoglobulinsthatarefoundonthesurfaceofBcellsandmayactivateantibodyproductionare A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM. Answer: B

50) Immunoglobulins,formedoffivesubunits,thatarethefirstantibodiestobeproducedinresponsetoinfection, are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM. Answer: E

51) Immunoglobulinsthatareprimarilyfoundinglandularsecretionssuchassalivaandtearsare A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM. Answer: A

52) Thebindingofanantigentoanantibodycanresultin A) neutralizationoftheantigen. B) agglutinationorprecipitation. C) complementactivationandopsonization. D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: D

53) Inorderforalymphocytetorespondtoanantigen,theantigenmust A) bephagocytizedbythelymphocyte. B) enterthecytoplasmofthelymphocyte. C) bindtotheDNAofthelymphocyte. D) bindtospecificreceptorsonthelymphocytesurface. E) depolarizethelymphocyte. Answer: D

54) Theroleofantigen-presentingcellsinimmunityisto A) activateTcells. B) displayantigenfragments. C) processantigens. D) produceantibodies. E) A,B,andC Answer: E

55) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutMHCproteinsisnottrue? A) bindcomplement B) allowthebodytodifferentiateitsowncellsfromforeigncells C) functioninantigenpresentation D) fallintotwomajorclasses E) arefoundonallnucleatedcells Answer: A

56) WhenanantigenisboundtoaClassIMHCmolecule,itcanstimulatea________cell. A) B B) plasma C) helperT D) cytotoxicT E) NK Answer: D

57) ClassIIMHCmoleculesarefoundonlyonwhichofthefollowing? A) allbodycellswithanucleus B) redbloodcells C) granulocytesandmicrophages D) lymphocytesandantigen-presentingcells E) livercellsandmacrophagesinthespleen Answer: D

58) WhenanantigenisboundtoaClassIIMHCprotein,itcanactivatea________cell. A) plasma B) helperT C) NK D) suppressorT E) cytotoxicT Answer: B

59) Bcellsareprimarilyactivatedbytheactivitiesof A) antigens. B) antibodies. C) helperTcells. D) macrophages. E) plasmacells. Answer: C

60) HelperTcellsdoallofthefollowing,except A) triggerB-celldivision,plasmacellmaturation,andantibodyproduction. B) providearapidresponsetoafutureexposuretotheantigen. C) enhanceproductionofmemoryandcytotoxicTcells. D) attractandstimulatetheactivityofNKcells. E) enhancenonspecificdefenses. Answer: B

61) Thefollowingarestepsinthecell-mediatedimmuneresponse. 1.Severalcyclesofmitosisoccur. 2.Antigenisengulfedandpresentedbyamacrophage. 3.CytotoxicTcellsmigratetofocusofinfection. 4.Tcellswithspecificreceptorsrecognizetheantigen. 5.TcellsdifferentiateintocytotoxicTcellsorTmemorycells. 6.CytotoxicTcellsreleaseperforinand/orlymphotoxin. Thecorrectsequenceforthesestepsis A) 4,1,5,3,6,2. B) 2,4,1,5,3,6. C) 1,2,4,5,3,6. D) 3,2,4,1,5,6. E) 3,6,4,5,1,2. Answer: B
62) Duringaprimaryhumoralresponsetoantigensallofthefollowingoccur, except A) Bcellsmaydifferentiateintoplasmacellsimmediately. B) Bcellsmayundergoseveralroundsofmitosisbeforeproducingplasmacellsandmemorycells. C) antibodylevelsdonotpeakuntil1to2weeksaftertheinitialexposure. D) neutrophilsinvadethesurroundingareas,releasingchemotacticsubstances. E) thefirstimmunoglobulinstoappearincirculationareoftheIgMtype. Answer: D

63) Allofthefollowingaretrueofthesecondaryresponseofhumoralimmunity,exceptthatit A) dependsonmemoryBcells. B) resultsinmuchhigherantibodytitersthanintheprimaryresponse. C) resultsinmuchquickerriseinantibodytiters. D) producesmoreeffectiveantibodies. E) weakensquicklybecausememoryBcellsonlysurviveforayearortwo. Answer: E

64) Allofthefollowingaretrueoftheprimaryresponseofhumoralimmunity,exceptthatit A) dependsonantigentriggeringtheappropriateBcell. B) requiresBcelldifferentiationintoplasmacells. C) isdelayedbythememorycellstage. D) circulatingantibodiesundergoagradual,sustainedrise. E) peaks1to2weeksaftertheinitialexposure. Answer: C

65) Hormonesoftheimmunesystemincludeallofthefollowing, except A) interleukins. B) interferons. C) natriureticfactor. D) thymosins. E) tumornecrosisfactor. Answer: E

66) Interleukinsdoallofthefollowing,except A) increaseT-cellsensitivitytoantigensexposedonmacrophagemembranes. B) stimulateB-cellactivity,plasmacellformation,andantibodyproduction. C) stimulateinflammation. D) elevatebodytemperature. E) stimulatecollagensynthesis. Answer: E

67) Newbornsgaintheirimmunityinitiallyfrom A) earlyimmunizations. B) contactwithvirusesandbacteria. C) antibodiespassedacrosstheplacentafromthemother. D) contactwithsiblings. E) breastmilk. Answer: C

68) Theonlyantibodiesthatnormallycrosstheplacentaare A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM. Answer: D

69) Autoantibodies A) areproducedbyactivatedTcells. B) areproducedduringanallergicreaction. C) aredirectedagainstthebodysownantigens. D) arethefirststepinimmunologicalcompetence. E) areimportantintissuerejectionreactions. Answer: C

70) Inappropriateorexcessiveimmuneresponsestoantigensare A) immunodeficiencydiseases. B) autoimmunediseases. C) allergies. D) theresultofstress. E) signsofaweaksystem. Answer: C

71) Stresscanaffecttheimmuneresponseinallofthefollowingways,except by A) inhibitingglucocorticoidrelease. B) depressingtheinflammatoryresponse. C) reducingthenumberofphagocytes. D) inhibitinginterleukinsecretion. E) increasingthelevelofglucocorticoids. Answer: A

72) Changesintheimmunesystemthataccompanyaginginclude A) Tcellsbecominglessresponsivetoantigens. B) fewercytotoxicTcellsrespondingtoinfections. C) decreasednumbersofThelpercells. D) Bcellslessresponsive. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

73) WhichofthefollowinginterleukinsstimulatesTcellstoproduceIL-2,promotesinflammation,andcauses fever? A) IL-1 B) IL-3 C) IL-4 D) IL-8 E) bothAandD Answer: A

74) Lymphocytesareproducedandstoredinallofthefollowing,except A) thethymus. B) lymphoidnodules. C) lymphnodeorgans. D) thespleen. E) thebrain. Answer: E

75) Lymphaticcapillariesareknownfor A) beingthestartingpointofthelymphaticcirculation. B) beingthesmallestlymphaticvessels. C) havinglargerdiametersandlooserwallsthanbloodcapillaries. D) shingle-likeendothelialcells. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

76) Lymphaticvesselscommonlyoccurinassociationwith A) hyalinecartilage. B) bloodvessels. C) adiposetissue. D) sensorynerveendings. E) bothAandC Answer: B

77) Themergingof________formstherightlymphaticduct. A) therightjugular,rightsubclavian,andrightbronchomediastinaltrunks B) theleftjugular,rightsubclavian,andrightbronchomediastinaltrunks C) twogreatvessels D) thethoracicandmediastinalducts E) superiorandinferiorlymphaticducts Answer: A

78) Tisto________asBisto________. A) top;bottom B) thymus-dependent;bonemarrow-derived C) thyroid;bowel D) non-thymus-dependent;bottom E) noneoftheabove Answer: B

79) Lymphocyteproductioninvolves A) bonemarrow. B) thymustissue. C) peripherallymphoidtissues. D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: D

80) IfthedisulfidebondsinIgGwerebroken,howmanyproteinchainswouldbesetfree? A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 E) dozens Answer: B

81) Dividinglymphocytescanbefoundinthe________ofthelymphoidnodule. A) centralzone B) germinalcenter C) cortex D) bothAandB E) A,B,andC Answer: D

82) Lymphnodesrangeindiameterfrom A) 1nmto10nm. B) 1inchto2inches. C) 1mmto25mm. D) 1cmto25cm. E) 1cmto1inch. Answer: C

83) Lymphaticvesselsarelocatedinalmostallportionsofthebody,except the A) CNS. B) periphery. C) renalarteries. D) groin. E) throat. Answer: A

84) Thelargestcollectionoflymphoidtissueinthebodyisfoundinthe A) pancreas. B) liver. C) kidney. D) spleen. E) thyroidgland. Answer: D

85) Whichofthesestatementsaboutlymphflowinanodeisfalse? A) lymphentersinanafferentlymphatic B) lymphfirstentersthesubcapsularspace C) lymphflowspastdendriticcells D) theefferentlymphaticexitsatthehilum E) theafferentlymphaticsentersatthehilum Answer: E

86) Nonspecificdefensesinclude A) phagocyticcells. B) physicalbarriers. C) inflammation. D) interferons. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

87) Specificdefensesdependontheactivitiesof A) monocytes. B) leukocytes. C) agranulocytes. D) erythrocytes. E) lymphocytes. Answer: E

88) Examplesofphysicalbarriersagainstpathogensinclude A) sebaceousglands. B) mucus. C) epithelia. D) epidermallayers. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

89) Plasmacontains________specialcomplementproteinsthatformthecomplementsystem. A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9 E) 11 Answer: E

90) Inflammationproduceslocalized A) swelling. B) redness. C) heat. D) pain. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

91) Feveristhemaintenanceofbodytemperaturegreaterthan A) 37.2C. B) 99F. C) 98.6F. D) AorC E) AorB Answer: E

92) InIgG,theantigenbindingsiteisformedby A) thevariablesegmentofthelightchain B) thevariablesegmentoftheheavychain C) theconstantsegmentoftheheavychain D) A+B E) A+C Answer: D

93) ________istheclassofantibodyfirstsecretedinresponsetoanewantigen. A) IgG B) IgE C) IgD D) IgM E) IgA Answer: D

94) EachIgGhas________bindingsitesforattachmenttoantigenicdeterminants. A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) upto8 E) asmanyasa1000 Answer: B

95) Stemcellsthatcanformalltypesoflymphocytesareconcentratedinthe A) circulation. B) thymus. C) redmarrow. D) spleen. E) yellowmarrow. Answer: C

96) WhichoftheseisnotapropertyofanIgGheavychain? A) hasoneconstantsegment B) hasonevariablesegment C) bindsonelightchain D) bindsantigenatbothends E) bindscomplementintheconstantregion Answer: D

97) Lymphoidtissueisfoundinthegreatestquantityin A) theadultspleen. B) theadultthymus. C) bonemarrow. D) thetonsils. E) Peyerpatches. Answer: A

98) TcellsandBcellscanbeactivatedonlyby A) pathogens. B) interleukins,interferons,andcolony-stimulatingfactors. C) cellsinfectedwithviruses,bacteria,orcancercells. D) exposuretoaspecificantigenataspecificsiteinaplasmamembrane. E) disease-causingagents. Answer: D

99) ClassIIMHCproteinsarepresentintheplasmamembraneonly A) whenplasmacellsarereleasingantibodies. B) inantigen-presentingcellsandlymphocytes. C) whencytotoxicTcellsareinhibited. D) whenNKcellsareactivated. E) duringinfections. Answer: B

100) Ifthethymusshrankandstoppedmakingthymosins,wewouldexpecttoseeanimmediatedecreaseinthe numberof A) Blymphocytes. B) NKcells. C) Tcells. D) neutrophils. E) bothBandC Answer: C

101) Histamineincreasesbloodflowandvascularpermeability.Thiswouldaccountforallofthefollowingchanges thatoccurduringinflammation,except A) rednessoftheinflamedtissue. B) chemotaxisofphagocytes. C) heatoftheinflamedtissue. D) movementofdefenseproteinsandcellsintotheinterstitialspace. E) swellingoftheinflamedtissue. Answer: B

102) Inanexperimentalsituation,arabbitisexposedtoaviralantigentowhichitmakesantibodies.These antibodiesarethenpurifiedandinjectedintoahumanwiththesameviraldisease.Thisisanexampleof A) innateimmunity. B) activeimmunization. C) passiveimmunization. D) naturalimmunity. E) alloimmunity. Answer: C

103) Thehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)thatcausesthediseaseknownasAIDSselectivelyinfects________ cells. A) B B) plasma C) cytotoxicT D) helperT E) suppressorT Answer: D

104) InfectionwiththeHIVvirusoccursthrough A) eatingcontaminatedfood. B) airbornedropletsfromcoughsandsneezes. C) intimatecontactwithaninfectedpersonsbodyfluids. D) casualcontactwithaninfectedindividual. E) sharingclotheswithaninfectedindividual. Answer: C

105) WhichoftheseisnotapropertyofAIDS? A) haskilledatleastmillionpeopleintheUnitedStates B) isspreadmostoftenthroughsexualcontact C) attackstheThelper(CD4)cells D) isdecliningworldwide E) almostalwayseventuallyfatal. Answer: D

106) MillyhasjustreceivedakidneytransplantandistakingcyclosporinA.Whatdoesthismedicationdo? A) preventsinflammationfromdestroyingthetransplantedkidney B) depresseshematopoiesis C) decreaseschemotaxisofmacrophagestothetransplantedkidney D) weakensantibodiesintheblood E) suppressescytotoxicTcells,thuspreventingrejection Answer: E

107) Duringaprimaryimmuneresponse,the A) IgMtiterisinitiallyhigherthantheIgGtiter. B) IgGtiterisinitiallyhigherthantheIgMtiter. C) IgMtiterandtheIgGtiterriseinparallel. Answer: A

108) Lesliehasabadsorethroatandthelymphglandsinherneckareswollen.Thiswouldindicatethat A) thefocusoftheinfectionisthelymphglands. B) lymphisnotflowingthroughtheselymphglands. C) theaffectedlymphglandscontainanincreasednumberoflymphocytes. D) thelymphglandisactivelyproducingphagocytes. E) thelymphglandhasincreaseditssecretionofthymosin. Answer: C

109) CytotoxicTcellscanattacktargetcellswithwhichofthesechemicalweapons? A) secretestrongacid B) secreteorganicsolvent C) secretefreeradicals D) secreteacytokinethattriggersapoptosis E) secretemutantproteins Answer: D

110) AsampleofJohnsbloodshowsahighlevelofpyrogens.ThiswouldindicatethatJohn A) isfeelingachy. B) isproducingTlymphocytes. C) hasasorethroat. D) isrunningafever. E) hasswollenlymphnodes. Answer: D

111) Inaroutineexamination,somebloodistakenandanalyzed.TheresultsshowahighIgMtiterforthemumps virusbutalowIgGanti-mumpstiter.Thiswouldindicatetheperson A) hasjustrecoveredfrommumps. B) wasrecentlyinfectedwithmumps. C) isallergictomumps. D) isimmunetomumps. E) isrelyingonpassiveimmunity. Answer: B

112) AcrimesceneinvestigatorfoundthatabiologicalfluidsamplecontainsalargeamountofIgA -typeantibody. Thisfluidisprobably A) blood. B) lymph. C) serum. D) tears. E) interstitial. Answer: D
113) Inanexperiment,Rogerinjectsmicewithinterleukin-2(IL-2).After3daysheexaminesthebloodandlymph forchanges.Whatwouldyouexpecttoobservefollowingthistreatment? A) decreasednumberofTcells B) increasednumberofTcells C) decreasednumberofBcells D) increasednumberofmastcells E) bothAandD Answer: B

Figure22-1TheStructureofaLymphNode UseFigure22-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 114) Identifythedominantcelltypeinthearealabeled6. A) Tcells B) Bcells C) erythrocytes D) platelets E) alloftheabove Answer: B
115) Identifythedominantcelltypeinthearealabeled4. A) Tcells B) Bcells C) erythrocytes D) platelets E) alloftheabove Answer: A

116) Identifythestructurelabeled1. A) efferentlymphaticvessel B) venule C) arteriole D) afferentlymphaticvessel E) lymphaticnodule Answer: D

117) Identifythestructurelabeled3. A) cortex B) capsule C) subcapsularspace D) trabeculae E) outercortex Answer: B

118) Identifythestructurelabeled6. A) medulla B) innercortex C) outercortex D) trabeculae E) corticalsinus Answer: C

1) Thethoracicductoriginatesfromanexpandedchambercalledthe________. Answer: cisternachyli
2) ________areconnectivetissuesdominatedbylymphocytes. Answer: Lymphoidtissues

3) Thephagocyticantigen-presentingcellsbelongtothe________group. Answer: monocyte-macrophage

4) ________arephagocyticcellsthatarepermanentresidentsofspecifictissuesandorgans. Answer: Fixedmacrophages

5) ________arefixedmacrophagesthatarefoundinthecentralnervoussystem. Answer: Microglia

6) ________arefixedmacrophagesfoundintheliver. Answer: Kupffercells

7) ________areantigen-presentingcellslocatedintheepitheliaoftheskin. Answer: Dendriticcells

8) ________arefreephagocytesfoundintheairsacsofthelungs. Answer: Alveolarmacrophages

9) Themovementofphagocytesthroughthecapillarywalliscalled________. Answer: diapedesis

10) Theattractionorrepulsionofcertaincellstochemicalsintheirenvironmentiscalled________. Answer: chemotaxis

11) ________areantibodiesthatmakeiteasierforphagocytestoengulftheirtargetcells. Answer: Opsonins

12) Thealternativepathwayofcomplementactivationissometimescalledthe________pathway. Answer: properdin

13) Asubstancethatprovokesanimmuneresponseiscalleda(n)________. Answer: antigen

14) ________areantibodiesfoundinbodyfluids. Answer: Immunoglobulins

15) Theportionsofanantigentowhichantibodiesbindarethe________. Answer: antigenicdeterminantsites

16) A(n)________isanantigenwithatleasttwoantigenicdeterminantsites. Answer: completeantigen

17) ________occurswhenanantigenfragmentglycoproteincomplexappearsinaplasmamembrane. Answer: Antigenpresentation

18) Ameasureofantibodylevelintheplasmaisthe________. Answer: antibodytiter

19) Whenanantibodybindstoitsspecificantigena(n)________isformed. Answer: antibody-antigencomplex

20) Whenlargenumbersofantibodiesencountertheirantigenictargets,theyinteracttoformathree -dimensional structureknownasa(n)________. Answer: immunecomplex

21) ________istheabilitytodemonstrateanimmuneresponseuponexposuretoanantigen. Answer: Immunologicalcompetence

22) Theprocessbywhichantibodiesbindtoantigenicsitesonvirusesortoxins,renderingthemincapableof bindingtoothercells,iscalled________. Answer: neutralization

23) Theprocessbywhichsolubleantigenscombinewithantibodiestoforminsolubleimmunecomplexesiscalled ________. Answer: precipitation

24) Theprocessbywhichantibodiesbindtotheantigenonthesurfaceofcells,forminglargeimmunecomplexes, iscalled________. Answer: agglutination

25) Theprocessbywhichthesurfaceofamicroorganismiscoveredwithantibodiesandcomplement,renderingit morelikelytobephagocytized,iscalled________. Answer: opsonization

26) ________cellsenabletheimmunesystemtorespondquicklyandrobustlyifthesameantigenisencountereda secondtime. Answer: Memory

27) ________existswhentheimmunesystemdoesnotrespondtoaparticularantigen. Answer: Tolerance

28) ________arehormonesthatregulatetheactivityofBcellsandTcellsandenhancenonspecificdefense. Answer: Interleukins

29) ________arehormonesthatmakeacellanditsneighborsresistanttovirusinfection. Answer: Interferons

30) Hormonesthatslowtumorgrowtharecalled________. Answer: tumornecrosisfactors

31) Ina(n)________eithertheimmunesystemfailstodevelopnormallyortheimmuneresponseisblocked. Answer: immunodeficiencydisease

32) ________developwhentheimmuneresponsemistakenlytargetsnormalbodycellsandtissues. Answer: Autoimmunedisorders

33) Antigensthattriggerallergicreactionsarecalled________. Answer: allergens

34) ________lymphaticsleavethelymphnodeatthehilum. Answer: Efferent

35) Microgliaareto________asKupffercellsareto________. Answer: CNS;liver

36) Theimmunesystemissaidtoexhibit________towardthoseagentsthatdonotstimulateanimmuneresponse. Answer: tolerance

37) CD8markersareto________TcellsasCD4markersareto________Tcells. Answer: cytotoxic;helper

38) Aninfectionandinflammationoftheaggregatedlymphoidnodulesinthepharynxistermed________. Answer: tonsilitis

39) WhatdothelettersHIVstandfor? Answer: humanimmunodeficiencyvirus

40) Lymphoidtissuesareconnectivetissuesdominatedby________. Answer: lymphocytes

41) CyclosporinAisanexampleofadrugthatinhibits________ofatransplantedorgan. Answer: rejection

42) Anaccumulationoflymphinaregionwherelymphaticdrainagehasbeenblockedistermed________. Answer: lymphedema

True/FalseQuestions
1) Stromalcellsproducethecytokineinterleukin-7,whichpromotesthedifferentiationofBcells. Answer: TRUE
2) Lymphoidorganssuchasthethymusandspleenaresurroundedbyaconnectivetissuecapsule. Answer: TRUE

3) Thespecificityofanantibodymoleculedependsonthestructureoftheconstantregionsofthelightandheavy chains. Answer: FALSE

EssayQuestions
1) WhatisMALT?Whatroledoesitplayinthebodysdefenses? Answer: MALTisanacronymformucosa-associatedlymphoidtissue. Itconsistsofaggregatedlymphoidnodules deeptothemucosa(gutlining)ofthedigestivesystem.ExamplesincludePeyerpatchesinthesmall intestineandthevermiformappendixthatisattachedwherethesmallintestinejoinsthelargeintestine. Theselymphocytesarepositionedtodetectandneutralizepathogenstoenterthebodyacrossthe digestivemucosa.Besidethesespecificdefenses,thereisalsomucusandotherprotectivesecretions.
2) Listandbrieflydescribethefourgeneralpropertiesofimmunity. Answer: (1)Specificity:Theimmuneresponseistriggeredbyaspecificantigenanddefendsagainstonlythat antigen.(2)Versatility:Theimmunesystemcandifferentiateamonghundredsofmillionsofantigens thatitmightencounterduringanormallifetime.(3)Memory:Theimmuneresponsefollowingthe secondexposuretoaparticularantigenisstrongerandlastslongerthanbefore.(4)Tolerance:Some antigens,suchasthoseonyourowncells,donotelicitanimmuneresponse.

3) Listandbrieflydescribethecomponentsofthelymphoidsystem. Answer: Thelymphoidsystemconsistsof(1)lymph,afluidthatresemblesplasmabutcontainsamuchlower concentrationofsuspendedproteins;(2)anetworkoflymphaticvessels,oftencalledlymphatics,which begininperipheraltissuesandendatconnectionstoveins;(3)anarrayoflymphoidtissuesand lymphoidorganssuchaslymphnodes,spleen,andthymusscatteredthroughoutthebody;and(4) lymphocytesandsmallernumbersofphagocytesandothercellssuchasdendriticcells.Thelymphoid systemisorganizedtoprovidespecificdefensesagainstawidearrayofbiologicalhazardsanddiseases.

4) Youarearesearcherinterestedinstudyingthecytoskeleton.Howcanyouuseantibodiestolocateactin - and tubulin-containingstructures? Answer: Sincethosecytoskeletalcomponentsareproteinsitispossibletoimmunizeananimalwithforeign proteinsisolatedfromtissues.Forexample,arabbitcouldbeimmunizedwiththeactinandtubulin purifiedfromtissuesofthechicken,averydistantrelativeoftherabbit.Thoseantibodiescouldbe purifiedfromtherabbitsbloodandthenlinkedtofluorescenttags.Whenthecellsareexposedtothe anti-actinandanti-tubulinantibodies,theywillsticktothosemoleculesinthecell.Ifdifferentcolored dyeswereusedtotagtheantibodies,itwouldbepossibletolocalizethosecytoskeletalproteinsinthe samecell.
Chapter23 TheRespiratorySystem MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Whichofthefollowingorgansisnotpartofthelowerrespiratorysystem? A) oropharynx B) trachea C) larynx D) bronchi E) alveoli Answer: A
2) Airenteringthebodyisfiltered,warmed,andhumidifiedbythe A) upperrespiratorytract. B) lowerrespiratorytract. C) lungs. D) alveoli. E) bronchioles. Answer: A

3) Largeairborneparticlesarefilteredby A) choanae. B) thesoftpalate. C) hairsinthenasalvestibule. D) thenasalsinuses. E) thenasopharynx. Answer: C

4) Theconchae A) dividethenasalcavityintoarightandaleftside. B) provideanopeningintothepharynx. C) provideasurfaceforthesenseofsmell. D) createturbulenceintheairtotrapparticulatematterinmucus. E) provideanopeningtoparanasalsinuses. Answer: D

5) Functionsofthenasalcavityincludeallofthefollowing,except A) filteringtheair. B) warmingtheair. C) humidifyingtheair. D) actingasadampingchamberwhencoughing. E) actingasaresonatingchamberinspeech. Answer: D

6) Theopeningstothenostrilsarethe A) externalnares. B) internalnares. C) vestibules. D) conchae. E) nasalapertures. Answer: A

7) Theportionofthenasalcavitycontainedwithintheflexibletissuesoftheexternalnoseisthe A) nasopharynx. B) vestibule. C) internalchamber. D) conchae. E) nasalseptum. Answer: B

8) Theportionofthepharynxthatreceivesbothairandfoodisthe A) nasopharynx. B) oropharynx. C) laryngopharynx. D) aeropharynx. E) internalpharynx. Answer: B

9) Thecommonpassagewaysharedbytherespiratoryanddigestivesystemsisthe A) larynx. B) glottis. C) vestibule. D) pharynx. E) trachea. Answer: D

10) Theauditorytubesopenintothe A) nasopharynx. B) oropharynx. C) laryngopharynx. D) larynx. E) nasalcavity. Answer: A

11) Thepalatinetonsilslieinthewallsofthe A) nasopharynx. B) oropharynx. C) laryngopharynx. D) larynx. E) nasalcavity. Answer: B

12) The________islinedbystratifiedsquamousepithelium. A) nasopharynx B) trachea C) oropharynx D) larynx E) nasalcavity Answer: C

13) Thelarynxcontains________cartilages. A) threeunpaired B) sixpaired C) atotalofnine D) A,B,andC E) avariablenumberof Answer: D

14) Componentsoftheupperrespiratorysystemincludeallofthefollowing,except the A) lips. B) nose. C) nasalcavity. D) pharynx. E) paranasalsinuses. Answer: A

15) Theglottisis A) thesofttissuethathangsofftheendofthesoftpalate. B) aflapofelasticcartilage. C) theopeningtothelarynx. D) theopeningtothepharynx. E) partofthehardpalate. Answer: C

16) Thevocalfoldsarelocatedwithinthe A) nasopharynx. B) oropharynx. C) larynx. D) trachea. E) bronchi. Answer: C

17) Theelasticcartilagethatcoverstheopeningtothelarynxduringswallowingisthe A) thyroidcartilage. B) cricoidcartilage. C) corniculatecartilage. D) cuneiformcartilage. E) epiglottis. Answer: E

18) Thelargestcartilageofthelarynxisthe________cartilage. A) thyroid B) cricoid C) cuneiform D) arytenoid E) epiglottic Answer: A

19) Thering-shapedcartilagejustinferiortothethyroidcartilageisthe________cartilage. A) epiglottis B) cuneiform C) corniculate D) cricoid E) arytenoid Answer: D

20) Thepairedcartilagesthatarticulatewiththesuperiorborderofthecricoidcartilagearethe________cartilages. A) cricothyroid B) innominate C) cuneiform D) corniculate E) arytenoid Answer: E

21) Acommonsitetoplaceatracheostomytubeisthroughtheligamentthatconnectsthecricoidcartilagetothe ________cartilage. A) thyroid B) cuneiform C) corniculate D) epiglottic E) vestibular Answer: A

22) Theplacementofatubedirectlyintothetracheatobypassthelarynxistermeda(n) A) intubation. B) tracheostomy. C) tunnelization. D) trachectomy. E) catheterization. Answer: B

23) Thethyroidcartilageisattachedtothecricoidcartilagebythe A) intrinsicligaments. B) extrinsicligaments. C) vestibularfolds. D) cricothyroidligament. E) intrinsiclaryngealmuscles. Answer: D

24) Thenasalcavityisseparatedfromtheoralcavitybythe A) hardpalate. B) softpalate. C) cribriformplate. D) internalnares. E) pharyngealseptum. Answer: A

25) Apairofligamentscoveredbylaryngealepitheliumthatfunctioninsoundproductionarethe A) intrinsicligaments. B) extrinsicligaments. C) ventricularfolds. D) vocalfolds. E) intrinsiclaryngealmuscles. Answer: D

26) Airpassingthroughtheglottisvibratesthevocalfoldsandproduces A) speech. B) articulation. C) phonation. D) whistling. E) ululation. Answer: C

27) Tensiononthevocalcordsisregulatedbythe A) movementofthearytenoidcartilages. B) extrinsicligaments. C) contractionoflaryngealmuscles. D) AandConly E) A,B,andC Answer: D

28) Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthetracheaisfalse? A) islinedbypseudostratifiedciliatedcolumnarepithelium B) isreinforcedwithC-shapedcartilages C) containsmanymucousglands D) altersitsdiameterinresponsetotheautonomicnervoussystem E) isreinforcedwithD-shapedcartilages Answer: E

29) Theairwaythatconnectsthelarynxtothebronchialtreeisthe A) trachea. B) bronchiole. C) laryngopharynx. D) alveolarduct. E) bronchus. Answer: A

30) Secondarybronchisupplyairtothe A) lungs. B) lobesofthelungs. C) lobulesofthelungs. D) alveoli. E) alveolarducts. Answer: B

31) Theybranchfromthetracheaatthecarina. A) terminalbronchioles B) secondarybronchi C) tertiarybronchi D) primarybronchi E) alveolarducts Answer: D

32) Thefollowingisalistofsomeairways. 1.secondarybronchus 2.bronchioles 3.alveolarducts 4.primarybronchus 5.respiratorybronchiole 6.alveoli 7.terminalbronchiole Theorderinwhichairpassesthroughis A) 4,1,2,7,5,3,6. B) 4,1,2,5,7,3,6. C) 1,4,2,5,7,3,6. D) 1,4,2,7,5,3,6. E) 2,4,1,7,5,3,6. Answer: A
33) Theinterlobularseptadividethelungsinto A) lobes. B) pulmonarylobules. C) alveolarsacs. D) vitalcapacityandresidualvolume. E) visceralpleuraandfibroustrabeculae. Answer: B

34) Therespiratoryepitheliumoftheconductingairwaysconsistsof A) pseudostratifiedciliatedcolumnarepithelium. B) moistcuboidalepithelium. C) simplesquamousepithelium. D) ciliatedsquamousepithelium. E) surfactantcells. Answer: A

35) Theactualsitesofgasexchangewithinthelungsare A) bronchioles. B) terminalbronchioles. C) pleuralspaces. D) alveoli. E) interlobularsepta. Answer: D

