Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Carrying out an organized inquiry is called Research 2. Logical reasoning process used in research is important to - Draw inferences 3. Research really begins when the researcher experiences Confusion 4. Observable experience in research is also called as _ Empirical evidence 5. The assignment of numbers to represent properties is a definition related to - Measurement 6. Stability means - Consistency 7. Construct validity will be developed by the researcher based on _ Theoretical reasoning 8. When ranks are assigned to objects based on their properties or characteristics then the level of measurement is described as Ordinal measurement 9. Delhis temperature in the last 2 days was less than 10 degrees compared to Chandigarhs which was 12 degrees. This kind of study uses which level of measurement? Interval 10. Testing of hypothesis means to tell whether or not the hypothesis seems to be valid. 11.From which of these a research problem could be identified? Advertisements 12. When the respondent is given enough time and opportunity to answer questions given in a questionnaire, then such type of questionnaire is called as - Unstructured 13. LS design This is used in agricultural research. 14. F tests and t tests are used in which level of measurement? Interval 15. Collecting sample units in a hit and miss style is applicable in which of the following sampling methods? Convenience sampling 16. Formularize research is also called as Exploratory research 17. In ANOVA, V stands for - Variance 18. A distribution of respondents based on their age group is represented in what type of frequency distribution table? One-way table 19. Length, weight and height are considered as - Physical characteristics 20. The most commonly used statistical average is - Arithmetic average 21. When petrol price is increased, inflation rate is expected to rise - this could be an example depicting Cause and effect relationship 22. Coefficient of correlation is indicated by the letter - r 23. These are the examples of secondary data - Statistical survey reports, Government publications, trade journals 24. When there is correlation between any 2 variable then it is Simple correlation 25. To calculate ---- data should be arranged according to ascending order. Median 26. Since Mail surveys are more impersonal they provide more anonymity 27. Who introduced standard deviation in statistics? Karl Pearson 28. __ Data is readily available. Secondary 29.When the characteristic of a measurement level is having no order or distance or origin, then it is ____________ level of measurement. Nominal 30. How many quartiles are there? 3 31. A value which is most repeated in a distribution is Mode 1
71) Identify the true and false statements regarding Observation method 1. Observation method poses difficulties in understanding events. 2. It is slow and expensive process that needs constant technological inputs. 3. Observer has to be present at the scene of the event when it takes place. 4. Observer has to wait for the event to happen and be able to tell where and when exactly it takes place. B. 1 is true and 2, 3, 4 is false 72) identify the correct and incorrect rules for graphical representation of data from the following 1. Title of the chart should be placed below it. 2. Each curve or bar should be numbered. 3. Only grey shades to be used in case of more curves or bars 4. They should precede the textual content 5. Measurements should be indicated from left to right in a horizontal line 6. For vertical lines, measurements should be from top to bottom. A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 is incorrect 73) In a research study, it was revealed that 40% of students did not use the learning resources provided to them while another 28% complained that they didnt get adequate resources. Based on these results, the researcher cannot assume that remaining 32% dont care to use the resources or its availability. What would be the responsibility of the researcher in this situation? D. Find out the actual opinions and views of the 32% of students 74) What are the requisites of a good and successful presentation? 1. Communicate to a specific audience 2. Communicate to all respondents 2. Structure the presentation 3. Advertise research expertise 4 Be elaborate on the research complexities 5 Address validity and reliability issues 4
5.
5. There are two dimensions of reliability stability and equivalence or nonvariability. 6. Reliability can be improved in three ways 7. 1) By reducing the external sources of variation. This in turn can be achieved by standardizing the conditions under which measurement is carried out, by employing trained investigators and by providing standard instructions. 2) By making the measuring instrument more consistent internally, through an analysis of the different items 3) By adding more number of items to the measuring instrument, in order to increase the probability of more accurate measurement. 8. Research is concerned with the measurement of objects. F 9. A persons emotions may be directly observed. F 6
6. In case we take the significance level at 5%, then this implies that H0 will be rejected when the sampling result (i.e., observed evidence) has a less than 0.05 probability of occurring if H0 is true. 7.
8. A two-tailed test rejects the null hypothesis if, say, the sample mean is significantly higher or lower than the hypnotized value of the mean of the population. 9. A one-tailed test would be used when we are to 10.test, say, whether the population mean in either lower than or higher than some hypothesized value. 11. The factors that affect the level of significance are: a. The magnitude of the difference between sample ; b. The size of the sample; 8
Unit: 5 1. Jahoda and Destsch and Cook describe, A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. 2. Extraneous variable: The independent variables which are not directly related to the purpose of the study but affect the dependent variable are known as extraneous variables. 3. Confounded relationship: The relationship between dependent and independent variables is said to be confounded by an extraneous variable, when the dependent variable is not free from its effects. 4. Treatments: Treatments are referred to the different conditions to which the experimental and control groups are subject to. In the example considered, the two treatments are the parents with regular earnings and those with no regular earnings. 5. There are a number of crucial research choices, various writers advance different classification schemes, some of which are: 1. Experimental, historical and inferential designs (American Marketing Association). 2. Exploratory, descriptive and causal designs (Selltiz, Jahoda, Deutsch and Cook). 3. Experimental and expost fact (Kerlinger) 4. Historical method, and case and clinical studies (Goode and Scates) 5. Sample surveys, field studies, experiments in field settings, and laboratory experiments (Festinger and Katz) 9
11
15
1. 2.
