Contemporary Art and Contemporaneity

Terry Smith

A park in Istanbul during the autumn months of 2001: out from the manicured grass protrudes the corner section of a new, white-walled building. Or is it sinking (g. 1)? High modernist styling like that can only mean one thing: art gallery. But for what kind of art, and why is it here? Walk around it and the words Temporary Art appear above the blocked, nearly inaccessible door. Of course: a gallery or museum of contemporary art. Yet its duck-rabbit directionality is a puzzle. Are we meant to construe it as the victim of some unfelt earthquake, historical tragedy, or human neglect? Or perhaps is it emerging from underground, an architectural chrysalis taking, triumphantly, its rightful shape? The answer is left deliberately ambiguous. The creators of this piece of public art, Michael Elmgreen and Ingar Dragset, made it for the Seventh Istanbul Biennale; the park is a part of the exhibition grounds. So it is, rst of all, what the words on it lightheartedly say it is: a temporary work of art. In other projects by these artists, architectural forms and functions are altered in subtle and amusing ways. In one case, they installed a diving board so that it pointed out the window of an upper story in a modernist high rise. For a work entitled SPECTACULAR 2003 the Kunst Palast in Dusseldorf underwent the transformation of having its entire collection dismantled, packed into trucks that were driven once around the building, then reinstalled exactly as before. In the same year Elmgreen and Dragset installed a white truck with a caravan as if it had shot through from the other side of the planet and erupted, jackknifed, at the main crossing of the Galleria,
I wish to thank W. J. T. Mitchell, Okwui Enwezor, and Nancy Condee for their acute comments and Miguel Rojas for assistance with the illustrations.
Critical Inquiry 32 (Summer 2006) 2006 by The University of Chicago. 0093-1896/06/3204-0011$10.00. All rights reserved.

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f i g u r e 1. Michael Elmgreen and Ingar Dragset, Powerless StructuresTraces of a Never Existing History, Figure 222. Mixed media, 2001 (at Istanbul Biennale). Courtesy Galleri Nicolai Wallner, Copenhagen.

Milan, entitling this work Short Cut. In Istanbul, however, the artists offered an instalment from their Powerless Structures series; the subsiding/ projecting museum is subtitled Traces of a Never Existing History, Figure 222, as if it were an illustration from a future archaeology of the present. The artists are wittily proposing that contemporary art is concerned with posing questions, usually about itself, perhaps without much hope of eect, and destined to end in ambiguity. Contemporary art might, somehow, be losing touch with time. Yet this work, like many of their others, is potent: smartly styled, conceptually compact, formally pointed, easy to get, hard to forget. Such a contradiction between surety of form and uncertainty as to content is a hallmark of art in the rst decade of the twentyTe r r y S m i t h is Andrew W. Mellon Professor of Contemporary Art History and Theory in the Henry Clay Frick Department of the History of Art and Architecture at the University of Pittsburgh. He is currently at work on The Architecture of Aftermath, What Is Contemporary Art? and, with Nancy Condee and Okwui Enwezor, Antinomies of Art and Culture.

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rst century. It prompts the question, Just what is so contemporary about this kind of apparent contradiction, and why does it pervade art these days?

What Is Contemporary Art Now? For more than two decades no one has articulated a successful generalization about contemporary art. First there have been fears of essentialism, followed by the sheer relief of having shaken o exclusivist theories, imposed historicisms, and grand narratives, and then, recently, delight in the simple-seeming pleasures of an open eld. More prosaically, the answer has seemed obvious to the point of banality. Look around you. Contemporary art is mostwhy not all?of the art that is being made now. It cannot be subject to generalization and has overwhelmed art history; it is simply, totally contemporaneous. But this pluralist happymix is illusory. The question of contemporary art has, in fact, been insistently answered more narrowly by the acts of artists and the organizations that sustain themso much so that these responses are, by now, deeply embedded in both. (Buried in each other, according to Elmgreen and Dragset.) The responses do not have singular shape; rather, they embody tendencies towards both closure and openness. Most accounts highlight the currency of one or another aspect of current practice: new media, digital imagery, immersive cinema, national identications, new internationalism, disidentication, neomodernism, relational aesthetics, postproduction art, remix cultures. The list keeps extending. Apologists stress the pivotal connectedness of their favored approach to at least one signicant aspect of contemporary experience, but usually deny any claims to universality, sighing with relief that the bad old days of exclusionary dominance are over.1 Nevertheless, it seems to me that, in visual art discourse, two big answers have come to gure forth amidst the multitude of smaller ones. This is especially evident in the major world art distribution centers. From broader world perspectives, however, their prominence is misleading and, perhaps, self-defeating. The multitudes may be on the cusp of having their day. Ambitious, big-picture interpretations aimas they always haveto be acute descriptions of how particular (artistic) practices relate to general (so1. The subtlest presentation of this de-denitional perspective during its brief reign was Vad ar samtida konst? / What Is Contemporary Art? ed. Peter Edstrom, Helene Mohlin, and Anna Palmqvist (Rooseum, Malmo, Sweden, 3 June30 July 1989). In a series of publications beginning in 1984, Arthur Danto sought to dene contemporary, as distinct from modern, art as a posthistorical pluralism, most concisely in the introduction to his After the End of Art: Contemporary Art and the Pale of History (Princeton, N.J., 1997). The present essay develops from my What Is Contemporary Art? Contemporary Art, Contemporaneity, and Art to Come (Woolloomooloo, N.S.W., 2001) and What Is Contemporary Art? Contemporaneity and Art to Come, Konsthistorisk Tidskrift 71, nos. 12 (2002): 315.

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cial) conditions. I present them, mostly, in my own terms, for this is a polemic as much as it is a description. I will oer characterizations of two great forces, in all of their mismatched contention. I will then show them to be polarities of a dichotomous exchange, the central regions of which are occupied by a mainstream that is, paradoxically, dispersive: the spilling diversity of contemporary practice.