36) Therespiratorymembraneofthegasexchangesurfacesconsistsof A) pseudostratifiedciliatedcolumnarepithelium. B) moistcuboidalepithelium. C) simplesquamousepithelium. D) ciliatedsquamousepithelium. E) surfactantcells. Answer: C

37) Boyleslawstatesthatgasvolumeis A) directlyproportionaltopressure. B) directlyproportionaltotemperature. C) inverselyproportionaltopressure. D) inverselyproportionaltotemperature. E) bothAandB Answer: C

38) Whichofthefollowingmusclesmightberecruitedtoincreaseinspiredvolume? A) sternocleidomastoid B) pectoralisminor C) scalenes D) serratusanterior E) alloftheabove Answer: E

39) Expiratorymovementsareproducedbycontractionofthe________muscle(s). A) scalene B) diaphragm C) internalintercostal D) externalintercostal E) serratusanterior Answer: C

40) Whenthediaphragmandexternalintercostalmusclescontract, A) thevolumeofthethoraxincreases. B) thevolumeofthethoraxdecreases. C) thevolumeofthelungsdecreases. D) thelungsshrink. E) expirationoccurs. Answer: A

41) Whichofthesedescriptionsbestmatchesthetermexternalintercostal? A) accessorymuscleofexpiration B) accessorymuscleofinspiration C) primarymuscleofinspiration D) contractionincreasesairwayresistance E) affectslungcompliance Answer: C

42) Pulmonaryventilationreferstothe A) movementofairintoandoutofthelungs. B) movementofdissolvedgasesfromthealveolitotheblood. C) movementofdissolvedgasesfromthebloodtotheinterstitialspace. D) movementofdissolvedgasesfromtheinterstitialspacetothecells. E) utilizationofoxygen. Answer: A

43) Alveolarventilationreferstothe A) movementofairintoandoutofthelungs. B) movementofairintoandoutofthealveoli. C) movementofdissolvedgasesfromthealveolitotheblood. D) movementofdissolvedgasesfromthebloodtothealveoli. E) utilizationofoxygenbyalveolarcellstosupportmetabolism. Answer: B

44) Thefunctionofpulmonaryventilationisto A) removecarbondioxidefromtheblood. B) supplyoxygentotheblood. C) maintainadequatealveolarventilation. D) removeairfromdeadairspace. E) preventgasexchangeinthebronchioles. Answer: C

45) Henryslawstatesthat A) gasvolumeandtemperaturearedirectlyproportional. B) gasvolumeandpressureareinverselyproportional. C) thevolumeofgasthatwilldissolveinasolventisproportionaltothesolubilityofthegasandthegas pressure. D) inamixtureofgasessuchasair,thetotalpressureisthesumoftheindividualpartialpressuresofthe gasesinthemixture. E) gaspressureisinverselyproportionaltogasvolume. Answer: C
46) Daltonslawstatesthat A) gasvolumeandtemperaturearedirectlyproportional. B) gasvolumeandpressureareinverselyproportional. C) thevolumeofgasthatwilldissolveinasolventisproportionaltothesolubilityofthegasandthegas pressure. D) inamixtureofgasessuchasair,thetotalpressureisthesumoftheindividualpartialpressuresofthe gasesinthemixture. E) gaspressureisinverselyproportionaltogasvolume. Answer: D
47) Thepartialpressureofoxygeninarterialbloodisapproximately A) 40mmHg. B) 45mmHg. C) 50mmHg. D) 70mmHg. E) 100mmHg. Answer: E

48) Thepartialpressureofcarbondioxideinvenousbloodisapproximately A) 40mmHg. B) 45mmHg. C) 50mmHg. D) 70mmHg. E) 100mmHg. Answer: B

49) Thepartialpressureofoxygenintheinterstitialspaceofperipheraltissuesisapproximately A) 40mmHg. B) 45mmHg. C) 50mmHg. D) 70mmHg. E) 100mmHg. Answer: A

50) Thepartialpressureofcarbondioxideintheinterstitialspaceofperipheraltissuesisapproximately A) 35mmHg. B) 45mmHg. C) 55mmHg. D) 70mmHg. E) 100mmHg. Answer: B

51) Theprocessbywhichdissolvedgasesareexchangedbetweenthebloodandinterstitialfluidsis A) pulmonaryventilation. B) externalrespiration. C) internalrespiration. D) cellularrespiration. E) breathing. Answer: C

52) AtaPO of70mmHgandnormaltemperatureandpH,hemoglobinis________percentsaturatedwith 2 oxygen. A) 10 B) 25 C) 50 D) 75 E) morethan90 Answer: E

53) Mostoftheoxygentransportedbythebloodis A) dissolvedinplasma. B) boundtohemoglobin. C) inionicformassoluteintheplasma. D) boundtothesameproteinascarbondioxide. E) carriedbywhitebloodcells. Answer: B

54) Mostofthecarbondioxideinthebloodistransportedas A) solutedissolvedintheplasma. B) carbaminohemoglobin. C) bicarbonateions. D) solutedissolvedinthecytoplasmofredbloodcells. E) carbonicacid. Answer: C

55) Themostimportantchemicalregulatorofrespirationis A) oxygen. B) carbondioxide. C) bicarbonateion. D) sodiumion. E) hemoglobin. Answer: B

56) A10percentincreaseinthelevelofcarbondioxideinthebloodwill A) decreasetherateofbreathing. B) increasetherateofbreathing. C) decreasepulmonaryventilation. D) decreasethealveolarventilationrate. E) decreasethevitalcapacity. Answer: B

57) Thetermhypercapniarefersto A) thecessationofbreathing. B) elevatedP CO 2 . C) elevatedP O2 . D) anincreaseinpH. E) laboredbreathing. Answer: B

58) Thenormalrateanddepthofbreathingisestablishedbythe________center. A) apneustic B) pneumotaxic C) inspiratory D) expiratory E) bothAandC Answer: C

59) Prolongedinspirationscanresultfromstimulatingthe________center. A) apneustic B) pneumotaxic C) expiratory D) baroreceptor E) chemoreceptor Answer: A

60) Thepneumotaxiccenterofthepons A) setstheat-restrespiratorypattern. B) prolongsinspiration. C) modifiestherateanddepthofbreathing. D) suppressestheexpiratorycenterinthemedulla. E) bothBandC Answer: C

61) Higherbraincentersthataltertheactivityoftherespiratorycentersincludeallofthefollowing, except A) corticalassociationareas. B) theprecentralmotorgyrus. C) thelimbicsystem. D) thehypothalamus. E) Brocascenter. Answer: B

62) TheHering-Breuerreflex A) functionstoincreaseventilationwithchangesinbloodpressure. B) alterspulmonaryventilationwhentheP O2 changes. C) alterspulmonaryventilationwhentheP CO 2 changes. D) protectsthelungsfromdamageduetooverinflation. E) isanimportantaspectofnormal,quietbreathing. Answer: D
63) Whichofthefollowingsystemsis(are)responsibleforeliminationofCO 2 aswaste? A) urinary B) respiratory C) digestive D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: E

64) Thelarynx,trachea,bronchi,andbronchiolesallmakeupthe A) upperrespiratorytract. B) lowerrespiratorytract. C) internalrespiratorytract. D) alveolioftherespiratorytract. E) respiratorymucosa. Answer: B

65) Amucosaconsistsof A) anepithelium. B) anunderlyinglayerofareolartissue. C) stratifiedsquamouscells. D) bothAandB E) bothBandC Answer: D

66) Tuberculosisresultsfromaninfectionbythebacterium A) Clostridiumdifficile. B) Staphylococcusaureus. C) Mycobacteriumtuberculosis. D) Vancomycin-resistantstreptococcus. E) bothAandC Answer: C

67) ________isthemostcommonlethalinheriteddiseaseaffectingindividualsofNorthernEuropeandescent. A) MRSA B) Congestiveheartfailure C) Cysticfibrosis D) Myastheniagravis E) Parkinsonsdisease Answer: C

68) Therespiratorydefensesystemisimportantbecauseit A) helpsfiltertheair. B) helpswarmtheair. C) keepsoutdebris. D) keepsoutpathogens. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

69) ________generallycausesarapidincreaseintherateofmucusproductioninthenasalcavityandparanasal sinuses. A) Exposuretonoxiousstimuli B) Exposuretounpleasantstimuli C) Exposuretoallergens D) Exposuretodebrisorpathogens E) alloftheabove Answer: E

70) The________issharedbytherespiratoryanddigestivesystems. A) pharynx B) esophagus C) trachea D) windpipe E) rightmainstembronchus Answer: A

71) Thelaryngealcartilagenotcomposedofhyalinecartilageisthe A) arytenoid. B) corniculate. C) cricoid. D) epiglottis. E) thyroid. Answer: D

72) Thenasopharynxisdividedfromtherestofthepharynxbythe A) hardpalate. B) softpalate. C) cribriformplate. D) internalnares. E) pharyngealseptum. Answer: B

73) Theadulthumantracheaisabout________indiameterandcontains________trachealcartilages. A) 1.0cm;15-20 B) 1.0cm;10-15 C) 2.5cm;15-20 D) 2.5cm;40-50 E) noneoftheabove Answer: C

74) Anacuteinfectionofthethroatthatcanleadtoswellingandclosureoftheglottisandcausesuffocationis knownas A) laryngitis. B) laryngospasm. C) acuteepiglottitis. D) strepthroat. E) acutepharyngitis. Answer: C

75) Duringachokingepisode,mostforeignobjectsarelodgedinthe________bronchusduetoitslargerdiameter andsteeperangle. A) rightprimary B) leftprimary C) rightsecondary D) leftsecondary E) AandBareequal Answer: A

76) Therightlungisto________astheleftlungisto________. A) threelobes;twolobes B) twolobes;twolobes C) twolobes;threelobes D) threelobes;threelobes E) noneoftheabove Answer: A

77) Themostsuperiorportionofthelungistermedthe A) base. B) apex. C) cardiacnotch. D) hilus. E) epipleurium. Answer: B

78) Primarybronchiareto________assecondarybronchiareto________. A) extrapulmonarybronchi;intrapulmonarybronchi B) lobarbronchi;intrapulmonarybronchi C) intrapulmonarybronchi;lobarbronchi D) alloftheabove E) noneoftheabove Answer: A

79) Roughly________terminalbronchiolesarisefromeachtertiarybronchus. A) 1500 B) 3000 C) 6500 D) 10,000 E) 100,000 Answer: C

80) Collectively,thelayersthroughwhichtherespiratorygasesdiffuseareknownasthe A) pulmonary-basementmembrane. B) alveolar-capillarymembrane. C) pleural-basementmembrane. D) macrophages-basementmembrane. E) TypeIepithelium. Answer: B

81) Respiratoryfunctiondeterioratesasaresultofpneumoniabecauseinflammation A) causesfluidstoleakintothealveoli. B) causesrespiratorybronchiolestoswellandconstrict. C) increasesminutevolume. D) AandBonly E) A,B,andC Answer: D

82) Inhalingthroughthenostrilsispreferredoverthemouthbecause A) lessresistancetoflow. B) itcombinesolfactionwithrespiration. C) itallowsbetterconditioningoftheinhaledair. D) bacteriawontbeinhaledfromtheoralcavity. E) itdriesoutthemouth. Answer: C

83) Theresultingpainandinflammationwhenpleuralfluidisunabletopreventfrictionbetweentheopposing pleuralsurfacesisknownas A) pleurisy. B) pulmonaryhypertension. C) asthma. D) emphysema. E) COPD. Answer: A

84) Apulmonaryembolismcanbecausedby________becomingtrappedinapulmonaryartery. A) bloodclots B) massesoffat C) airbubbles D) AorConly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

85) Determinationofbloodgasesincludestestinganarterialsamplefor A) pH. B) PO2 . C) PCO 2 . D) alloftheabove E) bothAandC Answer: D

86) Theunitofmeasurementforpressurepreferredbymanyrespiratorytherapistsis A) mmHg. B) torr. C) cmH2 O. D) psi. E) A,B,orCareequallyfavored Answer: B

87) Whenthereisnoairmovement,therelationshipbetweentheintrapulmonaryandatmosphericpressureisthat A) theyareequal. B) intrapulmonarypressureisgreaterthanatmospheric. C) atmosphericpressureislessthanintrapulmonary. D) atmosphericpressureismorethanintrapulmonary. E) intrapulmonarypressureislessthanatmospheric. Answer: A

88) Theterm________describestheresultfromaninjurythatpermitsairtoleakintotheintrapleuralspace. A) pleurisy B) pneumonia C) pneumothorax D) pulmonaryedema E) emphysema Answer: C

89) Quietbreathingisto________asshallowbreathingisto________. A) eupnea;diaphragmaticbreathing B) eupnea;costalbreathing C) costalbreathing;eupnea D) costalbreathing;diaphragmatic E) diaphragmaticbreathing;eupnea Answer: B

90) ________involvesactiveinspiratoryandexpiratorymovementsandcallsonaccessorymusclestoassistwith inhalation,whileexhalationinvolvescontractionoftheinternalintercostalmusclesandsometimesabdominal musclestoo. A) Eupnea B) Forcedbreathing C) Costalbreathing D) Vitalbreathing E) bothAandB Answer: B
91) ________istheamountofairthatmovesintotherespiratorysystemduringasinglerespiratorycycle. A) Residualvolume B) Expiratoryreservevolume C) Inspiratoryreservevolume D) Tidalvolume E) Inspiratorycapacity Answer: D

92) ________istheamountofairthatyoucaninhaleabovetherestingtidalvolume. A) Residualinhaledvolume B) Expiratoryreservevolume C) Inspiratoryreservevolume D) Enhancedtidalvolume E) Inspiratorycapacity Answer: C

93) Decompressionsicknessisapainfulconditionthatdevelopswhenapersonisexposedtoasuddendropin atmosphericpressure.Bubblesof________gasareresponsiblefortheproblem. A) nitrogen B) oxygen C) carbondioxide D) helium E) anunknown Answer: A

94) Each100mlofbloodleavingthealveolarcapillariescarriesawayroughly________mlofoxygen. A) 10 B) 20 C) 30 D) 50 E) 75 Answer: B

95) Blockageofpulmonarybloodflowbyaclotorsimilarobstructionis A) emphysema. B) COPD. C) anoxia. D) pulmonaryembolism. E) pneumothorax. Answer: D

96) Theconditionresultingfrominadequateproductionofsurfactantandtheresultantcollapseofalveoliis A) respiratorydistresssyndrome. B) COPD. C) anoxia. D) pulmonaryembolism. E) pneumothorax. Answer: A

97) Asthmais A) acollapsedlung. B) anacuteconditionresultingfromunusuallysensitive,irritatedconductingairways. C) anobstructivetumor. D) characterizedbyfluidbuildupinthealveoli. E) causedbyMycobacteriumtuberculosis. Answer: B

98) Whichofthesedescriptionsbestmatchestheterm bronchiolarsmoothmuscle? A) accessorymuscleofexpiration B) accessorymuscleofinspiration C) primarymuscleofinspiration D) contractionincreasesairwayresistance E) affectslungcompliance Answer: D

99) TheCshapeofthetrachealcartilagesisimportantbecause A) largemassesoffoodcanpassthroughtheesophagusduringswallowing. B) largemassesofaircanpassthroughthetrachea. C) itfacilitatesturningofthehead. D) A,B,andC E) AandBonly Answer: A

100) BoylesLawofGasesstatesthat A) thepressureandvolumeofagasareequal. B) asthetemperaturegoesup,thepressuregoesup. C) thetotalgaspressureisequaltothesumofthepartialpressures. D) theconcentrationofdissolvedgasisproportionaltoitspartialpressure. E) ifthevolumegoesup,thepressuregoesdown. Answer: E

101) Underquietconditions,bloodreturningtotheheartretainsabout________ofitsoxygencontentwhenit leavesthelungs.. A) 25percent B) 50percent C) 75percent D) 90percent E) 100percent Answer: C

102) Theapneusticcentersofthepons A) inhibitthepneumotaxicandinspiratorycenters. B) providecontinuousstimulationtotheinspiratorycenter. C) monitorbloodgaslevels. D) alterchemoreceptorsensitivity. E) generatethegaspreflex. Answer: A

103) Allofthefollowingprovidechemoreceptorinputtotherespiratorycentersofthemedullaoblongata, except the A) olfactoryepithelium. B) medullarychemoreceptors. C) aorticbody. D) carotidbody. E) alloftheabove Answer: A
104) Sympatheticinputtothesmoothmuscletissueinbronchiolescausesalloftheseexcept A) bronchoconstriction. B) abiggerlumen. C) lessairwayresistance. D) activationofbeta-tworeceptors. E) relaxation. Answer: A

105) Inquietbreathing, A) inspirationandexpirationinvolvemuscularcontractions. B) inspirationispassiveandexpirationinvolvesmuscularcontractions. C) inspirationinvolvesmuscularcontractionsandexpirationispassive. D) inspirationandexpirationarebothpassive. E) bothCandD Answer: C

106) Eachofthefollowingfactorsaffectstherateofexternalrespiration,except the A) PO2 ofthealveoli. B) PCO 2 oftheblood. C) thicknessoftherespiratorymembrane. D) diameterofanalveolus. E) solubilityofoxygeninplasma. Answer: D
107) Externalrespirationinvolvesthe A) movementofairintoandoutofthelungs. B) diffusionofgasesbetweenthealveoliandthecirculatingblood. C) exchangeofdissolvedgasesbetweenthebloodandtheinterstitialfluid. D) bindingofoxygenbyhemoglobin. E) utilizationofoxygenbytissuestosupportmetabolism. Answer: B

108) Breathingthatinvolvesactiveinspiratoryandexpiratorymovementsiscalled A) eupnea. B) hyperpnea. C) diaphragmaticbreathing. D) costalbreathing. E) shallowbreathing. Answer: B

109) Ifapatientbeingtestedinhalesasdeeplyaspossibleandthenexhalesasmuchaspossible,thevolumeofair expelledwouldbethepatients A) tidalvolume. B) inspiratoryreservevolume. C) expiratoryreservevolume. D) reservevolume. E) vitalcapacity. Answer: E

110) ________equalstherespiratoryrate(tidalvolume anatomicdeadspace). A) Vitalcapacity B) Respiratoryminutevolume C) Pulmonaryventilationrate D) Alveolarventilationrate E) Externalrespirationrate Answer: D

111) Whichofthefollowingfactorswouldincrease theamountofoxygendischargedbyhemoglobintoperipheral tissues? A) decreasedtemperature B) decreasedpH C) increasedtissuePO2 D) decreasedamountsofDPG E) noneoftheabove Answer: B
112) Physicaldamagetothelaminapropriaofthenasalmucosaislikelytoresultin A) epistaxis. B) nasalcongestion. C) nosebleeds. D) adeviatedseptum. E) AorC Answer: E

113) Whichofthefollowingisnottrueaboutthepharynx? A) sharedbytheintegumentaryandrespiratorysystems B) nasopharynxissuperior C) oropharynxconnectstooralcavity D) laryngopharynxendsatesophagusopening E) solids,liquids,andgasespassthrough Answer: A

114) Whichofthefollowingisnotafunctionofthenasalmucosa? A) humidifytheincomingair B) dehumidifytheoutgoingair C) dehumidifytheincomingair D) trapparticulatematter E) cooloutgoingair Answer: C

115) Contractionoftheintrinsiclaryngealmusclescan A) movethearytenoidcartilages. B) closetheglottis. C) stretchthevocalfolds. D) A,B,andC E) AandBonly Answer: D

116) Duringswallowing,the A) intrinsiclaryngealmusclescontract. B) extrinsiclaryngealmusclescontract. C) glottisclosesandtheepiglottisisdepressed. D) alloftheabove E) bothBandC Answer: D

117) Whichisgreater? A) thenumberoflobesintherightlung B) thenumberoflobesintheleftlung C) Neitherthenumberoflobesisusuallyequal. Answer: A

118) Airmovesoutofthelungswhenthepressureinsidethelungsis A) lessthanthepressureintheatmosphere. B) greaterthanthepressureintheatmosphere. C) equaltothepressureintheatmosphere. D) greaterthanintraalveolarpressure. E) lessthanintrapulmonicpressure. Answer: B

119) DamagetothetypeIIpneumocytesofthelungswouldresultin A) alossofsurfactant. B) anincreasedrateofgasexchange. C) increasedsurfacetensioninthealveoli D) increasedtendencytoalveolarcollapse. E) A,C,andD Answer: E

120) Harrysuffersfromcysticfibrosisandhasseverebreathingdifficulties.Hisproblemsresultfrom A) geneticmutationinamembranechannel. B) laryngospasm. C) thicksecretionsthataredifficulttotransport. D) A,B,andC E) AandConly Answer: E

121) Whichstatementaboutthechlorideshiftisfalse? A) involvesamovementofchlorideionintoRBCs B) dependsonthechloride-bicarbonatecountertransporter C) involvesamovementofbicarbonateionsintotheplasma D) isdrivenbyariseinPCO 2 E) causesRBCstoswell Answer: E

122) Whichrespiratoryorganhasacardiacnotch? A) rightlung B) leftlung C) rightprimarybronchus D) leftprimarybronchus E) bothBandD Answer: B

123) Carbondioxideismoresolubleinwaterthanoxygen.Togetthesameamountofoxygentodissolveinplasma ascarbondioxide,youwouldhaveto A) increasethetemperatureoftheplasma. B) increasethepartialpressureofoxygen. C) decreasethepartialpressureofcarbondioxide. D) increasetherateofplasmaflowthroughthelungs. E) eitherBorC Answer: E

124) Whichofthefollowingisgreater? A) thepartialpressureofoxygeninatmosphericairatsealevel B) thepartialpressureofoxygeninatmosphericairatthetopofMt.Everest C) thepartialpressureofoxygeninatmosphericairisconstant Answer: A

125) Increasingthealveolarventilationratewill A) decreasethepartialpressureofcarbondioxideinthealveoli. B) decreasetherateofoxygendiffusionfromthealveolitotheblood. C) increasethepartialpressureofcarbondioxideinthealveoli. D) decreasetherateofcarbondioxidediffusionfromthebloodtothealveoli. E) hardlyaffecteitherthepartialpressureordiffusionofgases. Answer: A

126) Formaximumloadingofhemoglobinwithoxygenatthelungs,the A) PCO 2 shouldbehigh B) pHshouldbeslightlyacidic. C) PO2 shouldbeabout70mmHg. D) DPGlevelsintheredbloodcellsshouldbehigh. E) PCO 2 shouldbelow. Answer: E
127) Carbonicanhydrase A) isinRBCs. B) isanenzyme. C) canincreasetheamountofbicarbonateioninplasma. D) candecreasetheamountofbicarbonateioninplasma. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

128) Whichofthefollowingwouldbegreater? A) thepercentofoxygensaturationofhemoglobinwhenthepHis7.6 B) thepercentofoxygensaturationofhemoglobinwhenthepHis7.2 C) Neitherisgreater. Answer: A

129) Whichofthefollowingwouldbegreater? A) thepercentofoxygensaturationofhemoglobinwhenthetemperatureis38degreescentigrade B) thepercentofoxygensaturationofhemoglobinwhenthetemperatureis43degreescentigrade C) Neitherisgreater. Answer: A

130) Whichofthefollowingwouldbegreater? A) hemoglobinsaffinityforoxygenwhentheBPGlevelishigh B) hemoglobinsaffinityforoxygenwhentheBPGlevelislow C) Neitherisgreater. Answer: B

131) Stimulationoftheapneusticcenterwouldresultin A) increasedrespiratoryrate. B) moreintenseinhalation. C) ashorterrespiratorycycle. D) lessactivityintheDRGcenter. E) decreasedvitalcapacity. Answer: B

132) Ifthedorsalrespiratorygroupofneuronsinthemedullaoblongataweredestroyedbilaterally, A) apersonwouldstopbreathing. B) pulmonaryventilationwouldincreasemarkedly. C) therespiratoryminutevolumewouldincrease. D) tidalvolumeswoulddecrease. E) alveolarventilationwouldincrease. Answer: A

133) Thepneumotaxiccenter A) isinthepons. B) excitestheapneusticcenter. C) inhibitstheapneusticcenter. D) bothAandB E) bothAandC Answer: E

134) Whichofthefollowingisgreatest? A) thepartialpressureofcarbondioxideinvenousblood B) thepartialpressureofcarbondioxideinalveolarair C) thepartialpressureofcarbondioxideinexpiredair D) thepartialpressureofcarbondioxideininspiredair E) thepartialpressureofcarbondioxideinarterialblood Answer: A

135) Pneumotaxiccentersinthepons A) inhibittheapneusticcenters. B) promotepassiveoractiveexhalation. C) receiveinputfromthehypothalamusandcerebrum. D) modifyrespiratoryrateanddepth. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

136) Blockingafferentactionpotentialsfromthechemoreceptorsinthecarotidandaorticbodieswouldinterfere withthebrainsabilitytoregulatebreathinginresponseto A) changesinPCO 2 . B) changesinPO2 . C) changesinpH. D) changesinbloodpressure. E) A,B,andC Answer: E

137) Allofthefollowingarepresentpriortobirth,except thatthe A) pulmonaryarterialresistanceishigh. B) pulmonaryvesselsarecollapsed. C) ribcageiscompressed. D) alveoliareexpanded. E) lungsandairwayscontainonlyasmallamountoffluid. Answer: D

138) Whichofthesechangesdoesnotoccuratbirthwhenaninfanttakesitsfirstbreaths? A) Bloodflowtothelungsdecreases. B) Theresistanceinthepulmonaryarteriesdecreases. C) Changesinbloodflowcausetheforamenovaletoclose. D) Airentersthealveoli. E) Gasdiffusesacrossthealveolar-capillarymembrane. Answer: A

139) Whichoftheseage-basedchangesisfalse? A) Thelungsloseelastictissue. B) Thelungscompliancechanges. C) Vitalcapacityincreases. D) Respiratorymusclesweaken. E) Costalcartilagesbecomemoreflexible. Answer: C

140) AsanastronautisliftedintoEarthsorbit,whatisthefirstchangetotakeplaceinresponsetothedropincabin pressure? A) increasedhematocrit B) renalhypoxia C) increasedalveolarventilationrate D) decreasedalveolarPO2 E) decreasedhemoglobinsaturation Answer: D

141) Severingthesensoryfibersfromthelungswouldresultinallofthefollowing,except A) lessinhibitionoftheinspiratorycenterduringforcedbreathing. B) adropintidalvolume. C) potentialdamagetothelungsduetooverinflation. D) adisappearanceoftheHering-Breuerreflexes. E) lessstimulationoftheexpiratorycenterduringforcedbreathing. Answer: B

142) LowpHaltershemoglobinstructuresothatoxygenbindslessstronglytohemoglobinatlowP O2 .This increasestheeffectivenessof A) externalrespiration. B) internalrespiration. C) carbondioxidetransport. D) hemoglobinsynthesis. E) acid-basebalance. Answer: B
143) Tinaissingingasong.Atacertainpointinthesongsheforcesalargevolumeofairoutoftheglottisandatthe sametimeincreasesthetensiononhervocalcords.Thesoundthatsheproducesis A) lowpitchedandloud. B) highpitchedandloud. C) lowpitchedandsoft. D) highpitchedandsoft. E) mediumpitchedandsoft. Answer: B

144) Apatientwithaconnectivetissuediseaseexperiencesincreasedpulmonaryvascularresistance.Overaperiod oftimeyouwouldexpecttoobserve A) increasedcardiacoutputfromtherightventricle. B) increasedcardiacoutputfromtheleftventricle. C) increasedthicknessoftherightventricularwall. D) distensionofthepulmonaryveinsfromtherightlung. E) noappreciablechangesinheartstructureorfunction. Answer: C

145) Whileplayinginanintramuralfootballgame,Joeistackledsohardthathebreaksarib.Hecanactuallyfeela pieceoftheribstickingthroughtheskinandheishavingadifficulttimebreathing.Joeprobablyissuffering from A) acollapsedtrachea. B) anobstructioninthebronchi. C) apneumothorax. D) decreasedsurfactantproduction. E) abruiseddiaphragm. Answer: C
146) Whichofthefollowingcanbecalculatedifthetidalvolumeandrespiratoryrateareknown? A) minutevolume B) inspiratoryreservevolume C) expiratoryreservevolume D) anatomicaldeadspace E) forcedvitalcapacity Answer: A

147) Damagetothephrenicnerveswould A) increaserespiratoryrate. B) increasethetidalvolume. C) forcerelianceoncostalbreathing. D) resultingreaterpressuredifferencesbetweenthelungsandtheoutsideair. E) havelittleeffectonventilation. Answer: C

148) Inemphysema,whichoftheseoccur? A) alveolicollapse B) complianceincreases C) elevatedPCO 2 intheblood D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

149) Theobstructivelungdiseaseinwhichelasticfibersarelost,leadingtocollapseofalveoliand bronchioles,iscalled A) asthma. B) bronchitis. C) emphysema. D) tuberculosis. E) pneumonia. Answer: C

Figure23-1TheUpperAirways UseFigure23-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 150) Whatisthefunctionofthestructurelabeled8? A) forcesairintothelungs B) causesairtoswirlwithintherespiratorypassageway C) preventsfoodfromenteringthelarynx D) actslikeasupplementaryairpump E) preventsfoodfromenteringthepharynx Answer: C
151) Identifythestructurelabeled7. A) internalnares B) esophagus C) glottis D) oropharynx E) laryngopharynx Answer: D

152) Whichstructurevibratestoproducesound? A) 5 B) 8 C) 10 D) 11 E) 19 Answer: D

153) Whatisthefunctionofthestructureslabeled12? A) causeairtoswirlwithintherespiratorypassageway B) improvewarmingofincomingair C) createnarrowpassages D) helpolfaction E) alloftheabove Answer: E

154) Identifythestructurelabeled2. A) olfactoryorgan B) oropharynx C) nasopharynx D) internalnares E) nasalsinus Answer: D

Figure23-2MechanicsofVentilation UseFigure23-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 155) Whichmuscle(s)produce(s)themovementlabeled1? A) rectusabdominis B) internalintercostals C) externalintercostals D) diaphragm E) bothAandC Answer: C
156) Whatistherelationshipbetweenthepressuresatlabel3? A) Poutside=Pinside B) Poutside>Pinside C) Poutside<Pinside D) Poutside+Pinside E) Poutside-Pinside Answer: B

157) Whatpressurewillbepresentinthespacelabeled4? A) alveolarpressure B) interpleuralpressure C) subalveolarpressure D) subatmosphericpressure E) atmosphericpressure Answer: D

158) Whatistherelationshipbetweenthepressuresatlabel8? A) Poutside=Pinside B) Poutside>Pinside C) Poutside<Pinside D) Poutside+Pinside E) Poutside-Pinside Answer: C

159) Whichmuscle(s)contract(s)tocausethemovementindicatedbythearrowslabeled6and7? A) rectusabdominis B) internalintercostals C) externalintercostals D) diaphragm E) bothAandB Answer: E

1) Gasexchangebetweenairandcirculatingbloodtakesplacewithin________. Answer: alveoli
2) Theentirearrayofprotectivemechanismsintherespiratorysystemiscalledthe________. Answer: respiratorydefensesystem

3) Thebeatingoftheciliaoftherespiratorypassagesinthedirectionofthepharynxformsa(n)________. Answer: mucusescalator

4) Whentheinspiratorymusclesrelax,theribcagereturnstoitsoriginalpositionasaresultof________. Answer: elasticrebound

5) The________ofthelungsisanindicationoftheirexpandability,howeasilythelungsexpandandcontract. Answer: compliance

6) Intheconditionknownas________thepartialpressureofoxygeninthetissuesislow. Answer: hypoxia

7) Movingairtoandfromexchangesurfacesistermed________. Answer: ventilation

8) Thetechnicaltermforquietbreathingis________. Answer: eupnea

9) Useoftheaccessoryrespiratorymusclesischaracteristicofforcedbreathingor________. Answer: hyperpnea

10) Ventilationperformedbycontractionoftheexternalintercostalsmuscleisknownas________breathing. Answer: costal

11) The________extendsfromthesixthcervicalvertebratothefifththoracicvertebra. Answer: trachea

12) ThemovementofchlorideionsintotheRBCsinexchangeforbicarbonateionsisknownasthe________. Answer: chlorideshift

13) Internalrespirationreferstoexchangeofoxygenandcarbondioxidebetweenthe________andthe________. Answer: blood;tissues

14) Thetechniqueof________providesairtoapersonwhohasstoppedbreathing. Answer: artificialrespiration

15) Thenormalrespiratoryrateofarestingadultrangesfrom________breathseachminute,orroughlyonefor everyfourheartbeats. Answer: 12to18

16) Thevolumeofairmovedinasinglerespiratorycycleistermed________. Answer: tidalvolume

True/FalseQuestions
1) Thevolumeofairthatcanbeforcefullyexpelledfromthelungsfollowinganormalexhalationistermed expiratoryreservevolume. Answer: TRUE
2) Soundproductionatthelarynxiscalledphonation. Answer: TRUE

3) Thevolumeofairthatremainsinthelungsafteraforcedexpirationistermedresidualvolume. Answer: TRUE

4) Pneumothoraxoccurswhenatmosphericgasenterstheintrapleuralspace. Answer: TRUE

EssayQuestions
1) Anewborninfantisfounddead,abandonedbytheroad.Amongthemanyquestionsthatthepolicewouldlike answerediswhethertheinfantwasstillborn.Howcouldthemedicalexaminertell? Answer: Iftheinfanthadbeenbornalive,itsfirstbreathswouldinflatethealveolifromthedensecondition duringfetaldevelopment.Thus,themedicalexaminerwouldfocusonthelungs.Iftheyarespongy, filledwithair,itwasalivebirth.Ifnot,theinfantwasstillborn.Asimpletestistoplacethelungsin water.Iftheyfloat,theyareair-filled.
2) Ralphistakingscubadivingclasses,andiswarnednottoholdhisbreathwhenascendingfromdepthbutto continuouslyreleaseairfromhismouth.Whatisthebasisofthisinstructionandwhatistheriskifitis ignored? Answer: Whenbreathingunderwaterwithscubaequipment,gasissuppliedbythetankathigherthan atmosphericpressuretoovercometheextrapressureimposedbytheoverlyingwater.Accordingto BoylesLaw,duringascentwhenthepressurefalls,thevolumeofgascontainedinthelungswill expand.Ifnotpermittedtoescapethroughthemouth,itwilldamagethelung,sendingairintothe bloodstream.Amassiveairembolisminthepulmonaryarteriescouldbesuddenlyfatal.

