This question paper consists of 5 printed pages,

(including the formula sheet)

each of which is identified by the Code Number CIVE 140001 Formula Sheet attached

© UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS
May/June 2007

Examination for the degree of

BEng/ MEng
Civil Engineering

FLUID MECHANICS

Time allowed: 2 hours

Attempt 4 questions

1 Describe the growth of the boundary layer for flow over a flat plate. Include in your
description explanations the laminar boundary layer, the turbulent boundary layer and the
laminar sub-layer.
(15 marks)

Describe with the aid of diagrams explaining why and when Boundary layer separation
occurs.
(5 marks)

Describe some methods to prevent boundary layer separation.

(5 marks)

2 a) A vertical pipe is carrying water flowing downwards at a rate of 20 litres/s. The pipe has a
diameter pipe of 0.15m at point A and gets narrower over a distance of 2.5m to point B. It is
required that pressure a point B is 22000 N/m2 greater than that at point A. Calculate using
the Bernoulli equation what the diameter of the pipe must be at point B to give the required
pressure. Ignore all losses.
[17 marks]

b) If a U-tube manometer is containing mercury of relative density 13.6 is attached to points

A and B sketch the arrangement showing how the levels in the two sides of the U-tube
differ and calculate the approximate value of this difference in metres.
[8 marks]

1 End of Paper
3.a

A h2

h1

Figure 1

Considering the U-tube manometer shown in figure 1 and assuming atmospheric pressure
is 101.33kN/m2, if the absolute pressure at A is 250 kN/m2 and h1 = 1.5 what will be the
level difference h2?

The fluid density ρ = 1000 kg/m3 and manometric fluid density ρman = 13600 kg/m3
(9 marks)

3.b A tank that is rectangular in plan with side length 1.5m and 2.5m is filled with oil to a
depth of 2.0 m. If the density of the oil is 800kg / m 3 , find the resultant force and its point
of action on each wall.
(9 marks)

3.c Water is flowing from a horizontal nozzle into the atmosphere at 10m/s. The diameter of
the pipe feeding the nozzle is 90mm and the nozzle has a diameter of 20mm at its exit. Find
the pressure just upstream of the nozzle.
(7 marks)

4 Water flows along a circular pipe and is turned in the horizontal plane through 180° by a
expanding bend as shown in figure 1. The rate of flow in the pipe is 20 litres/s, the
pressure measured at the exit to the bend is 20 kN/m2. What is the magnitude and direction
of the force exerted by the fluid on the bend? Ignore any friction losses.
(25 marks)

220mm

P = 20kN/m 2
350mm

Figure 1

2 End of Paper
 5 A horizontal pipe feeds a tank with water as shown in figure 3. At the end of the pipe is a
circular gate of diameter 0.6m which is hinged at it top and is 1m below the surface of
the level in the tank. Calculate:

a) The resultant force on the gate due to the water on the tank.
b) The position of the resultant force
c) The moment required to open the gate
[21 marks]

If the water level were to rise how would this affect the position of the resultant force.
[4 marks]

hinge tank
1m O
45 0.6m
pipe

gate

Figure 3

6. (a) Starting with the Bernoulli and Continuity equations, show that the following
expression gives the discharge measured by a venturimeter which has a manometer
attached to measure pressure.

⎛ρ ⎞
2 gh⎜⎜ man − 1⎟⎟
Qactual = C d A1 A2 ⎝ ρ ⎠
A1 − A2
2 2

[7 marks]

(b) Water is flowing in a pipe network as shown in figure 4. It flows along pipe A to the
junction then splits in to three pipes B, C and D whose diameters are 50, 100 and
150mm respectively. If the velocity of flow in pipe A is 1m/s and the velocity
measured in pipe D is 0.5m/s and 10% of the total flow passes along pipe B and 20%
along pipe C, then calculate the diameter of pipe A and the flow and velocity in each
pipe. Present your solutions in a table.
[12 marks]

If the upstream end of pipe A is at 100m what is the height that the junction should be
at to ensure that the pressure there is 100 kN/m2 less than the pressure at the upstream
end of pipe A
[6 marks]

Pipe A
Pipe B

Junction Pipe C

Pipe D

Figure 4
3 End of Paper
 FORMULA SHEET

du μ
τ =μ ν= p = ρgh
dy ρ
I oo
R = ρgz A R = pressure at centroid × Sc =
area Ax

I oo = I GG + Ax 2 Q = Au = A1u1 = A2u 2 p1 u12 p2 u22

+ + z1 = + + z2 + h f
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g

u = 2 g (h2 − h1 ) 32μLu
2 gh( ρ m − ρ ) hf =
u1 = ρgd 2
ρ

H
⎛ρ ⎞ Q = Cd Ao 2 gh Qtheoretical = 2 g ∫ bh1 / 2 dh
2 gh⎜⎜ man − 1⎟⎟
Qactual = C d A1 A2 ⎝ ρ ⎠ 0

A1 − A2
2 2

⎡ p − p2 ⎤ 2 8 ⎛θ ⎞
2g ⎢ 1 + z1 − z 2 ⎥ Q = Cd B 2g H 3/ 2 Q = Cd 2 g tan⎜ ⎟ H 5 / 2
⎣ ρg ⎦ 3 15 ⎝2⎠
Qactual = C d A1 A2
A1 − A2
2 2

ρud Δp πd 4
FT = FR + FB + FP Re = Q=
μ L 128μ

bd 3 πR 4
F =Qρ (u 2 − u1 ) Rectangle: I GG = Circle: I GG =
12 4

4 End of Paper