Contemporary as the New Modern Richard Serra was a leading proponent of informal art, capturing, in pieces as various as videos showing his hand clutching at falling lead and his Verb List (196768), its commitment to artwork as a demonstration of active process rather than the realization or termination of a preconception. He soon developed a powerful strategy for building this kind of dynamism into works that seem, at rst, as reductive and self-contained as most minimal sculpture but that draw the spectator into a much more engaged relationship. This energy ows from their size, their evident weight, from the eccentricity of their angles and the precariousness of their positioningall qualities that are exact in relation to each observers mobile eyes and body. Unlike the virtual spatialities of abstract sculpture in the constructivist mode, but like happenings and environments, Serras sculptures require one to walk close to, around, or through them, in quite specic ways. Huge sheets of unnished Cor-Ten steel are stacked up as the only support of each other, in busy public spaces such as the town center of Bochum, Germany (Terminal [1977]), or at Broadgate, outside the entrance to the London Stock Exchange (Fulcrum [198687]). Tilted Arc, a 120-foot-long partial cylinder of raw Cor-Ten steel, over two inches thick and twelve feet high, installed in the Federal Plaza, New York, in 1981, provoked a controversy erce enough to lead to its removal.2 More than any other artists work, and not least in its shift back through art historical time, Serras has come to represent what late modern sculpture means within the frameworks of ocial contemporary art. At the Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Frank Gehry shaped the famous sh gallery around Serras Snake. When, in 2003, dia:Beacon opened in a converted factory on the Hudson River, New York, the railroad shed and loading dock were lled by Serras three gigantic Torqued Ellipses and the single steel slab constituting his Torqued Spiral (g. 2). In their clarity of form as read by
2. See Richard Serra Sculpture, ed. Rosalind E. Krauss (exhibition catalog, Museum of Modern Art, New York, 27 Feb.13 May 1986); Richard Serra, ed. Hal Foster and Gordon Hughes (Cambridge, Mass., 2000); and Richard Serra Sculpture 19851998, ed. Russell Ferguson, Anthony McCall, and Clara Weyergraf-Serra (exhibition catalog, Los Angeles, County Museum of Art, 20 Sept. 19983 Jan. 1999).

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the moving body, and in their muscular dialogue with their surroundings, these works have a command of space that is exceptional in its resolute clarity. In such a context, however, older conceptions of museum display arts history, schools, and movementsare banished in the wow! of the aesthetic encounter in its distilled form. In elevating this instantaneity towards awestruck transcendence, the Dia:Beacon displays shift the trenchant spatiality of minimalism at its best towards a peculiarly late modern version of pure contemporaneousness. In the words of Dia founder Heiner Friedrich: Art has no historythere is only a continuous present. . . . The non-stop presence of art! Velazquez, Goya, Manet are all in one line, which extends to Matisse and Warhol. If art is alive, it is always new.3

f i g u r e 2. Richard Serra, Double-Torqued Ellipse. Cor-Ten steel, 1997. Dia Art Foundation. 2000. Installation view at Dia:Beacon, Hudson River, New York.

3. Quoted in Calvin Tomkins, The Mission: How the Dia Art Foundation Survived Feuds, Legal Crises, and Its Own Ambitions, The New Yorker, 19 May 2003, p. 46. An earlier, yet quintessentially modernist, version of this kind of aesthetic valuing may be found in the instantaneousness that Michael Fried, in his famous 1967 essay Art and Objecthood, saw as denitive of a convinced response to modernist art and counterposed to the theatricality of minimalisms address to the spectator (Michael Fried, Art and Objecthood, Art and Objecthood: Essays and Reviews [Chicago, 1998], p. 167).

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During the 2003 exhibit of Matthew Barneys Cremaster cycle at the Guggenheim Museum, New York, the famous rotunda spiralled up and away from sight, into a chaste light, whiter than usual. A corporate logo hovered above the skylight; the lozenge shape seemed familiar, but what was that brand? Cobalt blue swam up from beneath ones feet. Pink patches, bright banners and competing noises composed a swirling panorama. From every side and above, particularly on the giant, ve-screen Jumbotron, video monitors ashed out images of fantastical yet clearly fashionable characters involved in high-speed action or ritually sedate posing. Punk rock exploded through attenuated sounds, crescendos surged out of ambient Muzak. It was, at once, an extraordinary work of art, an art theme park, and a daring mix of far-out art, music video, cool design, and high-tech and crossover fashion that for an entire generation is denitive of contemporary experience. The Cremaster cycle takes the form of ve feature-length 35mm lms and a growing number of videos, drawings, collages, sculptures, and installations that relate directly to the lmsa mobility of medium typical of all forms of contemporary art. Typical, too, is the esoteric portentousness of its central idea: the cremaster is the muscle that governs the chromosome switch from female to male and then controls testicular contraction. Ambiguous kernel, assured shellagain. Its $8 million production costs were, for the time, exceptional.4 The lms narrate an elaborate, self-enclosed allegory. Set in Bronco Stadium, Boise, Idaho, the artists hometown, Cremaster 1 (1995) tracks a troupe of dancers who take the shapes of still-androgynous gonads, symbolizing pure potential. Cremaster 2 (1999), set in the Canadian Rockies and Utah, connects three themes entailing movement backwards in time: the movement of glaciers, the stories of murderer Garry Gilmore and of escapologist Harry Houdini, and the lives of drone bees. Cremaster 3 (2002) connects the construction of the Chrysler Building to that of Solomons Temple and provides a setting for an escalating clash between Hiram Abi, architect of Solomons Temple and archetypal Master Builder in the Masonic Order (played by Serra), and the Entered Apprentice (played by Barney) (g. 3). Surmounting the ve levels of initiation into the Masonic rites drives this episode, as well as the interlude (subtitled The Order) in which Barney overcomes complex obstacles at each level of the Guggenheim Museums rotunda, themselves now symbolic of each of the lms in the Cremaster cycle. Set on the Isle of Man, Cremaster 4 (1994) stages a motorcycle race between two teams travelling in opposite directions around the perimeter of the
4. See Matthew Barney: The Cremaster Cycle, ed. Nancy Spector (exhibition catalog, Museum Ludwig, Cologne, 6 June7 Sept. 2002).

f i g u r e 3. Matthew Barney, Cremaster 3, 2002. Production still from lm, showing Richard Serra as Grand Master. 2002 Matthew Barney. Photograph: Chris Winget. Courtesy Barbara Gladstone Gallery, New York.

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roughly circular island, representing in turn the cremaster muscle ascended, thus undierentiated but tending to the feminine, and the muscle descended, thus tending to dierentiation and the masculine. The teams are, however, symbolically tied to each other. Descension is nally attained in Cremaster 5 (1997). Set at key sites in Budapestthe Lanchd (Chainlink) Bridge, the Opera House, and the Gellert Thermal Bathsit performs, as if in a dream, the longing, despair, and eventual death of the Queen of Chain (played by Ursula Andress) and her Diva, Magician, and Giant (all played by the artist). Despite its complex structure and postmodern stylistics, this is a quest narrative, a search for belonging through places that have their own imperatives amidst physical and social processes that are strangely subject to incessant fusion and separation, isolation and metamorphosis. Although more up-to-date and engaged with media culture, the work requires a relationship to the spectator as direct as it is in Serras work. Thisthe Cremaster cycle claimsis what it is to be in the era of cultural division and genetic engineering. The same spirit of individual battling against unfathomable odds to surrender individuality and achieve community acceptance, the same insatiably active embrace of ultimate passivity, underlies the success of novels and lms such as Lord of the Rings and the vast membership, worldwide, of cults, organized religions, and civic organizations. Like them, this spirit makes the Cremaster cycle at once extraordinary and banal. Works such as these provide the rst powerful answer to the question of the nature of art in these times: contemporary art, as a movement, has become the new modern or, what amounts to the same thing, the old modern in new clothes. In its most institutionalized formsfrom the triumphalist overreach of the Guggenheim Museums global franchising through the Old Master elegance of the installations at Dia:Beacon to the confused gesturing in the contemporary galleries when the Museum of Modern Art, New York, reopened in 2004it is the latest phase in the century-and-a-halflong story of modern art in Europe and its cultural colonies, a continuation of the modernist lineage, warily selected not least in an attempt to preserve this cultural balance of power. Ocial contemporary art resonates with the vivid condence and the comforting occlusion that comes with it, taking itself to be the high cultural style of its time. Think (as a beginning of a list of the best of it) of not only the work by Serra and Barney but also of Je Koons at fty, the subadolescent consumerlands of Takashi Murakami and Mariko Mori, Mad Max: Beyond Thunderdome as distinct from Mad Max, The Matrix Revolutions, Gerhard Richters paintings, Andreas Gurskys scale, Thomas Struths subjects and Thomas Demands style, Wang Quingsongs The Night Revels of Lao Li alongside his China Mansion, Damien

