AMBORELLALES Amborella trichopoda: An isolated species. Evidence suggests it is sister to all other owering plants.

(3)
1:1 AmborellNew aceae Caledonia Shrub

6:58 Water lilies, Barclaya freshwater

2:6 (1) Cabomb-

Nymphaeaceae
1:12 Annual, tufted aquatics

aceae Widespread Water lilies

MAGNOLIIDS
S & E Asia, N & S Am
Trees Degeneriaceae Fiji 1:2 Himantandraceae Trees 1:2 SE Asia, Austr 5:11 Sweetshrub Shrubs, trees N Am, E As, NE Austr 2:75

50:2500

Cosmopolitan, (2)

Magnoliaceae

Siparunaceae

Lauraceae

22:200 Trees, shrubs, lianas

Canellaceae
Aromatic trees: (Sub)trop Am, Gtr Afr White cinnamon

5:13

MAGNOLIIDS
Yerba mansa 5:6 5:3615 Saururaceae Piperaceae E As, N Am Pepper, Pepper elder, Herbs

ANGIOSPERMS: The owering plants

A chart of owering plant families
This chart depicts a phylogeny of all existing owering plants. The disks represent families of plants. Groups of related families are indicated by a hierarchy of regions. Some of these groups are named. Insets below explain how to interpret the chart and describe the information associated with each family. For more than 250 years, families of owering plants and relationships between families were determined mainly by morphology (the structure, shape and number of plant parts). Since the early 1990s, genetic information has become available and now the afnity of species, genera and families is based primarily on this molecular evidence. The previous morphological classications were, to some extent, supported by the molecular analysis. However, major changes have been necessary both to the circumscription of some families and to the placement of families relative to each other and to the corresponding higher groupings. This chart is based on the extensive recent work aimed at resolving the molecular phylogeny of owering plants (see the references below) and is updated as new results become available. It depicts a classication in terms of a hierarchical grouping of families. Most placements are now well-established, but uncertainties remain - these we have tried to indicate on the chart (see the inset below for details). The aim of the chart is to present some of the recent work in plant phylogeny in an attractive and easily assimilable form and, at the same time, to provide a map of owering plant families with brief notes on each family. We hope that this will provide a useful resource. Conservation of all biodiversity is both highly important and urgent. Many species of signicance in plant phylogeny are particularly endangered.
MONOCOTS
Relationship with Magnoliids and Eudicots: possibly sister to Eudicots. Age: > c110-120 Mya (earliest recognised monocot pollen).

Hydatellaceae
Austr, NZ, India

NYMPHAEALES (1) & (2) aquatics with diverse ower structure. (3) many characters anomalous.
4:75 Herbs, shrubs, trees

Trees and shrubs Magnolia,Champak, Tulip tree 2: 227 129:2220 Forest trees, often aromatic

Calycanthaceae Trop Am, W Afr

Aromatic shrubs, trees, few lianas

1:1-2 Austrobaileyaceae NE Austr Lianas 3:92 1-2:6 Kadsura,Star W Pacic anise: Trees, shrubs & climbers Trimeniaceae Schisandraceae Trees,vines, N&C America, (1) shrubs S&E Asia

CHLORANTHALES Position unclear, possibly sister to the Magnoliids.

Chloranthaceae
Pacic,S&E As, tropical Am, Madgscr

Myristicaceae
Nutmeg, Mace Pantropical 20:475

EupomAnnonaceae atiaceae 1:3 Ylang-ylang,Sweetsop, Trees,shrubs Soursop,Custard apple, New Guinea E Austr Pawpaw (Asimina),

Indian mast tree Trees, shrubs, lianas Pantropical,N Am, Old World

6-7:16 Atherospermataceae E&W S Pacic Trees, shrubs Blackheart sassafras

Monimiaceae Cinnamon, Bay, Avocado, Camphor, (Sub)tropics, Sassafras: Trees, Austr, S Am, shrubs, parasitic SE Asia vines: (Sub)trop, SE As,S Am 5:55 1:1 Greasenut GomortegHernandiaceae Chile aceae LAURALES Trees, shrubs, Aromatic vines tree Pantropical, coastal MONOCOTS

Winteraceae
Trees and shrubs Winters bark Warm mts & cool temp:S hemis, not Afr

4-7:60-90

Betel pepper,Kava,Cubeb Aristolochiaceae Shrubs, herbs, LactoriHerbs, shrubs,vines 1:1 daceae small trees and lianas Root parasites Widespread, Pantropical, Juan FernHydnoraceae andez Is not Arctic forests
Gtr Afr, 2:7 C&S Am Shrub

5-8:480 Birthwort, Pipevine, Snake-root

PIPERALES

CANELLALES Orchids, including vanilla, helleborines,salep etc.

189:2361 Arecaceae ARECALES (Sub)tropics few Afr & temp Trees, shrubs, vines Palms: Date, Sago, Coconut,Rattan, Areca,Talipot
Austr, S&E Asia1:6 HanguanMarsh aceae herbs 4:5 Herbs Philydraceae E Asia, Austr

MAGNOLIALES

7:102 Cosmopolitan, temperate

ALISMATALES Mainly families of aquatic plants, (except (1) and (2)), with the only truly marine owering plants. (3) includes Lilaeaceae and Maundia, (4) Limnocharitaceae.
1:9 Med, Austr Posidoniaceae Submarine

PANDANALES
12:225 Panama hat plant Smilax, Sarsaparilla
Woolly lily-like herbs Lanariaceae Afr Cape 1:1

Orchidaceae
Cosmopolitan,wet tropics Mycorrhizal herbs, many epiphytic, some lianas and subterranean 788:20000
1:4 Blandfordiaceae Lily-like herbs E Austr

AUSTROBAILEYALES (1) includes Illicium.

Potamogetonaceae
Freshwater herbs Pondweed (Potamogeton)

1:1-10 Ditchgrass Ruppiaceae Subaquatic, coasts

106:4025

4:15 4:15 Arrowgrass Arrowgrass (Triglochin) Marsh herbs Juncaginaceae Juncaginaceae Marsh herbs Cosmopolitan, Cosmopolitan coastal (3) coastal Aponogetonaceae

2:14 Eel-grass

Zosteraceae
Undersea grass Subtropicaltemp

5:16 Cymodoceaceae Manatee grasses Undersea grass Trop & warm sea,Austr

Herbs, climbers Stemonaceae E As, Austr, E N Am 4:27

Cyclanthaceae
Herbs, shrubs, lianas Tropic Am Trees, shrubs, lianas Screw pines

Smilacaceae
Prickly climbers Widespread 2:315
Herbs: saprophytic Corsiaceae W Pacic, S S Am 3:30

16:635

Liliaceae
Lily, Fritillary, Tulip,Calochortus Geophytic herbs N temp,E As, N Am
1:6 SW Pacic Rhipogonaceae Climbers SS Am Lapageria Philesiaceae Shrubs, 2:2 vines

Hypoxis Herbs: corms or rhizomes

2-4:36 Astelia

Spiderwort, Tradescantia

Hypoxidaceae
Tropics-temp, S Africa 7-9:200
Cormose herbs 1:3 Ixioliriaceae Egypt to C As