3) Whataretheprimaryfunctionsoftherespiratorysystem? Answer: (1)Provideanextensiveareaforgasexchangebetweeninhaledairandthecirculation;(2)moveairto andfromtheexchangesurfacesofthelungs;(3)protecttherespiratorysurfacesfromdehydration, temperaturechanges,andotherenvironmentalvariationsanddefendtherespiratorysystemandother tissuesfrominvasionbypathogens;(4)producesoundsinvolvedinspeaking,singing,ornonverbal auditorycommunication;(5)directincomingairtotheolfactoryepitheliuminsupportofolfaction;(6) indirectlycontributetoregulationofbloodvolume,bloodpressure,andpH.

4) Whatishypercapnia?Howdoesitaffectrespiration?Whatarecommoncauses? Answer: Hypercapniareferstoaconditionofelevatedpartialpressureofcarbondioxide.Thisriseisdetectedby chemoreceptorsintheaorticandcarotidbodiesandpowerfullystimulatesventilationthrougheffectson pontinenuclei.Hypercapniaresultsfromincreasedproductionasduringexerciseorreduced eliminationasinreducedalveolarventilation.

Chapter24 TheDigestiveSystem MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Eachofthefollowingorgansisacomponentofthedigestivetract, except the A) stomach. B) pharynx. C) esophagus. D) bladder. E) colon. Answer: D
2) Whichofthefollowingisanaccessoryorganofdigestion? A) appendix B) pancreas C) spleen D) colon E) esophagus Answer: B

3) Digestionreferstothe A) progressivedehydrationofindigestibleresidue. B) mechanicalbreakdownoffood. C) chemicalbreakdownoffood. D) BandConly E) A,B,andC Answer: D

4) Whichofthefollowingisnotafunctionofthedigestivesystem? A) mechanicalprocessing B) absorption C) compaction D) ingestion E) filtration Answer: E

5) Thelaminapropriaandmucousepitheliumarecomponentsofthe A) serosa. B) adventitia. C) muscularismucosa. D) mucosa. E) submucosa. Answer: D

6) Whichofthesedescriptionsbestmatchesthetermmyentericplexus? A) componentofmucosa B) sensoryneuralnetwork C) secretesawateryfluid D) coordinatesactivityofmuscularisexterna E) looseconnectivetissuelayercontainingbloodvessels Answer: D

7) Contractionofthe________alterstheshapeoftheintestinallumenandmovesepithelialpleatsandfolds. A) mucosa B) submucosa C) submucosalplexus D) muscularismucosa E) adventitia Answer: D

8) The________aredoublesheetsofperitonealmembranethatsuspendthevisceralorgansandcarrynerves, lymphatics,andbloodvessels. A) serosa B) adventitia C) mesenteries D) fibrosa E) laminapropria Answer: C

9) Sensorynervecells,parasympatheticganglia,andsympatheticpostganglionicfiberscanbefoundinthe A) mucosa. B) serosa. C) adventitia. D) submucosalplexus. E) laminapropria. Answer: D

10) Sandwichedbetweenthelayerofcircularandlongitudinalmuscleinthemuscularisexternaisthe A) mucosa. B) submucosa. C) muscularismucosa. D) myentericplexus. E) submucosalplexus. Answer: D

11) Largebloodvesselsandlymphaticsarefoundinthe A) mucosa. B) submucosa. C) muscularis. D) adventitia. E) serosa. Answer: B

12) Thelayeroflooseconnectivetissuethatdirectlysupportsthedigestiveepitheliumisthe A) laminapropria. B) muscularismucosae. C) submucosa. D) submucosalplexus. E) myentericplexus. Answer: A

13) Astratifiedsquamousepithelialliningcanbefoundinallofthefollowing,exceptinthe A) analcanal. B) esophagus. C) stomach. D) oropharynx. E) oralcavity. Answer: C

14) Afeatureofthedigestiveepitheliumthatassistsexpansionoftheorganisthepresenceof A) transitionalcells. B) plicae. C) elasticcells. D) rugae. E) bothBandD Answer: E

15) Whichofthesedescriptionsbestmatchesthetermsubmucosalplexus? A) componentofmucosa B) sensoryneuralnetwork C) secretesawateryfluid D) coordinatesactivityofmuscularisexterna E) looseconnectivetissuelayercontainingbloodvessels Answer: B

16) Wavesofmuscularcontractionsthatpropelthecontentsofthedigestivetractarecalled A) segmentation. B) pendularmovements. C) peristalsis. D) churningmovements. E) mastication. Answer: C

17) Powerfulperistalticcontractionsthatoccurafewtimeseachdayinthecolonarecalled A) segmentation. B) pendularmovements. C) haustralchurning. D) defecation. E) massmovements. Answer: E

18) Theactivitiesofthedigestivesystemareregulatedby A) hormones. B) parasympatheticandsympatheticneurons. C) thecontentsofthedigestivetract. D) intrinsicnerveplexuses. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

19) Thefunctionsoftheoralcavityincludeallofthefollowing,except A) analysisofmaterialbeforeswallowing. B) mechanicalprocessingoffood. C) lubrication. D) absorptionofmonosaccharides. E) digestionofcarbohydrates. Answer: D

20) ________pair(s)ofsalivaryglandssecreteintotheoralcavity. A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four E) SixtoTen Answer: C

21) The________glandemptiesintotheoralcavityattheleveloftheseconduppermolar. A) submaxillary B) submandibular C) parotid D) sublingual E) vestibular Answer: C

22) Astructurethathelpspreventfoodfromenteringthepharynxprematurelyisthe A) uvula. B) pharyngealarch. C) palatoglossalarch. D) palatopharyngealarch. E) epiglottis. Answer: A

23) Functionsofthetongueincludeallofthefollowing,except A) mechanicalprocessingoffood. B) manipulationoffood. C) sensoryanalysisoffood. D) aidinginspeech. E) partitioningtheoropharynxfromthenasopharynx. Answer: E

24) Thebulkofeachtoothconsistsofamineralizedmatrixsimilartothatofbonecalled A) enamel. B) cementum. C) dentin. D) pulp. E) periodontium. Answer: C

25) Thechamberwithinatooththatcontainsbloodvesselsandnervesisthe A) enamel. B) cementum. C) dentin. D) pulpcavity. E) periodontium. Answer: D

26) Therootofatoothiscoveredby A) enamel. B) cementum. C) dentin. D) pulp. E) therootcanal. Answer: B

27) Thecrownofatoothiscoveredby A) enamel. B) cementum. C) dentin. D) pulp. E) periodontium. Answer: A

28) Duringdeglutition, A) thesoftpalateelevates. B) thelarynxelevatesandtheepiglottiscloses. C) theloweresophagealsphincteropens. D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

29) Whichofthefollowingisfalseaboutsecretionsfromthesalivaryglands? A) aremostlywater B) helpcontrolbacterialpopulationsinthemouth C) helplubricatetheoralcavityanditscontents D) containenzymesforthedigestionofpolysaccharides E) containenzymesforthedigestionofdisaccharides Answer: E

30) Theroofoftheoralcavityisformedbythe A) vestibule. B) hardpalate. C) softpalate. D) A,B,andC E) BandConly Answer: E

31) Thespacebetweenthecheeksorlipsandtheteethiscalledthe A) pharynx. B) larynx. C) fauces. D) vestibule. E) dipsulcus. Answer: D

32) Theridgeoforalmucosathatsurroundsthebaseofatoothisthe A) vestibule. B) gingiva. C) alveolus. D) uvula. E) faux. Answer: B

33) Theconnectionoftheanteriorportionofthetonguetotheunderlyingepitheliumisthe A) uvula. B) faux. C) lingualfrenulum. D) labialfrenulum. E) glossalseptum. Answer: C

34) Theuvulaislocatedatthe A) posteriorofthetongue. B) marginofthevestibule. C) baseofatooth. D) posteriormarginofthesoftpalate. E) marginoftheoropharynxandthelaryngopharynx. Answer: D

35) ________areblade-shapedteeththatfunctionincuttingorclipping. A) Canines B) Bicuspids C) Cuspids D) Incisors E) Molars Answer: D

36) ________arepointedteeththatareadaptedfortearingandslashing. A) Incisors B) Bicuspids C) Premolars D) Cuspids E) Molars Answer: D

37) ________areteethwithflattenedcrownsandprominentridgesthatareadaptedforcrushingandgrinding. A) Molars B) Cuspids C) Eyeteeth D) Canines E) Dentins Answer: A

38) Theesophagushasseveralvariationsfromthestandardplanoftheguttube.Theseinclude A) epitheliumofmucosaisstratifiedsquamous. B) epitheliumofmucosaissimplecolumnar. C) muscularisexternamaybestriatedmuscle. D) AandConly E) BandConly Answer: D

39) Functionsofthestomachincludeallofthefollowing, except A) storageofingestedfood. B) denaturationofproteins. C) initiationofproteindigestion. D) absorptionoftriglycerides. E) mechanicalbreakdownoffood. Answer: D

40) Parietalcellssecrete A) pepsinogen. B) gastrin. C) mucus. D) hydrochloricacid. E) enteropeptidase. Answer: D

41) Chiefcellssecrete A) pepsinogen. B) gastrin. C) mucus. D) hydrochloricacid. E) intrinsicfactor. Answer: A

42) Gcellsofthestomachsecrete A) cholecystokinin. B) secretin. C) gastrin. D) enteropeptidase. E) pepsin. Answer: C

43) Whichregionofthestomachdoestheesophagusconnectto? A) fundus B) cardia C) body D) antrum E) pylorus Answer: B

44) Theportionofthestomachthatissuperiortothejunctionbetweenthestomachandtheesophagusisthe A) cardia. B) pylorus. C) fundus. D) antrum. E) body. Answer: C

45) Thepartofthestomachthatfunctionsasamixingchamberforfoodandsecretionsisthe A) body. B) antrum. C) pylorus. D) cardia. E) fundus. Answer: A

46) Theregionofthestomachthatemptiesintotheduodenumisthe A) antrum. B) fundus. C) body. D) cardia. E) pylorus. Answer: E

47) Theprominentridgesintheliningoftheemptystomacharecalled A) cardia. B) papillae. C) rugae. D) plicae. E) villi. Answer: C

48) Thegreateromentumis A) theentrancetothestomach. B) attachedtothestomachatthelessercurvature. C) importantinthedigestionoffats. D) afattysheetthathangslikeanapronovertheabdominalviscera. E) asheetofmesenterythatattachestotheliver. Answer: D

49) Gastricpitsare A) ridgesinthebodyofthestomach. B) involvedinabsorptionofliquidsfromthestomach. C) openingsintogastricglands. D) acidscarsintheesophagus. E) hollowswhereproteinsarestored. Answer: C

50) Theenzymepepsindigests A) carbohydrates. B) proteins. C) lipids. D) nucleicacids. E) vitamins. Answer: B

51) Anenzymesecretedbythegastricmucosaofanewbornthatcoagulatesmilkproteinsis A) pepsin. B) trypsin. C) gastrin. D) rennin. E) cholecystokinin. Answer: D

52) Lacteals A) increasethesurfaceareaofthemucosaofthesmallintestine. B) carryabsorbedfatstothelymphaticsystem. C) producenewcellsforthemucosaofthesmallintestine. D) secretedigestiveenzymes. E) producemilk. Answer: B

53) Plicaeandintestinalvilli A) increasethesurfaceareaofthemucosaofthesmallintestine. B) carryproductsofdigestionthatwillnotpassthroughthewallsofbloodcapillaries. C) producenewcellsforthemucosaofthesmallintestine. D) secretedigestiveenzymes. E) producehormones. Answer: A

54) Submucosalglandsthatsecretemucusarecharacteristicofthe A) duodenum. B) jejunum. C) ileum. D) pancreas. E) liver. Answer: A

55) Theduodenalampullareceivessecretionsfromthe A) duodenumandthejejunum. B) duodenumandthepylorus. C) commonbileductandthepancreaticduct. D) duodenumandthepancreaticduct. E) duodenumandthebileduct. Answer: C

56) Thevilliaremostdevelopedinthe A) stomach. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) gallbladder. E) cecum. Answer: C

57) Peyerpatchesarecharacteristicofthe A) stomach. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) ileum. E) colon. Answer: D

58) Whichoftheseenhancetheabsorptiveeffectivenessofthesmallintestine? A) theplicaecirculares B) thevilli C) themicrovilli D) intestinalmovements E) alloftheabove Answer: E

59) Brunnerglandsarecharacteristicofthe A) stomach. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) ileum. E) colon. Answer: B

60) Thepylorusemptiesintothe A) ileum. B) colon. C) cecum. D) jejunum. E) duodenum. Answer: E

61) Themiddlesegmentofthesmallintestineisthe A) ileum. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) pylorus. E) cecum. Answer: C

62) Theportionofthesmallintestinethatattachestothececumisthe A) haustrum. B) appendix. C) ileum. D) duodenum. E) jejunum. Answer: C

63) Plicaecircularesare A) ridgesinthewallofthestomach. B) circumferentialfoldsinthemucosaandsubmucosaofthesmallintestine. C) fingerlikeprojectionsonthesurfaceofthemucosaofthesmallintestine. D) sacculationsinthecolon. E) abnormalstructuresformedbyexcessivepressureinthesmallintestine. Answer: B

64) Anintestinalhormonethatstimulatesmucussecretionbythesubmucosalduodenalglandsis A) secretin. B) cholecystokinin. C) enterocrinin. D) GIP. E) gastrin. Answer: C

65) Theintestinalhormonethatstimulatesthepancreastoreleaseawatery,bicarbonate -richfluidis A) enterocrinin. B) secretin. C) cholecystokinin. D) GIP. E) gastrin. Answer: B

66) Anintestinalhormonethatstimulatesthegallbladdertoreleasebileis A) enteropeptidase. B) secretin. C) cholecystokinin. D) GIP. E) gastrin. Answer: C

67) Anintestinalhormonethatstimulatesthereleaseofinsulinfromthepancreaticisletcellsis A) enterocrinin. B) enteropeptidase. C) secretin. D) cholecystokinin. E) gastricinhibitorypeptide(GIP). Answer: E

68) Anintestinalhormonethatstimulatesgastricsecretionis A) secretin. B) cholecystokinin. C) enteropeptidase. D) gastrin. E) gastricinhibitorypeptide(GIP). Answer: D

69) Whichofthesedescriptionsbestmatchesthetermgastrin? A) wherepancreaticjuiceandbileenterduodenum B) carriesabsorbedsugarsandaminoacids C) stimulatespancreastosecretebicarbonate-richfluid D) causesgallbladdertocontract E) stimulatesgastricsecretion Answer: E

70) Thehumanliveriscomposedof________lobe(s). A) one B) two C) three D) four E) twolarge,foursmall Answer: D

71) Thefusionofthehepaticductandthecysticductformsthe A) hepaticportalvein. B) portahepatis. C) commonbileduct. D) commonpancreaticduct. E) bilecanaliculus. Answer: C

72) Inthecenterofaliverlobulethereisa A) hepaticduct. B) portalarea. C) sinusoid. D) centralvein. E) portalvein. Answer: D

73) Theexocrineportionofthepancreasiscomposedof A) isletsofLangerhans. B) pancreaticcrypts. C) pancreaticacini. D) pancreaticlobules. E) triads. Answer: C

74) Eachofthefollowingisafunctionoftheliver,except A) synthesisandsecretionofbile. B) antibodyproduction. C) synthesisofplasmaproteins. D) inactivationoftoxins. E) storageofglycogenandironreserves. Answer: B

75) Thebasicfunctionalunitoftheliveristhe A) hepatocyte. B) Kupffercell. C) lobule. D) portalarea. E) bilecanaliculus. Answer: C

76) ________arearrangedwithinalobuleoftheliverintoaseriesofplatesconvergingtowardacentralvein. A) Kupffercells B) Hepatocytes C) Bilecanaliculi D) Portalareas E) Hepaticducts Answer: B

77) TheKupffercellsoftheliver A) destroyRBCs. B) destroybacteria. C) presentantigens. D) arephagocytic. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

78) Thepancreasproduces A) lipasesandamylase. B) nucleases. C) peptidasesandproteinases. D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

79) Thepancreasproduces________-digestingenzymesintheformofproenzymes. A) carbohydrate B) protein C) sugar D) lipid E) nucleicacid Answer: B

80) Thestructurethatmarksthedivisionbetweentherightandleftlobesoftheliveristhe A) lesseromentum. B) greateromentum. C) falciformligament. D) ligamentumteres. E) hepaticligament. Answer: C

81) Bileisstoredinthe A) liver. B) duodenum. C) pancreas. D) gallbladder. E) appendix. Answer: D

82) Duringthecephalicphaseofgastricsecretion, A) thestomachrespondstodistention. B) secretininhibitsparietalandchiefcells. C) thereisanincreasedflowofactionpotentialsalongthevagusnervetothestomach. D) theintestinalreflexinhibitsgastricemptying. E) productionofgastricjuiceslowsdown. Answer: C

83) Thegastricphaseofgastricsecretionistriggeredbythe A) sight,thought,orsmelloffood. B) entryoffoodintothestomach. C) entryofchymeintothesmallintestine. D) entryofchymeintothelargeintestine. E) releaseofcholecystokininandsecretinbythesmallintestine. Answer: B

84) Allofthefollowingaretrueoftheintestinalphaseofgastricdigestion, except thatit A) precedesthegastricphase. B) functionstocontroltherateofgastricemptying. C) involvesbothneuralandendocrinereflexes. D) helpsensurethatthefunctionsofthesmallintestineproceedwithrelativeefficiency. E) beginswhenchymeentersthesmallintestine. Answer: A
85) Enzymessecretedbythepancreasinclude A) trypsin(astrypsinogen). B) amylase. C) lactase. D) AandBonly E) A,B,andC Answer: D

86) Thegastroilealreflex A) emptiestheduodenum. B) promotesgastricsecretion. C) decreasesperistalticactivity. D) movessomechymetothecolon. E) isrelayedthroughtheCNS. Answer: D

87) Nutrientsareabsorbedbyallofthefollowing,except A) activetransport. B) diffusion. C) facilitateddiffusion. D) cotransport. E) osmosis. Answer: E

88) Functionsofthelargeintestineinclude A) absorptionofbilesalts. B) absorptionofvitamins. C) resorptionofwaterandcompactionoffeces. D) alloftheabove. E) BandConly Answer: E

89) Atthehepaticflexure,thecolonbecomesthe A) ascendingcolon. B) transversecolon. C) descendingcolon. D) sigmoidcolon. E) rectum. Answer: B

90) Approximatelythelast15cmofthedigestivetractisthe A) anus. B) analcanal. C) rectum. D) sigmoidcolon. E) rectalcolumn. Answer: C

91) Haustraare A) expansiblepouchesofthecolon. B) stripsofmuscleinthecolon. C) glandsinthelargeintestinethatsecretemucus. D) thesourceofcolonhormones. E) compactfecesstoredintherectum. Answer: A

92) Thetaeniacoliare A) tearsofthecolon. B) longitudinalbandsofsmoothmuscleinthecolonwall. C) ridgesinthemucosaofthecolon. D) polypsthatobstructthesigmoidcolon. E) tumorsnormallyconfinedinthesigmoidcolon. Answer: B

93) Thesaclikestructurethatjoinstheileumattheileocecalvalveisthe A) appendix. B) sigmoidcolon. C) rectum. D) haustra. E) cecum. Answer: E

94) Asmall,wormlikestructureattachedtotheposteromedialsurfaceofthececumisthe A) haustra. B) pancreas. C) gallbladder. D) appendix. E) ileum. Answer: D

95) Movementsuniquetothelargeintestineare________movements. A) peristaltic B) segmentation C) mass D) pendular E) writhing Answer: C

96) Theenzymeamylasedigests A) peptides. B) polysaccharides. C) disaccharides. D) triglycerides. E) nucleotides. Answer: B

97) Anenzymethatdigestsproteinsintopeptidesis A) lipase. B) amylase. C) nuclease. D) maltase. E) trypsin. Answer: E

98) Carbohydratedigestionbeginsinthe A) mouth. B) esophagus. C) stomach. D) duodenum. E) ileum. Answer: A

99) Productsoffatdigestionaretransportedinitiallyby A) capillaries. B) veins. C) lymphaticvessels. D) theinterstitialfluid. E) thearterioles. Answer: C

100) Theabsorptionofsomesugarsinthesmallintestineinvolves A) osmosis. B) diffusion. C) cotransport. D) phagocytosis. E) pinocytosis. Answer: C

101) Thedigestivetractisalsoreferredtoasthe A) alimentarycanal. B) esophagus. C) GItract. D) bothAandC E) alloftheabove Answer: D

102) The________supportsallbut25cmofthesmallintestineandprovidesstabilityandlimitedmovement. A) falciformligament B) greateromentum C) mesenteryproper D) lesseromentum E) diaphragm Answer: C

103) Thisorganisprimarilyresponsibleforwaterabsorption. A) smallintestine B) esophagus C) largeintestine D) stomach E) anus Answer: C

104) Whichofthefollowingcontainsadiposetissueandprovidespaddingfortheanteriorandlateralportionsof theabdomen? A) falciformligament B) greateromentum C) mesenteryproper D) lesseromentum E) diaphragm Answer: B

105) Whichofthesedescriptionsbestmatchesthetermcholecystokinin(CCK)? A) wherepancreaticjuiceandbileenterduodenum B) carriesabsorbedsugarsandaminoacids C) stimulatespancreastosecretebicarbonate-richfluid D) causesgallbladdertocontract E) stimulatesgastricsecretion Answer: D

106) The________mechanicallydigestsingestedfood. A) smallintestine B) esophagus C) largeintestine D) stomach E) anus Answer: D

107) Whichlayerofthedigestivetracthasadenseirregularconnectivetissuethatsurroundsthemuscularis mucosae? A) submucosa B) digestiveepithelium C) muscularismucosae D) laminapropria E) mucosa Answer: A

108) Whichorganisresponsiblefordehydrationandcompactionofindigestiblematerials? A) smallintestine B) esophagus C) largeintestine D) stomach E) anus Answer: C

109) Theserousmembranethatlinestheperitonealcavity A) secretesperitonealfluid. B) decreasesfriction. C) lubricatesthecavity. D) preventsirritation. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

110) Whichofthefollowingcontainsaremnantofthefetalumbilicalvein? A) falciformligament B) greateromentum C) mesenteryproper D) lesseromentum E) diaphragm Answer: A

111) Whichofthefollowingisnotacomponentofthehepatictriadfoundattheedgesofaliverlobule? A) hepaticartery B) bileduct C) centralvein D) hepaticportalvein E) Noneoftheaboveallarepresentinthehepatictriad. Answer: C

112) Whichofthefollowingisclassifiedasbeingeithersquamousorcolumnar? A) submucosa B) digestiveepithelium C) muscularismucosae D) laminapropria E) mucosa Answer: B

113) Approximately________litersoffluidaresecretedandreabsorbedintothedigestivesystemeachday. A) 5 B) 10 C) 2 D) 1 E) 7 Answer: E

114) Identifythesalivaryglandthatsecretesawaterymixturerichinsalivaryamylaseandbicarbonateion. A) mandibular B) sublingual C) lingual D) submandibular E) parotid Answer: E

115) Thedouble-layersheetsofserousmembranethatsupportthevisceraarecalled A) peritonealsheets. B) mesenteries. C) ascites. D) thediaphragm. E) thedorsalandventralfrenulums. Answer: B

116) Whatprovidesaccessforbloodvesselsenteringandleavingtheliver? A) falciformligament B) greateromentum C) mesenteryproper D) lesseromentum E) diaphragm Answer: D

117) Whichlayerofthedigestivetractdirectlyunderliestheepithelium? A) submucosa B) digestiveepithelium C) muscularismucosae D) laminapropria E) lymphoidnodules Answer: D

118) Allofthefollowingcontainmucouscellsintheepithelium,except the A) stomach. B) transversecolon. C) esophagus. D) smallintestine. E) largeintestine. Answer: C

119) Whichofthefollowingissurroundedbyaserosa? A) rectum B) pharynx C) esophagus D) smallintestine E) oralcavity Answer: D

120) GastrinsecretioninresponsetoelevatedluminalpHisanexampleof A) neuralstimulation. B) localstimulation. C) muscularstimulation. D) hormonestimulation. E) noneoftheabove Answer: B

121) ________arealsoknownascanines. A) Bicuspids B) Incisors C) Molars D) Secondaryteeth E) Cuspids Answer: E

122) Theoralmucosahas________epithelium. A) simplesquamous B) stratifiedsquamous C) pseudostratified D) stratifiedcolumnar E) transitional Answer: B

123) The________salivaryglandsarecoveredbythemucousmembraneinthefloorofthemouth. A) mandibular B) sublingual C) lingual D) submandibular E) parotid Answer: B

124) Whichofthesestatementsaboutthetongueisfalse? A) dorsalsurfacecoveredwithpapillae B) composedoflargeextrinsicandsmallintrinsicmuscles C) lingualfrenulumattachesventralsurfacetoflooroforalcavity D) secreteslinguallipase E) secretessalivaryamylase Answer: E

125) Whichofthesedescriptionsbestmatchesthetermduodenal ampulla? A) wherepancreaticjuiceandbileenterduodenum B) carriesabsorbedsugarsandaminoacids C) stimulatespancreastosecretebicarbonate-richfluid D) causesgallbladdertocontract E) stimulatesgastricsecretion Answer: A

126) Whichofthefollowingisafunctionofthetongue? A) manipulationtoassistwithchewing B) mechanicalprocessing C) sensoryanalysis D) secretionofmucins E) alloftheabove Answer: E

127) Whichsalivaryglandproducesaseroussecretioncontaininglargeamountsofsalivaryamylase? A) mandibular B) sublingual C) lingual D) submandibular E) parotid Answer: E

128) Absorptionofglucosefromthegutlumendependson A) thesodium-potassiumpumpinthebasolateralmembraneoftheepithelialcell. B) cotransporterproteinsintheapicalmembraneoftheepithelialcell. C) highersodiumionconcentrationinthelumenthanintheepithelialcell. D) AandBonly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

129) Functionsofteethinclude A) tearing. B) crushing. C) cutting. D) clipping. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

130) ________crushandgrindfood. A) Bicuspids B) Incisors C) Molars D) Cuspids E) bothAandC Answer: E

131) Thepartofthedigestivetractthatplaystheprimaryroleinthedigestionandabsorptionofnutrientsisthe A) cecum. B) jejunum. C) stomach. D) duodenum. E) colon. Answer: B

132) Thehormonethatstimulatessecretionandcontractionbythestomachis A) gastrin. B) enteropeptidase. C) secretin. D) cholecystokinin. E) CCK. Answer: A

133) Theessentialfunctionsoftheliverinclude A) metabolicregulation. B) hematologicalregulation. C) bileproduction. D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

134) Ifthelingualfrenulumistoorestrictive,anindividual A) hasaconditioncalledankyloglossia. B) hasdifficultyeating. C) cannotspeaknormally. D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

135) Increasedsecretionbyallthesalivaryglandsresultsfrom A) sympatheticstimulation. B) hormonalstimulation. C) parasympatheticstimulation. D) myentericreflexes. E) hunger. Answer: C

136) Thesecretionofacidandenzymesbythegastricmucosaiscontrolledandregulatedby A) thecentralnervoussystem. B) shortreflexescoordinatedinthestomachwall. C) digestivetracthormones. D) A,B,andC E) AandConly Answer: D

137) Atthesplenicflexure,thecolonbecomesthe A) ascendingcolon. B) transversecolon. C) descendingcolon. D) sigmoidcolon. E) rectum. Answer: C

138) Blockageofthecommonhepaticductwouldinterferewithdigestionof A) proteins. B) fats. C) disaccharides. D) complexcarbohydrates. E) vitamins. Answer: B