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Hirsts early work but not the Benneton-advertisement-style return to painting in his 2005 exhibition The Elusive Truth! Tracey Emins Ive Got It All! and so on, through all the major survey exhibitions and the latest sales of contemporary art for record prices.5 Someone, soon, may baptize it contemporisma contraction, perhaps, of contemporary modernismor remodernismemphasizing its renovating, recursive characterto predictable scorn followed by eventual acceptance. In architecture, the parallel impulse has recovered an old label: late modern.6 Better, perhaps, not to name it: like all unspeciable but deeply desired values, it is more powerful when taken for granted.

Passages between Cultures The main action of Shirin Neshats 2001 video Passage consists of a group of white-shirted men carrying something, probably a body, across a north African/Middle Eastern desert (g. 4). Lacking symbols, hierarchy, and any evident ritual, their purposehowever urgent and relentless it might seem from the driving Philip Glass score that accompanies themis as ambiguous as the state of the body they bear. The video constantly intercuts to a group of women circled closely together, wailing loudly and beating at something unseen on the stony ground between them. In the penultimate scene, the men deliver their nearly invisible burden into the space cleared by the women. Just at that moment, a re breaks out and travels along a triangular stone wall. The camera pans to a young girl who, it suddenly seems, has been hiding there all along, a silent witness to something unfathomable. Equally, she may have been abruptly conjured into this role by the process itself. This work is typical of the kind of contemporary art that locates itself at the emotional core of a culture that seems to have nothing that is contemporary about it, yet it persists. Indeed, in parts of the world, it is ascendant. It is a culture that draws a worldly feminist artist (whose work tracks the inner worlds of exile, including the trenchant power of stereotypes) to its implacable dierencing between men and women as an experience of trauma. In contrast to Barneys baroque allegories, irony is irrelevant. Anachronism is relevant, but it is questioned. The very idea that one kind of culture, the modernizing ones, gets to decide that another is anachronistic is questioned (not least in Neshats activation of the aesthetics of Iranian lm). Before 9/11, in a number of powerful worksTurbulent
5. On this topic, see my Primacy, Convergence, Currency: Marketing Contemporary Art in the Conditions of Contemporaneity (parts 1 and 2), Art Papers 29 (MayJune 2005): 2227 and (JulyAug. 2005): 2227. 6. For a discussion of contemporary architecture parallel to that oered in this article see my The Architecture of Aftermath (Chicago, 2006).

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f i g u r e 4. Shirin Neshat, Passage. Production still from video. Shirin Neshat 2001. Photograph: Larry Barns. Courtesy Barbara Gladstone Gallery, New York.

(1998), Fervor (2000), and Rapture and Possessed (both 2001)Neshat showed that feudal structures not only persist in the cultures of the Middle East and northern Africa but also are present at the roots of all of our relationships. The last scene of Passage implies that death exists beyond gender division, as does the recurrence of life, however marked both may be by trauma. This is to show us something that is, at once, both incomprehensibly strange yet hauntingly familiar, without pretending (in however subtle or deferred ways) to possess the tools to resolve this tension in favor of one or another category of redemption. Art growing out of the complexities of contemporaneity cannot oer easy outs.7 Neshat came to prominence as a visual poet of the inscriptions of power, tradition, and institutionalized religion on the bodies of women in patriarchal cultures, notably in her photograph series The Women of Allah (1993 97). Iranian performance artist Ghazel approaches the same subjects, but from within a very dierent aesthetic. In her set of three videos, Me in 2000, 2001, 2002 (g. 5), she parodies both Islamic dress codes and the typical tropes of conceptual art by performing a number of nominated actions
7. See Shirin Neshat, ed. Lisa Corrin (exhibition catalog, Serpentine Gallery, London, and Wein Kunsthalle, Vienna, 2000), and Shirin Neshat, ed. Giorgio Verzotti (exhibition catalog, Charta and Castello di Rivoli Museo dArte, Milan, 30 Jan.5 May 2002). The complexities of Neshats situatedness are explored by Wendy Meryem K. Shaw, Ambiguity and Audience in the Films of Shirin Neshat, Third Text, no. 57 (Winter 20012): 4352.

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based on commonsense sentiments while dressed in her burka. In Everyone Dreams of Staying Young and Fresh, for example, she wraps her already fully clad body in food-preserving foil. This rather desperate hilarity stands in marked contrast to the portentous character of Neshats most recent epics, such as Tooba (2002) and Women without Men (2004). The contradictions in play here achieve explicitly public political dimensions in the work of many artists. In Ayanah Moors 2004 wall installation, Never.Ignorant.Gettin Goals.Accomplished., the words of the titlean exhortation much used in encouragement manuals, including those aimed at African Americans, seeking to promote the New Negroare juxtaposed with a mural-sized image taken from a magazine color photograph of Condoleezza Rice being kissed by President George W. Bush during the presentation of her as secretary of state (g. 6). Seen one way, the words and the image are in exact complementarity, ush with the self-evident realization of equal opportunity. This looks like what the televisual opportunity was intended to be: a resplendent advertisement for the American Dream. When, however, we read the words as marching on the image, and link left to right the rst letters of each word, the opposite meaning erupts. Establishment opportunism kicks us in the stomach and claws its way back in. The moral vacuity at the heart of the current administration stands naked, smirking and squirming, in the light. The illusion of simple equality is obliterated, irretrievably, by laying bare its circumstantial cost. Moor has recently taken an oath to reject further oers to show her work in exhibitions that are framed in terms of black American identity,including those devoted to interrogating its conditions and questioning its limits. This puts the entire trajectory of her work to date at risk. This depth of impa-

f i g u r e 5. Ghazel, Me in 2003. Video still, installation at Havana Biennale, 2003. Photograph: Miguel Rojas-Sotelo.