Asteliaceae
S&C Pacic, Indian Ocean Herbs

Commelinaceae
Succulent herbs, few climbers (Sub)tropics 40:652

Araceae
Arum,Philodendron, Taro,Monstera,Anthurium, Duckweed,Water lettuce Herbs,climbers,aquatics including Lemna Cosmopolitan, (1) tropics
1:2-4 Acoraceae Sweet ag Wet: N Am, Eurasia

1:2-30 Hornwort Cosmopolitan Ceratophyllaceae Submerged rootless herbs

15:88 Aquatic and Marsh Cape pondweed, Scheuchmarsh herbs Alismataceae Water hawthorn zeriaceae Aqu/marsh herbs N polar: 1:1 Water plantain Arrowgrass OW trop,S Afr N polar 1:1 Cosmopolitan, Pod-grass 1:43 (4) N temp,Am 1:1 18:116 OW temp Small herbs Frogbit, Elodea Butomaceae Hydrocharitaceae Toeldiaceae Flowering rush Submersed aquatics, SE USA,N S Am

8:48 (Sub)tropics Triuridaceae Pandanaceae Non-green OW (sub)tropics, saprophytic coast & marsh herbs 3:885 Petro9:240 saviaceae Xeromorphic Herbs & myco shrubs -trophs 2:4
S&EAs

Velloziaceae
Arid: Tropical S Am,Gtr Afr, China

Herbs Paris, Trillium, False hellebores

Melanthiaceae
N hemisphere, E As, EN Am 16:170
2:4 SW Pacic Campynemataceae Herbs 1:1 E Austr Petermanniaceae Climber

1:2 Doryanthaceae Giant herbs E Austr

PETROSAVIALES

N temp 3-5:27

(2)

ACORALES
CERATOPHYLLALES Position unclear, possibly sister to the Eudicots.

including marine Cosmopolitan, tropics

Burmanniaceae

13:126 Mycotrophic forest herbs, inc Thismia (2)

Bog asphodel Nartheciaceae N temp, NS Am, SE Asia:Herbs 4-5:41

EUDICOTS Age: c125 Mya (triaperturate pollen appears).

EUDICOTS

CORE EUDICOTS PROTEALES

Yams, Tropics, E As, Black bryony, NZ,(US?) Bat plant, Ube, (1) Polynesian arrowroot

Herbs, iaceae climbers:Peruvian lily, Bomarea C&S Am,NZ, Austr (1) 15:245 Gloriosa, Meadow saffron

Alstroemer-

5:170

8:23 Tecophilae67:1800 aceae Iridaceae Cormose herbs Crocus, Iris, Freesia, Chile, Calif, Gtr Afr Crocosmia, Gladiolus

Austr (1) Boryaceae Xeromorphic lily trees 2:12

9:33 Pickerelweed, Water hyacinth

Pontederiaceae
Aq/marsh herbs (Sub)tropics, temp,Am

14:116 Bloodwort, Kangaroo paw

Haemodoraceae
Austr, S Af, Am, New Guinea Herbs

COMMELINALES
2:35 Banana, Manila hemp

Asparagaceae
Widespread: Squill, Asparagus, Hyacinth, Yucca, Agave, Ruscus, Aspidistra, Cordyline Herbs,shrubs, trees,succs
(4) (3) Asphodel, Aloe, Daylily Widespread, Austr Xanthorrhoeaceae Geophytic herbs to grass trees 35:900 (2)

120-150: 2300-2650

Perennial herbs Widespread

Xeronemataceae Large herbs 1:2 NZ, New Caledonia

Musaceae

Giant herbs OW (sub)trop forests

1:15 Lowiaceae Bird of paradise Orchid-like forest herbs Strelitziaceae S Am,Gtr Afr SE Asia
3:7

4:16 DasypogonStout aceae herbs to small trees W&S Austr

57:1400

Bromeliaceae

16:94 Marsh herbs Rapateaceae Trop S Am, Guiana mtns, 1 sp W Af

5:260 Yellow-eyed grass (Xyris)

POALES
Mossy 1:4 herbs Mayacaceae Am, 1 sp in Afr

4:110

ZINGIBERALES
1:100-200 Large herbs

Dioscoreaceae
Climbers, herbs Pantropical 4:817

Costaceae
Large herbs Pantropical: Am, SE As - Austr Costa

Bromeliads: Airplants, Pineapple,Spanish moss Herbs and shrubs, xerophytes & epiphytes (Sub)tropic Am, Cattail, 1 sp W Af Bur-reed Typhaceae (1) Widespread Marsh herbs 2:22-27

Xyridaceae
Marsh herbs (Sub)tropics to warm temp, N Am

(1) includes Sparganiaceae.

2:4 Thurniaceae Grassy herbs S Afr,S Am

Pipewort Grassy herbs

Eriocaulaceae
Scattered, (sub)tropics,S.Am marsh areas 10:1160

RANUNCULALES
E Asia Eupteleaceae Tree, shrub 1:2

Colchicaceae
Geophytes, some climbers OW, N Am

Papaveraceae
Poppy, Fumitory, Opium, Hypecoum Widespread, N temp

44:760 Herbs, few shrubs,vines

Nelumbo1:10 80:1600 1:1-2 naceae Platanaceae Sacred lotus Proteaceae Am, S As, Plane trees Grevillea, Banksia, N Austr N Am,SE As, Macadamia, Protea

DIOSCOREALES
(1) includes Taccaceae and (2) Thismiaceae, both provisionally.

60:1605 Geophytic herbs

Heliconiaceae
Lobster-claw (Heliconia) S and C Am, SW Pacic
1:4 Flagellariaceae OW tropics Climbers

Amaryllidaceae

S Europe

9:36 Akebia, Sargentodoxa Lardizabalaceae Vines, shrubs S & E Asia, Chile 2:2 Circaeasteraceae India,China Herbs

70:420 Lianas, trees, shrubs and herbs Menispermaceae Moonseed, Curare (Chondrodendron) 14:701 (Sub)tropics, Barberry, few temp Epimedium,Twinleaf,Sacred bamboo

3:100 Sabiaceae Trees,shrubs, few climbers Tropical Am, S&E As

Trees, shrubs Austr, NZ, (S) Afr, C&S Am,S&E As Arid areas
Trees Trochodendraceae S&E Asia 2:2

VITALES
Position unclear, possibly sister to other Rosids.

LILIALES
(1) includes Luzuriagaceae.

Agapanthus, Garlic, Onion, Daffodil, Clivia, Amaryllis, Snowdrop Widespread ASPARAGALES

Position of (1) uncertain. (2) includes Asphodelaceae and Hemerocallidaceae, (3) Alliaceae and Agapanthaceae, and (4) Agavaceae, Aphyllanthaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Laxmanniaceae, Themidaceae and Ruscaceae.