139) Duringdeglutition,whichofthefollowingphasesisnotpresent? A) voluntary B) pharyngeal C) laryngeal D) esophageal E) Noneoftheabove.Allarephasesindeglutition. Answer: C

140) Adiseasethatattacksanddisablesthemyentericplexuswould A) increaseintestinalmotility. B) decreaseintestinalmotility. C) increasegastricsecretion. D) decreasegastricsecretion. E) interferewithbothintestinalmotilityandgastricsecretion. Answer: B

141) Musclesknownasthepharyngealconstrictorsfunctionin A) mastication. B) movingthetongue. C) swallowing. D) esophagealperistalsis. E) openingthecardiacsphincter. Answer: C

142) Allofthefollowingaretrueoftheliningofthestomach,except thatit A) hasasimplecolumnarepithelium. B) iscoveredbyathick,viscousmucus. C) isconstantlybeingreplaced. D) containsgastricpits. E) recyclesbile. Answer: E

143) Whichofthefollowingisgreater? A) thepHofthebloodingastricveinsduringdigestionofalargemeal B) thepHofthebloodingastricveinsfollowinga24 -hourfast C) Canbeeither. D) BloodpHisconstantbecauseofbuffering. Answer: A

144) Enterogastricreflexes A) inhibitgastricmotility. B) inhibitgastricsecretion. C) aretriggeredbychymeenteringtheduodenum. D) involvetheentericnervoussystem. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

145) Thepartofthesmallintestinemostlikelytodevelopanulcerfromexposuretogastricjuiceisthe A) pylorus. B) duodenum. C) ileum. D) caecum. E) jejunum. Answer: B

146) Inresponsetothearrivalofacidchymeintheduodenum,the A) bloodlevelsofsecretinrise. B) bloodlevelsofcholecystokininfall. C) bloodlevelsofgastrinrise. D) bloodlevelsofenterocrininfall. E) bothCandD Answer: A

147) Ablockageoftheductsfromtheparotidglandswould A) reducedeliveryofsaliva. B) causemumps-likeswellingoftheface. C) interferewithcarbohydratedigestioninthemouth. D) A,B,andC E) BandConly Answer: D

148) Inresponsetothehormonesecretin,thepancreassecretesafluid A) richinenzymes. B) richinbicarbonateion. C) richinbile. D) richinmucus. E) thatcontainsonlyamylase. Answer: B

149) Inresponsetothehormonecholecystokinin,thepancreassecretesafluid A) richinenzymes. B) richinbicarbonate. C) richinbile. D) richinmucus. E) thatcontainsonlyamylase. Answer: A

150) Ifdigestionofacarbohydrateresultsinequalamountsofglucoseandgalactose,thiscarbohydrateisprobably A) sucrose. B) maltose. C) lactose. D) cellulose. E) glycogen. Answer: C

151) Allofthefollowingaretrueoftheprocessknownascotransport,except that A) onlyneutralcompoundssuchassugarsaretransported. B) morethanonemoleculeorionismovedthroughthecellmembraneatonetime. C) ATPisnotrequiredbythetransportprotein. D) saturationphenomenoncanbeobserved. E) moleculescanbemovedagainstaconcentrationgradient. Answer: A

152) Parietalcellssecrete A) pepsinogen. B) gastrin. C) mucus. D) intrinsicfactor. E) vitaminB12. Answer: D

153) Thestomachisabletodistendagreatdealasitreceivesfoodbecauseofallofthefollowing, exceptthat A) thereisagreatdealofloosetissueintheformofrugae. B) thesmoothmuscleofthestomachisveryelastic. C) thehormonegastrinrelaxesstomachsmoothmuscle. D) sympatheticstimulationdecreasesthetonusofthegastricsmoothmuscle. E) thegastricsmoothmuscleisveryextensible. Answer: C

154) Adrugthatblockstheactionofcarbonicanhydraseinparietalcellswouldresultin A) alowerpHduringgastricdigestion. B) ahigherpHduringgastricdigestion. C) decreasedproductionofpepsinogenbychiefcells. D) increasedproteindigestioninthestomach. E) decreasedgastrinproduction. Answer: B

155) Adrugthatblockstheactionofthehormonecholecystokininwouldaffect A) acidproductionbythestomach. B) thecompositionofpancreaticsecretions. C) thedeliveryofbile. D) BandConly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

156) Anobstructionofthecommonbileductoftenresultsin A) undigestedfatinthefeces. B) jaundice. C) inabilitytodigestprotein. D) AandBonly E) A,B,andC Answer: D

157) Ifthepancreaticductwasobstructed,youwouldexpecttoseeelevatedbloodlevelsof A) bilirubin. B) amylase. C) cholecystokinin. D) secretin. E) gastrin. Answer: B

158) Maryhadherstomachmostlyremovedtotrytoovercomeobesity.AsaresultyouwouldexpectMarytobeat riskfor A) proteinmalnutrition. B) perniciousanemia. C) diarrhea. D) dehydration. E) anulcer. Answer: B

159) Tomhashepatitis,aninflammationoftheliver.Whichofthefollowingsymptomswouldyouexpecttoobserve inTom? A) jaundice B) elevatedlevelsofbloodglucose C) impaireddigestionofprotein D) bloodinthefeces E) overproductionofbloodplasmaalbumin Answer: A

160) Tonyisachronicalcoholicwithcirrhosisoftheliver,aconditioninwhichlivercellsdieandarereplacedby connectivetissue.WhichofthefollowingsignswouldyouexpecttoobserveinTony? A) increasedclottingtime B) jaundice C) portalhypertensionandascites D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: D

Figure24-1TheStomach(dissected) UseFigure24-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 161) Whatisthefunctionofthestructurelabeled6? A) strainsmaterialsenteringthestomach B) regulatesgastricemptying C) mixesstomachjuiceintofood D) controlscontractionofstomachmuscles E) preventsfoodfromenteringtheesophagus Answer: B
162) Identifythestructurelabeled10. A) longitudinalmusclelayer B) circularmusclelayer C) obliquemusclelayer D) rugae E) submucosa Answer: C

163) Identifythestructurelabeled12. A) fundus B) cardia C) lessercurvature D) greatercurvature E) pylorus Answer: A

164) Whichstructurehelpsthestomachtostretchasitfillswithfood? A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6 E) 9 Answer: E

165) Identifythestructurelabeled7. A) esophagus B) cardia C) lessercurvature D) greatercurvature E) pylorus Answer: E

\ Figure24-2TheWalloftheSmallIntestine UseFigure24-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 166) Whatisproducedbythestructurelabeled7? A) sodiumbicarbonate B) lipase C) antibodies D) hydrochloricacid E) pepsinogen Answer: C
167) Whichstructurecontrolsthecontractionofthemuscularisexterna? A) 2 B) 8 C) 9 D) 10 E) 11 Answer: D

168) Contractionofthemusclelayerlabeled9causesthedigestivetractto A) constrict. B) shorten. C) dilate. D) foldforincreasedsurfacearea. E) secreteenzymes. Answer: A

169) Whattypeofepitheliumcoversthestructurelabeled6? A) simplesquamous B) stratifiedsquamous C) simplecuboidal D) simplecolumnar E) pseudostratifiedciliatedcolumnar Answer: D

170) Thestructurelabeled5 A) contributestothemesenteryofthesmallintestine. B) hasasimplesquamousepithelium. C) ispartofthevisceralperitoneum. D) iscalledtheserosa. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

1) Theoralcavityisalsoknownasthe________cavity. Answer: buccal
2) Thefirstteethtoappeararethe________teeth. Answer: deciduous

3) Therearenormallyatotalof________primaryteeth. Answer: 20
4) Thesecondarydentitionusuallycomprises________teeth. Answer: 32
5) Thetechnicaltermforchewingis________. Answer: mastication

6) Thesmall,semisolidmassoffoodformedduringmasticationiscalleda(n)________. Answer: bolus

7) Afterfoodandgastricjuicescombine,thegastriccontentsarereferredtoas________. Answer: chyme

8) Bilesaltsaidinthedigestionoffatsby________largefatdroplets. Answer: emulsifying

9) ________isgasproducedbybacteriainthecolonastheymetabolizeindigestiblecarbohydrates. Answer: Flatus

10) Theenzymethatdigestsstarchintodisaccharidesandtrisaccharidesis________. Answer: amylase

11) Maltoseishydrolyzedintomonosaccharidesbytheenzyme________. Answer: maltase

12) Sucroseishydrolyzedbysucraseintoglucoseand________. Answer: fructose

13) Peoplewholacktheenzyme________oftenexperienceGIupsetafterconsumingmilkandotherdairy products. Answer: lactase

14) ________arecomplexesoffattyacids,monoglycerides,andbilesalts. Answer: Micelles

15) The________isformedbytheunionofthecysticductandthecommonhepaticduct. Answer: commonbileduct

16) Yourpatientwithliverfailurehasafirmroundedabdomenduetoaccumulationoffluid.Thisisknown clinicallyas________. Answer: ascites

17) Thecircumferentialfoldsthatencirclethedigestivetractareknownas________. Answer: plicae

18) Withintheoralcavity,bothmechanicalandchemical________begin. Answer: digestion

19) Theoralcavityperformssensory________priortoswallowing. Answer: analysis

20) Thedanglingprocessthataidsinkeepingfoodoutofthenasopharynxisknownasthe________. Answer: uvula

21) Aviralinfectionthatofteninvolvestheparotidglands,whichswellnoticeably,is________. Answer: mumps

22) Matchthetermwithitsactivity. 1.gallbladder 2.esophagus 3.pancreas A)storesbile B)secretesdigestiveenzymes C)transportsmaterialtostomach
Answer: 1-A;2-C;3-B
True/FalseQuestions
1) Thedorsalmesenteryofthefetusdevelopsintothegreateromentumoftheadult. Answer: TRUE
2) Dentinisthehardestsubstancefoundinteeth. Answer: FALSE

EssayQuestions
1) Whatroledohormonesplayinhungerandsatiety? Answer: Levelsofghrelin,ahormoneproducedbyP/D1cells,liningthefundicregionofthestomach,risebefore mealstoinitiatehungeranddeclineshortlyaftereatingtocurbappetite.Ghrelinisalsoantagonisticto leptin,afat-tissue-derivedhormonethatinducessatiety.Anotherhormonefromthestomachandsmall intestine,obestatin,decreasesappetite.Thesamegeneencodesbothghrelinandobestatin.
2) Outlinetheusualpathwayfordigestionandabsorptionoftriglycerides(fats). Answer: Fatsarenotsolubleinwaterandsoneedspecialhandling.Theliverproducesbileforfatdigestion.Bile causesfatmoleculestobreakupintotinydropletscalledmicelles.Pancreaticlipaseattachestothese micellesandhydrolysesthetriglycerides,freeingfattyacids,monoglycerides,andglycerol.Theglycerol entersthecolumnarepithelialcellsbyfacilitateddiffusionandthefattyacidsenterbysimplediffusion becauseoftheirlipidnature.Withintheepithelialcellglycerolormonoglyceridesarereconnectedto fattyacids.ThesefatmoleculesformtinydropletswithintheGolgiandpassintothelaminapropria. Heretheyenterlacteals,whicharelymphatics,eventuallybeingcarriedtothevenouscirculationatthe thoracicduct.
3) Leonhasgallstones.Hisdoctorputshimonadietlowinfat.Why? Answer: Thegallbladderfunctionstoconcentrateandstorebileproducedbytheliver.Inthiscapacity,the gallbladderreabsorbswaterfromthebile.Sincebilesaltsareproducedfromcholesterol,thesesaltswill beprecipitatedascholesterol-likegallstonesiftoomuchwaterisreabsorbed.Wheneverbileisreleased bythegallbladderinresponsetothepresenceoffatsintheduodenum,thesmoothmuscleinthewallof thegallbladdermustcontract.Thisgeneratesseverepainifthecysticductorcommonbileductare blockedbykidneystones.TominimizeorpreventthispainLeonsdoctorprescribesalow -fat:lessfat inthediet,lesscontractionofthegallbladder,andlesspain.
4) Imagineeatingasodacracker,whichisbasicallystarch,fat,protein,andsalt.Howwouldeachofthese componentsbedigested?Wherewithinthedigestivesystemwouldtheybedigested?Areanyaccessory organsinvolved? Answer: Digestionbeginsintheoralcavity.Foodtriggerssalivafromtheparotids,richinamylase,andfromthe submandibulars,richinmucus.Thetongueandteethcooperatetomixalltogetherandformabolus. Digestionoffatsandstarchbeginsduetolinguallipaseandsalivaryamylase.Swallowingreflexessend ittothestomach.Acidandpepsingreetthebolus.Peptidesformfromthewheatproteinsduetoaction ofpepsin.Itthentravelsintothesmallintestine,wherepancreaticlipaseandamylasecompletefatand starchdigestion.Pancreaticproteinasesandpeptidasesreducepeptidestoaminoacids.Theseare absorbedbycotransport.Maltosefromstarchissplitintoglucosemolecules,whichareabsorbedby cotransport.Thesaltinthecrackerisabsorbedduringcotransport.Fattyacidsdiffuseintotheepithelial cellsbecauseoftheirlipidcharacter.
5) WhatlocalreflexescontroltheGItract? Answer: TheGItracthasextensivesensoryandmotorneuronplexusesthatcommunicatealongtheentirelength ofthedigestivetube.Thesesystemsenablesimplereflexbehavior.Vomitingisafamiliarexample. ToxinsaredetectedbysensoryneuronsintheGItract.Theytriggerareflexreverseperistalsis,emptying thestomachandesophagusoftheoffensivematerial.Thegastroilealreflexistriggeredbystomach distension,causingfoodtomovefromtheileumintothecolon.Similarly,stomachstretchcantrigger reflexmassmovementsthatsendchymeintotherectum,promotingasenseofurgency.Anotheristhe gastroentericreflex,alsoinitiatedbystretchreceptorsinthestomach,thatstimulatesmotilityand secretionalongtheentiresmallintestine.Finally,theenterogastricreflexcausestheemptyingandother movementsofthestomachtopauseforafewmomentswhengastriccontentscontacttheduodenal mucosa.Thisisagoodexampleoflocalautonomicregulation.
Chapter25 MetabolismandEnergetics MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Thesumofallofthebiochemicalprocessesgoingonwithinthehumanbodyatanygiventimeiscalled A) glycolysis. B) oxidativephosphorylation. C) catabolism. D) anabolism. E) metabolism. Answer: E
2) Cellssynthesizeneworganiccomponentsforwhichofthefollowingreasons? A) structuralmaintenance B) growthandrepair C) secrete D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: D

3) Duringglycolysis A) amoleculeofglucoseisconvertedintotwomoleculesofpyruvicacid. B) fourmoleculesofATPareproduced. C) twomoleculesofATPareconsumed D) AandBonly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

4) Insidethemitochondrion,eachpyruvicacidmolecule A) formsamoleculeofcitricacid. B) losesacarbonatom. C) attachestoNAD. D) enterstheelectrontransportsystem. E) isphosphorylated. Answer: B

5) TheTCAcycle A) beginswiththeformationofamoleculeofcitricacid. B) directlyproducesmostoftheATPfromthecatabolismofglucose. C) consumestwomolesofcarbondioxide. D) containsenzymescalledcytochromes. E) formsacetyl-CoAfromglucose-6-phosphate. Answer: A

6) Thecarbondioxideofrespirationisformedduring A) glycolysis. B) theTCAcycle. C) electrontransport. D) theformationofpyruvicacid. E) theformationofwater. Answer: B

7) Intheelectrontransportchain A) NADHandFADH 2 donatehydrogenatoms. B) reducedmoleculestransferenergytoATPformation. C) oxidativephosphorylationleadstoATPformation. D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

8) Inglycolysis,eachmoleculeofglucosethatiscatabolizedgivesanetyieldofhowmanymoleculesofATP? A) 2 B) 4 C) 30 D) 36 E) 38 Answer: A
9) Intheprocessofcellularrespiration(glycolysis+ oxidative),eachmoleculeofglucosethatismetabolized yieldsenoughenergytoform________moleculesofATP. A) 2 B) 4 C) 28 D) 36 E) 72 Answer: D

10) Duringlipolysis A) triglyceridesareconvertedintomoleculesofacetyl-CoA. B) triglyceridesarebrokendownintoglycerolandfattyacids. C) lipidsareconvertedintoglucosemolecules. D) lipidsareformedfromexcesscarbohydrates. E) lipidsaremetabolizedtoyieldATP. Answer: B

11) Allofthefollowingaretrueofbeta-oxidation,except that A) itoccursinthemitochondria. B) fattyacidsbreakdownintotwo-carbonfragmentsthatentertheTCAcycle. C) lipidsareconvertedintoglycogenmolecules. D) itrequirescoenzymeA,NAD,andFAD. E) ityieldslargeamountsofATP. Answer: C

12) Lipids A) deliversomewhatlessenergythananequivalentmassofglucose. B) aredifficulttostoresincetheyarenotwatersoluble. C) yieldquickburstsofenergy. D) provideenergyforcellswithmodestenergydemands. E) bothBandC Answer: D

13) Lipogenesisgenerallybeginswith A) glucose. B) aminoacids. C) fattyacids. D) acetyl-CoA. E) succinyl-CoA. Answer: D

14) Linoleicacidandlinolenicacidareexamplesof A) transportproteins. B) lipoproteins. C) essentialfattyacids. D) essentialaminoacids. E) vitamins. Answer: C

15) Thelargestlipoproteins,rangingindiameterupto0.5m,________areproducedbyintestinalepithelialcells fromthefatsinfood. A) very-low-densitylipoproteins(VLDLs) B) low-densitylipoproteins(LDLs) C) intermediate-densitylipoproteins(IDLs) D) high-densitylipoproteins(HDLs) E) chylomicrons Answer: E

16) Sometimescalledgoodcholesterol,________carryexcesscholesterolfromperipheraltissuestotheliver. A) very-low-densitylipoproteins(VLDLs) B) low-densitylipoproteins(LDLs) C) intermediate-densitylipoproteins(IDLs) D) high-densitylipoproteins(HDLs) E) very-high-densitylipoproteins(VHDLs) Answer: D

17) Removaloftheaminogroupfromaminoacidsinthefirststepoftheircatabolismrequiresacoenzymederived fromvitamin________. A) A B) C C) B12 D) B6 E) B9 Answer: D

18) Intransamination,theaminogroupofanaminoacidis A) convertedtoammonia. B) convertedtourea. C) transferredtoaketoacid. D) absorbedbywater. E) transferredtoacetyl-CoA. Answer: C

19) Theconversionofammoniaintoalesstoxicsubstanceproduces A) ketonebodies. B) urea. C) nitrate. D) acetyl-CoA. E) water. Answer: B

20) Ureaisformedinthe A) liver. B) stomach. C) kidneys. D) smallintestine. E) largeintestine. Answer: A

21) Foradultsthereare________essentialaminoacids. A) 2 B) 6 C) 8 D) 10 E) 20 Answer: C

22) Ncompoundsinclude A) aminoacids. B) purines. C) pyrimidines. D) creatine. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

23) Whatpercentofenergyreleasedfromcatabolismislostasheat? A) 20 B) 30 C) 40 D) 50 E) 60 Answer: E

24) Duringtheabsorptivestate, A) theliverformsglycogen. B) adipocytesreleasefattyacidstothecirculation. C) skeletalmusclebreaksdownglycogen. D) insulinlevelsareelevated. E) bothAandD Answer: E

25) Allofthefollowingoccurduringthepostabsorptivestate,except that A) glycogenolysisoccursintheliver. B) levelsofbloodglucoseareelevated. C) ketonebodiesmaybeformed. D) fatmobilizationoccurs. E) gluconeogenesisoccursintheliver. Answer: B

26) Duringstarvation A) carbohydrateutilizationincreases. B) gluconeogenesisaccelerates. C) thereisadeclineincirculatingketonebodies. D) muscleproteinsareusedasanenergysource. E) bothBandD Answer: E

27) Abalanceddietshould A) includeadequatesubstratesfortheproductionofenergy. B) provideessentialaminoacidsandfattyacids. C) containadequateamountsofvitaminsandminerals. D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: D

28) Nitrogencompoundsofthebodyincludeallofthefollowing,except A) aminoacids. B) oxaloaceticacid. C) creatine. D) porphyrin. E) purines. Answer: B

29) Thenutrientsthatyieldthemostenergypergramwhenmetabolizedare A) carbohydrates. B) proteins. C) fats. D) nucleicacids. E) vitamins. Answer: C

30) Themajorcationinextracellularfluidis A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) magnesium. E) iron. Answer: A

31) Themajorcationincytoplasmis A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) magnesium. E) iron. Answer: B

32) Themajoranioninbodyfluidsis A) chloride. B) bicarbonate. C) sulfate. D) iodide. Answer: A

33) Acationthatisessentialformusclecontraction,nervefunction,andbloodclottingis A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) magnesium. E) selenium. Answer: C

34) Anionthatisanecessarycomponentofhigh -energycompoundsandnucleicacidsandastructural componentofboneisthe________ion. A) chloride B) sulfate C) phosphate D) bicarbonate E) iodide Answer: C
35) Acationthatoftenactsasacofactorforenzymesis A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) magnesium. E) zinc. Answer: D

36) Anelementthatisacomponentofhemoglobin,myoglobin,andcytochromesis A) calcium. B) magnesium. C) iron. D) zinc. E) cobalt. Answer: C

37) Theelementthatisnecessaryfortheproperfunctionoftheenzymecarbonicanhydraseis A) iron. B) cobalt. C) zinc. D) selenium. E) iodine. Answer: C

38) Thetraceelementneededforhemoglobinsynthesisis A) zinc. B) copper. C) cobalt. D) iodine. E) silicon. Answer: B

39) Thevitaminthatplaysaroleinmaintainingepitheliaandisrequiredforthesynthesisofvisualpigmentsis vitamin A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D. E) E. Answer: A

40) Thevitaminthatisrequiredforproperbonegrowthandforcalciumabsorptionandretentionisvitamin A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D. E) E. Answer: D

41) ThevitaminthatpreventsbreakdownofvitaminAandfattyacidsisvitamin A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D. E) E. Answer: E

42) Thevitaminthatisessentialfortheproductionofseveralclottingfactorsisvitamin A) A. B) B. C) E. D) C. E) K. Answer: E

43) Thevitaminwhosedeficiencycausesberiberiis A) thiamine. B) riboflavin. C) niacin. D) folicacid(folate). E) cobalamin. Answer: A

44) ThevitaminthatispartofthecoenzymesFADandFMNis A) thiamine. B) riboflavin. C) niacin. D) folicacid(folate). E) cobalamin. Answer: B

45) ThevitaminthatispartofthecoenzymeNADis A) thiamine. B) riboflavin. C) niacin. D) folicacid(folate). E) cobalamin. Answer: C

46) Avitaminobtainedfrommeatthatisacoenzymeinaminoacidandlipidmetabolismis A) pyridoxine(B6 ). B) pantothenicacid. C) riboflavin. D) folicacid(folate). E) niacin. Answer: A

47) ThevitaminthatisaconstituentofcoenzymeAis A) folicacid(folate). B) pantothenicacid. C) pyridoxine(B6 ). D) riboflavin. E) niacin. Answer: B

48) Thevitaminthatisacoenzymeinaminoacidandnucleicacidmetabolismis A) pantothenicacid. B) pyridoxine(B6 ). C) folicacid(folate). D) vitaminC. E) vitaminK. Answer: C

49) FactorsthatinfluenceanindividualsBMR(basalmetabolicrate)includeallofthefollowing, except A) physicalexertion. B) age. C) bodyweight. D) genetics. E) gender. Answer: A

50) AT4 assayisusedto A) determinethenumberofcaloriesinfood. B) directlymeasurethebasalmetabolicrate. C) obtainanindexofmetabolicactivity. D) monitortheenergyefficiencyofmetabolism. E) determinetheamountofoxygenconsumedduringmetabolism. Answer: C

51) Whenthetemperatureofthepreopticareaofthehypothalamusexceedsitsthermostatsetting, A) peripheralvasoconstrictionoccurs. B) skinbloodflowincreases. C) tidalvolumeincreases. D) sweatglandsareinhibited. E) bothBandC Answer: E

52) Allofthefollowingoccurwhenthetemperatureofthepreopticareaofthehypothalamusdropsbelowits thermostatsetting,exceptthat A) bloodflowtotheskinincreases. B) shiveringthermogenesisoccurs. C) nonshiveringthermogenesisoccurs. D) epinephrinelevelsrise. E) bloodreturningfromlimbsisshuntedtodeepveins. Answer: A

53) Thelossofinfraredenergyfromthebodyiscalled A) radiation. B) conduction. C) convection. D) evaporation. E) thermalregulation. Answer: A

54) Morethanhalftheheatislostfromthebodyindoorsthroughtheprocessof A) radiation. B) conduction. C) convection. D) evaporation. E) concentration. Answer: A

55) Reactionswithin________providemostoftheenergyneededbyatypicalcell. A) cytoplasm B) theplasmamembrane C) themitochondria D) theendoplasmicreticulum E) noneoftheabove Answer: C

56) CellsperformcatabolismtogenerateATP,whichcanbeusedfor A) musclecontraction. B) iontransport. C) proteinsynthesis. D) glycogensynthesis. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

57) Cellsmustsynthesizeneworganiccompounds A) tosupportgrowth. B) toperformstructuralmaintenanceorrepairs. C) toproducesecretions. D) tostorenutrientreserves. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

58) Inorderforglycolysistoproceed,whichofthefollowingneednot bepresent? A) glucose B) acetyl-CoA C) ATP D) NAD E) ADP Answer: B

59) The________ofthemitochondrioncontainslarge-diameterporesthatarepermeabletoionsandsmallorganic moleculessuchaspyruvicacid. A) innermembrane B) plasmamembrane C) outermembrane D) matrix E) cristae Answer: C

60) ThefunctionoftheTCAcycleisto A) removehydrogenatomsfromorganicmoleculesandtransferthemtocoenzymes. B) transfertheacetylgroup. C) hydrolyzeglucose. D) producecarbondioxide. E) producewater. Answer: A

61) IntheETS,________acceptselectronsfromonemoleculeandtransfersthemtoanother. A) ahydrogenion B) acoenzyme C) theacetylgroup D) acytochrome E) BorD Answer: E

62) Eachcytochromecontains A) aprotein. B) apigment. C) acoenzyme. D) bothAandB E) bothAandC Answer: D

63) Amalfunctionofthethermoregulatorymechanismscausedbyfluidlossinsweatisknownas A) thermoneogenesis. B) heatexhaustion. C) hydrosis. D) afebrilereaction. E) dehydrationreaction. Answer: B

64) Ahighuricacidlevel(above7.4mg/dl)canleadtothepainfulconditionknownas A) gout. B) rheumatoidarthritis. C) anorexianervosa. D) lupus. E) noneoftheabove Answer: A

65) Thestrategyofeatingstarchyfoodsforseveraldaysbeforeanathleticeventisknownas A) carbohydratecraving. B) theAtkinsdiet. C) carbohydrateloading. D) glycolysisreaction. E) overeating. Answer: C

66) Thepresenceofketonebodiesintheurineisknownas A) polyuria. B) hematuria. C) ketonuria. D) uremia. E) ketosis. Answer: C

67) Obesityisdefinedasabodyweightmorethan________percentabovetheidealbodyweightforanindividual. A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 20 E) 30 Answer: D

68) Adisordercausedbytheingestionofexcessivequantitiesofafat -solublevitaminisknownas A) proteindeficiencydisease. B) Kwashiorkor. C) avitaminosis. D) carbohydrateloading. E) hypervitaminosis. Answer: E

69) AlthoughothernutrientscanfeedintotheTCAcycle,________yieldsenergythequickest. A) glycogen B) glucose C) protein D) fat E) bothCandD Answer: B

70) Inthehumanbody,cholesterolisimportantbecauseit A) helpswaterprooftheepidermis. B) isalipidcomponentofallcellmembranes. C) isakeyconstituentofbile. D) istheprecursorofseveralsteroidhormonesandvitaminD 3 . E) alloftheabove Answer: E

71) InordertodeterminetheLDLlevelinapatientsblooditisnecessarytomeasure A) totalcholesterollevel. B) HDLlevel. C) triglyceridelevel. D) A,B,andC E) AandBonly Answer: D

72) Someonewithatotalcholesterollevelbetween200and239mg/dlshould A) modifytheirdiet. B) loseweightifoverweight. C) haveannualcheckups. D) notworryiftheyarephysicallyactive. E) A,B,andC Answer: E

73) Liveristo________asadiposetissueisto________. A) focalpointofmetabolicregulationandcontrol;storageoflipids B) storageofvitaminC;sourceofleptin C) cholesterol;triglycerides D) bothAandB E) bothAandC Answer: E

74) Glucocorticoidshavewhichofthefollowingeffectsongeneralperipheraltissues? A) Theydecreasetheuseofglucose. B) Theyincreasegluconeogenesis. C) Theyincreaseglycogenolysis. D) AandBonly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

75) Whichofthefollowingcomplementstheactionsofglucocorticoids? A) insulin B) growthhormone C) glucagon D) epinephrine E) androgens Answer: B

76) Theessentialfattyacidsare A) linoleicacidandlinolenicacid. B) leucineandlysine. C) cholesterolandglycerol. D) HDLsandLDLs. E) bothAandD Answer: A

77) Thelipoproteinsthatcarryabsorbedlipidsfromtheintestinaltracttothebloodstreamarethe A) HDLs. B) VLDLs. C) LDLs. D) chylomicrons. E) noneoftheabove Answer: D

78) Whenthebodyisrelyingoninternalenergyreservestocontinuemeetingitsenergydemands,itisinthe A) postabsorptivestate. B) absorptivestate. C) starvationstate. D) deprivationstate. E) preabsorptivestate. Answer: A

79) Themajorstepsinoxidativephosphorylationincludeallofthefollowing,except A) removalofhydrogenatomsfromasubstratemoleculebycoenzymes. B) ionizationofhydrogenatoms. C) increasingtheenergylevelofelectronspassingthroughtheelectrontransportchain. D) thebreakingofcarbon-carboncovalentbonds. E) theacceptanceofelectronsbyoxygenatoms. Answer: D

80) Inoxidativephosphorylation,energyforthesynthesisofATPisdirectlyobtainedfrom A) thesplittingofoxygenmolecules. B) thebreakingofthecovalentbondsinglucose. C) themovementofhydrogenionsthroughchannelsintheinnermitochondrialmembrane. D) thecombinationoftwoatomsofhydrogenandoneatomofoxygentoformwater. E) theoxidationofacetyl-CoA. Answer: C

81) Adrugthatblockstheactionoflipoproteinlipasewould A) decreasetheemulsifyingactionofbile. B) interferewithtriglycerideutilization. C) prolongthecirculationtimeofchylomicrons. D) A,B,andC E) BandConly Answer: E

82) Catabolismofproteinisnotapracticalsourceofquickenergybecauseofallofthefollowing, except that A) proteinsaremoredifficulttobreakapartthanlipidsorcarbohydrates. B) theenergyyieldfromproteinislessthantheyieldfromlipids. C) oneoftheby-productsofproteincatabolismisammonia. D) mostindividualshavelittleproteintosparebeforeharmingvitalorgans. E) extensivecatabolismofproteinthreatenshomeostasis. Answer: D
83) Compoundsthatcellscanusetomakeglucoseincludeallofthefollowing, except A) acetyl-CoA B) glycerol C) aminoacids D) lacticacid E) pyruvicacid Answer: A