6.
Unit: 11 Greatest drawback of interview method is that it is costly both in money and time. T Greatest value of the interview method is the depth and detail of information that can be secured. T 3. The interviewer cannot do more to improve the percentage of responses and the quality information received than other method. F 4. One limitation of interview method is that it is not possible for interviewer to use special scoring devices, visual materials and the like in order to improve the quality of interviewing. F 5. Match the following a. Advantages of group interview: Respondents comment freely and in detail b. Disadvantages of group interview: Group can be interviewed in the time required for one personal interview. c. Difficult to get representative sample : Possibility of a group being dominated by one individual The interview does not require preparation and preplanning. F 7. The interviewer should find out the general daily routine of the respondents in order to determine the suitable timings for interview. T
16
11. 12.
17.
19.
32.
19
5.1 1 5.2
Age
Occupation
27.The transcription of data can be used to summarize and arrange the data in compact form for further analysis. The process is called tabulation. 28.Manual Tabulation
29.Computerized tabulation is easy with the help of software packages. 30.Frequency tables provide a shorthand summary of data. 20
32.Central tendency of the data is measured by statistical averages. Averages are classified into two groups. 1. Mathematical averages 2. Positional averages 30. Merits of Median 1. Median is easy to calculate and simple to understand. 2. When the data is very large median is the most convenient measure of central tendency. 3. Median is useful finding average for data with open-ended classes. 4. The median distributes the values of the data equally to either side of the median. 5. Median is not influenced by the extreme values present in the data. 6. Value of the median can be graphically determined. Demerits of Median To calculate median, data should be arranged according to ascending order. This is tedious when the number of items in a series is numerous. Since the value of median is determined by observation, it is not a true representative of all the values. Median is not amenable to further algebraic treatment. The value of median is affected by sampling fluctuation.
33.Mode Mode is the most repeating value of a distribution. When one item repeats more number of times than other or when two items repeat equal number of times, mode is ill defined. Under such case, mode is calculated by the formula (3 median 2 mean). Mode is a widely used measure of central tendency in business. We speak of model wage which is the wage earned by most of the workers. Model shoe size is the mostly demanded shoe. 34.Merits of Mode 21
35.Demerits of Mode 1. It is difficult to calculate mode when one item repeats more number of times than others. 2. Mode is not capable of further algebraic treatment. 3. Mode is not based on all the items of the series. 4. Mode is not rigidly defined. There are several formulae for calculating mode. 33. Dispersion is the tendency of the individual values in a distribution to spread away from the average. 34. Dispersion is a statistical measure, which understands the degree of variation of items from the average. 35. Properties of a Good Measure of Dispersion A good measure of dispersion should be simple to understand. 1. It should be easy to calculate 2. It should be rigidly defined 3. It should be based on all the values of a distribution 4. It should be amenable to further statistical and algebraic treatment. 5. It should have sampling stability 6. It should not be unduly affected by extreme values. 36. Measures of Dispersion 1. Range 2. Quartile deviation 3. Mean deviation 4. Standard deviation 5. Lorenz curve 36.Lorenz curve is a graphical measure of dispersion. 37.Quartile deviation is defined as inter quartile range 38.
39. Merits of Quartile Deviation 1. Quartile Deviation is superior to range as a rough measure of dispersion. 2. It has a special merit in measuring dispersion in open-ended series. 3. Quartile Deviation is not affected by extreme values. 40. Demerits of Quartile Deviation 1. Quartile Deviation ignores the first 25% of the distribution below Q1 and 25% of the distribution above the Q3 22
46. According to L.R. Connor, if two or more quantities vary in sympathy so that movements in the one tend to be accompanied by corresponding movements in the other(s) they are said to be correlated. W.I. King defined Correlation means that between two series or groups of data, there exists some casual connection. 47. Types of Correlation Analysis Correlation can be: Positive or negative Linear or non-linear Simple, multiple or partial 48. Non-linear is called curvilinear correlation because graph of such correlation results in a curve. 49. scatter diagram: This is a graphical method of studying correlation between two variables. If the trend is downward sloping, correlation is negative.
50. PROBABLE ERROR: If the coefficient of correlation is less than Probable Error it will not be significant. If the coefficient of correlation r is more than six times the Probable Error, correlation is definitely significant. If Probable Error is 0.5 or more, it is generally considered as significant. Probable Error is estimated by the following formula. 23
24
2.
3.
4. 5.
EXTRA 1. Answer: 80 2.
5.
Answer: 11.235 6. 28
9. ANSWER: Q1 = 120, Q3 = 160 Q D: 20; CQD: .0714 10. ANSWER: Q1= 33.33; Q3= 69.33 QD= 18; CQD=.3505 11. ANSWER: Mean=20; MD=10.1 CMD=.505 12. ANSWER: AM=28.8; MD=10.332 29
16.
30