Aromatic forest herbs

TROCHODENDRALES

14:850

31:550 Zingiberaceae Herbs, lianas Ginger, E Ind arrowroot, 1:10 Marantaceae Cardamom, Turmeric Cannaceae Bamburanta, Prayer Pantropical, plant,W.Ind arrowroot, (Sub)trop Am Indomalaysia Water canna Large lily-like c50:c1200 (Sub)tropics, herbs Am Canna

Joinville1:2 aceae Coarse herbs Malaysia, W Austr Pacic Ecdeiocol2:3 eaceae Sedge-like 668:10025 herbs

7:430 Grassy herbs, few Juncaceae shrubs and lianas Sedges,Clubrush,Coco Rushes, including Woodrush grass,Papyrus,Eleocharis(Water chestnut) Grassy herbs, shrubs Widespread, Widespread,cool marsh, cool marshes & mtns

Cyperaceae

98:4350

Poaceae
The grasses, including Wheat, Rice, Maize/Corn, Sorghum, Oat, Millet, Rye, Bamboo, Sugar-cane, Barley, Tef, Reed Cosmopolitan

3:11 Anarthriaceae Rush-like herbs W Austr

Centrolepidaceae
Grassy/mossy herbs: Austr, NZ, SE As, SS Am, trop mtns

3:35

58:520 Cape rush

Restionaceae
Rush-like herbs S hemis & SE As, S Af, Austr, NZ

Vitaceae
Grape,Cissus,Leea Climbers, herbs, shrubs & trees Widespread, (sub)tropics

ZYGOPHYLLALES
1:18 Rhatany Krameriaceae Hemiparasitic herbs & shrubs America

CELASTRALES
(1) includes Stackhousiaceae, Parnassiaceae and Pottingeriaceae.
2:2-3 Lepidobotryaceae C&S Am,Afr Trees

Age: c60-55 Mya (grass pollen).

COMMELINIDS
Relationship of orders uncertain.

Berberidaceae
1:33

Trees, shrubs, herbs N temp, SE As, C&S Am mts 62:2525

Ranunculaceae
Buttercup, Hellebore, Anemone, Clematis, Glaucidium, Hydrastis etc Herbs,climbers,shrubs Cosmopolitan, N temp

4:11 Trees

Altingiaceae

1:13

1:2 Cercidiphyllaceae Katsura tree E Asia

MALPIGHIALES
Plants of varied habitat, including important component of tropical rainforest understorey. (1) includes Turneraceae & Malesherbiaceae, (2) Hugoniaceae, (3) Aneulophus, (4) Medusagyne & Quiinaceae, (5) Samydaceae, Scyphostegiaceae and Trichostephanus, (6) Bhesa. (7), (8) and (9) need regrouping. Many relationships unresolved

EUDICOTS

CORE EUDICOTS

ROSIDS
FABIDS MALVIDS
Relationship of orders tentative.

MYRTALES GERANIALES
(1) includes Hypseocharis, (2) Francoaceae and Greyia, (3) Ledocarpaceae and Rhynchotheca. (1) includes Heteropyxidaceae and Psiloxylaceae, (2) Memecylaceae and (3) Sonneratiaceae (some mangroves), (4) Oliniaceae (1:5; trees, shrubs) & Rhynchocalycaceae (1 tree).

Peridiscaceae
Tropical S Am,W Afr

(1)
1:2 Aphanopetalaceae Viny shrubs Austr

Sweetgum Peony, Moutan S&E As, Med, Herbs & shrubs C&N Am N temperate, Trees E Asia 27:82

Paeoniaceae

1:10 Daphniphyllaceae Trees, shrubs E&S Asia

22:285 Lignum vitae, Creosote bush

SAPINDALES
(1) includes Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae.