84) Agrowingchildisinastateof A) nitrogenequilibrium. B) positivenitrogenbalance. C) negativenitrogenbalance. Answer: B

85) Inadequateexposuretosunlightcouldresultindecreasedamountsofvitamin________inthebody. A) A B) B12 C) C D) D E) E Answer: D

86) Impairedfatabsorptionintheintestinewouldinterferewiththeabsorptionof A) vitaminA. B) vitaminB12. C) vitaminC. D) niacin. E) riboflavin. Answer: A

87) Whichofthefollowingindividualswouldhavethegreater BMR? A) anursingmother34yearsold B) anon-nursingwoman34yearsold C) Onaverage,theywillbeequal. Answer: A

88) Twoindividualsarethesameage,sex,andethnicbackground.WhilebeingtestedfortheirBMR,Billconsumes 20litersofoxygen/hourandRandyconsumes16litersofoxygen/hour.Whichofthetwoneedstoconsume morecaloriesinordertomaintainproperhealthandconstantweight? A) Bill B) Randy C) neitherBillnorRandy Answer: A

89) Whichofthefollowingindividualswouldloseheatfastest inacoldroom? A) anadultman B) anadultwoman C) anadolescentmale D) achild E) anewborninfant Answer: E

90) Whichofthefollowingisfalseregardingbrownfat? A) isfoundininfants B) functionsinnonshiveringthermogenesis C) containsarichvascularsupply D) isinnervatedbythesympatheticnervoussystem E) isconcentratedaroundvisceralorgansintheadult Answer: E

91) Assumingtheyallweighthesameandmaintainthesamebodytemperature,whichofthefollowingwould loseheatfastest? A) ashort,thicklybuiltperson B) atall,veryslenderperson C) apersonofaveragebuild Answer: B

92) Thechemicalequationthatcorrectlysummarizestheoverallreactioninoxidativephosphorylationis A) H2 +O 2 H2 O+O. B) 2H 2 +O 2 2H2 O. C) 3H 2 +2O2 3H2 O+2O. D) H2 +O 2 H2 O. E) P+3OPO3. Answer: B

93) Thefoodpyramidrecommendsmanyservingsadayofdark -greenandorangevegetables.Whichvitaminis particularlyabundantinthisfoodgroup? A) A B) C C) E D) folicacid E) alloftheabove Answer: E

94) Theheat-gaincenterforthermoregulation A) residesinthepre-optichypothalamus. B) activatesshiveringthermogenesis. C) activatesnonshiveringthermogenesis. D) activatesskinvasoconstriction. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

95) OnatourofAfricancountries,Doncontractsabadcaseoftravelersdiarrhea.Becausehecanteatverymuch, hisbodystartstouseenergysourcesotherthancarbohydrates.Thiswouldresultin A) increasedlevelsofureaintheblood. B) ketosisandadecreasedbloodpH. C) increasedgluconeogenesisintheliver. D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: D

96) Wallydecidestogoonahungerstriketofurtheroneofhisfavoritecauses.Aftermanydayswithnothingbut wateryouwouldexpecttoobserve A) elevatedlevelsofglucocorticoids. B) ketonebodiesinhisurine. C) elevatedbloodpH. D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: E

Figure25-1TheTCACycle UseFigure25-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 97) Identifythemoleculelabeled1. A) phosphoglycericacid B) citricacid C) pyruvicacid D) NADH E) FADH2 Answer: C
98) Identifythemoleculelabeled2. A) hydrogenatoms B) citricacid C) NADH D) carbondioxide E) FADH2 Answer: D

99) Identifythesubstancelabeled4. A) hydrogenatoms B) citricacid C) 4carbonmolecule D) NADH E) FADH2 Answer: A

100) Identifythemoleculelabeled7. A) hydrogenatoms B) citricacid C) 4carbonmolecule D) NADH E) FADH2 Answer: C

101) Identifythemoleculelabeled5. A) fumaricacid B) citricacid C) 4-carbonmolecule D) malicacid E) oxaloaceticacid Answer: B

1) Theprocessofsynthesizingglucosefromnoncarbohydratesiscalled________. Answer: gluconeogenesis
2) Theprocessofglycogenformationisknownas________. Answer: glycogenesis

3) Fattyacidsthatarenecessaryforproperhealthbutcannotbesynthesizedbythebodyarecalled________. Answer: essentialfattyacids

4) ________arelipoproteinsthatareformedwithintheintestinalepitheliumtotransferdietaryfatsinto circulation. Answer: Chylomicrons

5) LipoproteinsthatareintermediateinsizeandlipidcompositionbetweenVLDLsandLDLsarecalled________. Answer: intermediate-densitylipoproteins(IDLs)

6) Lipoproteinsthatcarrymostlycholesteroltoperipheraltissuesarecalled________. Answer: low-densitylipoproteins(LDLs)

7) Gluconeogenesisisthesynthesisof________fromnoncarbohydrateprecursors,suchaslacticacid,glycerol,or aminoacids. Answer: glucose

8) ________isanunhealthystateresultingfrominadequateintakeofoneormorenutrientsthatbecomes life-threateningasthedeficienciesaccumulate. Answer: Malnutrition

9) A(n)________containsalloftheingredientsnecessarytomaintainhomeostasis. Answer: balanceddiet

10) A(n)________containsalloftheessentialaminoacids. Answer: completeprotein

11) A(n)________isdeficientinoneormoreoftheessentialaminoacids. Answer: incompleteprotein

12) ________areinorganicionsreleasedthroughthedissociationofelectrolytes. Answer: Minerals

13) Theenergycontentoffoodsiscommonlygiveninunitsof________. Answer: kilocalories(also,kcalorCal)

14) Theinheritedmetabolicdisorderthatresultsfromtheaccumulationofphenylketonesfromphenylalanineis ________. Answer: phenylketonuriaorPKU

15) The________representstheminimumrestingenergyexpendituresofanawake,alertindividual. Answer: basalmetabolicrateorBMR

16) ________isthehomeostaticprocessthatallowsustomaintainaconstantbodytemperature. Answer: Thermoregulation

17) ________isthedirecttransferofheatenergyfromoneobjecttoanother. Answer: Conduction

18) ________isthetransferofheatenergybyemissionofphotons. Answer: Radiation

19) ________isthelossofheatenergybyvaporizingwater. Answer: Evaporation

20) ________creates90percentoftheATPnormallygenerated. Answer: Oxidativephosphorylation

21) Eatingdisordersarecommonamonggirlsandyoungwomen.Theyresultfromapsychologicalproblemthat causesinadequateorexcessivefoodconsumption.Twomajoreatingdisordersare________and________. Answer: anorexianervosa;bulimia

22) Fattyacidsandmanyaminoacidscannotbeusedfor________,becausetheircatabolicpathwaysproduce acetyl-CoA. Answer: gluconeogenesis

23) Accordingtothefoodpyramid,thereare________basicfoodgroups. Answer: 5(orfive)

True/FalseQuestions
Answer: TRUE
1) Mitochondriaarenotpickymetabolizers.Theywillacceptacetyl -CoAfromanymetabolicsource.
2) CatabolismwithinmitochondriaprovidesmostoftheATPneededtosustaincellfunctions. Answer: TRUE

EssayQuestions
1) Ketosisdevelopsinthepostabsorptivestate.Whatisketosis?Whydoesitdevelop?Whatmetaboliceffects doesithave? Answer: Ketosisisahighconcentrationofketonebodiesinbodyfluids.Ketonebodiesaremetaboliteswiththe ketonegroupthatformduringstarvationstates.Whenglucoselevelsarelow,theliverturnstofatsand aminoacidstomakeenergy.Thisproducesmuchacetyl-CoA,whichleadstoproductionofketone bodies.Becausemostketonebodiesareacidic,theylowerthepHofbodyfluids,bringingon acidosis.If severe,theketosisandacidosiscaninjuretheCNS,heart,andotherorgans.Inextremecases,deathcan result.
2) Whathappensduringproteincatabolism?Howisthisrelatedtonitrogenbalance? Answer: Proteincatabolismisthebreakdownofproteinsbycellularproteasesandpeptidasesintoconstituent aminoacids.Theseaminoacidscanbeeitherreusedforproteinsynthesis(anabolism)orbrokendown viadeaminationandusedtomakeglucoseordirectlyusedintheTCAcycletomakeenergy. Deaminationremovesthenitrogengroupfromtheaminoacid,whichisthenexcretedasammoniaor urea.Thisisanegativenitrogenbalance.

3) WhyistheTCAcyclecalledacycle?Whatsubstancesenterthecycle,andwhatsubstancesleaveit? Answer: TheTCAreactionsequenceisacyclebecausethefour-carbonstartingcompound(oxaloaceticacid)is regeneratedattheend.Acetyl-CoAandoxaloaceticacidbeginthecyclebycombiningtoformcitric acid,andtheninaseriesofstepsCO 2 ,NADH,ATP,andFADH2 arereleasedandoxaloaceticacidis regeneratedtobeginthecycleagain.

4) Brieflyoutlinetheroleoftheliveringlucosemetabolism. Answer: Duringtheabsorptivestate,underinsulincontrol,thelivertakesinglucoseandconvertsittoglycogen, theinertstorageform.Inthepostabsorptivestate,theliverreleasesglucoseintothecirculationto maintainhomeostasis.Theglucosecomesfromtheglycogenolysisorgluconeogenesis.Additionally,the liverconvertslacticacidreleasedfromskeletalmusclebackintoglucose.Epinephrine,growthhormone, glucagon,glucocorticoids,andotherhormonestriggerglucoserelease.

5) Listandbrieflydescribethebodysfivemetaboliccomponents. Answer: Thebodyhasfivemetaboliccomponents:theliver,adiposetissue,skeletalmuscle,neuraltissue,and otherperipheraltissues.Theliveristhefocalpointformetabolicregulationandcontrol.Adiposetissue storeslipids,primarilyintheformoftriglycerides.Skeletalmusclecontainssubstantialglycogen reserves,andthecontractileproteinscanbedegradedandtheaminoacidsusedasanenergysource. Neuraltissuedoesnotcontainenergyreserves;glucosemustbesuppliedtoitforenergy.Other peripheraltissuesareabletometabolizeglucose,fattyacids,orothersubstratesunderthedirectionof theendocrinesystem.

6) Thedrugcolestipolbindsbilesaltsintheintestine,formingcomplexesthatcannotbeabsorbed.Howwould thisdrugaffectcholesterollevelsinblood? Answer: Colestipolwouldleadtoadecreaseintheplasmalevelsofcholesterol.Sincethebilesaltsareboundthey arenotavailableforreabsorptioninthelargeintestineandrecyclingtocholesterolintheliverandso willbelostinthefeces.Thisdeprivesthebodyofamajorsourceofcholesterolandthelosswillneedto bemadeupbyincreasedliversynthesis.Overall,adropincirculatingcholesterolwillresult.

Chapter26 TheUrinarySystem MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Theurinarysystemdoesallofthefollowing,except thatit A) excretesexcessalbumenmolecules. B) regulatesbloodvolume. C) contributestostabilizingbloodpH. D) eliminatesorganicwasteproducts. E) regulatesplasmaconcentrationsofelectrolytes. Answer: A
2) Urineiseliminatedthroughthe A) liver. B) urinarybladder. C) kidney. D) ureter. E) urethra. Answer: E

3) Urineiscarriedtotheurinarybladderby A) bloodvessels. B) lymphatics. C) theureters. D) theurethra. E) thecalyces. Answer: C

4) Eachofthefollowingorgansispartoftheurinarysystem, except the A) kidney. B) urinarybladder. C) rectum. D) ureter. E) urethra. Answer: C

5) Allofthefollowingaretrueofthekidneys,except thattheyare A) locatedinapositionthatisretroperitoneal. B) surroundedbyafibrouscapsule. C) locatedpartlywithinthepelviccavity. D) heldinplacebytherenalfascia. E) coveredbyperitoneum. Answer: C

6) Theprominentindentationonthemedialsurfaceofthekidneyisthe A) calyx. B) pelvis. C) ureter. D) hilum. E) pyramid. Answer: D

7) Therenalsinusis A) theinnermostlayerofkidneytissue. B) partofarenalpyramid. C) aninternalcavitylinedbythefibrouscapsule. D) alargebranchoftherenalpelvis. E) arenalcorpuscle. Answer: C

8) Theoutermostlayerofthekidneyisthe A) renalcortex. B) renalmedulla. C) majorcalyx. D) fibrouscapsule. E) renalpelvis. Answer: D

9) Thecavityofthekidneythatreceivesurinefromthecalycesiscalledthe A) renalpapilla. B) renalpelvis. C) renalmedulla. D) renalcortex. E) renalsinus. Answer: B

10) Triangularorconicalstructureslocatedintherenalmedullaarecalled A) pyramids. B) renalcolumns. C) renalpelvises. D) nephrons. E) calyces. Answer: A

11) Renalcolumnsare A) internalcavitieslinedbythefibrouscapsule. B) expandedendsoftheureters. C) thebasicfunctionalunitsofthekidney. D) bundlesoftissuethatextendbetweenpyramidsfromthecortex. E) conicalstructuresthatarelocatedintherenalmedulla. Answer: D

12) Theexpandedbeginningoftheureterconnectstothe A) renalsinus. B) renalpelvis. C) renalcalyx. D) renalhilum. E) renalcorpuscle. Answer: B

13) Majorcalycesare A) largebranchesoftherenalpelvis. B) expandedendsofnephrons. C) basicfunctionallayersofthekidney. D) conicalstructuresthatarelocatedintherenalmedulla. E) theexpandedendsofrenalpyramids. Answer: A

14) Glomerular(Bowmans)capsuleandtheglomerulusmakeupthe A) renalpyramid. B) nephronloop(loopofHenle). C) renalcorpuscle. D) renalpapilla. E) collectingtubulesystem. Answer: C

15) Theregionknownasthemaculadensaispartof A) theproximalconvolutedtubule. B) thedistalconvolutedtubule. C) thecollectingduct. D) thenephronloop(loopofHenle). E) Glomerular(Bowmans)capsule. Answer: B

16) Thecellsofthemaculadensaandthejuxtaglomerularcellsformthe A) renalcorpuscle. B) filtrationmembrane. C) nephronloop(loopofHenle). D) juxtaglomerularcomplex. E) afferentarteriole. Answer: D

17) Whichofthefollowingisnotanimportantfunctionofthekidney? A) controloftotalbodywater B) controloftheelectrolytecompositionoftheblood C) excretionofexcessalbumen D) controlofproductionofredbloodcellsbybonemarrow E) regulationofbloodpressure Answer: C

18) Aglomerulusis A) theexpandedendofanephron. B) aknotofcapillarieswithintherenalcorpuscle. C) thesourceoferythropoietin. D) attachedtothecollectingduct. E) thehorseshoe-shapedsegmentofthenephron. Answer: B

19) Theurinefirstpassesfromtheglomerularcapsuletothe A) nephronloop(loopofHenle). B) proximalconvolutedtubule. C) distalconvolutedtubule. D) collectingduct. E) minorcalyx. Answer: B

20) Theportionofthenephronthatemptiesintothecollectingductisthe A) nephronloop(loopofHenle). B) proximalconvolutedtubule. C) distalconvolutedtubule. D) papillarytubule. E) calyx. Answer: C

21) TheU-shapedsegmentofthenephronisthe A) nephronloop(loopofHenle). B) proximalconvolutedtubule. C) distalconvolutedtubule. D) collectingloop. E) minorcalyx. Answer: A

22) Theprimaryfunctionoftheproximalconvolutedtubuleis A) filtration. B) absorptionofions,organicmolecules,vitamins,andwater. C) secretionofacidsandammonia. D) secretionofdrugs. E) adjustingtheurinevolume. Answer: B

23) Thefollowingisalistofthebloodvesselsthatcarrybloodtothekidney. 1.afferentarteriole 2.arcuateartery 3.interlobarartery 4.renalartery 5.glomerulus 6.corticalradiateartery 7.efferentarteriole 8.peritubularcapillary Theproperorderinwhichbloodpassesthroughthesevesselsis A) 4,6,2,3,1,5,7,8. B) 4,3,2,6,1,5,7,8. C) 4,3,2,6,7,5,1,8. D) 4,6,2,3,7,5,1,8. E) 4,3,6,2,1,5,7,8. Answer: B
24) Theprocessoffiltrationoccursat A) theproximalconvolutedtubule. B) thedistalconvolutedtubule. C) thecollectingduct. D) thenephronloop(loopofHenle). E) theglomerular(Bowmans)capsule. Answer: E

25) Thefiltrationbarrierintherenalcorpuscleconsistsofthreelayers: A) filtrationslits,footprocesses,andslitpores. B) fenestrations,matrix,andfootprocesses. C) endotheliumofglomerulus,denselayerofglomerulus,andpodocytefiltrationslits. D) denselayerofglomerulus,footprocesses,andfenestrationsinthecapsule. E) podocytefiltrationslits,matrixcellsintheglomerulus,andendotheliumofglomerulus. Answer: C

26) Eachofthefollowingisanormalconstituentofurine,except A) hydrogenions. B) urea. C) proteins. D) aminoacids. E) creatinine. Answer: C

27) Theglomeruliarebestdescribedasbeingtuftsof A) arteries. B) veins. C) venules. D) capillaries. E) arterioles. Answer: D

28) Substanceslargerthan________arenormallynot allowedtopassthroughthefiltrationmembrane. A) sodiumions B) glucose C) albumin D) aminoacids E) urea Answer: C

29) Sympatheticstimulationofthekidneycandoallofthefollowing,except A) producepowerfulvasoconstrictionoftheafferentarterioles. B) increasetheglomerularfiltrationrate. C) triggerreninrelease. D) producerenalischemia. E) bothBandC Answer: B

30) Theprocessoffiltrationisdrivenby A) activetransport. B) bloodosmoticpressure. C) bloodhydrostaticpressure. D) renalpumping. E) solventdrag. Answer: C

31) Theabilitytoformaconcentratedurinedependsonthefunctionsof A) theproximalconvolutedtubule. B) thedistalconvolutedtubule. C) thecollectingduct. D) thenephronloop(loopofHenle). E) bothCandD Answer: E

32) Tubularreabsorptioninvolvesallofthefollowing,except A) activetransport. B) facilitateddiffusion. C) cotransport. D) countertransport. E) stemcellmovements. Answer: E

33) ReabsorptionoffilteredglucosefromthelumeninthePCTislargelybymeansof A) diffusion. B) facilitateddiffusion. C) activetransport. D) cotransport. E) countertransport. Answer: D

34) SecretionofhydrogenionbythePCTisbytheprocessof A) diffusion. B) facilitateddiffusion. C) activetransport. D) cotransport. E) countertransport. Answer: E

35) Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsbestmatchesthetermrenalpapilla? A) releasesrenin B) createshighinterstitialNaClconcentration C) finalurineentershere D) initialfiltrateentershere E) tipofthemedullarypyramid Answer: E

36) Chlorideionisreabsorbedinthethickascendinglimbby A) simplediffusion. B) facilitateddiffusion. C) activetransport. D) cotransportwithNaandKions. E) countertransportforbicarbonateion. Answer: D

37) Theefferentarterioleofanephrondividestoformanetworkofcapillarieswithinthecortexcalledthe________ capillaries. A) peritubular B) glomerular C) vasarecta D) cortical E) efferent Answer: A

38) Substancessecretedbythedistalconvolutedtubuleinclude A) hydrogenandpotassiumions. B) penicillin. C) creatinine. D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: D

39) Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsbestmatchesthetermnephronloop(loopofHenle)? A) reliesoncountercurrentmultiplication B) createshighinterstitialNaClconcentration C) enablesproductionofhypertonicurine D) A,B,andC E) BandConly Answer: D

40) WhenthelevelofADH(antidiuretichormone)decreases, A) moreurineisproduced. B) lessurineisproduced. C) theosmolarityoftheurinedecreases. D) bothAandC E) bothBandC Answer: D

41) Inresponsetoincreasedlevelsofaldosterone,thekidneysproduce A) alargervolumeofurine. B) urinewithahigherconcentrationofsodiumions. C) urinewithalowerconcentrationofpotassiumions. D) urinewithalowerconcentrationofsodiumions. E) urinewithlessglucose. Answer: D

42) Theuretersandurinarybladderarelinedby________epithelium. A) stratifiedsquamous B) pseudostratifiedcolumnar C) simplecuboidal D) transitional E) simplecolumnar Answer: D

43) Thedetrusormuscle A) movesurinealongtheuretersbyperistalsis. B) compressestheurinarybladderandexpelsurinethroughtheurethra. C) functionsastheinternalurinarysphincter. D) functionsastheexternalurinarysphincter. E) surroundstherenalpelvis. Answer: B

44) Duringthemicturitionreflex, A) stimulationofstretchreceptorsinthebladderwallsendsimpulsestothesacralcord. B) parasympatheticmotorneuronsthatcontrolthedetrusormusclebecomeactive. C) theinternalsphincterisconsciouslyrelaxed. D) A,B,andC E) AandBonly Answer: E

45) Changesthatoccurintheurinarysystemwithagingincludeallofthefollowing, except A) adeclineinthenumberoffunctionalnephrons. B) areductionintheGFR(glomerularfiltrationrate). C) increasedsensitivitytoADH. D) problemswiththemicturitionreflex. E) lossofsphinctermuscletonus. Answer: C

46) Eachofthefollowingorgansystemsexcreteswastestosomedegree, except the________system. A) urinary B) integumentary C) digestive D) endocrine E) respiratory Answer: D
47) Bloodleavestheglomerulusthroughabloodvesselcalledthe A) afferentarteriole. B) efferentarteriole. C) vasarecta. D) interlobulararteriole. E) renalvein. Answer: B

48) Functionsoftheurinarysysteminclude A) regulationofbloodvolumeandbloodpressure. B) regulationofplasmaconcentrationofcertainions. C) helpingtostabilizebloodpH. D) conservationofvaluablenutrients. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

49) Theleftkidneylies________totherightkidney. A) inferior B) superior C) posterior D) transverse E) bothAandC Answer: B

50) Thepositionofthekidneysintheabdominalcavityisstabilizedby A) theoverlyingperitoneum. B) contactwithadjacentvisceralorgans. C) supportingconnectivetissues. D) BandConly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

51) Theconditioncalled________isespeciallydangerousbecausetheuretersorrenalbloodvesselscanbecome twistedorkinkedduringmovement. A) polycystickidneydisease B) floatingkidney C) pyelonephritis D) renalcalculi E) bothAandD Answer: B

52) Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsbestmatchesthetermcalyx? A) releasesrenin B) createshighinterstitialNaClconcentration C) finalurineentershere D) initialfiltrateentershere E) tipofthemedullarypyramid Answer: C

53) Typicalrenalbloodflowisabout________ml/minunderrestingconditions. A) 500 B) 800 C) 1200 D) 1800 E) 2500 Answer: C

54) Approximately________litersofglomerularfiltrateenterglomerularcapsuleseachday. A) 480 B) 180 C) 125 D) 18 E) 1.8 Answer: B

55) The________deliversurinetoaminorcalyx. A) nephronloop(loopofHenle) B) distalconvolutedtubule C) papillaryduct D) renalcorpuscle E) ureter Answer: C

56) Thefiltrationofplasmatakesplaceinthe A) nephronloop(loopofHenle). B) distalconvolutedtubule. C) papillaryduct. D) renalcorpuscle. E) ureter. Answer: D

57) Autoregulationoftherateofglomerularfiltrationhaswhichofthefollowingproperties? A) dependsonchangesintheafferentarteriole B) maintainsglomerularfiltrationoverawiderangeofbloodpressures C) dependsonchangesintheefferentarteriole D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

58) Thekidneysnotonlyremovewasteproductsfromtheblood,theyalsoassistintheregulationof A) bloodvolume. B) bloodpH. C) bloodpressure. D) bloodionlevels. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

59) ________isaninflammatorydisorderoftheglomerulithataffectsthefiltrationmechanismofthekidneys. A) Glomerulonephritis B) Floatingkidney C) Polycystickidneydisease D) Pyelonephrosis E) Kidneystones Answer: A

60) Glomerulonephritismayoccurasaconsequenceofaninfectionwiththebacterium A) Clostridiumdifficile. B) varicella. C) Streptococcus. D) MRSA. E) anyoftheabove Answer: C

61) Undernormalconditions,glomerularfiltrationdependsonthreemainpressures: 1)bloodhydrostaticpressure 2)capsularhydrostaticpressure 3)capsularcolloidosmoticpressure 4)bloodcolloidosmoticpressure 5)urinarybladderhydrostaticpressure A) 1,2,and3arecorrect. B) 2,3,and4arecorrect. C) 3,4,and5arecorrect. D) 1,2,and4arecorrect. E) 2,4,and5arecorrect. Answer: D
62) Therenalthresholdforglucoseisapproximately________mg/dl. A) 75 B) 90 C) 100 D) 140 E) 180 Answer: E

63) Whichofthefollowingformulaswillallowyoutocalculatecorrectlythenetfiltrationpressure(FP)?(Hint: CsHPiscapsularhydrostaticpressure.) A) FP=BHP+CsHP-BCOP B) FP=BHP-(CsHP+BCOP) C) FP=CsHP+BHP-BCOP D) FP=BCOP-BHP+CsHP E) FP=BCOP+(BHP-CsHP) Answer: B

64) Onemechanismthekidneyusestoraisesystemicbloodpressureisto A) increasesecretionofreninbythejuxtaglomerularcomplex. B) decreasesecretionofaldosterone. C) increasereleaseofangiotensinIIbythesuprarenalglands. D) increasefiltrationintoglomerular(Bowmans)capsule. E) decreaseurinaryalbuminconcentration. Answer: A

65) ________isaninheritedabnormalitythataffectsthedevelopmentandstructureofkidneytubules. A) Glomerulonephritis B) Polycystickidneydisease C) Calculus D) Renalfailure E) Hematuria Answer: B

66) Agentsthatincreaseurineexcretionareknownas A) diuretics. B) muscarinicantagonists. C) alpha-1antagonists. D) calciumchannelblockers. E) ADHagonists. Answer: A

67) Aninabilityofthekidneystoexcreteadequatelytomaintainhomeostasisis A) glomerulonephritis. B) polycystickidneydisease. C) calculi. D) renalfailure. E) hematuria. Answer: D

68) Asthefiltratepassesthroughtherenaltubules,approximatelywhatpercentageisreabsorbedandreturnedto thecirculation? A) 1 B) 38 C) 63 D) 74 E) 99 Answer: E

69) Urinepasses,intheordergiven,throughwhichofthefollowingstructures? A) collectingduct,renalpelvis,urethra,bladder,ureter B) renalpelvis,collectingduct,bladder,ureter,urethra C) collectingduct,renalpelvis,ureter,bladder,urethra D) renalpelvis,urethra,bladder,ureter,collectingduct E) collectingduct,ureter,renalpelvis,urethra,bladder Answer: C

70) Themajorityofglomeruliarelocatedinthe________ofthekidney. A) vasarecta B) medulla C) cortex D) pelvis E) calyces Answer: C

71) Theurinarysystemregulatesbloodvolumeandpressureby A) adjustingthevolumeofwaterlostinurine. B) releasingerythropoietin. C) releasingrenin. D) A,B,andC E) noneoftheabove Answer: D

72) Normally,alltheglucosefilteredbytheglomeruliisreabsorbedbycellsofthecollectingtubules,butthereisa limitcalledthetransportmaximum(T max). A) Thefirstpartofthestatementistruebutthesecondpartisfalse. B) Thefirstpartofthestatementisfalsebutthesecondpartistrue. C) Bothpartsofthestatementaretrue. D) Bothpartsofthestatementarefalse. Answer: C

73) Themechanismforproducingaconcentratedurineinvolves A) thesecretionofantidiuretichormone(ADH)bytheneurohypophysis. B) aquaporinsbeinginsertedintothemembranesofthecollectingductcells. C) ahighconcentrationofNAClintheinterstitialfluidthatsurroundsthecollectingducts. D) AandConly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

74) Whichofthesecomponentsofthenephronislargelyconfinedtotherenalmedulla? A) glomerular(Bowmans)capsule B) distalconvolutedtubule C) collectingducts D) proximalconvolutedtubule E) glomerulus Answer: C

75) Thekidneysareretroperitoneal,andtherenalarteriesbranchdirectlyofftheabdominalaorta. A) Thefirstpartofthestatementistruebutthesecondpartisfalse. B) Thefirstpartofthestatementisfalsebutthesecondpartistrue. C) Bothpartsofthestatementaretrue. D) Bothpartsofthestatementarefalse. Answer: C

76) Measurementofthefunctionsofanephronrevealsaglomerularcapillarypressureof69mmHg,anda pressureinthecapsularspaceof15mmHg.Assumingthatthecolloidosmoticpressureis30mmHg,andthat essentiallynoplasmaproteinsarefilteredbytheglomerulus,whatisthenetfiltrationpressureinthiscase? A) 30mmHg B) 24mmHg C) 69mmHg D) 84mmHg E) 99mmHg Answer: B
77) Thethickascendinglimbofthenephronloop(loopofHenle)isalmostimpermeabletowater,butreabsorbs sodium,potassium,andchlorideionsfromthefiltrate). A) Thefirststatementistruebutthesecondstatementisfalse. B) Thefirststatementisfalsebutthesecondstatementistrue. C) Bothstatementsaretrue. D) Bothstatementsarefalse. E) Botharetrueandrelatetoproductionofadiluteurine. Answer: E

78) Apatientexcretesalargevolumeofverydiluteurineonacontinuingbasis.Thisismaybedueto A) excessiveADHsecretion. B) absenceofADH. C) hematuricoliguria. D) overproductionofaldosterone. E) dilationoftheafferentarterioles. Answer: B

79) Renalbloodflowisabout A) 1liter/min. B) 2liter/min. C) 3liter/min. D) 4liter/min. E) 5liter/min. Answer: A

80) Whichofthefollowingisgreater? A) theconcentrationofsoluteinthefiltrateatthebeginningofthenephronloop(loopofHenle) B) theconcentrationofsoluteinthefiltrateatthebottomofthenephronloop(loopofHenle) C) Theconcentrationsatthetopandbottomareidentical. Answer: B

81) Whichofthefollowingisgreater? A) facultativereabsorptionwhenthebodyishydrated B) facultativereabsorptionwhenthebodyisdehydrated C) Hydrationhasverylittleeffectonthemagnitudeoffacultativereabsorption. Answer: B

82) Antidiuretichormone A) increasesthepermeabilityofthecollectingductstowater. B) issecretedinresponsetolowpotassiumionintheblood. C) causesthekidneystoproducealargervolumeofverydiluteurine. D) issecretedbytheanteriorpituitary. E) releaseisinsensitivetotheosmolarityofinterstitialfluid. Answer: A

83) Ifaurinesampleisdistinctlyyellowincolor,whichofthefollowingwillbetrue? A) ItspHisbelownormal. B) Itwillhavetheodorofammonia. C) Itwillcontainlargeamountsofurobilin. D) Itwillcontainexcesschlorideion. E) ItwillhavealowpH. Answer: C