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f i g u r e 6. Ayanah Moor, Never.Ignorant.Gettin Goals.Accomplished. Installation, 2004. Courtesy of the artist.

tience with categorization is becoming more common and signals a shift beyond the framework in which Neshat, for example, continues to work. These comparisons bring us through and up to the current edges of the second wide-scale answer of what constitutes truly contemporary art: that which emerges from within the conditions of contemporaneity, including the remnants of the cultures of modernity and postmodernity, but which projects itself through and around these, as an art of that which actually is in the world, of what it is to be in the world, and of that which is to come. Its impulses are specic yet worldly, even multitudinous, inclusive yet oppositional and anti-institutional, concrete but also various, mobile, and open-ended. In 2002, after two decades in which it propelled the Biennale circuit, this kind of art swarmed the precincts of contemporary art, unmistakably and irretrievably, via the platforms of Documenta 11. For the rst time in a major international survey exhibition, art from second, third, and fourth worlds, and that concerned with trac between these and the rst world, took up most of the spaces and set the agenda. (One major recog-

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nition was that dividing the world into these worlds had been a ruinous enterprise and was failing.) Confused curatorial retreat and a erce rearguard actionfought in the name of the rights of the spectatorhas halted this advance, but for who knows how long?

Curators Stage the Debate The debate over Documenta 11 brought to the surface certain value antipathies that have been looming since around 1980 and have been at the baseline of artworld discourse for at least half a decade. Sometimes, when the grinding between them gets too hard, they appear in raw terms. Thus Kurt Varnedoe wrote, in 2000, locating the historical signicance of MoMAs collections of recent art as manifest in a series of millennial exhibitions prior to the museums closure for renovation:
There is an argument to be made that the revolutions that originally produced modern art, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, have not been concluded or supersededand thus that contemporary art today can be understood as the ongoing extension and revision of those founding innovations and debates. The collection of The Museum of Modern Art is, in a very real sense, that argument. Contemporary art is collected and presented at this Museum as part of modern artas belonging within, responding to, and expanding upon the framework of initiatives and challenges established by the earlier history of progressive art since the dawn of the twentieth century.8 Compare this conception of what was most at stake in millennial art exhibitions to that of another curator, Okwui Enwezor, introducing the platforms that constituted Documenta 11, of which he was artistic director. After a series of discussions, held in dierent cities throughout 2001, and covering such topics as Democracy Unrealized (Vienna and Berlin), Experiments with Truth: Transitional Justice and the Processes of Truth and Reconciliation (New Delhi), Creolite and Creolization (St. Lucia), and Under Siege: Four African Cities, Freetown, Johannesburg, Kinshasa, Lagos (Lagos), the exhibition opened in Kassel, Germany, in 2002. The collected result in the form of a series of volumes and exhibitions is placed at the dialectical intersection of contemporary art and culture. Such an intersection equally marks the limits out of which the postcolonial, post cold war, postideological, transnational, deterritorialized, diasporic, global
8. Kirk Varnedoe, Introduction, in Modern Contemporary: Art at MoMA since 1980, ed. Varnedoe, Paola Antonelli, and Joshua Siegel (exhibition catalog, MoMA, New York, 28 Sept. 200030 Jan. 2001), p. 12. For a critique of MoMAs millennial exhibitions, particularly Modernstarts: People. Places. Things., see Franco Moretti, MoMA2000: The Capitulation, New Left Review 4, 2d ser. (JulyAug. 2000): 98102.

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world has been written. This dialectical enterprise attempts to establish imaginative and concrete links within the various projects of modernity. Their impact, as well as their material and symbolic ordering, is woven through procedures of translation, interpretation, subversion, hybridization, creolization, displacement, and reassemblage. What emerges in this transformation in dierent parts of the world produces a critical ordering of intellectual and artistic networks of the globalizing world. The exhibition as a diagnostic toolbox actively seeks to stage the relationships, conjunctions, and disjunctions between dierent realities: between artists, institutions, disciplines, genres, generations, processes, forms, media, activities. In short, between identity and subjectication. Linking together the rst four platforms, the Kassel exhibition counterposed the supposed purity and autonomy of the art object against a rethinking of modernity based on ideas of transculturality and extraterritoriality. Thus, the exhibition project of the fth platform was less a receptacle of commodity objects than a container for a plurality of voices, a material reection on a series of disparate and interconnected actions and processes.9 Seeking a middle path between these two contending forcesone a tiring juggernaut, the other a swarming of attack vehicleshas become common. A recent Hamburger Kunstverein exhibition, Formalismus, was conceived, in the words of Berlin critic Diedrich Diederichsen, as a reexamination of the basic ideas of modernism in light of the very contemporary cognizance that every detail of presentation and production is already contaminated by specic histories.10 Translating this into art discursive polemics, this amounts to a rereading of residual modernist formalism through the repeating, remixing lens of relational aesthetics, in the not-so-secret hope of surprising with an object-focussed art more integral, more powerful than both popular, everyday-life recycling practices and a world choked with referentiality.11 Grounding one set of values, these days, usually means doing so in relation to other sets. Diederichsen understands the relationship between what I have described as the two big answers this way:
9. See Okwui Enwezor, The Black Box, in Documenta 11Platform 5: Exhibition (exhibition catalog, Kassel, 8 June15 Sept. 2002), p. 55. The exhibition has attracted much partisan comment, pro and con. More useful are questions such as those raised by Sylvester Okwunodu Ogbechie, Ordering the Universe: Documenta 11 and the Apotheosis of the Occidental Gaze, Art Journal 64 (Spring 2005): 8089. 10. Diedrich Diederichsen, Formalismus, Artforum 29 (Mar. 2005): 231. 11. Ibid. He alludes to Nicolas Bourriaud, Relational Aesthetics, trans. Simon Pleasance, Fronza Woods, and Mathieu Copeland (1998; Dijon, 2002) and Post-Production (New York, 2002), both discussed in Claire Bishop, Antagonism and Relational Aesthetics, October, no. 110 (Fall 2004): 5179.

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Theoretical ambitions notwithstanding, the exhibition oered a sophisticated overview of art today. The work provided an alternative to certain regressive and particularistic tendencies: on the one hand, the return to the normality of painting and spectacular images in keeping with the logic of the art market; on the other, the recourse to an art that is satised with constructing global networks of semi-politicized creative subcultures.12 From where he stands, both of the big answers are reductive options, and each is as empty as the other. To him, the only way forward is between them, via dialectical synthesis. His approach is certainly synthetic, but it is dialectical only in the simplest, static sense. A more complex sense of dialectical fury was a key to Enwezors conception of Documenta 11. For me, the dialectic is between three terms (only two of which I have set out so far) that are tied to each other, uncomfortably but of necessity, as contraries that are only partially synthesizable, that are highly generative but only as supplements of their mismatchingthat are, in a word, antinomies.