Zygophyllaceae
Herbs, shrubs, few trees: xeros Widespread, (sub)trop

7:805 (3) Shrubs 30:145 2:14 18:550 2:6 3:16 Pelargonium, Sumac(h), Achariaceae & wdy herbs Lacistemat- (5) 56:1012 GUNNERKirkiaceae Trees,shrubs Shrubs Cosmopolitan,tropics Pistachio, Cranesbill, Erodium Vivianiaceae Trees, shrubs, aceae Trees,shrubs Salicaceae Harmal Burseraceae ALES Trees, shrubs, Cashew, Poison ivy, (climbing) herbs Geraniaceae 1:2 Trees,shrubs E&S Afr, S Am,Andes Nitrariaceae Willow, Sallow, 2:21 Mango, Lacquer tree Frankincense, climbers, some NE S Am (Sub)tropics Mdgsr Herbs,few shrubs Gtr Afr Arid, N hemis, Osier, Aspen, Poplar, C&S Am Trop Am 4-7:18 herbs Myrrh, Pili-nut Anacardiaceae BUXALES Goupiaceae Chaulmoogra oil, MyrothamnWidespread, few Austr & Trees,shrubs Brushholly, Kei apple 13:584 Tropics, warm Trees, shrubs, vines Evergreen Includes Didymelaceae aceae 1:2 Afr dogrose N Am 5:13 temp Widespread, tropics, Caryocaraceae (Sub)tropics,temp trees 26:280 (2) temperate Pantropical Resurrection (2 species of trees from Afr, S S Am 19:95 Position (1) few Austr,none NZ plants Cunoniaceae 70:600 Souari tree, Clusiaceae Madagascar). Tropics, temp Melianthaceae uncertain, BieberEucryphia,Ulmo, Trees Passion23:800 Pequi Gamboge,Pitchapple, 3:15 Trop Afr Natal bottlebrush Simaroubaceae steiniaceae 3:35 1:40-50 fruit, Stripeseed, possibly in Kamahi,Coachwood Violaceae Mangosteen,Bacuri 4:70 Box, Huaceae Greece-C As Pandaceae Shrubs,trees, 161:1815 Trees and shrubs Gunneraceae SE Asia, Granadilla, Damiana Tropics, S hemis, Trees, Violet, Pansy, 2:46 Pachysandra Shrubs, trees Oxalidales. Trees, shrubs, Hairy herbs herbs Tree of heaven, Rutaceae few Africa Trees,shrubs Marsh herbs few (sub)shrubs C&S Am Passioraceae White ipecacuanha Macary bitter Garlic-tree 1:5 epiphytes Buxaceae Trees, shrubs, Quassia S&C Pacic, Citrus, Choisya, Rue, Bonnetiaceae Meliaceae W Africa to Trees, shrubs, vines, Tropics, warm temp, Picramniaceae 2:3 1:1 Mainly shrubs climbers Gtr Afr, Angostura, Dictamnus, Mahogany, Omu, 14:500 Am,Af. Herbs,vines, some herbs Evergreen Liana SE Asia (Sub)tropical Shrub 1:2 Widespread, 6:770 14:476 Iteaceae (2) S Am Toon, Sapele, Jaborandi, Cneorum Trees,shrubs, LophopyxidWidespread, (1) shrubs,trees shrubs 135:1580 4-5:21 America Penthortropics Oxalidaceae Sweetspire 1:55 Aromatic trees, shrubs, Calophyllaceae tropics aceae lianas,mangroves 26:932 WI Cedar,Neem 9:560 aceae Trees Sapindaceae Pantropical Wood sorrel, Oca, SE As Trees, shrubs & lianas, few herbs Fleshy herbs Tamanu Widespread Brunelliaceae Combretaceae Maple,Guarana,Akee, (Sub)tropics Ixonanthaceae 10:300 Carambola, Bilimbi 3:210 E As,N Am SE As, E Afr, Widespread,tropics, (Punnai) oil 52:621 Hypericaceae PICRAMWoolly trees (Sub)tropics, esp Rambutan,Mamoncillo, Dilleniaceae In core Eudicots, Herbs, few shrubs, Trees and C&N Am S Af,Austr 218:5735 Putranjivaceae 22:656 Trees & shrubs Tropical Am, NIALES African savannah St Johns wort, Lichee,Horse-chestnut (1) trees and lianas Trees, shrubs, shrubs but placement Spurge,Croton, Onagraceae Evergreen trees and esp mtns Pantropical Afara, Idigbo Tutsan Position Trees,shrubs,vines Widespread, 17:50 (8) Rubber, Cassava, 5:135 climbers, herbs provisional. SAXIFRAGALES 12:180 Evening primrose, shrubs Herbs,shrubs, Riverweed Fungi-like (sub)trop Widespread, 1:1 provisional. Dillenia,Hibbertia Peraceae Jatropha,Castor oil (1) includes Soyauxia and Fuchsia, Willowherb, Connaraceae (Podostemum) non-green herbs Cephalot(Sub)tropics, E As, trees (sub)tropics (Sub)tropics, (1) Clarkia, Gaura Medusandra, (2) Pteroaceae Euphorbiaceae Balanophoraceae Shrubs to trees Aquatic herbs Some zebrawoods Afr, SE As 2:5 Asia,Austr 1:165 31:620 Herbs, shrubs, trees Flycatcher 2:16 stemonaceae. Root parasites Trees, shrubs, herbs, Trees, shrubs, 1:3 Podostemaceae Pantropical Olacaceae HUERTEALES Trees Cosmopolitan, Lythraceae Trees,shrubs W Austr (Sub)tropics, Pantropical Ctenololianas, succulents 1:2 woody vines Tapisciaceae (Sub)tropics: (Sub)tropics Clutia, Pera Petenaea (1 tree W N Am Herbs, shrubs, trees phonaceae E Asia Gerrardin- C&S Am, DipentodontSANTALALES 1:9 Widespread, Pantropical, Shrubs, trees and 12:605 Dichapetalaceae Am, As, N Am Henna,Crape myrtle, aceae sp., C. Am) may W Af, SE As E Af aceae 24:80 SW Pacic tropics Includes various China lianas: Some root esp OW Trees & shrubs 6:18 belong here. 48:270 Stem and Pomegranate,Trapa (3) SE As, Austr, Trees Scrambling Trees and lianas 1:10 4:13 Picrodendr(9) Balanophemiparasites Tropics 4:240 mistletoes. Family Elaeocarpaceae (1) Misodendrshrubs root parasites (7) (Water caltrop) Trees, shrubs C&S Am aceae aceae Poisonleaf 3:c58 Strombosilimits provisional. Lebombo Tropics, Am Crinodendron, Aerial aceae OXALIDALES 7:190 Ximeniaceae Widespread, Trees Rafesiaceae aceae 8:50 ironwood (1) position in order hemiparasitic Inc hemiparasites Jaboty, Ceylon olive tropics 3:10 (1) includes Erythroxylaceae 1:1-2 3:10 Shrubs to trees Rafesia 17:460 Trees,shrubs (Sub)tropics Daphne, subshrubs 16:149 uncertain. (2) includes Trop-warm temp 73:988 Quaruba (Sub)trop & temp, EuphroTrees: Bush Herbs and Tremandraceae. Kulim & Ana SE Asia Humiriaceae Coco plum, Coca (cocaine) (on S Beech) Ramin,Gaharu Trees 4:21 Yellow/hog plum niaceae Comandraceae, Thes(3) Pantropical Loranthaceae Vochysiaceae subshrubs not Afr woods mango, Dika nut 3:20 2:18 Liberian cherry, SS Am Makita Thymelaeaceae Bixaceae Small trees, (Ximenia) Guyana mtns 59:1745 iaceae, Viscaceae, Hemiparasites Tropic Am, W Af Rhizophoraceae Neuradaceae Irvingiaceae SphaeroBastard bullet Annatto, Toxic trees, shrubs, 3:3 Trees shrubs Chrysobalanaceae Tropics, SE Asia, 3:c50 Nanodeacae, AmphTrees, shrubs, 3:23(+) Shrubby epiphytes, Arid: India, Trop Am, sepalaceae Allspice, Red mangrove C&W Africa, Coulaceae Rose imperial lianas and herbs 1:7-14 Root parasites S temp, few N temp (3) Trees,shrubs,inc Non-green orogynaceae and Trees and shrubs Afr, Med W Af shrubs,lianas,trees Schoepaceae Myrtle, Cloves, climbers, few Tropical trees 5:28 Madagascar Trees to herbs SE As Evergreen Widespread, herbs parasites Phyllanthaceae Cervantesiaceae. Gabon nut, (2) S hemis & Afr Evergreen Guava,Eucalyptus, (Sub)tropics 10-12:300 Trees and (Sub)trop, trees & shrubs (Sub)trop, temp, Trees,shrubs,herbs mangroves Apodanthaceae Huambula Herbs to trees, few trees and lianas arid Bottlebrush,Tea tree shrubs Linaceae 3:35 S. hemis 32:551 50:891 Octoknemaceae C&S America, (1) (4) Am,Austr,E Afr, (1) aquatics Shrubs, trees, Trigoniaceae 243:4225+ Myrtaceae E Asia Flax, Linseed Ochnaceae Tropical African 68:1250 Med-SW As Hawaiian snowbush, 8:175 Macachi lianas C&S Am,SE As Shrubs and trees Malvaceae (1) forests Trees, shrubs, Herbs, shrubs, 17:680 Climbers, 11:c35 Indian Gooseberry, 3:3 Rockrose, Erythropalaceae 2:35 Madgsr (Sub)tropics, few herbs, lianas trees, lianas Trees, shrubs, herbs, Coryno44:990 Shorea, Meranti Leafower Opiliaceae 