84) Ifheavyexercisereducesbloodflowtothekidneys,whichofthefollowingmightoccur? A) lossofproteininurine B) presenceofblood C) permanentkidneyinjury D) A,B,andC E) AandConly Answer: D

85) Adrugthatinhibitsangiotensinconvertingenzyme(ACE)mayleadto A) lesssecretionofaldosterone. B) increasedurinarylossofsodium. C) reductionofbloodpressure. D) BandConly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

Figure26-1TheStructureoftheKidney UseFigure26-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 86) Identifythestructurelabeled4. A) renalpelvis B) minorcalyx C) ureter D) majorcalyx E) renalcolumn Answer: B
87) Identifythestructurelabeled8. A) renalpelvis B) minorcalyx C) ureter D) majorcalyx E) renalcolumn Answer: C

88) Identifythestructurelabeled11. A) renalpelvis B) minorcalyx C) ureter D) majorcalyx E) renalcolumn Answer: A

89) Identifythestructurelabeled9. A) renalsinus B) fibrouscapsule C) renalpyramid D) renalpapilla E) renalcolumn Answer: D

90) Identifythestructurelabeled3. A) renalsinus B) fibrouscapsule C) renalpyramid D) renalpapilla E) renalcolumn Answer: C

Figure26-2TheNephron UseFigure26-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 91) Whatphysiologicalprocessoccursatthestructurelabeled1? A) reabsorption B) excretion C) secretion D) filtration E) micturition Answer: D
92) Wheredoescountercurrentmultiplicationoccur? A) 6 B) 5 C) 4 D) 3 E) 2 Answer: C

93) Wheredoesmostnutrientreabsorptionoccur? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 E) 6 Answer: B

94) WhichareaissensitivetothehormoneADH? A) 1 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5and6 E) 4,5,and6 Answer: D

95) Wherewouldpenicillinbesecreted? A) 6 B) 5 C) 4 D) 3 E) 3and4 Answer: B

1) Urineistemporarilystoredinthe________. Answer: urinarybladder
2) Urineiscarriedfromtheurinarybladdertotheoutsideofthebodybythe________. Answer: urethra

3) Eightypercentofnephronsinthehumankidneyarelocatedinthe________andhaveshortnephronloops. Answer: cortex

4) Nephronslocatedclosetothemedullawithlongnephronloopsarecalled________. Answer: juxtamedullarynephrons

5) The________isacapillaryplexusthatparallelsthenephronloop(loopofHenle). Answer: vasarecta

6) Theconcentrationatwhichallofthecarriersforagivensubstancearesaturatedisthe________. Answer: tubularmaximumorTm

7) The________istheplasmaconcentrationatwhichaspecificcompoundwillbeginappearingintheurine. Answer: renalthreshold

8) Thefiltrationpressureattheglomerulusisequalto________. Answer: bloodhydrostaticpressurecapsularhydrostaticpressurebloodcolloidosmoticpressure

9) Theamountoffiltrateproducedbythekidneyseachminuteiscalledthe________. Answer: GFRorglomerularfiltrationrate

10) Theprocessof________involvesacarrierproteinthatcantransportamoleculeacrossthecellmembranedown itsconcentrationgradient. Answer: facilitateddiffusion

11) Atransportmechanismthatcanmoveasubstanceagainstaconcentrationgradientbyusingcellularenergyis ________. Answer: activetransport

12) Intheprocessof________twosubstancesaremovedacrossacellmembraneinthesamedirectionwithout directlyusingcellularenergy.Oneofthesubstancescanbemovedagainstaconcentrationgradientbythis process. Answer: cotransport

13) Theareaoftheurinarybladderboundedbytheopeningsofthetwouretersandtheurethraiscalledthe ________. Answer: trigone

14) Insolubledepositsthatformwithintheurinarytractfromcalciumsalts,magnesiumsalts,oruricacidarecalled kidneystonesorrenal________. Answer: calculi

15) The________testisoftenusedtoestimatetheglomerularfiltrationrate. Answer: creatinineclearance

True/FalseQuestions
1) Glomerulonephritisisanimmunecomplexdisorder. Answer: TRUE
2) Theglomerularhydrostaticpressureissignificantlyhigherthanthecapsularhydrostaticpressure. Answer: TRUE

EssayQuestions
1) Whatisthecreatinineclearancetest?HowcanitbeusedtoestimateGFR?Howaccurateisit? Answer: Thistestreliesonmeasuringtotalcreatinineexcretedintheurinein24hoursandmeasuringtheplasma concentrationofcreatinine.Sinceessentiallynoneofthefilteredloadisreturnedtobloodstream,the amountintheurinerelatesdirectlytothevolumeofbloodthatfilteredintheglomeruli.GFRcanbe calculatedbydividingcreatinineexcretionrate(mg/hr)byplasmaconcentrationofcreatinine(g/dL)to gettheGFRindL/hour,fromwhichtheper-minuterateiscalculatedbydividingby60.Thetestisnot entirelyaccuratebecauseupto15percentoftheexcretedcreatinineenterstheurinebytubularsecretion.
2) Physiciansoftenaskforurinesamplescollectedovera24-hourperiod,ratherthanasinglesample.Why? Answer: Oftentheinformationneededforadiagnosisistheamountofasubstancebeinglostperdayandnot simplyitsconcentrationintheurine.Becausetheamountofwaterpresentintheurinevariesthroughout theday,theonlyreliablewaytoestimatequantitiesperdayismeasurebothaverageconcentration (g/ml)andthetotalvolume(ml/day).Theproductofthesetwoquantitiesistheamountperday(g/day). Anexampleofaclinicaltestthatreliesonanalysisofa24 -hoururineisthecreatinineclearancetest,a measureofGFR.

3) Listeachorganoftheurinarysystemandconciselydescribeitsfunction. Answer: Consistingofthekidneys,ureters,urinarybladder,andurethra,theurinarysystemhasthreeprimary functions:(1)excretion,theremovaloforganicwasteproductsfrombodyfluids,(2)elimination,the dischargeofthesewasteproductsintotheenvironment,and(3)homeostaticregulationofthevolume andsoluteconcentrationofbloodplasma.Theexcretoryandhomeostaticregulationfunctionsofthe urinarysystemareperformedbythetwokidneysthatproduceurine,afluidcontainingwater,ions,and smallsolublecompounds.Urineleavingthekidneysflowsalongpairedtubescalledureterstothe urinarybladder,amuscularsacfortemporarystorageofurine.Onbeingforcedoutoftheurinary bladder,urinepassesthroughtheurethratotheexterior.Theurinarybladderandtheurethraare responsiblefortheeliminationofurine,aprocesscalledurinationormicturition.
4) Inglomerulonephritis,thenormalfiltrationbarrierisdamagedandbecomesfarmorepermeabletoplasma proteins,suchasalbuminalongwithothersolutes.Howwouldthataffectglomerularfiltration? Answer: GFRwouldgoupfortworeasons.(1)Theleakageofproteinintothecapsularfiltratewilllowerthe effectivenessofBCOPandthusraisethenetfiltrationpressure.(2)Filtrationwillincreasealsobecauseof theincreasedleakinessoftheglomerulustowater,ions,andothersolutes.Adistinctproteinuriawill appear,andthelossofproteinwilllowerBCOP,makingmattersworseandpromotingedemaformation intheperipheraltissues.

Chapter27 Fluid,Electrolyte,andAcid-BaseBalance MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Intracellularfluid(ICF)isfoundonlywithin A) bloodvessels. B) lymph. C) thecellsofthebody. D) theinterstitialspace. E) thecerebrospinalfluid. Answer: C
2) Theextracellularfluid(ECF)consistsofthe A) plasmaandlymph. B) interstitialfluid. C) cerebrospinalfluid. D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: D

3) Theprincipalcationinintracellularfluidis A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) magnesium. E) chloride. Answer: B

4) Whenwaterislost,butelectrolytesareretained, A) theosmolarityoftheECFfalls. B) osmosismoveswaterfromtheICFtotheECF. C) boththeECFandtheICFbecomemoredilute. D) thereisanincreaseinthevolumeoftheICF. E) bothBandD Answer: B

5) Whenpurewaterisconsumed, A) theECFbecomeshypertonictotheICF. B) afluidshiftoccursandthevolumeoftheICFdecreases. C) osmolaritiesofthetwofluidcompartmentsfall. D) thevolumeoftheECFdecreases. E) thevolumeoftheICFdecreases. Answer: C

6) Consumingamealhighinsaltwill A) drasticallyincreasetheosmolarityoftheblood. B) resultinatemporaryincreaseinbloodvolume. C) decreasethirst. D) causehypotension. E) activatetherenin-angiotensinmechanism. Answer: B

7) Antidiuretichormone A) issecretedbytheadenohypophysis. B) stimulateswaterintake. C) stimulateswaterconservationbythekidneys. D) A,B,andC E) BandConly Answer: E

8) Aldosterone A) issecretedinresponsetoelevatedlevelsofpotassiumintheblood. B) promotessodiumretentioninthekidneys. C) helpsdecreasebloodvolumeandlowerbloodpressure. D) A,B,andC E) AandBonly Answer: E

9) Whichofthefollowingwillstimulatethirst? A) dryingthemucosaofthemouthandpharynx B) angiotensinIIactingonthehypothalamus C) anincreaseintheosmoticpressureofinterstitialfluidwithinthehypothalamus D) AandBonly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

10) Theionsinhighestconcentrationintheintracellularfluidare A) potassium,chloride,andbicarbonate. B) sodium,potassium,andbicarbonate. C) sodium,potassium,andcalcium. D) potassium,hydrogen,andchloride. E) proteins,potassium,andphosphate. Answer: E

11) Theionsinhighestconcentrationintheextracellularfluidare A) sodium,chloride,andbicarbonate. B) sodium,potassium,andbicarbonate. C) sodium,potassium,andcalcium. D) sodium,hydrogen,andchloride. E) sodium,potassium,andphosphate. Answer: A

12) Excesshydrogenioniseliminatedfromthebodylargelyby A) sweating. B) thekidneys. C) theliver. D) thefeces. E) buffers. Answer: B

13) Theamountofpotassiumexcretedbythekidneysisregulatedmainlyby A) ADH. B) aldosterone. C) parathormone. D) atrialnatriureticpeptides. E) glucocorticoids. Answer: B

14) Calciumreabsorptionbythekidneysispromotedbythehormone A) calcitonin. B) parathyroidhormone. C) aldosterone. D) cortisol. E) ADH. Answer: B

15) Inaleanadultmale,thebodyconsistsofabout________percentwater. A) 60 B) 90 C) 40 D) 10 E) 80 Answer: A

16) Theprimaryroleofthecarbonic-acid-bicarbonatebuffersystemisto A) bufferstomachacid. B) buffercarbonicacidformedbycarbondioxide. C) limitpHchangescausedbyorganicandfixedacids. D) buffertheurine. E) increaseventilation. Answer: C

17) Abouttwo-thirdsofthebodyfluidiswithincellsandistermed________fluid. A) intracellular B) intercellular C) extracellular D) interstitial E) vital Answer: A

18) Hypoventilationleadsto A) respiratoryacidosis. B) respiratoryalkalosis. C) metabolicacidosis. D) metabolicalkalosis. Answer: A

19) Inresponsetorespiratoryalkalosis,the A) respiratoryrateincreases. B) tidalvolumeincreases. C) kidneysconservebicarbonate. D) kidneyssecretemorehydrogenions. E) kidneysretainmorehydrogenions. Answer: E

20) Prolongedvomitingcanresultin A) respiratoryacidosis. B) respiratoryalkalosis. C) metabolicacidosis. D) metabolicalkalosis. Answer: D

21) Apersonwithemphysemawillexhibitsignsof A) chronicrespiratoryacidosis. B) chronicrespiratoryalkalosis. C) acuterespiratoryacidosis. D) chronicmetabolicacidosis. Answer: A

22) Apersonwithpoorlycontrolleddiabetesmellituswilldevelop A) respiratoryacidosis. B) respiratoryalkalosis. C) metabolicacidosis. D) metabolicalkalosis. Answer: C

23) Apatientonaventilatorsubjectedtoexcessiveminutevolumeisatriskfor A) respiratoryacidosis. B) respiratoryalkalosis. C) metabolicacidosis. D) metabolicalkalosis. Answer: B

24) Apersonwhoconsumeslargeamountsofsodiumbicarbonate(bakingsoda)tosettleanupsetstomachrisks A) respiratoryacidosis. B) respiratoryalkalosis. C) metabolicacidosis. D) metabolicalkalosis. Answer: D

25) Severekidneydamage(suchasglomerulonephritis)oftenleadsto A) respiratoryacidosis. B) respiratoryalkalosis. C) metabolicacidosis. D) metabolicalkalosis. Answer: C

26) Substancesthatcancarryelectricalcurrentacrosscellmembranesarecalled A) electrons. B) electrolytes. C) nonelectrolytes. D) osmoregulators. E) buffers. Answer: B

27) Whichhormonestimulatesthethirstmechanism? A) ADH B) aldosterone C) BNP D) ANP E) epinephrine Answer: A

28) Inanadultfemale,thebodyconsistsofabout________percentwater. A) 60 B) 50 C) 40 D) 70 E) 80 Answer: B

29) AllofthefollowingarecomponentsofECF,except A) cerebrospinalfluid. B) peritonealfluid. C) lymph. D) aqueoushumor. E) RBCs. Answer: E

30) Whichhormoneplaysacentralroleindeterminingtherateofsodiumreabsorptionandpotassiumsecretion? A) ADH B) aldosterone C) BNP D) ANP E) epinephrine Answer: B

31) ExchangebetweenthetwomainsubdivisionsofECFoccursprimarilyatthe A) veins. B) muscles. C) tissues. D) capillaries. E) arteries. Answer: D

32) Whichhormone(s)isreleasedbyheartmuscleinresponsetoexcessivechambervolume? A) ADH B) aldosterone C) PTH D) acetylcholine E) natriureticpeptides Answer: E

33) Apatientwhohasbeenbothvomitingandhavingdiarrheaislosing________fromhisbody. A) water B) sodium C) bicarbonateion D) hydrogenion E) alloftheabove Answer: E

34) Whichhormonemostaffectstheosmolarityofblood? A) ADH B) angiotensinII C) PTH D) ANP E) epinephrine Answer: A

35) Approximately________litersofperitonealfluidareproducedandreabsorbedeachday. A) 10 B) 9 C) 15 D) 7 E) 20 Answer: D

36) Themostcommonproblemswithelectrolytebalancearecausedbyanimbalancebetweengainsandlossesof A) calciumions. B) chlorineions. C) potassiumions. D) sodiumions. E) electrons. Answer: D

37) Thereleaseofatrialnatureticpeptidesfromtheheartwillcausethebodyto A) conservesodiumions. B) decreaseECF. C) excretesodiumions. D) bothAandB E) bothBandC Answer: E

38) AngiotensinIIproducesacoordinatedelevationintheECFvolumeby A) stimulatingthirst. B) causingthereleaseofADH. C) triggeringtheproductionandsecretionofaldosterone. D) bothAandB E) A,B,andC Answer: E

39) Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsbestfitstheacid-basedisordermetabolicalkalosis? A) consequenceofhyperventilation,forexampleinfeverormentalillness B) consequenceofprolongedvomiting C) consequenceofreducedalveolarventilation,forexampleduetoCOPD D) consequenceoftissuehypoxia,forexampleinischemicconditions Answer: B

40) AchemicalthatminimizeschangesinthepHofabodyfluidbyreleasingorbindinghydrogenioniscalled a(n) A) electrolyte. B) acid. C) alkali. D) compensation. E) buffer. Answer: E

41) Secretionofpotassiumintotheurineis A) increasedbyaldosterone. B) associatedwiththereabsorptionofsodiumfromthedistaltubulesandcollectingducts. C) minimalbecausethehumandietincludesverylittlepotassium. D) A,B,andC E) AandBonly Answer: E

42) Toreducebrainswellingbypullingwateroutofbraincells,asubstancecanbeinjectedintravenouslyto increasetheosmoticpressureofinterstitialfluid.Whichofthefollowingpropertiescanthissubstancenothave inordertobeeffective? A) permeabletocapillaryendothelium B) nontoxictoneurons C) permeabletobrainplasmamembranes D) impermeabletobrainplasmamembranes E) solubleinwater Answer: C
43) Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsbestfitstheacid-basedisorderrespiratoryacidosis? A) consequenceofhyperventilation,forexampleinfeverormentalillness B) consequenceofprolongedvomiting C) consequenceofreducedalveolarventilation,forexampleduetoemphysema D) consequenceoftissuehypoxia,forexampleinischemicconditions Answer: C

44) WhenthepHoftheextracellularfluiddrops,the A) kidneysexcretemorehydrogenions. B) kidneysexcretemorebicarbonateions. C) kidneysexcretefewerbicarbonateions. D) AandBonly E) AandConly Answer: E

45) Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsbestfitstheacid-basedisorderrespiratoryalkalosis? A) consequenceofhyperventilation,forexampleinfeverormentalillness B) consequenceofprolongedvomiting C) consequenceofreducedalveolarventilation,forexampleduetoCOPD D) consequenceoftissuehypoxia,forexampleinischemicconditions Answer: A

1) WillhyperventilationraiseorlowerpH? Answer: raise
2) Theprincipalionsinextracellularfluidare________,________,and________. Answer: sodium;chloride;bicarbonate

3) Homeostaticmechanismsthatmonitorandadjustthecompositionofbodyfluidsrespondtochangesinthe ________fluid. Answer: extracellular

4) A(n)________consistsofacombinationofaweakacidanditsassociatedanion. Answer: buffer

5) A(n)________acidisanacidthatcanleavesolutionandentertheatmosphere. Answer: volatile

6) A(n)________acidisanacidthatcannotleavesolutionandentertheatmosphere. Answer: fixedornonvolatile

7) ________promoteswaterreabsorptionatthekidneysandstimulatesthirst. Answer: ADH

8) ThenormalpHrangeforECFis________to________. Answer: 7.35;7.45

9) WhenthepHfallsbelow7.35,astateof________exists. Answer: acidosis

10) WhenthepHrisesabove7.45,astateof________exists. Answer: alkalosis

11) Hypercapniareferstoelevatedlevelsof________. Answer: carbondioxide

EssayQuestions
1) Fredhaschronicemphysema.BloodtestsshowthathispHislowbutalmostnormalbuthisbicarbonatelevels areelevatedsignificantly.Howcanthisbe?Whatwouldurinalysisshow? Answer: Emphysemalimitsalveolarventilation,leadingtoincreasedcarbondioxideinFredsbody.SinceFreds conditionischronic(longterm)hisbodyhascompensatedfortheexcesscarbonicacid(theresultof hypercapniaduetopoorventilation)byincreasingtheamountofbicarbonatetomatchtheelevatedlevel ofhydrogenion.Thiscompensationforrespiratoryacidosiswasaccomplishedbythekidneyssecretion ofhydrogenionbothinthePCTandDCTandtheretentionofbicarbonatefromtheelevatedcarbonic acid.UrinalysiswouldindicateaverylowpHandhighlevelsofammonia,producedbythedistal tubuletoabsorbthesecretedhydrogenion.
2) Whydoespotassiumconcentrationriseinpatientswithacidosis?Whatisthiscalled?Whateffectsdoesit have? Answer: WhenpHislow,hydrogenionlevelsinthebloodarehighandalsointheinterstitialandperitubular fluid.Hydrogenioncompeteswithpotassiumionforthesodiumcountercurrentexchangerinthe tubules.Ashydrogenionsecretionrises(whichcompensatesfortheacidosis),potassiumisretainedand hyperkalemiadevelops.Ifsevereenough,musclecrampsandcardiacarrhythmiasresult.

3) Themaintenanceofnormalvolumeandcompositionofextracellularandintracellularfluidsisvitaltolife.List andbrieflydescribethekindsofhomeostasisinvolved. Answer: Threetypesofhomeostasisareinvolved:fluidbalance,electrolytebalance,andacid -basebalance.Fluid balancemeansthatthetotalquantityofbodywaterremainsalmostconstantandthatthedistribution betweentheICFandECFarenormal.Electrolytebalanceimpliesthesamethingforions.Acid -base balancemeansthatthepHoftheECFismaintainedintherangeof7.35to7.45,andthatgainsorlosses ofhydrogenionasaconsequenceofmetabolismarefollowedbyequivalentlossesorgainssoasto maintainconstantbufferreserves.
Chapter28 TheReproductiveSystem MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Thereproductivesystem A) producesgametes. B) storesandtransportsgametes. C) nourishesgametes. D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: D
2) Inwardprojectionsofthetunicaalbuginea,knownassepta,dividethetestisinto A) seminiferoustubules. B) straighttubules. C) lobules. D) retetestorum. E) theepididymisandthetestisproper. Answer: C

3) Thereproductivesystemincludes A) gonadsandexternalgenitalia. B) ductsthatreceiveandtransportthegametes. C) accessoryglandsandorgansthatsecretefluids. D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: D

4) Straighttubulesoriginateattheseminiferoustubulesandformamazeofpassagewayscalledthe A) epididymis. B) ductusdeferens. C) retetestis. D) efferentducts. E) tunnelsoflove. Answer: C

5) Whichofthefollowingmusclesmovethetestestowardsthebody? A) thecremaster B) thetunicamuscularis C) thebicepsbrachii D) thedartos E) bothAandD Answer: E

6) Thespermaticcordis A) abundleoftissuethatcontainstheductusdeferens,bloodvessels,nerves,andlymphaticsthatservethe testis. B) anarrowopeningthatlinksthescrotalchamberwiththeperitonealcavity. C) theexternalmarkingoftheboundarybetweenthetwochambersofthescrotum. D) alayerofsmoothmuscleintheskinofthescrotalsac. E) adenselayerofconnectivetissuethatsurroundsthetestis. Answer: A

7) Thedenselayerofconnectivetissuethatsurroundsthetestisiscalledthe A) medianraphe. B) spermaticcord. C) tunicaalbuginea. D) dartos. E) epididymis. Answer: C

8) Interstitialcellsproduce A) sperm. B) inhibin. C) nutrients. D) androgens. E) androgen-bindingprotein. Answer: D

9) Thenursecellsoftheseminiferoustubulesdoallofthefollowing,except thatthey A) maintaintheblood-testisbarrier. B) supportspermiogenesis. C) secreteinhibin. D) secretetestosterone. E) secreteandrogen-bindingprotein. Answer: D

10) Spermproductionoccursinthe A) ductusdeferens. B) seminiferoustubules. C) epididymis. D) seminalglands(seminalvesicles). E) retetestis. Answer: B

11) Spermdevelopfromstemcellscalled A) spermatogonia. B) primaryspermatocytes. C) secondaryspermatocytes. D) spermatids. E) spermatozoa. Answer: A

12) Whenspermatogoniadivide,thedaughtercellsarecalled A) spermatogonia. B) spermatocytes. C) spermatids. D) spermatozoa. E) Sertolicells. Answer: B

13) Thecellsthatareformedduringspermatogenesisbythefirstmeiosisarecalled A) spermatogonia. B) primaryspermatocytes. C) secondaryspermatocytes. D) spermatids. E) spermatozoa. Answer: C

14) Theprocessofspermiogenesisproduces A) spermatogonia. B) primaryspermatocytes. C) secondaryspermatocytes. D) spermatids. E) spermatozoa. Answer: E

15) Spermaremovedalongtheductusdeferensby A) hydrostaticforce. B) ciliaryaction. C) peristalticcontractions. D) suction. E) hydraulicaction. Answer: C

16) Arrangethefourstructureslistedbelowintotheorderinwhichspermpassfromthetestistotheurethral meatus. 1.ductusdeferens 2.urethra 3.ejaculatoryduct 4.epididymis A) 1,3,4,2 B) 4,3,1,2 C) 4,1,2,3 D) 4,1,3,2 E) 1,4,3,2 Answer: D
17) Theorganthatmonitorsandadjuststhecompositionoftubularfluid,recyclesdamagedspermatozoa,andis thesiteofspermmaturationisthe A) ductusdeferens. B) retetestis. C) seminalgland(seminalvesicle). D) epididymis. E) prostategland. Answer: D

18) Theorganthatcarriesspermfromtheepididymistotheurethraisthe A) ductusdeferens. B) epididymis. C) seminalgland(seminalvesicle). D) ejaculatoryduct. E) corpuscavernosum. Answer: A

19) Theorganthatproducesasecretionthatcontainsfructose,prostaglandins,andfibrinogenisthe A) prostategland. B) bulbourethralgland. C) seminalgland(seminalvesicle). D) corpuscavernosum. E) preputialgland. Answer: C

20) Theorganthatsurroundstheurethraandproducesanalkalinesecretionisthe A) seminalgland(seminalvesicle). B) bulbourethralgland. C) prostategland. D) preputialgland. E) Bartholinsgland. Answer: C

21) Thesmallpairedstructuresatthebaseofthepenisthatsecreteathick,alkalinemucusarethe A) seminalvesicles. B) prostateglands. C) preputialglands. D) Bartholinglands. E) bulbo-urethralglands. Answer: E

22) Semencontainsallofthefollowing,except A) spermatozoa. B) seminalfluid. C) prostaglandins. D) spermatogonia. E) fibrinogen. Answer: D

23) Thespecialtypeofcelldivisionrequiredtoproducegametesiscalled A) mitosis. B) meiosis. C) maturation. D) capacitation. E) fertilization. Answer: B

24) Theexternalmarkingoftheboundarybetweenthetwotestesisthe A) spermaticcord. B) raphe. C) tunicaalbuginea. D) acrosome. E) dartosmuscle. Answer: B

25) Theorganthatdeliverssemenintothefemalereproductivetractisthe A) urethra. B) ejaculatoryduct. C) penis. D) corpuscavernosum. E) corpusspongiosum. Answer: C

26) Thefoldofskinthatcoverstheglanspenisisthe A) ejaculatoryduct. B) prepuce. C) corpuscavernosum. D) corpusspongiosum. E) penileurethra. Answer: B

27) Theurethralmeatusisanopeninginthe A) prepuce. B) glanspenis. C) corpusspongiosum. D) corpuscavernosum. E) coronaradiata. Answer: B

28) Theerectiletissuethatsurroundstheurethraisthe A) membranousurethra. B) penileurethra. C) glanspenis. D) corpusspongiosum. E) corpuscavernosum. Answer: D

29) Thepairederectilebodiesinthepenisarethe A) membranousurethra. B) penileurethra. C) corpusspongiosum. D) corporacavernosa. E) prepuce. Answer: D

30) TheroleofFSHinmalesisto A) stimulatetheinterstitialcellstoproducetestosterone. B) stimulatethenursecellstoproduceinhibin. C) initiatespermproductioninthetestes. D) developandmaintainsecondarysexcharacteristics. E) influencesexualbehaviorsandsexdrive. Answer: C

31) Thepituitaryhormonethatstimulatestheinterstitialcellstosecretetestosteroneis A) FSH. B) LH. C) ACTH. D) ADH. E) GH. Answer: B

32) Thebroadligamentis A) anextensivemesenterythatenclosestheovaries,uterinetubes,anduterus. B) athickenedfoldofmesenterythatsupportsandstabilizesthepositionoftheovary. C) apocketformedbetweentheposteriorwalloftheuterusandtheanteriorsurfaceoftherectum. D) astructurethatanchorstheovarytotherectouterinepouch. E) astructurethatextendsfromthelateralsurfaceoftheovarytothepelvicwall. Answer: A

33) Theorganthattransportstheovumtotheuterusisthe A) uterosacralligament. B) vagina. C) uterinetube. D) infundibulum. E) myometrium. Answer: C

34) Theorganthatprovidesmechanicalprotectionandnutritionalsupportforthedevelopingembryoisthe A) vagina. B) uterinetube. C) ovary. D) uterus. E) cervix. Answer: D

35) Theroundligamentsextendfromthe A) baseoftheuterusandvaginatothelateralwallsofthepelvis. B) lateralsurfaceoftheuterustotheanteriorsurfaceofthesacrum. C) lateralmarginsoftheuterus,throughtheinguinalcanaltotheexternalgenitalia. D) bodyoftheuterustothefundus. E) cervixoftheuterustothevagina. Answer: C

36) Theinferiorportionoftheuterusthatprojectsintothevaginaisthe A) isthmus. B) fornix. C) fundus. D) body. E) cervix. Answer: E

37) Thethickmuscularlayeroftheuterusisthe A) endometrium. B) perimetrium. C) myometrium. D) uterometrium. E) sarcometrium. Answer: C

38) Eachofthefollowingstatementsconcerningoogenesisistrue,except that A) oogenesisbeginsbeforebirth. B) ovadevelopfromstemcellscalledoogonia. C) anovumcompletesitslastmeiosisafteritisfertilized. D) abouthalftheoogoniacompletemitosisbetweenbirthandpuberty. E) bythetimeoftheirbirth,girlshavealreadylostabout80percentoftheiroocytes. Answer: D

39) Thesurgeinluteinizinghormonethatoccursduringthemiddleoftheovariancycletriggers A) folliclematuration. B) menstruation. C) ovulation. D) menopause. E) atresia. Answer: C

40) Ariseinthebloodlevelsoffollicle-stimulatinghormoneatthebeginningoftheovariancycleisresponsiblefor A) folliclematuration. B) menstruation. C) ovulation. D) menopause. E) atresia. Answer: A

41) Theaveragelengthofthemenstrualcycleis A) 16days. B) 19days. C) 21days. D) 28days. E) 35days. Answer: D

42) Duringtheproliferativephaseofthemenstrualcycle, A) thecorpusluteumisforming. B) thefunctionalzoneoftheendometriumisrestored. C) thefertilizedovumimplants. D) theoldfunctionallayerissloughedoff. E) alloftheabove Answer: B

43) Duringthesecretoryphaseofthemenstrualcycle A) thefertilizedovumimplants. B) progesteronelevelsarehigh. C) endometrialglandsenlarge. D) thecorpusluteumisformed. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

44) Duringthemenses A) progesteronelevelsarehigh. B) anewuterineliningisformed. C) secretoryglandsandbloodvesselsdevelopintheendometrium. D) theoldfunctionallayerissloughedoff. E) thecorpusluteumismostactive. Answer: D

45) Allofthefollowingaretrueofthevagina,except thatit A) servesasapassagewayfortheeliminationofmenstrualfluids. B) receivesthepenisduringcoitus. C) holdsspermatozoapriortotheirpassagetotheuterus. D) formsthelowerportionofthebirthcanal. E) losesaportionofitsliningduringmenses. Answer: E

46) Thevaginais A) linedbysimplecolumnarepitheliumrichingobletcells. B) similartotheinnerliningoftheuterus. C) anothertermforthecervix. D) amusculartubeextendingbetweentheuterusandtheexternalgenitalia. E) amusculartubeextendingbetweentheuterusandtheanus. Answer: D

47) Thevulvaincludesallofthefollowing,except the A) monspubis. B) vagina. C) labiaminora. D) clitoris. E) labiamajora. Answer: B

48) Theuterinephasethatdevelopsbecauseofafallinprogesteronelevelsis A) themenses. B) theproliferativephase. C) thesecretoryphase. D) thefollicularphase. E) thelutealphase. Answer: A

49) Thespaceboundedbythelabiaminoraisthe A) fornix. B) vestibule. C) hymen. D) clitoris. E) isthmus. Answer: B