Problems and a Proposal A further step needs to be taken. While the two big picture approaches have an undeniably powerful currency and are accurate accounts as far as they go, neither of them fully addresses the changes in actual artistic practices that have, for arguably three decades now, marked out more and more artistic production as distinctively contemporaryas opposed to that which continues to be made in modernist, or even postmodern, modes. The contemporary art juggernaut operates primarily in terms of frameworksmanagerial, curatorial, corporate, historical, commercial, educationalimposed by art institutions, themselves a key part of a now pervasive, beguilingly distractive but at bottom hollow cultural industry. The guerrilla swarming of the others is marked by acknowledgment of the psychic, social, cultural, and political settings in which art is made, of the demands that these conditions make upon practice, and the extent to which they provide the content of much contemporary art and establish its circuitry of communication. (It will be obvious already that the second incorporates the rst; I separate them here to highlight an important tension within contemporary art, one to which I shall keep returning.) A third, and better, answer would be one in which the smaller-scale strategies listed in my opening paragraph, along with many others, are understood not as mere artworld stylistics but as symptoms of a limited number of powerful, shared tendencies that are themselves the outcome, not of a persistent modernist
12. Diederichsen, Formalismus, p. 231.

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formalism, but of the great changes of the 1960s and 1970s, the paradigm shifters internal to art itself, and those of a world reshaped by rapid decolonization and incipient globalization. This is the domain across which something strange, almost impossible, occurs, and has been occurring for decades. We might call it dialectical supplementarity or, better, antinomic exchange. It is just this quality, let me suggest, that infuses truly contemporary art and is the key to its contemporaneity. Before exploring this idea in any depth, some conceptual issues need to be cleared, some obvious objections met. On the face of it, calling the art of our day contemporary tells us nothing other than the banal fact that it is being made now. It is something that could have been said at any time, and, in the past at least, the contemporaneous qualities of an artwork however initially attractivewere usually the least interesting things about it. To periodize the ephemeral as contemporary art might be to repeat the mistake made when the same was done with modern art, only more so, because the word contemporaryin its ordinary usagesis even less resonant than the word modern. Contemporary art seems a vacuous placeholder, but for what? Is there something there that cannot name itselfor not yet? Or is it simply a fancy name for the most rened of those objects that serve spectacle society by inducing in their beholders the preferred state of attenuated distraction? Similarly, it is fair to ask, What is contemporaneity other than a pointer (empty as a signier, overfull as a signied) to whatever it is that is occurring in all of the world right now? How could such a term match, let alone supplant, modernity and postmodernity as a descriptor of the state of things? In logic, these objections fail because they could, themselves, be made at any time. They are posed, however, in more pragmatic realms: studios, desktops, galleries, marketplaces. The interesting question is whether or not there is something distinctive about the present conjunction of forces in such realms that attracts this kind of paradox. Donald Kuspit, for one, senses that there is. In a recent article on The Contemporary and the Historical he unleashes most of the standard objections against eorts to see structure in the present chaos, yet acknowledges that something has changed: There has always been more contemporary than historical artor, to put it more broadly, there has always been more contemporaneity than historicitybut this fact only became emphatically explicit in modernity. Art historys attempt to control contemporaneityand with that the temporal ow of art eventsby stripping certain art events of their idiosyncracy and incidentalness in the name of some absolute system of value, was overwhelmed by the abundance of contemporary art evi-

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dence that proposed alternative and often radically contrary ideas of value.13 He does not specify precisely when this change occurred, but his examples all have it being introduced in the 1960s, when the turbulent pluralism of modern art . . . increased exponentially in the postmodern situation (CH). He takes this to be the naturally, or at least historically, evolved state of contemporary art production, and so he attacks artists, critics, curators, and historians who would try to second-guess art history by preferring the happy few or One and Only truly and absolutely signicant artist (CH). The responsible role for criticism in this context is, he believes, to keep advancing a pluralism of critical interpretations of current, recent, and past art in order to keep it in contemporary play. For Kuspit, the power of the contemporary comes from the insecurity of being ephemeral, so that nominating particular artworks, or works by select artists, as todays art for the future is to reduce them to sterile homogeneityto kill o precisely that power to persist and to attract future critical interest (CH). In the current context, which he sees quite accurately as dominated, on the one hand, by a Malthusian overproduction of artists and, on the other, by the exclusivist superciality of extraordinary auction prices and media-sensationalist celebrity, any form of interpretive generalization will be self-defeating at best, at worst complicit. When this is put alongside the incommensurate particularity and radical incompleteness that is natural to the contemporary, the only option for criticism is, he believes, the making of an interpretive case for a particular arts interestingness by tracking its environmental development in the context of the observerinterpreters phenomenological articulation of his or her complex experience of it (CH). Criticism, then, not history. Or history as accreted criticism. Kuspit is right about the dangers of generalization in a situation where the shots are being called by inimical institutional, media, and market forces. But singularizing particularity, however shrouded in objections to the larger forces, is no solution. An engaged, implicated relativism is more dicult, but more responsible. Here is my proposal. I believe that the question, What is contemporary art now? requires a response consisting neither of discerning a middle path between two of the big answers sketched above nor of setting them into either/or confrontation. Rather, it involves taking the three answers together as each containing diering kinds, and degrees,
13. Donald Kuspit, The Contemporary and the Historical, Artnet, 13 Apr. 2005, www.artnet. com/Magazine/features/kuspit/kuspit4-14-05.asp; hereafter abbreviated CH. These views are given fuller treatment in Kuspit, The End of Art (New York, 2004).

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of present-making power. We should treat them as antinomiesthat is, as statements about reality that, when linked, are contradictions incapable of mutual resolution without the obliteration of all but one, yet each of which remains true in itself.14 We should recognize the energy of their profound contention. Every situation that is truly contemporary is an outcome of the friction between them. Working within but also against this general condition, art supplies provisional syntheses, provides pauses in the overall rush into the unsynthesizable, showing its ows as if in section or as glimpses frozen into objects intended for passersby, modelling the minutiae of the worlds processes as supplements deposited in their wake. These are the kinds of time that art is taking these days, this is how it uncovers images, these are the ways in which it arrives at made things, and why it sets up settings.15