8:c33 shrubs, small trees MuntingiLabdanum Waterwort 4:34 Ochna, Azobe, (Sub)tropics, Am,Austr Sandalwood few climbers: Cotton, carpaceae aceae Trees, shrubs (2) Widespread Tropics, SE Asia 1:5 (Sub)tropics Cistaceae Malpighiaceae Ovoga wood Many mistletoes Elatinaceae Birds eye bush trop Am Trees 131:4620 Kapok,Cocoa/Chocolate, Dipterocarpaceae Shrubs,trees Warm temp Aptandraceae Trees, shrubs, Santalaceae Aromatic herbs, Trop Am AnisophylleTropics, 1:35 Acerola, Aq herbs,shrubs SW Pacic Coriariaceae Hibiscus,Baobab,Durian, Angueuk wood, climbers: root Widespread, (sub)trop (sub)shrubs aceae Forest trees: often Trees, shrubs S Am 1:6 Trees,shrubs Surette, Caapi Worldwide, Isano oil Okra,Cola,Lime trees parasites Trees N temp (Med), 188:5005 gregariously (4) Trees, shrubs 2:6 Coriaria Root & stem hemi(2) Nothofagaceae Pantropical, (Sub)tropics, tropics Cosmopolitan, 2:10 (2) parasites: Trees, Jongkong Olivillo S S Am Tropics W Af, SE As Glory bush, SE China owering Southern beech tropics S Am Cytinaceae 2:2 Aextoxicshrubs,herbs CrypterCentroplDissotis, Medinilla East SW Pacic, Trees Non-green root 7:670 1:1 aceae acaceae (6) oniaceae Madagascar Melastomataceae TetramelS Am 1:2 parasites Fagaceae MALVALES Chilean 38:1100 118:845 Trees Berberidaceae S&SE Asia Tall herbs Sarcolaenaceae Shrubs, herbs, few tree Med,S Af,C Am, Trees, few shrubs opsidaceae Melon, Luffa, (1) includes Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae Moraceae S&E As, 3:10 Datiscaceae trees, lianas Madagascar Trees & shrubs Vines, shrubs Austr Oak, Sweet chestnut, Cucumber, Pumpkin Fig, Iroko, Fustic, and Bombacaceae, (2) Tepuianthus, 6:35 7-10:50 Med-C As, 52:925 Athel Austr,Chile (Sub)tropics, Beech, Chinquapin, 8:60 43:1110 Hickory, Pecan, Ulmaceae Mulberry, Breadfruit, and (3) Cochlospermaceae and tree, Tamarisk Cosmopolitan, Cucurbitaceae W USA 2:3 9:29 Tanoak, Cork S America Walnut, Wingnut Trees,shrubs Banyan, Osage orange Polygonaceae Tamaricaceae (sub)tropics Diegodendraceae. Family relationMainly climbers Begonia Heathy Temp & tropical BERBERID3:45 Juglandaceae N temp,SE Asia, Trees,shrubs,lianas, Shrubs-small trees Rhamnaceae (4) ships unclear, especially (4). Buckwheat,Rhubarb, 1:3 Widespread, shrubs, trees Begoniaceae Oleaster, forests Trees & shrubs OPSIDALES C Am: Zelkova, stranglers,herbs Eurasia & Africa, Rhabdotropics Sorrel,Dock,Russian vine Sea buckthorn Trees, shrubs, lianas Penaeaceae Trees N temp,SE As, (1) Herbs, shrubs, sands esp Med dendraceae Elm,Keaki (Sub)tropics, 3:11 Elaeagnaceae Buckthorn,Jujube, Herbs, shrubs, few 3:57 C&S Am Afr, St Helena, Alzateaceae 5:90 1:1 Trop S Am vines few temp Ceanothus, Miswak Bog myrtle, Shrubs, trees 90:2520 tropical trees & lianas C & S Am S Africa SetchellTrees 1:2 Trees Shrub (Sub)tropics,E As, Cascara 4:95 N Am, Austr, OW (sub)tropics Wax myrtle 1:90 Rosaceae anthaceae Cosmopolitan, 1:2? Halophytes Akaniaceae (1) 11:170 (2) KoeberliniCasuarinSea heaths 54:2625 Myricaceae not Austr or NZ Mexico Apple, Pear, Strawberry, Eurasia N temp SE Asia, Worldwide 3:115 1:1 aceae Bataceae Salvadoraceae 1:1 aceae Frankeniaceae Trees, shrubs Widespread Urticaceae Shrub Shrub BarbeyE Austr Quince, Cherry, Bramble, Arid: N Am, Carnivores 2:1401 SW Pacic, 16:480 CUCURBITALES Am, Pacic: Cannabaceae Halophytes SimmondsTrees, shrubs: of savannah Limn(1) 2:2 Nettles, Cecropia, 1:2 27:836 coasts Bolivia Tree aceae SE Asia, Rose, Almond, Plum etc Trees, shrubs, Droseraceae Trees to herbs (1) position unclear, 1:1 iaceae aromatic Herbs,shrubs anthaceae DirachmRamie, Mamaki, Helxine, Sea lavender, Arabia, Indian Ocean herbs and lianas Cosmopolitan, SW N Am Sundew, Hackberry, Hemp, Warm, dry Meadowfoam here provisionally. Tree aceae Garden Thrift, Plumbago She-oaks Pellitory-of-the-wall,Pilea NE Af Jojoba N temperate areas Venus y-trap Capparaceae Cannabis, Hop, N Am herbs Socotra, nasturtium Worldwide, tropics Plumbaginaceae 2:45 Herbs, trees, 6:145 Widespread, Pigeon wood, 1:1 2:8 NE Af Caper, Karir Tropaeolaceae Hairy herbs, Bladdernut Cosmopolitan,Med 10:300 shrubs Viny shrub Guam1:1 Austr, NZ Betulaceae Celtis Some families are Widespread, 1:8 Succ climbers shrubs, lianas, Staphyleaceae atelaceae - C As, dry, saline Cleome, Pentadipl1:2 TicodendrTrees, shrubs tropics Asteropossibly associated few trees C&S Am, mts andraceae Herbs,shrubs, Spectacle fruit aceae ROSALES 730:19400 1:90 S&E Asia,C&S Am, Brambly peiaceae PhysenHazel, Hornbeam, 338:3710 Tree 1:1 with Normapollesclimbers 1:95 W Afr shrub 1:1 aceae 1:2 Fabaceae N temp : Trees, (1) includes Pitcher plants Cleomaceae Trees,shrubs Trees,shrubs DrosoC Am Birch, Alder Brassicaceae C Am type pollen, originROSIDS Shrub,herb shrubs Pea,Bean,Soya,Acacia, Nepenthaceae Madgscr Cecropiaceae, phyllaceae Papaya Herbs and shrubs 21:940 Madgscr N temp, Andes, ating c98-94 Mya. Wallower,Turnip,Stock, Tovariaceae Carnivores Indian Ocean, Alfalfa,Clover,Senna,Lupin, Widespread Caricaceae (2) Celtidaceae. Polygalaceae SE Asia Shrubs C&S Am Cabbage,Cress,Radish, W Med ASTERIDS SE Asia, tropics, Am 1:3 C&S Am, Afr Lentil,Indigo,Carob,Mimosa, Herbs,shrubs,trees, Trees, E As SW N Am N Austr 174:2050 86:2200 Mustard,Rapeseed Small trees 5:8 shrubs StachySmall trees, Peanut,Broom,Liquorice etc (1) Marsh samphire, lianas, parasites Crossosomat1:12 FAGALES 5:18+ Quillajaceae Surianaceae Herbs, few shrubs uraceae Carnation, Pink, few vines Herbs, aceae Cosmopolitan Milkwort, GrubbBeet,Spinach,Orache, Ancistro(1) includes Rhoiptelea, Trees,1:5 GyrostemCosmopolitan, Temp S Am (Sub)tropics, Campion, Pearlwort 4-6:34 few shrubs Senega root Greasebush iaceae Herbs, shrubs, shrubs cladaceae onaceae 1 tree species, SE Asia. Austr N temperate 17:190 Caryophyllaceae Quinoa,Celosia,Saltbush Resedaceae Heathy 1:3 4:12 Shrubs Widespread trees, lianas Trees & shrubs, Trop Afr, SE As Amaranthaceae Trees, shrubs, 1:1 shrubs massive trees Mignonette,Weld Herbs, shrubs and vines FABALES lvs often succ Non-carnivores 2:2 Subshrub lianas, few herbs S Af Herbs, shrubs & vines (1) Trees, Moringaceae Scattered, Med Widespread, StrasburgAustr EmblingiInternal relationVines Xero Worldwide, esp Hydrangeaceae CurtisBen nut, Moringa shrubs 3-7:75 aceae aceae mainly N temp, shrub.1:1 warm temperate, iaceae ships uncertain. Hydrangea, Deutzia, Med-India, Gtr Afr Aphloiaceae Geissolom3:7 W Austr W Afr SW Pacic Evergreen Med arid,saline 7:107 semi-arid Philadelphus DioncoE Gtr Afr Achatoataceae 2:1000 Trees trees S Af 1:12 Cornaceae carpaceae N temp,SE As, phyllaceae 1:1 S Af Impatiens, 1:1/2 FABIDS Dogwood, Tupelo, BRASSICALES Vines, some Trees,shrubs S Am Busy Lizzie 7:130 1:3 carnivores Davidia CROSSOSOMATALES Warm Am (1) includes Bretschneidera. 