50) Fattyfoldsofskinthatencircleandpartiallyconcealthelabiaminoraandvestibulearethe A) fornices. B) ampullae. C) labiamajora. D) monspubis. E) vestibulararches. Answer: C

51) Theclitoris A) isderivedfromthesameembryonicstructuresasthepenisinmales. B) engorgeswithbloodduringsexualarousal. C) istoppedbyasmallerectileglans. D) containserectiletissuecomparabletothecorporacavernosaofthepenis. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

52) Thepigmentedskinthatsurroundsthenippleisthe A) zonareticularis. B) fornix. C) zonapellucida. D) peripapilla. E) areola. Answer: E

53) Theprincipalhormonesecretedbythecorpusluteumis A) LH. B) FSH. C) progesterone. D) luteosterone. E) estrogen. Answer: C

54) Menstruationistriggeredbyadropinthelevelsof A) FSH. B) LH. C) relaxin. D) progesterone. E) inhibin. Answer: D

55) Thegranulosacellsofdevelopingfolliclessecrete A) estradiol. B) progesterone. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GnRH. Answer: A

56) Whichofthefollowingisnotanactionofestrogen? A) stimulatesbonegrowth B) maintainsfemalesecondarysexcharacteristics C) mimicsthesymptomsofmenopause D) maintainsaccessoryreproductiveorgans E) initiatesrepairoftheendometrium Answer: C

57) Emissionandejaculation A) occursundersympatheticstimulation. B) beginswithperistalticcontractionsoftheampulla. C) isresponsibleforpropellingsemenintothefemalereproductivetract. D) involvescontractionsofthebulbospongiosusmuscle. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

58) Contractionsofthebulbospongiosusmusclesresultin A) erection. B) emission. C) ejaculation. D) detumescence. E) impotence. Answer: C

59) Forerectiontooccur A) theremustbesufficientbloodhydrostaticpressure. B) thesacralspinalcordmustbeintact. C) nitricoxidemustbepresent. D) alloftheabove E) AandBonly Answer: D

60) Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsbestmatchesthetermendometrium? A) thicklayerofsmoothmusclecells B) supportstheuterusanteriorly C) supportstheuteruslaterally D) consistsofstratumbasalisandstratumfunctionalis E) afterovulation,theovumiscapturedbyit Answer: D

61) Whichofthefollowingdoesnotoccuraftermenopause? A) menstrualcyclescease B) ovulationceases C) estrogenlevelsrise D) GnRHsecretionincreases E) FSHsecretionincreases Answer: C

62) Whichofthefollowingglandssecretesfructosetonourishthesperm? A) prostategland B) nursegland C) seminalgland(seminalvesicle) D) bulbourethralgland E) A,B,andC Answer: C

63) Themalereproductivesystemismostcloselyassociatedwithwhichofthefollowingsystems? A) muscular B) urinary C) endocrine D) digestive E) integumentary Answer: B

64) The________istheportionoftheuterusthatprojectsintothevagina. A) body B) cervix C) myometrium D) fundus E) internalos Answer: B

65) The________istheregionofthevaginathatsurroundsthecervix. A) rugae B) fornix C) dartos D) fundus E) externalos Answer: B

66) Whichofthefollowingcanbefoundinsidethespermaticcord? A) bloodvessels B) nerves C) lymphaticvessels D) ductusdeferens E) alloftheabove Answer: E

67) Nursecells A) arefoundintheseminiferoustubules. B) formtheblood-testisbarrier. C) coordinatespermatogenesis. D) AandConly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

68) Whichregionoftheuterinetubecapturestheovum? A) ampulla B) anteriorsegment C) infundibulum D) posteriorsegment E) isthmus Answer: C

69) Thedelicatelayerofserousmembranethatcoversthetestisiscalledthe A) medianraphe. B) tunicavaginalis. C) tunicaalbuginea. D) dartos. E) laminapropria. Answer: B

70) The________istheroundedportionoftheuterinebodysuperiortotheattachmentoftheuterinetubes. A) body B) cervix C) myometrium D) fundus E) internalos Answer: D

71) Thespecialtypeofcelldivisionrequiredtoproducegametesiscalled A) mitosis. B) meiosis. C) maturation. D) capacitation. E) fertilization. Answer: B

72) Theregionwherebloodvesselsentertheovaryiscalledthe A) infundibulopelvicligament. B) tunicaalbuginea. C) ovarianumbilicalcord. D) ovarianhilum. E) ovarianligament. Answer: D

73) Aprimaryspermatocytematuresinto________spermatidshaving________chromosomes. A) millionsof;46 B) four;23 C) one;46 D) millionsof;23 E) four;46 Answer: B

74) Theportionoftheuterinetubethatendsinfingerlikefimbriae isthe A) ampulla. B) distalsegment. C) infundibulum. D) proximalsegment. E) isthmus. Answer: C

75) Spermatozoaarefunctionallymaturedwithinthe A) epididymis. B) ductusdeferens. C) retetestes. D) seminiferoustubules. E) seminalgland(seminalvesicle). Answer: A

76) DuringmeiosisI,maternalandpaternalchromosomesfusetogetherduringtheprocesscalled________toform a________. A) synapsis;chromatid B) prophaseI;chromatid C) synapsis;spermatid D) metaphaseII;tetrad E) synapsis;tetrad Answer: E

77) Whichofthefollowingoccursafteraspermatogoniumcompletescelldivision? A) Maturespermatozoaenterthelumen. B) Fusionofdiploidnucleioccurs. C) Thedaughtercellisdirectedtowardthelumenoftheseminiferoustubule. D) Gameteproductionaccelerates. E) Spermiogenesisbegins. Answer: C

78) Theprimaryfollicledevelopsfromthe A) ovarianhilum. B) ovarianfollicles. C) primordialfollicle. D) ovarianstroma. E) granulosacells. Answer: C

79) Thefoldofperitoneumthatextendsoutfromtheovarytothewallofthepelvisiscalledthe A) infundibulopelvicligament. B) tunicaalbuginea. C) ovarianligament. D) ovarianhilum. E) uterovesicalligament. Answer: A

80) Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsbestmatchesthetermroundligament? A) thicklayerofsmoothmusclecells B) enterstheinguinalcanal C) supportstheuteruslaterally D) consistsofstratumbasalisandstratumfunctionalis E) afterovulation,theovumiscapturedbyit Answer: B

81) Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsbestmatchesthetermmyometrium? A) thicklayerofsmoothmusclecells B) supportstheuterusanteriorly C) supportstheuteruslaterally D) consistsofstratumbasalisandstratumfunctionalis E) afterovulation,theovumiscapturedbyit Answer: A

82) Thesegmentoftheuterinetubewherefertilizationcommonlyoccursisthe A) ampulla. B) anterior. C) infundibulum. D) posterior. E) isthmus. Answer: E

83) Thiscausesaprominentbulgeinthesurfaceoftheovary. A) corticalgyrus B) tertiaryfollicle C) secondaryfollicle D) thecainterna E) follicularnode Answer: B

84) Secondarysexualcharacteristics A) maydevelopinresponsetotestosterone. B) maydevelopinresponsetoestrogen. C) areusuallyapparentatbirth. D) AandBonly E) A,B,andC Answer: D

85) Howmanytetradsformduringsynapsis? A) 23 B) hundreds C) thousands D) 46 E) 4 Answer: A

86) Interstitialcells A) arealsocalledLeydigcells. B) respondtoluteinizinghormone. C) producetestosterone. D) AandBonly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

87) Whichofthefollowingisnotasimilaritybetweenthetestisandovary? A) bothproduceprogesterone B) meiosistakesplaceinboth C) bothrespondtofollicle-stimulatinghormone D) bothrespondtoluteinizinghormone E) bothproducegametes Answer: A

88) Testicularnursecellsfunctioninallofthefollowingways,except thattheydont A) secreteMllerianinhibitingfactor. B) secreteprogesterone-bindingprotein. C) coordinatespermiogenesis. D) supportmeiosis. E) serveasablood-testisbarrier. Answer: B

89) Theductusdeferensisapproximately________cmlong. A) 15-20 B) 50-60 C) 40-45 D) 31-35 E) 12 Answer: C

90) Inamaturehumanspermatozoan, A) theacrosomeisnexttothenucleus. B) themidpiececontainsthechromosomes. C) thetailcontainsthemitochondria. D) theheadcontains23chromosomes. E) bothAandD Answer: E

91) Atypicalejaculationreleasesapproximately________sperm. A) 1million B) 250million C) 100,000 D) 20million E) 800million Answer: B

92) Thebroadligamentattachestoallofthefollowingorgans,except the A) ovaries. B) uterinetubes. C) uterus. D) oviducts. E) urinarybladder. Answer: E

93) Whichisthefunctionoftheovaries? A) secretionofhormones B) productionofoocytes C) formationofimmaturegametes D) secretionofinhibin E) alloftheabove Answer: E

94) Whatstructureextendsfromthelateralsurfaceoftheovary,pasttheopenendoftheuterinetube,tothepelvic wall? A) infundibulopelvicligament B) tunicaalbuginea C) ovarianligament D) ovarianhilum E) uterineligament Answer: A

95) Nursecells A) arefoundintheseminiferoustubules B) formtheblood-testisbarrier C) coordinatespermatogenesis D) AandConly E) A,B,andC Answer: E

96) The________isthelargestportionoftheuterus. A) body B) cervix C) myometrium D) fundus E) internalos Answer: A

97) Anothertermforvulvais A) gonads. B) vagina. C) femaleexternalgenitalia. D) accessoryglands. E) labia. Answer: C

98) Secondaryspermatocyteseachcontain A) 23chromosomes. B) 23pairsofchromosomes. C) twicethediploidnumberofchromosomes. D) 46pairsofchromosomes. E) 46chromosomes. Answer: A

99) Testosteroneissecretedbythe A) hypothalamus. B) adenohypophysis. C) nursecells. D) interstitialcells. E) suprarenalcortex. Answer: D

100) Whereinthemalereproductivesystemwouldyouexpecttofindthemostmaturespermatozoa? A) intheseminiferoustubules B) intheheadoftheepididymis C) intheductusdeferensandejaculatoryduct D) intheseminalgland E) intheprostategland Answer: C

101) Asampleofawomansbloodisanalyzedforreproductivehormonelevels.Theresultsindicateahighlevelof progesterone,relativelyhighlevelsofinhibin,andlowlevelsofFSHandLH.Thefemaleismostlikely experiencing________oftheuterinecycle. A) theproliferativephase B) menses C) thesecretoryphase D) menarche E) menopause Answer: C
102) Contractionofthecremastermuscles A) tensesthescrotalsac. B) pullsthetestesclosertothebodycavity. C) propelsspermthroughtheurethra. D) movesspermthroughtheductusdeferens. E) bothAandB Answer: E

103) Contractionofthedartosmuscle A) tightensthescrotalsac. B) producesanerection. C) propelsspermthroughtheurethra. D) movesspermthroughtheductusdeferens. E) initiatesseminalemission. Answer: A

104) Functionsoftheaccessoryglandsofthemalereproductivesystemincludeallofthefollowing, except A) productionofspermatozoa. B) meetingthenutrientneedsofspermatozoaformotility. C) propellingspermatozoaandfluidsalongthereproductivetract. D) producingbuffers. E) activatingthespermatozoa. Answer: A

105) Follicle-stimulatinghormone A) stimulatesthethyroidfollicles. B) stimulatesspermatogenesis. C) stimulatesmaturationofprimordialfolliclesintheovary. D) isimportantonlyinfemales. E) bothBandC Answer: E

106) Iftheprostatestoppedsecretingfluid,thiswouldresultinsemen A) thatlackedsperm. B) withahigherthannormalpH. C) withlessfructose. D) withnomucus. E) thatwasrichinprostaglandins. Answer: B

107) Scarringoftheretetestiswouldinterferewithamansabilityto A) secretetestosterone. B) regulatespermatogenesis. C) ejaculate. D) produceanalkalinesemen. E) deliverspermatozoatotheepididymis. Answer: E

108) InwhichofthefollowingcaseswouldthelevelofGnRHbehighest? A) anormaladultmale B) acastratedadultmale C) asexuallyimmaturemale D) CastrationwouldhavenoeffectonGnRHproduction. Answer: B

109) Ifoxytocinreceptorsareblocked, A) themammaryglandswillnotsecretemilk. B) milkwillnotbeejectedintothelactiferoussinuses. C) themammaryglandswillbereplacedbyconnectivetissue. D) themammaryglandswillproduceonlycolostrum. E) themenseswillbegin. Answer: B

110) Amaturefolliclereleasesanovuminresponsetoasurgein A) follicle-stimulatinghormone. B) luteinizinghormone. C) estrogen. D) progesterone. E) oxytocin. Answer: B

111) Whichofthefollowingisgreater? A) thenumberofprimordialfolliclesintheovariesatbirth B) thenumberofprimordialfolliclesintheovariesatpuberty Answer: A

112) Afterovulation,theovarysecretes A) luteinizinghormone. B) estrogen. C) progesterone. D) bothBandC E) A,B,andC Answer: D

113) AboyhasageneticmutationsuchthatFSHisnotproduced,butLHisnormal.Aftertheboygrowsto maturity,itislikelyhewill A) notdevelopsecondarysexcharacteristics. B) besterile. C) beimpotent. D) haveimpairedfunctionoftheinterstitialcells. E) producelargeamountsofinhibin. Answer: B

114) Whichofthefollowingisnotasexuallytransmitteddisease? A) chlamydia B) gonorrhea C) syphilis D) AIDS E) NoneoftheaboveallareSTDs. Answer: E

115) Amalebodybuilderstartstakinginjectionsoftestosterone(ananabolicsteroid)onadailybasis.After3weeks, whichofthefollowingwouldyouexpecttoobserve? A) increasedsexdrive B) decreasedlevelsofGnRH C) decreasedlevelsofLHandFSH D) alloftheabove E) BandConly Answer: D

116) Spermcannotfertilizeanovumunlessithasbeeninthefemalereproductivetractforseveralhours.This enhancedabilityofthespermtofertilizetheovumiscalledcapacitation.Invitrostudiesindicatethatfreshly ejaculatedspermcanfertilizetheovumiftheyarefirstrinsedinsaltsolutionbeforebeingintroducedtothe ovum.Theseobservationssuggestthat A) theprocessofcapacitationinvolvestheremovalofsomeinhibitingsubstancesfromthesperm. B) theprocessofcapacitationistemperaturedependent. C) incapacitation,secretionsofthefemalereproductivetractaretakenupbythesperm. D) pHisanimportantfactorintheprocessofcapacitation. E) onlyspermthatcomeintocontactwithvaginalsecretionsarecapableoffertilizinganovum. Answer: A
117) Adrugthatblockedtheenzymearomatase woulddowhattoapatient? A) bringonsymptomsofmenopause B) preventthesynthesisofestrogen C) increasetheriskofosteoporosis D) reducetheriskofbreastcancer E) alloftheabove Answer: E

118) Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsbestmatchesthetermuterinetube? A) hasciliatedepithelium B) hasstratifiedsquamousepithelium C) coverstheglanspenisorglansclitoris D) wherematurespermarestoredandprocessed E) passesthrougherectiletissueinmales Answer: A

119) Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthemenstrualcycleistrue? A) thefirstoccurrenceistermedmenarche B) itisultimatelycontrolledbyGnRH C) isskippedinpregnancy D) ofteninvolvespainfulmyometrialcontraction E) allaretrue Answer: E

Figure28-1TheMaleReproductiveSystem UseFigure28-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 120) Identifythestructurelabeled11. A) bulbourethralgland B) prostategland C) seminalgland(seminalvesicle) D) epididymis E) ductusdeferens Answer: B
121) Identifythestructurelabeled3. A) corporacavernosa B) prostaticurethra C) corpusspongiosum D) spongyurethra E) ejaculatoryduct Answer: D

122) Whatisproducedbythestructurelabeled7? A) seminalfluids B) spermatozoa C) testosterone D) FSH E) bothBandC Answer: E

123) Identifythestructurelabeled4. A) testis B) prostategland C) seminalgland(seminalvesicle) D) epididymis E) ductusdeferens Answer: E

124) Identifythestructurethatproducesafructose-richfluid. A) 9 B) 10 C) 11 D) 12 E) 13 Answer: B

Figure28-2TheFemaleReproductiveSystem UseFigure28-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 125) Identifythestructurelabeled2. A) vagina B) uterinetube C) clitoris D) ureter E) ovary Answer: B
126) Identifythestructurelabeled6. A) uterus B) vagina C) cervix D) clitoris E) greatervestibulargland Answer: D

127) Whatisproducedbythestructurelabeled1? A) ova B) estrogen C) progesterone D) inhibin E) alloftheabove Answer: E

128) Whichstructureislinedbyaciliatedepithelium? A) 1 B) 2 C) 9 D) 11 E) 12 Answer: B

129) Identifythestructurelabeled12. A) uterus B) vagina C) clitoris D) labiumminus E) ovary Answer: B

1) Themalegonadiscalleda(n)________. Answer: testis
2) The________isanopeningthroughwhichthespermaticcordpasses. Answer: inguinalcanal

3) The________isalayerofsmoothmuscleintheskinofthescrotalsac. Answer: dartos

4) Spermatidsmatureintospermatozoabytheprocessof________. Answer: spermiogenesis

5) The________isthepartofthespermthatcontainstheDNA. Answer: head

6) Themiddlepieceofthespermcontainsthe________inaspiralarrangement. Answer: mitochondria

7) Theonly________inthehumanbodyisthetailofthesperm. Answer: flagellum

8) Anormalspermcountrangesfromapproximately________spermatozoapermilliliter. Answer: 20to100million

9) The________withintheheadofaspermcontainstheenzymesessentialforfertilization. Answer: acrosomalcap

10) Aspermatozoonpassesthroughtheepididymisinabout________weeks. Answer: 2

11) Theportionoftheurethrathatpassesthroughtheprostateiscalledthe________. Answer: prostaticurethra

12) Theportionoftheurethrathatpenetratestheurogenitaldiaphragmisthe________. Answer: membranousurethra

13) Theportionoftheurethrathatpassesthroughthecorpusspongiosumtotheexternalurethralmeatusisthe ________. Answer: spongyurethra

14) Thesurgicalremovaloftheprepuceiscalled________. Answer: circumcision

15) The________carriesfluidfromtheseminalgland(seminalvesicle)throughtheprostate. Answer: ejaculatoryduct

16) The________isapocketformedbetweentheposteriorwalloftheuterusandtheanteriorsurfaceofthe rectum. Answer: rectouterinepouch

17) The________ligamentextendsfromtheuterus,neartheattachmentoftheuterinetube,tothemedialsurface oftheovary. Answer: ovarian

18) The________ligamentextendsfromthelateralsurfaceoftheovarytothepelvicwall. Answer: suspensory

19) Thefunnel-likeopeningatthedistalendoftheuterinetubeiscalledthe________. Answer: infundibulum

20) The________arefingerlikeprojectionsthatcapturethefreshlyovulatedovum. Answer: fimbriae

21) Theexpanded,initialsegmentoftheuterinetubeiscalledthe________. Answer: ampulla

22) The________oftheuterinetubeisjustdistaltotheampulla. Answer: isthmus

23) Spermenterthecervicalcanalthroughtheexternal________. Answer: os

24) The________ligamentsextendfromthebaseoftheuterusandvaginatothelateralwallsofthepelvis. Answer: lateral

25) Themainportionoftheuterusiscalledthecorpusor________. Answer: body

26) Theportionoftheuterusthatprojectsintothevaginaiscalledthe________. Answer: cervix

27) The________istheouterliningoftheuterus. Answer: perimetrium

28) Thepainfulconditionthatdevelopsbecauseendometrialtissueispresentintheperitonealcavityis________. Answer: endometriosis

29) The________istheinnerliningoftheuterus. Answer: endometrium

30) Theinternalosconnectstheuterinecavitytothe________. Answer: cervicalcanal

31) Theshallowrecessthatsurroundsthecervicalprotrusionintothevaginaiscalledthe________. Answer: fornix

32) The________isafleshypouchsuspendedbelowtheperineumandanteriortotheanus. Answer: scrotum

33) The________istheglycoprotein-richregionbetweenthedevelopingoocyteandthegranulosacells. Answer: zonapellucida

34) Thefluid-filledcavitythatappearsinasecondaryfollicleiscalledthe________. Answer: antrum

35) The________consistsofthefolliclecellsthatclingtotheoocyteafterovulation. Answer: coronaradiata

36) Contractionofthesmoothmusclewithinthe________actstopinchofftheurethra. Answer: prostate

37) ________istheprocessofsloughingofftheoldfunctionallayeroftheendometrium. Answer: Menstruation

38) Thestratum________istheendometriallayerthatundergoesdramaticchangesduringthemenstrualcycle. Answer: functionalis

39) Painfulmenstruationiscalled________. Answer: dysmenorrhea

40) ________isaninflammationofthevaginalcanal,causedbyfungi,bacteria,orparasites. Answer: Vaginitis

41) The________isanelasticepitheliallayerbetweenthevaginaandvestibule,which,ifpresent,isoftentorn duringfirstintercourse. Answer: hymen

42) Ejaculationisassociatedwithintenselypleasurablesensations,anexperienceknownasmale________. Answer: orgasm

43) ________aretheorgansofmilkproduction. Answer: Mammaryglands

44) Impotenceisdefinedasaninabilitytoachieveormaintainan________. Answer: erection

45) Thefirstmensesiscalledthe________. Answer: menarche

46) Thecessationofmenstruationafternomoredevelopingfolliclesremainiscalled________. Answer: menopause

47) Thesubsidenceofanerectionafterejaculationisknownas________. Answer: detumescence

48) ________isaprocedurethatusesx-raystoexaminebreasttissueforthepresenceofcancer. Answer: Mammography

49) Thesurgicalprocedureinwhichtheentirebreastisremovediscalleda________. Answer: totalmastectomy

50) ________isthefailureofoneorbothtestestodescendintothescrotumbythetimeofbirth. Answer: Cryptorchidism

51) ________isthemostimportantandrogen. Answer: Testosterone

52) Thetetradofmaternalandpaternalchromosomesformsduringmeiosisbytheprocesscalled________. Answer: synapsis

53) The________providesmechanicalprotection,nutritionalsupport,andwasteremovalforthedeveloping embryo. Answer: uterus

54) Aftermenopause,theproductionoftwopituitaryhormonesincreases.Theyare________and________. Answer: FSH;LH

EssayQuestions
1) ThereleaseofFSHandLHfromgonadotropesintheadenohypophysisisseparatelycontrolledbythe same hypothalamicreleasinghormone,GnRH.Howisitpossibletoorganizetheirsecretionduringthemenstrual cycle? Answer: Infemales,theGnRHpulsefrequencyandamplitude(amountsecretedperpulse)changethroughout thecourseoftheovariancycle.Considerchangesinpulsefrequency,astheireffectsarebothdramatic andreasonablywellunderstood.ChangesinGnRHpulsefrequencyarecontrolledprimarilyby circulatinglevelsofestrogensandprogestins.EstrogensincreasetheGnRHpulsefrequency,and progestinsdecreaseit.Theendocrinecellsoftheadenohypophysisrespondasifeachgroupofendocrine cellsismonitoringdifferentfrequencies.Asaresult,eachgroupofcellsissensitivetosomeGnRHpulse frequenciesandinsensitivetoothers.Forexample,considerthegonadotropes,thecellsresponsiblefor FSHandLHproduction.Atonepulsefrequency,thegonadotropesrespondpreferentiallyandsecrete FSH,whereasatanotherfrequency,LHistheprimaryhormonereleased.FSHandLHproductionalso occursinpulsesthatfollowtherhythmofGnRHpulses.IfGnRHisabsentorissuppliedataconstant rate(withoutpulses),FSHandLHsecretionwillstopinamatterofhours.
2) Howaremaleandfemalereproductivesystemsfunctionallydifferent? Answer: Inmales,thegonads(testes)secreteandrogensandproducehundredsofmillionsofgametes(sperm) eachday.Thespermaremixedwithsecretions,formingsemen,andareexpelledfromthebodyduring ejaculationintothefemale.Infemales,thegonads(ovaries)secreteestrogenandprogesteroneand releaseasingleovum(gamete)everymonth.Thevaginareceivesthepenisduringsexualintercourse andtheejaculateisdepositedneartheexternalosoftheuterus.Iftheovumisfertilizedandimplantsin theendometrium,thefemalesbodynourishesthedevelopmentoftheembryoandfetusuntilbirth.

3) Howdoesmitosisdifferfrommeiosis? Answer: Allbodycellsthatdivide,exceptthosedestinedtobegametes,usemitosistoreplicatethesetof chromosomesandpassacompletediploidsetofchromosomes(23pairs,totalof46forhumans)toeach daughtercell.Inmeiosis,eachdaughtercellreceiveshalfthatmanychromosomes,onlyonefromeach pair(23chromosomes),thehaploidcomplement.Meiosisoccursintwostages,meiosisIandmeiosisII, whereasmitosisoccursinasinglestage.InmeiosisI,thehomologouspairssticktoeachotherin synapsis,givingtheprocessofgeneexchangetoscramblethegenomeasatetrad.InmeiosisII,eachdyad isseparated,leadingtoanotherpairofdaughtercellswithahaploidnumberofchromosomes.

4) Imaginethataseven-year-oldgirldevelopsahormone-secretingovariantumorderivedfromgranulosacells. Whatsignsofthediseasewouldyouexpect? Answer: Granulosacellsproduceestrogen,soatumorinvolvingthesecellswouldleadtohighlyelevatedlevels ofestrogen.Estrogenwouldsetinmotionthedevelopmentofsecondarysexcharacteristics,suchas breastenlargement,depositionoffatincharacteristicplaces,developmentofaxillaryandpubichairand apocrinesweatglands,alongwithacceleratedskeletalgrowth.

Chapter29 DevelopmentandInheritance MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Afterfertilization,thefirstcelldivisioniscompleted A) withinafewseconds. B) withinthehour. C) about6hourslater. D) in12hours. E) morethanadaylater. Answer: E
2) Spermcannotfertilizeanoocyteuntilthey A) undergocapacitation. B) undergoactivation. C) losetheiracrosome. D) areinthevaginafor3days. E) areactivatedbysustentacularcellsofthevagina. Answer: A

3) Whichofthefollowingisnotpartofoocyteactivation? A) softeningofthezonapellucida B) influxofsodiumion C) membranedepolarization D) releaseofcalciumionfromsmoothER E) dischargeofexocytoticvesicles Answer: A

4) Polyspermyresultsin A) twins. B) fetuseswithdifferentfathers. C) haploidindividuals. D) chimericadults. E) anonfunctionalzygote. Answer: E

5) Duringamphimixis, A) spermbecomecapacitated. B) theovumfinishesmeiosisII. C) themaleandfemalepronucleifuse. D) meiosisoccurs. E) gametesareformed. Answer: C

6) Differentiationamongblastomeresistheresultof A) enzymesintroducedbythesperm. B) hormonesproducedbytheovum. C) anunequaldistributionofregulatorymoleculesinthecytoplasmoftheovum. D) regulatormoleculessuppliedbycellsoftheuterus. E) enzymesactivatedbythesperm. Answer: C

7) Eachofthefollowingstatementsconcerningdevelopmentistrue,except that A) theterminductionreferstothechemicalinterplaybetweendevelopingcells. B) thedevelopingoocytereceivesmoleculesthataffectdevelopmentfromthesurroundinggranulosacells. C) eachblastomerereceivesexactlythesamecytoplasmiccomposition. D) differencesinacellscytoplasmicmakeupaffectthecellsgeneticactivity. E) cellsreleasemoleculesthataffectthedevelopmentalprocessofneighboringcells. Answer: C

8) Theperiodofgestationthatischaracterizedbyrapidfetalgrowthandfatdepositionisthe________trimester. A) first B) second C) third Answer: C

9) Theperiodofgestationwhentherudimentsofallmajororgansystemsareestablishedisthe________ trimester. A) first B) second C) third Answer: A

10) Theperiodofgestationwhenorgansandorgansystemscompletemostoftheirdevelopmentandthefetus looksdistinctlyhumanisthe________trimester. A) first B) second C) third Answer: B

11) Theprocessofcelldivisionthatdividesthecytoplasmofthezygoteamongblastomeresiscalled A) cleavage. B) implantation. C) placentation. D) embryogenesis. E) blastulation. Answer: A

12) Thepenetrationoftheendometriumbytheblastocystisreferredtoas A) cleavage. B) implantation. C) placentation. D) embryogenesis. E) fertilization. Answer: B

13) ________arenearlyidenticalcellsthatareproducedbyearlycleavages. A) Blastomeres B) Morulas C) Gastrulas D) Amnions E) Blastulas Answer: A

14) Thesolidballofcellsthathasbeenlikenedtoamulberryiscalleda A) chorion. B) blastula. C) gastrula. D) morula. E) blastocyst. Answer: D

15) Ablastocystisa(n) A) extraembryonicmembrane. B) solidballofcells. C) hollowballofcells. D) portionoftheplacenta. E) originoftheurinarybladder. Answer: C

16) Theinnercellmassoftheblastocystwill A) formtheplacenta. B) formthemorula. C) formtheembryo. D) formbloodvesselsoftheplacenta. E) providenutrientsforearlygrowth. Answer: C

17) Duringimplantation,the A) syncytialtrophoblasterodesapaththroughtheendometrium. B) innercellmassbeginstoformtheplacenta. C) maternalbloodvesselsintheendometriumarewalledofffromtheblastocyst. D) entiretrophoblastbecomessyncytial. E) innercellmassistemporarilydeprivedofnutrients. Answer: A

18) Undertheinfluenceofthetrophoblast,maternalbloodvesselsintheendometrium A) disappear. B) attachtotheinnercellmass. C) breakdownandformlacunae. D) formacapillarynetworkinthetrophoblast. E) increaseinsizeandpenetratetheblastocyst. Answer: C

19) Aspaceopenswithintheinnercellmassthatwillformthe A) blastocoele. B) lacunae. C) amnioticcavity. D) chorion. E) allantois. Answer: C

20) Theplacentaisasourceofwhichofthesehormones? A) hCG B) relaxin C) placentallactogen D) progesterone E) alloftheabove Answer: E

21) Whichofthefollowingisoneofthecriticaleventsofthefirsttrimester? A) cleavage B) implantation C) placentation D) embryogenesis E) alloftheabove Answer: E

22) Duringgastrulation, A) theblastomeresfuse. B) theplacentapenetratestheendometrium. C) threegermlayersareformed. D) cellsfromthehypoblastmovetotheepiblast. E) theneuraltubecloses. Answer: C

23) Theregionknownastheprimitivestreakisthesiteof A) migrationofmesodermalcellstoformtheendoderm. B) endodermformation. C) ectodermformation. D) migrationofectodermalcellstoformthemesoderm. E) amnionformation. Answer: D

24) Theectodermforms A) muscle. B) blood. C) neuraltissues. D) theliningofthedigestivetract. E) theurinarysystem. Answer: C

25) Themesodermforms A) muscle. B) skin. C) thebrain. D) theliningofthedigestivetract. E) respiratoryepithelium. Answer: A

26) Theendodermforms A) muscle. B) blood. C) neuraltissue. D) skin. E) theurinarybladder. Answer: E