Dislocation and Situatedness When I think of artists whose work has, over the past few years, tapped closest into the demands of contemporaneity, I recognize that all of them are committed to an art that turns on long-term, exemplary projects that discern the antinomies of the world as it is, that display the workings of globality and locality, and that imagine ways of living ethically within them: Turkey Tolson Tjuppurrulas painted meditations on peace, Rover Thomass ancient dreaming in the present, Emily Kngwarreyes withheld exposures of her earthworlds, Gordon Bennetts black/white Australian history paintings, the revelatory hoardings of Georges Adeagbo, Hans Haackes persistent criticality, the war architecture of Lebbeus Woods,
14. I thank Okwui Enwezor for reminding me of this relation; it was crucial to the conceptualization of the symposium Modernity and Contemporaneity: Antinomies of Art and Culture after the Twentieth Century, jointly convened by us with Nancy Condee and held at the University of Pittsburgh, 46 November 2004, in which many of the issues raised in this essay were canvassed. See Antinomies of Art and Culture: Modernity, Postmodernity and Contemporaneity, ed. Smith, Nancy Condee, and Enwezor (Durham, N.C., forthcoming). 15. As I write these lines, my minds eye passes across the street and through the rooms of the Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, where the fty-fourth Carnegie International was shown, November 2004 to March 2005. A number of works in that show display an urge to engage with contemporaneity in the ways I have just sketched. These include Kutlug Atamans Kuba (2004), Paul Chans Happiness (Finally) after 35,000 Years of Civilizationafter Henry Darger and Charles Fourier (20002003), Maurizio Cattelans Now (2004), Francis Alyss The Prophet (a series begun 1992), Araya Rasdjarmrearnsooks Reading Inaow for Female Corpse (2001), Fernando Bryces Revolucion (2004), a number of recent paintings by Neo Rausch, Harun Farockis Eye/Machine II (2002), Julie Mehretus Untitled (Stadia) (2004), Isa Genzhkens Empire/Vampire, Who Kills Death (2003), Rachael Harrisons Untitled (Perth Amboy) (2001), and Oliver Payne and Nick Relphs lm, Driftwood (1999). Carnegie International curator Laura Hoptman opted for art that, she felt, dealt with the Ultimates. . . . fundamentally human questions: the nature of life and death, the existence of God, the anatomy of belief (Laura Hoptman, The Essential Thirty-eight, The Fiftyfourth Carnegie International, ed. Hoptman [exhibition catalog, Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, 9 Oct. 200420 Mar. 2005], pp. 17, 35).

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Doris Salcedos registrations of enforced disappearance, Richard Pettibon, Tania Bruguera, and Jorge Macchi on the vicissitudes of public speech, Allan Sekulas tracking of global maritime ows, Mark Lombardis delicate diagrams of the criminality of international economies, Zoe Leonards records of economic place making, Fiona Halls meditations on cultural currency, Wenda Gus united nations project, Thomas Hirschhorns antimonuments, William Kentridge tapping his countrys racial unconscious, Chantal Ackerman charting border crossings, the arch commentary of the Atlas Group, the communal cultural work of groups such as Huit Fachette and Wochenkausur, Felix Gonzales-Torress reections on personal loss, Cindy Sherman, Shirin Neshat, Mona Hatoum, Ilona Nemeth, and Marlene Dumas guring the misshaping of women by societies, Isaac Julien the circuitry of desire, and Mary Kelly the traumas of motherhood, Jean-Pierre Bruyeres photographic and iCinema allegories of the lifeworlds of young children in the cities of the Congo, the masquerades of Tracey Moatt and Ayanah Moor aimed at subverting the racial identity categories imposed on them these are just some examples of signicant art being made all over the world. Accusations of sensationalism, esoteric irrelevance, and bad faith do not apply. It is an impressive body of work, and its growing. Nor would I wish to divide current practitioners into two camps, baldly opposed. While the contemporary artists listed earlier remain framed by the ruins of the modernist project, their work gains much of its subliminal power from an engagement, however ltered, with the demands of contemporaneity. Similarly, those artists just listed cannot avoid these same modernist ruins; the dierence is that they treat them as echoes, as hollow resonances, and get on with their search for an aesthetics and ethics that might be viable in the aftermath. There are, as well, many other artists who operate between these tendencies, not to resolve them, but to extend their premises outward: the plethora of artists museums, not least the Museum of Jurassic Technology, in Los Angeles, Rachael Whitereads cast voids, Richard Wilsons various installations of 20/50, Bill Violas eorts to reinspire spirituality, Ilya Kabakovs ideological memory capsules, the resonant photo tableaux of Tracey Moatt, Je Wall, and Bill Henson, the inventive recycling of Pierre Huyghe and Douglas Gordon among many others, Eduardo Kac and Patricia Piccininis startling evocations of cloning, Rirkrit Tiravanijas open invitations, the coy meditations on everyday life of Rivane Neuenschwander, the sharp parodies of the international art system by Andrea Fraser, Tanja Ostojic, and Martn Shastre, the chameleon public sphere politics of the Yes Men and increasing numbers of collectives, such as Bijari, contra le, and La Baulera. Slight gestures, feral strategies, mild subversions, small steps. To which

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purposes and in the names of which values? These questions can still be posed and be answered (although an extended consideration must be deferred). In brief, it seems to me that at least four themes course through the heterogeneity that is natural to contemporaneity. All of the artists mentioned, and the thousands more of whom they are representatives, focus their wide-ranging concerns on questions of time, place, mediation, and mood. They make visible our sense that these fundamental, familiar constituents of being are becoming, each day, steadily more strange. Nowadays, the list looks more like: (alter)temporality, (dis)location, transformativity within the hyperreal, and the altercation of aect/eectivity. Within this contemporaneity, they seek sustainable modes of survival, cooperation,and growth.

The Thickening of the Present In the ancient world, around the shores of the Mediterranean, the word modern (modernus) distinguished a mood, or mode, of fullness emergent in the otherwise ordinary passing of time and within the predictable unfolding of fashion (hodiernus, of today).16 This sense that the present could be pregnant with something special about itselfmanifest as a quality later called nownesspersisted until late medieval times, when contrast with what was seen to be the past, and then several past periods, became central to the meaning of modern. An early formulation was that of St. Augustine: There are three times: a present of things past, a present of things present; and a present of future things.17 In the expanded modern world, however, modern became the core of a set of terms that narrated the two-centuries-long formation of modernity in terms of novelty, pastness, and futurism, not least those of its denitive artistic currents, modern art and modernism, modern movement architecture and modern or contemporary design. Despite the vibrancy of these tendencies, the modern aged, as its time went on, until it became, in a paradox tolerated by most, historical. Indeed, it became the name of its own period, one that would, it was presumed, become increasingly modern, without end. Recently, however, in most ordinary usagein English and in
16. See Hans Robert Jauss, Modernity and Literary Tradition, trans. Christian Thorne, Critical Inquiry 31 (Winter 2005): 32964. 17. Augustine places this sense of time, that of the human soul, against Gods eternal time, and goes on to note that these three do somehow exist in the mind, for otherwise I do not see them: there is present of things past, memory; present of things present, sight; present of things future, expectation (Augustine, The Confessions of St. Augustine, trans. Hal M. Helms [Orleans, Mass., 1986], p. 246). I am indebted to Wolf Schafer, Global History and the Present Time, in Wiring Prometheus: Globalization, History, and Technology, ed. Peter Lyth and Helmut Trischler (Aarhus, Denmark, 2004), p. 103, for this reminder.