3:3 StegnospAm tropics Balsaminaceae Scattered, MALVIDS ROSIDS (2) (1) includes Ixerbaceae. Stixaceae belongs some9:87 ermataceae N temp,S&E Asia Fleshy herbs 3:5 TetraMarcgraviaceae Green Wdy climbers where in the Brassicales. EUASTERIDS Trees & shrubs, Widespread, OW Lianas,epiphytes, meristaceae carpetweed 2:23 1:20 C Am ASTERIDS creepers Trees, shrubs Molluginaceae esp Gtr Afr, not HydroLimeaceae some shrubs & 14:265 C&S Am, Herbs,shrubs stachydaceae Herbs, S Am,Austr LAMIIDS small trees (5) Malaya Loasaceae 2:6 DIPSACALES Tropics,warm CAMPANULIDS subshrubs Aquatic herbs Lophioarid, Afr Rock nettle (1) includes Linnaeaceae, Madagascar, Africa,S As, carpaceae (C) includes Hairy herbs, (4) Diervillaceae, Morinaceae, 1:1 Austr (C) 34:c190 Corbichonia C&S Afr (1) 2:17 18:385 Apodytes, 12:80 5-7:43-45 (1) Eucomvines and shrubs 7:16 1:1 Dipsacaceae and Afr, As Garryaceae GARRYALES Am, temp Eurasia Ocotillo, Lemon thorn, AQUIFOLIALES 1:7 Cassinopsis, 1:2 miaceae (3) 25:310 Citronella-tree Am, Gtr Afr HalophyDidiereaceae Shrubs & trees (1) includes Leptaulus. Garrya,Aucuba Decid tree Valerianaceae. Boojum tree C&S Am African white pear Emmotum Polemoniaceae OncotheTrees & shrubs Cardiopteridaceae Stemonuraceae taceae Woody, mainly Evergreen trees Metteniuscaceae Fouquieriaceae Phlox, Cobaea, 1:1 China Icacinaceae provisionally. aceae Argentina Lecythidaceae (Sub)tropics column plants and shrubs N Caledonia 9:140+ BarbeuSpiny shrubs Tropics: Austr, Evergreen Gilia, Polemonium C AmTrees, shrubs, lianas Herb Trees,shrubs, Brazil nut,Cannonball N&C Am, Tree,shrub Madagascar, CORNALES iaceae 660:11150 Succulent herbs trees BRUNIALES Chile, mtns Herbs, some SW N Am SE As 4:19 (Sub)tropics, vines C&E As tree, Barringtonia S & E Afr Madagascar 12:75 Family relationships Columellishrubs, trees & Montiaceae 1:11 (1) includes Climbers Rubiaceae (A) and (B) aceae E Asia Tropics, S Am, Liana Holly, S Afr:Cape lianas Basellaceae unclear. (1) uncertain Blinks, Lewisia, Trees,shrubs,lianas, Desfontainia. Shrubs,trees W Afr Yerba mate, positions (Sub)tropics,Am 148:2740 Spring beauties 1:4 position (in Lamiales?), (2) few herbs, 1 sp. aqu. 2:5 (1) Bruniaceae 1:3 Winterberry (A) Boraginaceae (B) uncertain. CARYOPHYLLALES Indian spinach, Brunia, Berzelia 87:1655 PhyllonomHelwingiHottentot g, Widespread, (2) includes Nyssaceae 1:8 Gardenia, Coffee, Chicle, Star Madeira vine, aceae aceae Aquifoliaceae Heath-like Evidence suggests sister Gentian, Exacum, Vahliaceae (A) includes Lithops, Mesembs W America 58:2590 Madder, Ipecacuanha, Forget-me-not,Borage, and Alangium. C&E Asia ESCALLONIALES apple, Sapodilla, Oca quina Trees,shrubs & vines Trees,shrubs shrubs to Asterids. (1) includes Lisianthus, Centaury Gtr Afr, India HydrophyllShrubs,small Primulaceae Aizoaceae Quinine, Bedstraw Comfrey,Heliotrope,LungIncludes Polyosmaceae, Worldwide, C&S Am Argan, Gutta-percha Chenopodiaceae. Family trees Hairy herbs, aceae and Primrose, Pimpernel, Gentianaceae Widespread, Leaf succulent herbs 1:40+ Tribelaceae, Anopterus and wort,Phacelia,Waterleaf E Afr, Am & SE Asia shrubs limits uncertain in places: Sapotaceae (tentatively) Cyclamen, Soldanella, SE Asia Succulent herbs (sub)tropics Herbs, shrubs, trees, Eremosynaceae. Position 1:405 Herbs, shrubs, trees, Arid (sub)tropics and (2), (3) & (4) may be disSladeniaceae Pantropical, few temp HoplestigColicwood, Featherfoil, Portulacaceae of order not fully resolved. 3:36 few mycotrophs lianas, parasites warm temperate, mantled. (3) includes Evergreen 84:2380 Cudjoe-wood Trees and shrubs mataceae. Cosmopolitan, Widespread GENTIANALES S Afr, Austr ParacryphiPurslane (Portulaca) trees: 2:3 (7) 13:420 Agdestis and Petiveria. Campanulaceae Worldwide 9:130 temp, mtns aceae (1) includes AsclepPARACRYPHIALES 123:2020 53:1100 Worldwide, Strychnine Escallonia, Trees to herbs, Lobelia, Throatwort, (4) iadaceae, (2) DialyTrees,shrubs Includes Quintinia Bindweed, Sub(trop) America Loganiaceae 12:337 (1) Trees lianas Tasmanian laurel 4:13 Bellowers, Rampion Sweet potato,Jalap, Sarco30:395 and Sphenostemon. SW Pacic 1:27 415:4555 Trees,shrubs and (sub)shrubs Herbs, shrubs, petalanthaceae and Escalloniaceae Rousseaceae Cosmopolitan bataceae Theligonaceae, and Morning glory,Dodder Herbs to (2) Ebenaceae (2) Talinaceae Apocynaceae trees & climbers Trees, shrubs, herbs Pentaphylacaceae Thorny shrubs trees, lianas Herbs, some trees, Trees & vines (3) (provisionally) Convolvulaceae Herbs, shrubs Cacti, C&S Am,C&E Asia, Periwinkle, Milkweed, Tropics, temp, Pteleocarpa. Styrax, Ebony, Persimmon W N Am Teasel, Sakaki,Cleyera, 5:200 shrubs & cactusSW Pacic, Nyctaginaceae Herbs, shrubs, climbers, (some scandent) including Peyote, Austr, NZ, Oleander, Dogbane, Benzoin resin, 1:2 Gtr Austr Scabious, (Sub)tropics, 3:5 Herbs, Eurya like lobelias (3) Mauritius trees, some parasites (Sub)tropics,Am Prickly pear,Saguaro America,Africa Reunion Hoya, Frangipani Silverbell tree Weigela,Valerian, Afr, Mdgsr shrubs and trees (Sub)tropics, Indochina (3) 2:11 Cosmopolitan, Ombu, Trees, shrubs, Bougainvillea, Montiniaceae Styracaceae Cactaceae Adoxaceae Honeysuckle,Abelia 4:548 few Afr warm areas Pokeweed Carolina 1:12 Shrubs,trees, lianas, few herbs Mirabilis Shrubs and trees Xerophytic trees, Viburnum,Moschatel, Caprifoliaceae 1:30 (Sub)tropics, Am 57:1625 (2) Marsh/aquatic jessamine 3:32 lianas Widespread, N temp, tropical Herbs,shrubs,trees succulents & epiphytes Subshrubs Elderberry SE Asia 5:10 herbs, shrubs Gelsemiaceae Phytolaccaceae (3) 1:12 trop forests S Am, SE As (1) America: arid, (few Widespread, 1:5 (1) Cosmopolitan Shrubs, lianas AlseuosmiPentaphragAnacampHydroleaceae Trees, shrubs, Herbs, 2:320 11:160 40-43:890 Phellinaceae N temp GisekiOW tropics) SE Asia, Am, aceae Sphenomataceae lianas, herbs serotaceae Pitcher Tropics, shrubs,trees,lianas Lodh bark, aceae (1) Gtr Africa cleaceae New Caledonia 111:1500 17:60 Scattered: Afr, plants warm temp Fleshy 6:18 SW Pacic Bogota tea Solanaceae Gtr Afr, S As Tropical marsh Austr, Am Herbs,shrubs Trees Sarraceniaceae herbs Potato,Tomato,Aubergine, Shrubs Herbs Symplocaceae C Am herbs APIALES N America, Diapensiaceae Chilli, Tobacco, Petunia, Plocosper1:2 3:10 Trees & shrubs (1) includes Aralidiaceae 2:17 Guyana mts Shortia,Galax mataceae 24:615 Capsicum, Mandrake etc Trees 6:245 (Sub)tropics, and Melanophyllaceae, Shrubs,trees 3:15 Arctic, Shrub - tree Oleaceae Cosmopolitan, Trigger plants Torricelliaceae not Africa 2:5 N temp Argophyllaceae (2) Mackinlayaceae, (3) 1:1 Trees, shrubs, lianas tropical Am 1:2 3:355 Madagascar, CarlemannStylidiaceae Wire-netting Olive, Lilac, Privet, Hydrocotylaceae. 