27) Theextraembryonicmembranethatformsbloodisthe A) yolksac. B) amnion. C) allantois. D) chorion. E) decidua. Answer: A

28) Theextraembryonicmembranethatformsafluid-filledsacisthe A) yolksac. B) amnion. C) allantois. D) chorion. E) decidua. Answer: B

29) Theextraembryonicmembranethatgivesrisetotheurinarybladderisthe A) yolksac. B) allantois. C) amnion. D) chorion. E) decidua. Answer: B

30) Theextraembryonicmembranethatformsthefetalportionoftheplacentaisthe A) yolksac. B) amnion. C) allantois. D) chorion. E) decidua. Answer: D

31) Thehormonethatincreasestheflexibilityofthepubicsymphysisduringpregnancyis A) luteinizinghormone. B) progesterone. C) humanchorionicgonadotropin. D) humanplacentallactogen. E) relaxin. Answer: E

32) Iffertilizationoccurs,the________ismaintainedbecausetheembryosecretes________. A) corpusalbicans;humanchorionicgonadotrophin B) corpusluteum;luteinizinghormone C) corpuscavernosum;humanchorionicgonadotrophin D) corpusluteum;humanchorionicgonadotrophin E) corpusalbicans;placentalprolactin Answer: D

33) Allofthefollowingoccurduringpregnancy,except that A) awomansrespiratoryrateandtidalvolumeincrease. B) maternalbloodvolumeincreases. C) maternalnutrientrequirementsincrease. D) awomansglomerularfiltrationrateincreases. E) awomansbladdercapacityincreases. Answer: E

34) Duringgestation,contractionofthemyometriumisinhibitedby________,producedbythecorpusluteum. A) progesterone B) estrogen C) oxytocin D) prostaglandins E) inhibin Answer: A

35) Thefirststageoflaboristhe________stage. A) dilation B) expulsion C) placental D) decidual E) neonate Answer: A

36) Thestageoflaborduringwhichthefetusemergesfromthevaginaiscalledthe________stage. A) emergence B) dilation C) placental D) expulsion E) fetal Answer: D

37) Theplacentaisasourceofwhichofthesehormones? A) hCG B) relaxin C) placentallactogen D) progesterone E) alloftheabove Answer: E

38) Allofthefollowingoccuratpuberty,except that A) FSHlevelsrise. B) GnRHlevelsdecline. C) levelsofsexhormonesrise. D) gametogenesisbegins. E) secondarysexualcharacteristicsbegindevelop. Answer: B

39) Asapersonages A) theskinbecomesmoreelastic. B) lungtissuebecomesmoreelastic. C) peristalsisandmuscletonedecrease. D) hormonelevelsdecrease. E) bothCandD Answer: E

40) Factorsinvolvedinsenescenceincludeallofthefollowing,except a(n) A) decreaseinthesizeofsomecellpopulations. B) accumulationofmutations. C) reductioninimmuneresponse. D) reducedmitosisinstemcells. E) noneoftheabove Answer: E

41) Non-sexchromosomesarecalled A) homologous. B) homozygous. C) heterozygous. D) autosomal. E) chromatids. Answer: D

42) Completionofcytokinesisleadsto A) adoublingofblastomerenumber. B) adivisionofthecytoplasmintotwoportions. C) interphase. D) bothAandB E) A,B,andC Answer: E

43) Thealternateformsofanyonegenearecalled A) homologous. B) homozygous. C) heterozygous. D) autosomes. E) alleles. Answer: E

44) Ifanindividualcarriesapairofallelesthatarethesame,theindividualis________forthetrait. A) homologous B) homozygous C) heterozygous D) autosomous E) polygenic Answer: B

45) Ifanindividualcarriestwodifferentallelesforthesametrait,theindividualis________forthetrait. A) homologous B) homozygous C) heterozygous D) autosomous E) polygenic Answer: C

46) Insimpleautosomalinheritance,phenotypiccharactersaredetermined,orcontrolled,by A) asinglepairofalleles. B) multiplealleles. C) theactionofasinglegene. D) regulatorgenesonadifferentchromosome. E) thegenesontheYchromosome. Answer: A

47) Inpolygenicinheritance,phenotypiccharactersare A) determinedbyadoublepairofalleles. B) determinedbyinteractionsamongseveralgenes. C) determinedbymultiplecopiesofasinglegene. D) alwayscontrolledbygenesonthesamechromosome. E) determinedbythegenesontheYchromosome. Answer: B

48) Embryologicalandearlyfetaldevelopmentoccurinthe________trimester. A) first B) second C) third D) alloftheabove E) bothAandC Answer: A

49) In________,implantationoccurssomewhereotherthanintheuterus. A) ectopicpregnancy B) hydramnios C) placentaprevia D) abortion E) spontaneousabortion Answer: A

50) Thetrophoblasthasmanyofthecharacteristicsof________cells. A) cardiac B) cancer C) infectious D) rejuvenating E) bothAandD Answer: B

51) Byday12ofembryonicdevelopment,mesodermbeginstoformthrough A) embryolization. B) gastrulation. C) mitosis. D) meiosis. E) noneoftheabove Answer: B

52) Shortlyaftergastrulation,thebodyandorgansoftheembryobegintoform.Thisprocessiscalled A) cleavage. B) implantation. C) placentation. D) embryogenesis. E) germination. Answer: D

53) Allofthefollowingaretrueoftheallantois,except that A) itderivespartlyfromendoderm. B) itprojectsintotheumbilicalcord. C) itstoresnitrogenouswastes. D) partwilldevelopastheurinarybladder. E) itactsasthefetalbonemarrow. Answer: E

54) Ectodermisto________asmesodermisto________. A) neuraltissue;muscletissue B) cardiovascularsystem;neuraltissue C) mesoderm;endoderm D) neuraltissue;connectivetissue E) bothAandD Answer: E

55) Themesodermandthetrophoblastcombinetoformthe A) amnion. B) amnioticsac. C) chorion. D) allantois. E) noneoftheabove Answer: C

56) Initially,thenutrientsabsorbedbythetrophoblasteasilyreachtheinnercellmassbysimple A) osmosis. B) diffusion. C) peristalsis. D) ciliaryaction. E) convection. Answer: B

57) Theneonatalperiodextends A) forthefirst24hoursoflife. B) forthefirstmonthoflife. C) untilthefirstbirthday. D) fromday1untilday60. E) untilbreastfeedingstops. Answer: B

58) Whichofthefollowingarerecognizedclassesofabortion? A) spontaneous B) therapeutic C) induced D) alloftheabove E) AandConly Answer: D

59) Bytheendofgestation,maternalbloodvolumenormallyincreasesbyalmost________percent. A) 20 B) 25 C) 50 D) 80 E) 100 Answer: C

60) Theinfancystageoflifeisconsideredtobeoverat A) age1. B) age2. C) 6months. D) 1month. E) 18months. Answer: B

61) Whichoftheseisnotoneoftheextraembryonicmembranes? A) yolksac B) amnion C) allantois D) chorion E) umbilicalcord Answer: E

62) ________isthemedicalspecialtythatfocusesonpostnataldevelopmentfrominfancytoadolescence. A) Geriatrics B) Orthopedics C) Pediatrics D) Psychiatrics E) noneoftheabove Answer: C

63) Thegradualmodificationofanatomicalstructuresduringtheperiodfromconceptiontomaturityis A) development. B) differentiation. C) embryogenesis. D) capacitation. E) alloftheabove Answer: A

64) Proteolyticenzymesthatdigestapaththroughthezonapellucidainclude A) hyaluronidaseandhCG. B) hyaluronidaseandacrosin. C) acrosinandcollagenase. D) relaxinandhyalouronidase. E) bothAandC Answer: B

65) Contactofaspermwiththeoocytemembrane,causes A) oocyteactivation. B) completionofthesecondmeiosis. C) extrusionofthesecondpolarbody. D) membranefusion. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

66) Thedevelopmentalperiodwiththehighestrelativerateofgrowthis A) firsttrimester. B) secondtrimester. C) thirdtrimester. D) infancy. E) adolescence. Answer: A

67) Theprostaglandinsproducedintheendometrium A) initiatethereleaseofoxytocinforparturition. B) stimulatesmoothmusclecontractions. C) initiatesecretoryactivityinthemammaryglands. D) A,B,andC E) noneoftheabove Answer: B

68) Ifacolor-blind(X-linkedrecessivetrait)manmarriesawomanwhoisheterozygousforthetrait,what proportionoftheirmaleoffspringcanbeexpectedtobecolorblind? A) 1/2 B) 1/4 C) 1/8 D) all E) none Answer: A

69) Stretchingofthecervixcausesanincreaseinthebloodlevelsof A) estrogen. B) progesterone. C) oxytocin. D) relaxin. E) chorionicgonadotropin. Answer: C

70) Duringearlydevelopment,theYchromosomeproducesasubstancecalledtestisdeterminingfactor(TDF) thatcausestheindifferentgonadtobecomeatestis.Thiswouldbeanexampleof A) capacitation. B) activation. C) differentiation. D) induction. E) predilection. Answer: D

71) Progesteronecalmsthemyometriumandpreventscontraction.Whatfactorsantagonizeprogesteroneand triggerlaboranddelivery? A) risingestrogenlevelsincreasesensitivity B) risingoxytocinlevelsleadtouterinecontractions C) distortionofthemyometrium D) distortionofthecervix E) alloftheabove Answer: E

72) Whichofthesestatementsaboutthetrophoblastisfalse? A) secreteshyalouronidasetoerodeendometrialcelladhesion. B) absorbsnutrientsreleasedbydegeneratingendometrialglands C) hasbothanacellularandcellularcomponent D) isderivedfromtheinnercellmass E) causesmaternalbloodvesselstobreakdown Answer: D

73) Whichofthesestatementsaboutectopicpregnancyisfalse? A) Theembryomayimplantintheuterinetube. B) Themotherslifemaybeendangered. C) Vaginaldeliveryisoftenpossible. D) Itoccursinlessthan1percentofpregnancies. E) Itdoesnotyieldaviableembryo. Answer: C

Figure29-1EarlyHumanDevelopment UseFigure29-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 74) Identifythestructureslabeled4. A) zygotictwins B) morula C) blastomere D) trophoblast E) polarbodies Answer: E
75) Identifythestagelabeled12. A) zygote B) earlymorula C) blastocyst D) trophoblast E) latemorula Answer: C

76) Identifythestagelabeled8. A) zygote B) earlymorula C) blastomere D) trophoblast E) advancedmorula Answer: E

77) Whatisthedevelopmentalfateof9? A) formstheembryo B) formsthetrophoblast C) formsthechorion D) formstheplacenta E) formsthedeciduaparietalis Answer: A

78) Identifywhatprocessisoccurringatthestructurelabeled13. A) fertilization B) ovulation C) implantation D) migration E) gastrulation Answer: C

Figure29-2Fetusat10Weeks UseFigure29-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 79) Identifythestructurelabeled4. A) amnion B) chorion C) deciduabasalis D) placenta E) endometrium Answer: D
80) Identifythestructurelabeled7. A) amnion B) chorion C) deciduabasalis D) placenta E) endometrium Answer: B

81) Identifythestructurelabeled3. A) umbilicalcord B) placenta C) deciduabasalis D) deciduacapsularis E) yolksac Answer: A

82) Identifythestructurelabeled6. A) umbilicalcord B) placenta C) deciduabasalis D) amnion E) deciduaparietalis Answer: D

83) Identifythestructurelabeled2. A) deciduabasalis B) chorion C) amnion D) placenta E) endometrium Answer: A

1) ________isthetimespentinprenataldevelopment. Answer: Gestation
2) Theouterlayeroftheblastocystthatcanpenetratetheendometriumisthe________. Answer: trophoblast

3) Thehollowcavitywithintheblastocystisthe________. Answer: blastocoele

4) Eventsinthefirst12weeksofgestationestablishthebasisfor________,theprocessoforganformation. Answer: organogenesis

5) Thealmostidenticalcellsproducedbycleavagedivisionsarecalled________. Answer: blastomeres

6) Theprocessbywhichaviableembryoisformediscalled________. Answer: embryogenesis

7) Placentalfunctionsareconcentratedinadisc-shapedareaintheendometriumcalledthe________. Answer: deciduabasalis

8) The________istheportionoftheendometriumnotincontactwiththechorion. Answer: deciduaparietalis

9) The________isformedbytheallantois,bloodvessels,andyolksac. Answer: umbilicalcord

10) Thebloodvesselsthatcarrydeoxygenatedbloodtotheplacentaarethe________. Answer: umbilicalarteries

11) Thebloodvesselthatcarriesoxygenatedbloodawayfromtheplacentaisthe________. Answer: umbilicalvein

12) Uterinecontractionsthatareirregularandbriefthatoccurtowardtheendofgestationarecalled________. Answer: falselabor

13) Atrimesteris________monthslong. Answer: 3orthree

14) Ina(n)________anincisionismadeintheperinealmusculature. Answer: episiotomy

15) Polyspermiaispreventedbythe________reaction. Answer: cortical

16) The________stageisthestageoflaborduringwhichtheplacentaisexpelledfromtheuterus. Answer: placental

17) The________periodextendsfrombirthto1month. Answer: neonatal

18) Theperiodfrom1monthto2yearsisknownas________. Answer: infancy

19) Theperiodfrom2yearstopubertyisknownas________. Answer: childhood

20) Howmanychromosomesdohumangametescontain? Answer: 23

21) Howmanychromosomesdohumansomaticcellscontain? Answer: 46

22) Theoriginal46chromosomesandtheircomponentgenesconstituteanindividuals________. Answer: genotype

23) Thetraitsofanindividualcontrolledbyhisorhergenotypearehisorher________. Answer: phenotype

24) A(n)________allelewillalwaysbeexpressedregardlessofwhattheotherallelehappenstobe. Answer: dominant

25) A(n)________alleleisexpressedonlywhenhomozygous. Answer: recessive

26) Thecellthatresultsfromthefusionofasecondaryoocyteandaspermatozooniscalleda________. Answer: zygote

27) The________chromosomesdeterminegender. Answer: sex

28) GenesthatappearontheXchromosomearesaidtobe________. Answer: Xlinked

29) AzygotewhosegenotypeisXXwilldevelopasa________. Answer: female

30) AzygotewhosegenotypeisXYwilldevelopasa________. Answer: male

31) Twinsthatresultfromtwodifferentovaarecalled________. Answer: dizygoticorfraternaltwins

32) Twinsthatoccurwhenblastomeresseparatearecalled________. Answer: monozygoticoridenticaltwins

33) IdenticaltwinsthatsharebodystructuresarecalledSiameseor________twins. Answer: conjoined

34) In________,asampleofamnioticfluidisremovedandthefetalcellsitcontainsareanalyzed. Answer: amniocentesis

35) Thedevelopmentalperiodheraldedbytheonsetofpubertyisknownas________. Answer: adolescence

36) ________,theformationofdifferenttypesofcellsrequiredindevelopment,occursthroughselectivechangesin geneticactivity. Answer: Differentiation

37) A56-kg(1113-lb)infantusuallyrequiresabout________mLofmilkperday. Answer: 850

38) Bloodflowstotheplacentathrough________umbilicalarteries. Answer: 2ortwo

39) Theclearliquidsecretedbythemammaryglandsbeforemilkproductionbeginsiscalled________. Answer: colostrum

40) ________isthepercentageofindividualswithaparticulargenotypethatactuallyshowtheexpected phenotype. Answer: Penetrance

41) Thegradualmodificationofanatomicalstructuresandphysiologiccharacteristicsfromfertilizationtomaturity istermed________. Answer: development

42) Amphimixismarkstheactualmomentofconception. Answer: TRUE

43) Fertilizationnormallyoccurswithintheuterinetube. Answer: TRUE

44) Fetalhemoglobinhasaloweraffinityforoxygenthanmaternalhemoglobin. Answer: FALSE

45) Theumbilicalcordcontainsapairofarteriesandapairofveins. Answer: FALSE

46) Bloodinumbilicalarteriesisoxygenated. Answer: FALSE

47) Ectopicpregnancyoccursinaboutonepregnancyoutofthousand. Answer: FALSE

EssayQuestions
1) Outlinetheeventsthattakeplacebetweenexposureoftheoocytetospermatozoaandformationofthefirst blastomerepair. Answer: Powerfulacrosomalhydrolasesreleasedfromthespermheadcreateopeningsbetweenadherent granulosacells(thecoronaradiata)andpenetratethezonapellucida.Asolitaryspermpenetratestothe oocytemembranetowhichitfuses,sendingitsnucleusintotheoocyte.Thisisthemomentof fertilization. Thistriggersmaturationofthehaploidmaternalpronucleus,followedbydevelopmentofthemale pronucleus.Thesethenfuseintheactofamphimixis,thetruecombiningofmaternalandpaternal haploidchromosomesetstoformauniquediploidsetof46.Spindlefibersorganizethechromosomeson themetaphaseplateafterthenuclearenvelopesbreakdown.Aftermitosisiscomplete,cytokinesistakes place,dividingtheoriginalzygoteintotwodaughtercellsorpairofblastomeres.Thistakesmorethan 30hourstocomplete.
2) Whatactivityduringoocyteactivationpreventspenetrationbyadditionalsperm? Answer: Thefirstspermtopenetratetheoocytetriggersasequenceofchangesthatblockentrybyothersperm,or polyspermia.Polyspermyispreventedbydepolarizationoftheeggmembranebyopeningofsodium channelsandbythecorticalreactiontriggeredbythereleaseofcalciumionfromsmoothERwithinthe oocyte.Thecalciumionstimulatesthevesiclestoundergoexocytosis.Theircontentscausethezona pellucidatoharden,creatingabarrieragainstfurtherspermpenetration.

3) Anewmothertellsyouthatwhenshenursesherbaby,shefeelsasifsheishavingmenstrualcramps.How wouldyouexplainthisphenomenon? Answer: Duringnursing,themechanicalstimulusofsucklingtriggersaneuralreflexthatleadstothereleaseof oxytocinfromtheposteriorpituitary.Oxytocinentersthebloodstreamandstimulatescontractilecells thatsurroundthesecretorycellsinthemammaryglandstocontractandmovemilkintothelactiferous sinusesthemilklet-downreflex.Oxytocinalsostimulatessmoothmusclecellsofthemyometrium,so theriseinoxytocinsometimesleadstouterinecontractionsaswell,producingafeelingsimilarto menstrualcramping.Theuterinecontractionshelpstemuterinebleeding.

4) Listandbrieflycharacterizethethreetrimestersofgestation. Answer: Forconvenience,wethinkofthegestationperiodasconsistingofthreeintegratedtrimesters,each lasting3monthsinduration:(1)Thefirsttrimesteristheperiodofembryologicalandearlyfetal development.Duringthisperiod,therudimentsofallthemajororgansystemsappear.(2)Thesecond trimesterisdominatedbythedevelopmentoforgansandorgansystems,aprocessthatnears completionbytheendofthesixthmonth.Duringthisperiod,bodyshapeandproportionschange;by theendofthistrimester,thefetuslooksdistinctivelyhuman.(3)Thethirdtrimesterischaracterizedby rapidfetalgrowthanddepositionofadiposetissue.Earlyinthethirdtrimester,mostofthefetussmajor organsystemsbecomefullyfunctional.

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Chapter1 AnIntroductiontoAnatomyandPhysiology MultipleChoiceQuestions

1) Theanalysisoftheinternalstructureofindividualcellsiscalled A) cytology. B) histology. C) embryology. D) physiology. E) anatomy. Answer: A

2) Thestudyofthegeneralformandsuperficialmarkingsofanorganismiscalled________anatomy. A) gross B) surface C) systemic D) regional E) surgical Answer: B

3) Thestudyofthesuperficialandinternalfeaturesinaspecificareaofthebodyiscalled________anatomy. A) surface B) regional C) surgical D) pathological E) radiographic Answer: B

4) Anatomicalfeaturesthatchangeduringillnessarestudiedin________anatomy. A) gross B) surface C) microscopic D) pathological E) regional Answer: D

5) Thestudyoftheliveristogrossanatomyasthestudyofthelivercellisto A) physiology. B) regionalanatomy. C) cytology. D) systemicanatomy. E) radiographicanatomy. Answer: C

6) Thestudyofthefirsttwomonthsofdevelopmentistermed A) histology. B) embryology. C) cytology. D) pathology. E) organology. Answer: B

7) Thestudyofthefunctionofspecificorgansystemsiscalled A) systemicphysiology. B) organphysiology. C) cellphysiology. D) pathologicalphysiology. E) histology. Answer: A

8) Cardiovascularphysiologyisanexampleof A) histophysiology. B) organphysiology. C) systemicphysiology. D) pathologicalphysiology. E) physiologicalchemistry. Answer: C

10) Whichorgansystemprovidessupport,protectionofsofttissue,mineralstorage,andbloodformation? A) integumentary B) muscular C) skeletal D) nervous E) endocrine Answer: C

11) Whichorgansystemtransportsnutrients,metabolicwastes,gases,anddefensecells? A) cardiovascular B) digestive C) muscular D) respiratory E) urinary Answer: A

12) Whichorgansystemincludesthespleenandthetonsils? A) digestive B) endocrine C) nervous D) cardiovascular E) lymphatic Answer: E

13) Thekidneysanduretersareorgansofthe________system. A) endocrine B) digestive C) respiratory D) urinary E) lymphatic Answer: D

14) Thepituitaryglandandthyroidglandareorgansofthe________system. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) respiratory D) lymphatic E) digestive Answer: A

15) Whichorgansystemremovescarbondioxidefromthebloodstream? A) cardiovascular B) lymphatic C) respiratory D) digestive E) endocrine Answer: C

16) Lungsaretotherespiratorysystemastheliveristothe________system. A) lymphatic B) urinary C) digestive D) cardiovascular E) bothBandD Answer: C

17) Skin,hair,andnailsareassociatedwiththe________system. A) skeletal B) muscular C) integumentary D) endocrine E) bothAandB Answer: C

18) Themaintenanceofaconstantinternalenvironmentinanorganismistermed A) positivefeedback. B) homeostasis. C) negativefeedback. D) effectorcontrol. E) integration. Answer: B

19) Whenbodytemperaturerises,acenterinthebraininitiatesphysiologicalchangestodecreasethebody temperature.Thisisanexampleof A) negativefeedback. B) positivefeedback. C) nonhomeostaticregulation. D) diagnosticregulation. E) fever. Answer: A

20) Ingeneral,thenervoussystemdoeseachofthefollowing, except A) helpstomaintainhomeostasis. B) respondsrapidlytochange. C) directslong-termresponsestochange. D) directsveryspecificresponses. E) bothBandD Answer: C

22) Apersonfacingforwardwithhandsatthesidesandpalmsfacingforwardisinthe A) supineposition. B) proneposition. C) anatomicalposition. D) frontalposition. E) sagittalposition. Answer: C

23) Ananatomicaltermthatmeansthesame asventral: A) posterior B) inferior C) abdominal D) anterior E) superior Answer: D

24) Theheartis________tothelungs. A) lateral B) medial C) posterior D) proximal E) distal Answer: B

25) Thewristis________totheelbow. A) proximal B) distal C) lateral D) medial E) horizontal Answer: B

26) Thechinis________tothenose. A) anterior B) superior C) posterior D) inferior E) medial Answer: D

27) Whichofthefollowingregionscorrespondstothebuttocks? A) pelvic B) cephalic C) gluteal D) lumbar E) thoracic Answer: C

28) Whichofthefollowingtermsreferstothefoot? A) cervical B) brachial C) antebrachial D) femoral E) pedal Answer: E

29) Whichplanedividesthebodyintorightandleftparts? A) proximal B) frontal C) orthogonal D) transverse E) sagittal Answer: E

30) Themuscleknownasthediaphragmseparatesthe________fromthe________. A) pleuralcavity;mediastinum B) thoraciccavity;abdominopelviccavity C) pericardialcavity;pleuralcavity D) abdominalcavity;pelviccavity E) pericardialsac;pericardialcavity Answer: B

31) Thethoraciccavitycontainsthe A) coelom. B) pericardialcavity. C) pelviccavity. D) pleuralcavities. E) bothBandD Answer: E

32) Amidsagittalsectionwouldpassthroughthe A) kidney. B) lung. C) heart. D) spleen. E) leg. Answer: C

33) Theserousmembranecoveringthestomachandmostoftheintestinesiscalledthe A) pericardium. B) peritoneum. C) pleura. D) mediastinum. E) abdomen. Answer: B

34) Mary,whois6monthspregnant,goestoherphysicianforatesttocheckthedevelopmentofherfetus.The physicianusesadevicethatemitssoundwavestoproduceanimageofthefetus.Thistechniqueisknownas A) X-ray. B) CT. C) MRI. D) ultrasound. E) radiography. Answer: D

35) Animagingtechniquethatusesamagneticfieldandradiowavestoproduceviewsinsidethebodyisthe A) angiogram. B) radiograph. C) CTscan. D) MRIscan. E) ultrasound. Answer: D

36) Ifaresponsedecreasesadisturbance,thesystemisclassifiedasa________feedbacksystem. A) deficit B) negative C) neutral D) polarized E) positive Answer: B

37) Ifaresponseincreasesadisturbance,thesystemisclassifiedasa________feedbacksystem. A) deficit B) negative C) neutral D) polarized E) positive Answer: E

38) Whichofthefollowingorgansislocatedbetweentheperitoneumandthebodywall? A) stomach B) kidney C) urinarybladder D) largeintestine E) spleen Answer: B

39) Anatomyisto________asphysiologyisto________. A) function;form B) form;structure C) structure;function D) structure;form E) growth;form Answer: C

40) Thecentralprincipleofphysiologyis A) nutrition. B) reflexes. C) homeostasis. D) stimulation. E) temperatureregulation. Answer: C

42) Theintegratingcenterforthenegativefeedbackloopthatregulatesbodytemperatureisthe A) hypothalamus. B) skin. C) temperaturesensor. D) positivefeedbackcenter. E) thermostat. Answer: A

43) Acellororganthatrespondstocommandsofthecontrolcenterinnegativefeedbackistermeda(n) A) receptor. B) thermoregulator. C) hypothalamus. D) effector. E) stimulus. Answer: D

44) Thistypeoffeedbackexaggeratestheeffectsofvariationsfromnormal. A) negative B) positive C) neutral D) depressing E) alloftheabove Answer: B

45) Organphysiologyisto________asgrossanatomyisto________. A) cellphysiology;microscopicanatomy B) macroscopicanatomy;unbalance C) equilibrium;macroscopicanatomy D) balance;equilibrium E) imbalance;microscopicanatomy Answer: A

46) Thequadrantsoftheabdominopelvicregionincludeallofthefollowingexcept A) rightupperquadrant(RUQ). B) rightlowerquadrant(RLQ). C) leftupperquadrant(LUQ). D) leftlowerquadrant(LLQ). E) pelvicquadrant. Answer: E

47) Whichofthefollowingisnotconsideredanabdominopelvicregion? A) righthypochondriac B) rightinguinalregion C) leftlumbar D) lefthypochondriac E) upper Answer: E

48) Identifyastructurelocatedwithinthemediastinum. A) pericardialsac B) smallintestine C) lung D) spleen E) stomach Answer: A

49) Apersonislyingonthebedgazingattheceiling.Sheisinthe________position. A) prone B) supine C) anatomical D) dorsal E) caudal Answer: B

50) Therightpleuralcavitycontainsthe A) heart. B) trachea. C) leftlung. D) rightlung. E) bothlungs. Answer: D

51) Whichofthefollowingorgansisnotcontainedwithintheabdominalcavity? A) stomach B) smallintestine C) ovary D) spleen E) pancreas Answer: C

52) Visceralpericardiumislocated A) ontheheartitself. B) liningthepleuralcavity. C) liningthepericardialcavity. D) onthelungitself. E) liningtheperitonealcavity. Answer: A

53) Themediastinum A) containsthepleuralcavities. B) separatesthepleuralcavities. C) containsthepericardialcavity. D) bothAandC E) bothBandC Answer: E

54) ________isconsideredtheoldestmedicalscience. A) Anatomy B) Biology C) Physiology D) Cytology E) Embryology Answer: A

55) Identifythecorrectlyspelledtermdescribingtheorganthatseparatestheventralbodycavityintosuperiorand inferiorcavities. A) mediastinum B) mediastienum C) diaphragm D) diafragm E) diaphram Answer: C

56) Termsofanatomicaldirectionareusedtodescribe A) onebodypartinrelationtoanother. B) surgicalprocedures. C) asupineposition. D) thenervoussystem. E) livingmatter. Answer: A

57) Thetwomajordivisionsoftheventralbodycavityarethe A) pelvicandthoracic. B) cranialandsacral. C) lateralandmedial. D) thoracicandabdominopelvic. E) dorsalandventral. Answer: D

58) Theurinarybladderisfoundinthe________quadrantandthe________quadrant. A) rightupper;rightlower B) leftupper;leftlower C) rightupper;rightlower D) leftupper;rightupper E) rightlower;leftlower Answer: E

59) Theliverisprimarilylocatedinthe________quadrant. A) rightupper B) leftupper C) rightlower D) leftlower E) hepatic Answer: A

60) Whilestandingerect,thedirectionofcaudalis A) upward. B) downward. C) laterally. D) medially. E) noneofthese. Answer: B

61) Whilestandingintheanatomicalposition, A) frontreferstoanterior. B) frontreferstoventral. C) backreferstoposterior. D) backreferstodorsal. E) alloftheabove Answer: E

2) Thebranchofbiologicalsciencethatdealswiththestudyofhowlivingorganismsperformtheirvitalfunctions iscalled________. Answer: physiology

3) Thetendencyforphysiologicalsystemstostabilizeinternalconditionsiscalled________. Answer: homeostasis

4) Homeostaticregulationusuallyinvolvesa(n)________thatdetectsaparticularstimulus,anda(n)________ thatrespondstothestimulusbycommunicatingwitha(n)________whoseactivityhasaneffectonthesame stimulus. Answer: receptor;integratingcenter;effector

5) ________regulationoccurswhentheactivitiesoforgansareregulatedlocally. Answer: Intrinsic

30) Themuscleknownasthediaphragmseparatesthefromthe. A) pleuralcavity;mediastinum B) thoraciccavity;abdominopelviccavity C) pericardialcavity;pleuralcavity D) abdominalcavity;pelviccavity E) pericardialsac;pericardialcavity Answer: B

39) Anatomyistoasphysiologyisto. A) function;form B) form;structure C) structure;function D) structure;form E) growth;form Answer: C

45) Organphysiologyistoasgrossanatomyisto. A) cellphysiology;microscopicanatomy B) macroscopicanatomy;unbalance C) equilibrium;macroscopicanatomy D) balance;equilibrium E) imbalance;microscopicanatomy Answer: A

58) Theurinarybladderisfoundinthequadrantandthequadrant. A) rightupper;rightlower B) leftupper;leftlower C) rightupper;rightlower D) leftupper;rightupper E) rightlower;leftlower Answer: E

4) Homeostaticregulationusuallyinvolvesa(n)thatdetectsaparticularstimulus,anda(n) thatrespondstothestimulusbycommunicatingwitha(n)whoseactivityhasaneffectonthesame stimulus. Answer: receptor;integratingcenter;effector