The topics which are mainly useful in daily life

are :
• Commercial Mathematics
• Algebra
• Statistics
• Calculus
• Number Theory
• Graph Theory
• Geometry
• Mechanics
 Commercial Mathematics
This include the following topics
• Discount
• Banking
• Foreign Exchange
• Stock and Share
• Arithmetic ( Profit & Loss, Percentage, Ratio
and Proposition , Time problems)
Discount : Reduction from the full amount of a price .
The following are the six types of discounts which we see are
• Simple Discount. Offer a price reduction on a product by a
percentage. For example, buy a shirt and receive 25 % off the original
price.
• Minimum Purchase Discount. Offer a price reduction on a minimum
quantity purchase. For example, buy two shirts and receive 20 % off
each shirt.
• Buy N, Get one Free. Offer a free gift with a minimum quantity
purchase. For example, buy two shirts and receive a third shirt for
free.
• Paired Discount. Offer a price reduction on a product if another
product is purchased. For example, buy a shirt and receive Rs.10 off a
pair of jeans.
• Paired Set Discount. Offer a price reduction on an item if a certain
quantity of another item is purchased. For example, buy three shirts
and receive 30 % off a pair of jeans.
• Order Discount. Offer a price reduction or free shipping on the order
total, if a certain amount is purchased. For example, buy Rs. 5000
worth of merchandise, and receive 10 % off the total order.
Banking : A system of trading in money which
involved safeguarding deposits and making funds
available for borrowers.

* What is the use of mathematics in Banking ?

• Bank is full of transactions. In turn the transaction is
nothing but mathematics
• Banks are also involved in stocks and bonds. Bond
calculations are mathematical. Stock options are
also quite mathematical.
Foreign Exchange market:
The foreign exchange (currency)
market refers to the market for
currencies. Transactions in this
market typically involve one
party purchasing a quantity of
one currency in exchange for
paying a quantity of another.

* What are the rate of

exchange of currencies of
different counties w.r.t.
indian currencies ?
Stock and Share :In business and finance, a share
(also referred to as equity share) of stock means a
share of ownership in a corporation (company). In the
plural, stocks is often used as a synonym for shares
• A stock is at a premium ( above par) , at par or at a
discount (below par ) according as its market value
is greater than , equal to or less than the face value .
• Generally stocks are sold and purchased through
brokers. The amount paid to them in selling and
purchasing stocks are called Brokerage.
so , C.P. = M.V. + Brokerage
Arithmetic ( Profit & Loss, Percentage, Ratio and
Proposition , Time related problems):The word refers
to a branch of mathematics which records elementary
properties of certain operations on numbers

• Arithmetic operations:
• The traditional arithmetic operations are addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division, although
more advanced operations (such as manipulations of
percentages, square root, exponentiation, and
logarithmic functions) are also sometimes included
in this subject.
Algebra : It is a branch of mathematics concerning the study of structure,
relation, and quantity.
• Classification :Algebra may be divided into the following categories:
• Elementary algebra, in which the properties of operations on the
real number system are recorded using symbols as "place holders" to
denote constants and variables, and the rules governing
mathematical expressions and equations involving these symbols are
studied
• Abstract algebra, sometimes also called modern algebra, in which
algebraic structures such as groups, rings and fields are axiomatically
defined and investigated.
• Linear algebra, in which the specific properties of vector spaces are
studied (including matrices);
• Universal algebra, in which properties common to all algebraic
structures are studied.
• Algebraic number theory, in which the properties of numbers are
studied through algebraic systems. Number theory inspired much of
the original abstraction in algebra.
• Algebraic geometry in its algebraic aspect.
• Algebraic combinatorics, in which abstract algebraic methods are
How algebra is useful in daily life ?
 Suppose , we are to appoint a person for some domestic
purpose .We give him two option for salary per month as :
(2) Rs. 25 daily
(3) Rs.5 for the first day and keep on increasing Rs. 2 to the
pervious days for the next day
Which option will be better for him ?
(2) option is better:
As in the (1) option he will get only 25 × 30 = Rs. 750
And in the (2) option he will get = 5 +7+9 +...+ upto 30 terms

= Rs. 1020. ( sum of 30 terms of A.P.)

