C1 IDIOT GUIDE

GEOMETRY
Distance between 2 points d = ( x1 x2 ) 2 + ( y1 y2 )2 x +x y +y Midpoint ( 1 2 , 1 2 ) 2 2 y2 y1 Gradient m = x2 x1 The equation of a straight line y y1 = m( x x1 ) Two lines are perpendicular if mm / = 1

GRAPHS
y = x n n is positive and even
4

n is positive and odd

4 3 2

y
y

n and odd
2

4 3 2 1

y
1

is negative and even

x
1 2

x
2 1 1 2 3 4 1 2

n is negative

4 3 2 1

x
2 4 6
3 2 1

2
2 1

x
1 1 2 3 4 2 3

1 2 3

x
1 2

y= x

INEQUALITIES
Solving (x-a)(x-b) < or > 0. Draw a diagram of y=(x-a)(x-b) < 0 values of x where the graph is below the x axis > 0 values of x where the graph is above the x axis Do not forget that x 2 graphs have sad faces

QUADRATICS

Completing the square

2 ax 2 + bx + c = a ( x +

b c x+ ) a a b b2 c = a (( x + ) 2 2 + ) 2a 4a a

Learn the method not the formula! b b 2 4ac The discriminant is b 2 4ac 2a b 2 4ac < 0 no roots b 2 4ac = 0 1 root b 2 4ac > 0 2 roots x= y = a ( x b) 2 + c vertex at (b,c)

DIFFERENTIATION
y = xn dy = nx n 1 dx

dy dx The normal is perpendicular to the tangent The gradient of a tangent is dy =0 dx d2y Maximum turning point <0 dx 2 d2y Minimum turning point >0 dx 2 At a turning point dy >0 dx dy <0 y is decreasing as x is increasing dx y is increasing as x is increasing

CIRCLES
The equation is of the form ( x a ) 2 + ( y b)2 = r 2 .The circle has radius r and centre (a,b). If it is not in this form you can complete the square twice so that it is. The radius and tangent are perpendicular to each other. To find the gradient of the tangent, find the gradient of the radius first.

INDICES
x m x n = x m +n

x m x n = x m n ( x m ) n = x mn x0 = 1 1 xn = n x 1 n xn = x x n = n xm
m

TRANSFORMATIONS
y=f(x) y = f(x - a) y = f(x) + a y = f(-x) y = -f(x) y = f(ax) y = af(x) a translation 0 0 translation a reflection in the y-axis reflection in the x-axis 1 stretch scale factor in the x direction a stretch scale factor a in the y direction

SURDS
ab = a b Rationalising the denominator A A a b = a+ b a+ b a b