102:2460 S Africa 7:195(+) Kiwi fruit iaceae SE Asia bush Cushion-plants, 229:c4000 Forsythia, Jasmine, Herbs,shrubs Roridulaceae Theaceae Actinidiaceae SW Pacic 2:3 (1) Ash, Osmanthus herbs,shrubs,vines Small 1:4 ERICALES Acanthaceae (2) SE Asia SOLANALES 1:6 TetraTea, Franklin tree, Trees,shrubs,lianas shrubs PennantWorldwide, Austr, S S Am, Plants of varied habitat, chondraceae Griselini13:70 Acanthus, Thunbergia, (1) includes iaceae Camellia,Loblolly bay INTERPRETING THE CHART SE As, Austr (Sub)tropics, aceae (1) NZ,SE As 434:3780 America,NZ Pedaliaceae Trees,shrubs including an important Aphelandra, Avicennia Nolanaceae, Trees, shrubs, lianas Trees,shrubs 5:c58 S & E Asia, Herbs Apiaceae SW Pacic component of tropical Cosmopolitan, tropics OW mainly tropics, The chart corresponds to a phylogenetic tree. Regions on the chart, Tropics, Am, As, NZ,S Am Clethra, 2:260 Goetzeaceae, Bogbean not Afr Parsley, Dill, Hemlock, arid and coasts Shrubs, herbs, vines, rainforest understorey. Purdiaea Herbs, shrubs, few temp delimited by boundaries or shaded areas, correspond to nodes in a Menyanthaceae and DuckeodCarrot, Parsnip, Fennel, Herbs to trees 12:440 147+:3200 (5) aquatics & trees, Relationships of some and lianas Clethraceae Cosmopolitan tree, and families, as disks on the chart, are leaves of the tree. In endraceae,(2) Sesame Anise, Cumin, Arracacha, Herbs, shrubs 2:19 mangroves Gesneriaceae Calceolariaceae Shrubs,small trees families unresolved. Aqu/marsh Celery, Coriander etc phylogenetic trees, proximity of two families is represented by the depth Trees,shrubs few trees 126:3995 Cuscutaceae. Trees, SE As,Madeira, African violet, Gloxinia, Calceolaria and herbs (1) includes Halesiaceae, Herbs, few trees 110:800 shrubs 1:6 Goodeniaceae Ericaceae Myodocarpof the root of the smallest subtree containing the two families. Here it is 1:2 11:39 Am. 2:75 Jovellana Columnea,Streptocarpus Trees to herbs, ThomandersWidespread, (2) Lissocarpaceae, Rhododendron, Goodenia Parasites aceae represented by a shared region. Proximity does not cross boundaries: Stilbaceae iaceae often vines C&S Am, NZ Herbs, shrubs, few Mitrastem(2) N temp SW Pacic Leschenaultia, (3) Scytopetalaceae, (6) Blueberry, Heathers, Gtr Africa,Cape Bignoniaceae W&C Af onaceae families close on the chart but separated by a boundary are no closer lianas and trees 1620:23600 Monotropa, Kalmia, etc. (not NZ) 2:2 (Sub)tropics, (4) Ternstroemiaceae, S&E As, Afr forest elder Catalpa,Jacaranda, than their common region indicates. Areas and boundaries are given Tropics (esp OW), Cyrillaceae (Sub)shrubs,trees,herbs, (2) Austr Asteraceae (3) C Am (8) 1:6 43:1450 (5) Pellicieraceae, and 3:320 Shrubs, Calabash tree, Trees,shrubs lianas,epiphytes, some few temp Hairy herbs varying colours and styles - this is merely to aid the eye and has no Shrubs, 4:28 herbs Butterwort, Daisy, Sunower, Trumpet vine (6) Empetraceae, EpacrAraliaceae mycotrophs America Byblidaceae trees, climbers C&S Am Bladderwort phylogenetic signicance. S&C Am, Tropics,S Am Lettuce, Chicory, Dahlia, idaceae, Monotropaceae Ivy, Ginseng, Fatsia, Worldwide,temp Titi Pittosporaceae Schlegeliaceae New Guinea, Andes, arid 236:7173 Lentibulariaceae and mtns Uncertainties: Many of the placements of families are now wellCamomile, Echinacea, and Pyrolaceae, (7) Udo, Water pennywort Austr Parchment-bark,Karo, Trees,shrubs, Lamiaceae Calyceraceae Aquatic/marsh: 34:1175 Marigold, Thistle, etc. established and much work has been done to resolve remaining issues. Cosmopolitan, Myrsinaceae, Maesaceae Tarata,Petroleum nut vines, Daisy-like Herbs,shrubs,trees, cosmopolitan Verbenaceae Cosmopolitan c13:195 trop Am, SE As However, uncertainties remain. Where evidence is poor, we have epiphytes and Theophrastaceae. OW tropics-temp herbs Carnivores vines: Mints,Sage,Basil, Herbs, aquatics Shrubs, herbs, few Verbena (Vervain), Trees, shrubs, vines Austr, S Asia either (a) left relationships unresolved (as a poly(cho)tomy), or (8) position unclear. 6:60 Rosemary,Thyme,Teak, 1:6 trees & vines Fogfruit, Lantana, Linderniaceae and herbs 6-9:200 (b) chosen the best supported on current evidence, or (c) indicated E Asia Patchouli,Chaste tree, 5:16 Beebrush Torenia, ASTERIDS ASTERALES Oregano,Lavender etc Paulownialternative placements. On the whole, we have been conservative (Sub)trop Am Herbs, shrubs, Micranthemum aceae Cosmopolitan, (1) includes Donatiatrees, lianas & xeros Martyniaceae Foxglove in the depiction of family relationships. Pantropical, warm Med,C As trees (Sub)tropic,Am, ceae, (2) Brunoniaceae, Unicorn plant temp, Am CAMPANULIDS An estimated age of some taxa is indicated. We have included this few temp (3) Lobeliaceae. Sticky herbs 90:1700 information only when the age is clearly supported by fossil pollen Figwort, SOURCES 100:2066 Plantaginaceae evidence, but even these estimates should be treated with caution. Ngaio, Buddleia, 95:234 Broomrape,Rattle, This chart is based on the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and many Hebe,Water starwort, Nemesia, Diascia, Lousewort,Eyebright LAMIALES Nomenclature: Following standard practice, we name only those Herbs, few wdy, other phylogenists. Angiosperm families are an update of those in Veronica,Culvers root, aquatics Mullein, Boobialla Family limits and relatgroups of families where a name has proved useful, e.g. Monocots, Orobanchaceae FAMILY KEY Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Mares-tail (Hippuris), Scrophulariaceae Phrymaceae The size ionships unclear, even Asterids etc. and the names of orders (sufx -ALES, mainly coloured (Hemi)parasites: Group classication for the orders and families of owering plants: APG III Foxglove,Snapdragon Monkey-ower, Approx. number of genera : those depicted. (1) Herbs,shrubs of the disk herbs, shrubs grey on the chart). Common, or vernacular, names are used to 38:1100 Herbs,shrubs,aquatics Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 161:105-121. Lopseed includes Buddlejaceae Worldwide indicates Cosmopolitan, Approx. number of species Widespread, Moraceae Cosmopolitan, (4) describe some familiar plants and plant products. These names can, (1) and Myoporaceae, (2) 65:1700 (3) N temp,Gtr Af N Am,Austr temp Fig, Iroko, Fustic, the number The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website of Stevens, P.F (2001 onwards) Version 9, in some cases, be misleading. An Index of Flowering Plants is available Family name Avicenniaceae, (3) Mulberry, Breadfruit, of species, June 2008 [and more or less continuously updated since] at Nesogenaceae and to accompany the chart. This provides a more comprehensive list of Some familiar plants Banyan, Osage orange http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb (tentatively) Rehmannames and more details about the use of common names. in ranges: and products Trees,shrubs,lianas, is a valuable and detailed resource which is kept up-to-date as new results nia, (4) Globulariaceae Distribution: The predominance of the tropics in owering plant stranglers,herbs 1-10 Range of growth forms and Callitrichaceae, become available. It should be consulted for details of the families and relationLAMIIDS EUASTERIDS (Sub)tropics, diversity is evident. Indeed, the richness of tropical forests is astonishing. 10-100 (5) Peltanthera. ships on this chart. Distribution few temp For example, in parts of the Amazon forest, areas as small as 100km2