Statistics: It is a mathematical science pertaining to the
collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and
presentation of data. Also with prediction and
forecasting based on data.
• Statistics form a key basis tool in business and
manufacturing as well. It is used to understand
measurement systems variability, control processes
for summarizing data, and to make data-driven
decisions. In these roles, it is a key tool, and perhaps
the only reliable tool.
• Some fields of inquiry use applied statistics so
extensively that they have specialized terminology.
These disciplines include:
• Actuarial science
• Applied information economics
• Biostatistics
• Business statistics
• Data mining
• Engineering statistics
• Environmental Statistics
• Epidemiology
• Geography and Geographic Information Systems,
• Psychological statistics
• Quality
• Social statistics
• Statistical literacy
• Statistical modeling
• Statistical surveys
• Chemometrics (for analysis of data from chemistry)
• Structured data analysis (statistics)
• Statistics in various sports, particularly baseball and cricket
 How the concept of mean, mode and median is
used in daily life ?
• A shopkeeper, selling shirts, keeps more stock of
that size of shirt which has more sale. Here the size
of that shirt is the mode among other .
• If in a tour, the total money spent by10 students is
Rs. 500. Then the average money spent by each
student is Rs. 50. Here Rs. 50 is the mean.
• If you have 25 people lined up next to each other by
age, the median age will be the age of the person in
the very middle. Here the age of the middle person
is the median.
Calculus: It is the study of change, in the same way
that geometry is the study of space. It includes the
study of limits, derivatives, integrals, and
infinite series.
• Calculus has widespread applications in science and
engineering and is used to solve problems for which
algebra alone is insufficient. Calculus builds on
algebra, trigonometry, and analytic geometry and
includes two major branches, differential calculus
and integral calculus, that are related by the
fundamental theorem of calculus.
 How is Integral and differential calculus useful
in daily life ?
• Integration is used to find areas of figures which
are not geometric. Suppose you spill water on the
floor and want to find out what area the water has
covered, you can do so by integration. What it does
is that it breaks up the non-geometric shape into a
number of tiny geometric shapes. It then calculates
the area of each of the tiny figures and adds them
up. This of course gives only an approximation to
the actual area
• Let us consider the movement of a car on a
highway. Here we can clearly visualize that if
the highway is clear the driver would look
forward to increase the speed to an optimum
level after which he will drive with the same
speed. With the help of calculus we can easily
estimate the car's acceleration if we know the
initial speed and the speed when he settled.
Acceleration is therefore defined as the first
order derivative of velocity, which in turn is
the first order derivative of displacement.
 Number Theory :Number theory is the branch
of pure mathematics concerned with the
properties of numbers in general, and integers.
• The term "arithmetic" is also used to refer to number theory
but Number theory used to be called the higher arithmetic .
• The Social Insurance Number (SIN) was created in 1964 to
serve as a client account number in the administration of the
Canada Pension Plan and Canada's varied employment
insurance programs. In 1967, what is now Canada Revenue
Agency (CRA) started using the SIN for tax reporting
purposes.
• Number theory is used in Cryptography (study of hiding
information) for creating codes for ATM/Credit cards.
Graph Theory: graph theory is the study of graphs:
mathematical structures used to model pairwise
relations between objects from a certain collection. A
"graph" in this context refers to a collection of vertices
or 'nodes' and a collection of edges that connect pairs
of vertices.
• A problem in graph theory requiring the most
efficient (i.e., least total distance)
Hamiltonian circuit a salesman can take through
each of cities. No general method of solution is
known, and the problem is NP-hard. Solution to the
traveling salesman problem is implemented as
Traveling Salesman.
• The arrow marked path is the best path to
follow by the travelling sale man to cover all
the cities without going back to any city again
Geometry: It a part of mathematics concerned with
questions of size, shape, and relative position of
figures and with properties of space.
• How Is Geometry Used In Our Daily Life?
• Geometry is especially useful in home building or
improvement projects. If you want to find the floor area of a
house, you use geometry. This information is useful for
laying carpet or tiles and for telling an estate agent how big
your house is when you want to put it on the market. If you
want to reupholster a piece of furniture, you have to
estimate the amount of fabric you need by calculating the
surface area of the furniture.
Mechanics : It is concerned with the behaviour of
physical bodies when subjected to forces or
displacements, and the subsequent effect of the bodies
on their environment.

• Covering a long horizontal distance while making a

long jump , the angle of elevation should be 45°.
• Riding a bicycle round and round a globe, head
downward.