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some but not all other European languagesit has surrendered currency to the term contemporary and its cognates. St. Augustines accumulation of presents has returned, uncannily, to currency. For most of the twentieth century, and especially in the 1920s and the 1960s, when modernist attitudes prevailed, the word contemporary served, in art discourse as elsewhere, mainly as a default for modern. Boris Groys points out the main reason: Modern art is (or, rather, was) directed towards the future. Being modern means to live in a project, to practice a work in progress. Because of this permanent movement towards the future modern art tends to overlook, to forget the present, to reduce it to a permanently selfeacing moment of transition from past to future.18 Nevertheless, a number of the most engaged contemporary artists are redening what it means to live in a project and doing so in terms that acknowledge the power of the present. This shift has been occurring since the decline of modernism in the 1980s and has appeared in institutional namingof galleries, museums, auction house departments, academic courses, and textbook titleswhich, however, tend to use contemporary as a soft signier of current plurality. This change echoes a larger one. Modernity has not, for decades, been able to maintain its division of the world into those who live in modern times and those who, while physically present, were regarded as noncontemporaneous beings. In arguing that the global spread of information and the instantaneousness of its communication now means that the sociotemporal world order is changing in favor of contemporaneity for all, Wolf Schafer cites a passage from Cheikh Hamidou Kanes 1961 novel Ambiguous Adventure, an exchange between the father of a young Senegalese revolutionary and a French teacher: We have not had the same past, you and ourselves, but we shall have, strictly, the same future. The era of separate destinies has run its course. In that sense, the end of the world has indeed come for every one of us, because no one can any longer live by the simple carrying out of what he himself is.19 Increased opportunity of access has not, of course, meant equality of outcomeon the contrarynor has it meant (contrary to early fears about

18. Boris Groys, Topology of Contemporary Art, in Antinomies of Art and Culture. 19. Quoted in Schafer, Global History and the Present Time, p. 120.

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globalization) homogeneity of choices. During the period of modernitys dominance, the downside of what used to be called cultural imperialism was a kind of ethnic cleansing carried out by the displacement of unmodern peoples into past, slower, or frozen time. In a mediascape characterized by such contrary forces as instant communication of key decisions by political leaders and the capacity to demonstrate against them within the same news cycle, the power to force everyone forward in broadly the same direction has been lost. In many parts of the world, consciousness is concerned with taking many steps, fast, not from the old to the new but vice versa. Multiple temporalities are the rule these days, and their conceptions of historical development move in multifarious directions. Against this broad tide, fundamentalisms move in just one direction, implacably. In these conicted circumstances, any appellation that ties a current world description entirely to modernity, in however conditional a manner, and however decked out with a modied version of postmodernity, will miss as much of the main point as do the fundamentalisms. Are we at a threshold of large-scale meaning change, yet again? If so, it is one that has built its gateway around us through indirection and as an outcome of quite other great changes: the reduction of modernity to the only remaining superpower, the evaporation of postmodernism as a onegeneration wonder, and the isolation of postmodernity as a fate of the West (or, at least, of many parts and elements of it), but not the world. Nor does postmodernity explain enough of what is happening in what remains of the West as the world migrates to it, everyone changing as they come and go. In these circumstances, it might be time to grasp a more supple set of ways of being in time now and to shift to another set of terms. There is such a set, lying close by.

Regarding Contemporaneity The word contemporary has always meant more than just the plain and passing present. Its etymology, we can now see, is as rich as that of modern. The term contemporary calibrates a number of distinct but related ways of being in or with time, even of being in and out of time at the same time. Indeed, for a while, during the seventeenth century in England, it seemed that cotemporary might overtake it to express this strange currency. The current edition of the Oxford English Dictionary gives four major meanings. They are all relational, turning on prepositions, on being placed to, from, at, or during time. There is the strong sense of belonging to the same time, age, or period, the coincidental having existed or lived from the same date, equal in age, coeval, and the adventitious occurring at the same moment of time, or during the same period; occupying the same denite period,

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contemporaneous, simultaneous. In each of these meanings there is a distinctive sense of presentness, of being in the present, of beings who are (that are) present to each other, and to the time they happen to be in. Of course, these kinds of relationships have occurred at all times in the historical past, do so now, and will do so in the future. The second and third meanings make this clear, whereas the rst points to the phenomenon of two or more people, events, ideas, or things belonging to the same historical time. Yet, even here, while the connectedness is stronger, while the phenomena may have some sense of being joined by their contemporaneousness, they may equally well do so, as it were, separately, standing alongside yet apart from each other, existing in simple simultaneity. They may also subsist in a complex awareness that, given human dierence, their contemporaries may not stand in relation to time as they do. Finally, given the diversity of present experiences of temporality, they may feel themselves as standing, in important senses, at once within and against the times. It is the OEDs fourth denition of contemporary that brings persons, things, ideas, and time together under a one-directional banner: Modern; of or characteristic of the present period; especially up-to-date, ultramodern; specically designating art of a markedly avant-garde quality, or furniture, building, decoration, etc. having modern characteristics. In this denition, the two words have nally exchanged their core meaning: the contemporary has become the new modern. We are, following this logic, out of the modern age, or era, and in that of the contemporary. To leap to such a conclusion would be to miss an essential quality of contemporaneousness: its immediacy, its presentness, its instantaneity, its prioritizing of the moment over the time, the instant over the epoch, of direct experience of multiplicitous complexity over the singular simplicity of distanced reection. It is the pregnant present of the original meaning of modern, but without its subsequent contract with the future. If we were to generalize this quality (of course, against its grain) as a key to world picturing, we would see its constituent features manifest there to the virtual exclusion of other explanations. We would see, then, that contemporaneity consists precisely in the constant experience of radical disjunctures of perception, mismatching ways of seeing and valuing the same world, in the actual coincidence of asynchronous temporalities, in the jostling contingency of various cultural and social multiplicities, all thrown together in ways that highlight the fast-growing inequalities within and between them. This certainly looks like the world as it is now. No longer does it feel like our time because our cannot stretch to encompass its contrariness. Nor, indeed, is it a time because if the modern were inclined above all to dene itself as a period, and sort the past into periods, in contemporaneity periodization is