34:1370 Succ herbs, 1:150 shrubs,1 aquatic Trees, shrubs Crassulaceae Grossulariaceae Stonecrop,HouseN temp, Andes leek, Kalanchoe 33:540 Gooseberry, 8:145 Widespread, Saxifragaceae Currants Aquatic/marsh S Afr, Mex Saxifrage, Astilbe, herbs, few shrubs Rodgersia, Heuchera Haloragaceae 1:1 Mainly herbs Water milfoil Tasmania N temp-Arctic,trop Widespread, Tetracarpmnts,S temp aeaceae S hemis 2-3:21

Witch hazel Hamamelidaceae Trees, shrubs Widespread, E As

95:1400 (1) Staff trees,Kokoon, Spindle trees,Mayten, Khat,Grass of Parnassus

Celastraceae

Designed by David E. Rydeheard, University of Manchester, U.K. Copyright 2011. All rights reserved. Version 1.0 (Online).

may contain over 1,000 species of trees. The role of certain areas amongst whose endemics are species of high signicance in phylogeny is clear from this chart. Such areas are concentrated in the tropics and subtropics but also include isolated Gondwanaland fragments and areas of high diversity in the northern temperate zone.

AVAILABILITY

100-1000

The chart was designed by David E. Rydeheard (2011). It is available from the Botanical Chart website http://www.botanicalchart.org.uk. An extended index of names and their locations on the chart is available from this website. The chart was prepared using Framemaker (TM). It will be updated as further phylogenetic results become available.

UNPLACED

Unplaced families: Cynomoriaceae (Root parasites 1:2 Med-C As) Evidence weak: Saxifragales, Rosales, etc? Haptanthaceae (Evergreen tree 1:1 C America - may be extinct) Possibly in Buxales. Apodanthaceae (Nongreen parasites 3:23(+) Scattered, America) Possibly associated with Malvales or Cucurbitales. Unplaced genera: Gumillea (ex Cunoniaceae), Nicobariodendron (Celastraceae?). Other familes and genera of uncertain position have been included in the chart, indicating a possible placement.

Phrases in italics are to be read as mainly/predominantly, including 1000-10000 centres of distribution. (Sub)tropics = tropics and subtropics. N/S/E/W 10000+ = North/South/East/West, C = Central, SE Asia includes the islands between mainland Asia and Austr. C Am includes the Caribbean islands, OW = Old World, Gtr Africa = Africa, Madagascar, Arabia and nearby islands, Med = lands adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea, Mya = Million years ago.