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impossible.20 This suggests that the only potentially permanent thing about this state of aairs is that its impermanence may last forever. The present may become eternal, not in a state of wrought transguration, as Baudelaire had hoped, but as a kind of incessant incipience, of the kind theorized by Jacques Derrida as lavenir, as perpetual advent, that which is, while impossible to foresee or predict, to come.21 Multeity, altertemporality, and inequity are not only the most striking features on any short list of the qualities of contemporaneity; they are at its volatile core. Unlike Baudelaires famous markers of modernite, they are not the symptoms of a deeper stability or an entry point to its achievement.22 In the aftermath of modernity and the passing of the postmodern, they may be all that there is. This is why there is no longer any overarching explanatory totality that accurately accumulates and convincingly accounts for these proliferating dierences. The particular, it seems, is now general and, perhaps, forever shall be. Following my reservation about Kuspits conclusion, this is not a recommendation for stand-alone, singularizing particularism; rather, it is an appeal for radical particularism to work with and against radical generalization, to treat all the elements in the mix as antinomies. Global historians continue to do us great service by tracking the trajectories of large forces that unfold through lengthy durations. These include the social and ecological elementslocalized, metropolitan, and cosmopolitanof the successively expanding human web described, for example, by the McNeills.23 Yet it is equally important to weave into these accounts recognition of the less visible workings of what de Landa names matterenergy.24 Yet a paradoxical outcome of recent long-term historical explanations is their unusual degree of uncertainty with regard to the im20. This responds to one of the dilemmas posed by Fredric Jameson, A Singular Modernity: An Essay on the Ontology of the Present (London, 2002). 21. A key concept in Derridas later work, the most relevant texts here being Jacques Derrida, Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International, trans. Peggy Kamuf (Chicago, 1994) and the interview following 9/11, Autoimmunity: Real and Symbolic Suicides, trans. Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas, in Philosophy in a Time of Terror: Dialogues with Jurgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida, ed. Giovanna Borradori (Chicago, 2003). 22. Baudelaires famous formulationLa modernite, cest le transitoire, le fugitif, le contingent, la moitie de lart, dont lautre moitie est leternel et limmuable (By modernity I mean the ephemeral, the fugitive, the contingent, the half of art whose other half is the eternal and the immutable)appears in Charles Baudelaire, The Painter of Modern Life (1864), The Painter of Modern Life and Other Essays, trans. Jonathan Mayne (London, 1964), p. 12. 23. See J. R. McNeill and William H. McNeill, The Human Web (New York, 2003), esp. the introduction and chap. 8. 24. Manuel de Landa, A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History (New York, 2000), p. 21; see also pp. 22774.

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mediate future. While belief in the persistence through the present of ongoing formations is widespread, the forms in which that might occur seem less predictable. Obsession with the past and concern about the complexities of the present have tended to thicken our awareness of it at the expense of expectations about the future. Social geographers such as Jared Diamond alert us to the prospect that societies based on guns, germs, and steel are on the verge of immanent collapse if they continue to maintain present modes of thought and organization.25 As Schafer (rather blandly) puts it, coming to terms with the complexity of the present time, which results from the massive parallelism of cultural contemporaneities, is obviously one of the great challenges.26

New World Disarray In public discourse, master narratives persist and continue to promise everything from continuing modernizing progressfreedom and democracy are the watchwords of U.S. expansion into the Middle Eastto the return of spiritual leaders under the banner, for example, of jihad. Certainly the commanding, beguiling power of these simplications buildsfollowings in larger and larger numbers. But their partiality inevitably means that they do so in ways that divide each bloc of believers more and more from the others, with the net eect that they not only cast out unbelievers but undermine their own future triumph. In the hearts of their spiritual leaders, there is a dawning sense that world domination by any one set of views is impossible in human aairs, that not even their fundamentalism is applicable to all humankind, that the others will, mostly, remain Other. This sense underlies, and deeply threatens, the homogenizing thrusts of certain kinds of economic globalization, obliging it to adapt to local circumstances. It also renders provisional, and often gestural, the appeals to universal rights that have been for decades an available language for negotiation between competing interests. New forms of translation need to be found for channelling the worlds friction. Dierences that are as profound as these do not lie side by side, peacefully, nor do they sit up separately in some static array awaiting our inspection. They are actively implicated in each other, all over the place, all the time, just as every one of us lives in them, always. Their interaction is a major work of the world, of the world on us and us on the world. We are, all of us, thoroughly embedded inside these processes. Too many of them are violently bent on the erasure of the other. Some, however, seek recon25. See Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York, 2003) and Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York, 2005). 26. Schafer, Global History and the Present Time, p. 110.

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ciliation within a framework of respect for dierence. The Australian Contemporary Aboriginal Art movement, for example, is signicantly driven by this impulse.27 All of these elements were present in events such as the 9/11 attacks on various U.S. icons of military and economic poweran incomplete event with continuing eects in all spheres of life.28 While the language of universals remains current, it always arises in concrete particulars and increasingly in the form of frictional encounters.29 Other recent events indicate profound realignments of modernitys great formations, as well as the emergence of what may be new ones. Among these: 9/11 as an attack within an ideological war, as a ssuring of the iconomy, and as an occasion to reimpose social constraints within ostensible democracies; the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq; the uncertain prospect of a U.S. emperium; the question of European polity, internally and externally; the implosive fallout of the second world and the reemergence of authoritarianism within it; in the ex-Soviet peripheries, the suddenness of unReal states and of the apparent extension of Europe; continuing conicts in the Middle East, Central Europe, Africa, and the Pacic; the revival of leftist governments in South America; the deadly inadequacy of tribalism versus modernization as models for decolonization; the crisis of postWorld War II international institutions as political and economic mediators (UN, IMF, World Bank); the accelerating concentration of wealth in a few countries and within those countries its concentration in the few; ecological time bombs everywhere and the looming threat of societal collapse; the ubiquity and diversication of specular culture; the concentration and narrowing of media versus the spread of the internet; contradictions within and between regulated and coercive economies and deregulated and criminal ones; the coexistence of multiple economies and cultures within singular state formations (most prominently, now, China); the proliferation of protest movements and alternative networks; and the distinctively dierent models of appropriate artistic practice, foregrounded in major survey exhibitions, such as Documenta 11 of 2002 and the ftieth Venice Biennale in 2003, and in the subsequent disarray among curators and critics. Classic conceptions of modernity and modernism, postmodernity and postmodernismto say nothing of the implied bonds between social formation and artistic practice carried by these termscannot be stretched and patched to carry this degree of spinout. And the discursive division of world art into ocial brands
27. I argue this in Aboriginality and Postmodernity: Parallel Lives, the concluding chapter of Smith, Transformations in Australian Art, 2 vols. (Sydney, 2002), 2:14467. 28. Osama bin Laden, interview with Hamid Mir, The Observer, 11 Nov. 2001, p. 3. 29. See Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection (Princeton, N.J., 2005).

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issued from the power centers and the struggling multiplicity emergent from everywhere else cannot do so either. The rich complexities of contemporaneity have set the worlds agenda since the end of the cold war, creating a nearly universal condition of permanent-seeming aftermathGround Zero everywhere. Yet sprinkled amidst the recursion to past and fantastical styles of security we have seen, in the artworks highlighted here, more and more insights into adaptable modes of active resistance and hopeful persistence. Just over thirty years ago I described the international art system as still centered, however precariously and debilitatingly, on the New York artworld.30 It is inspiring, now, to be able to see that this system, however much it strives to concentrate its power, has been transformed by a larger network of widely dispersed and variously connected sources of creative coping. A less salutary, and even more challenging, aspect of contemporaneity is the world (dis)order in which this productivity subsists.

30. See Smith, The Provincialism Problem, Artforum 13 (Sept. 1974): 5459.