A guide for writing

For students of secondary School

Collected and chosen by :Mr.Aribi

Belhrech Said Secondary school Djelfa-

January2012

Belhrech Said Secondary school Djelfa-

It seems that most of our students fear writing or they do not care about it for some reasons. Even in exams writing is on 5 to 6 points ; some of them do not write at all , others copy only the text or the questions while others do not write correctly. I hope this guide will serve to encourage them to write and improve their productions .
1WRITING A PARAGRAPH

Here are some tips to help you write a paragraph: 1- Do always write a topic sentence that gives an idea about what the paragraph is about. 2-Give supporting details i.e. ( explain the idea given in the topic sentence then add examples, statistics, factsto clarify your idea) 3-Use linking words to connect your sentences and to make your style look more beautiful. (do never forget that you are going to be penalized for not using enough liking words i.e. less marks) 4- When you have finished, read your paragraph through and try to correct the mistakes you may have made in punctuation, spelling and grammar and so on. 2WRITING A COMPOSITION

These are steps you should follow in order to write a composition: 1- Understand the topic and circle the questions / ideas they want you to write about. 2- Collect ideas (if you have problems with English, write them in Arabic, or French ). 3- organize your ideas and plan your writing ( topic sentence, supporting details). 4- Write the first draft. 5- Revise the first draft ( the form, then punctuation. After that go to the verbs and check your tenses.) 6-Write your final draft.

These words are usually found in the topics given in the exam paper: argue Present the case for and against compare Look for similarities and differences discuss Consider all the sides of the problem. define Bring out the meaning summarize Describe without details, in a short way. illustrate Make clear with examples
WRITTEN EXPRESSION

You always have a choice between two topics. The topics are linked to the reading passage. One of them is even in a very close relation with it. *Dont write something too long or something too short. *Respect the number of words/lines you are asked to write. *Pay attention to the way the subject is presented: Is it a question? Does it begin with Why? If so, you should understand that it is a justification: you are going to write perhaps about reasons and causes. If it begins with What do you think of ...? It means you are going to develop an opinion sustained by arguments. *You are asked to write a composition. You may decide to write just one paragraph. When writing your paragraph, do not forget the key idea. Do not forget to use relevant linking words. If you decide to write more than one paragraph (two or three short ones), do not forget that you must write an introduction (one or two lines) and a conclusion (one or two lines). *Two things are essential: A written composition should be legible and interesting. The presentation and the handwriting are very important.

Paragraph 01

How parents can help children succeed in school ?

Parents can help their children be successful in school by encouraging them. Children usually enjoy playing games instead of studying. Therefore, parents should take the responsibility to monitor their studying. They should also remind their children to do their homework at home after school. Moreover, parents can encourage them to study by buying story books with pictures, or they can buy text books or tapes that help children learn to spell or read. The best way to encourage children to study efficiently is to reward them when they get an A. As a child, I experienced this. My parents gave me a gift when I got A in my math lesson. I was very excited. As result, if parents really want their children to succeed in school, they need to pay attention to their childrens studies and encourage them.

Paragraph 02

The educational systems of Europe and the United States.

The educational systems of Europe and the United States are similar in a number of ways. To begin with, elementary school classes look the same everywhere: There are about twenty to twenty-two pupils per class, and the classes are coeducational*. Also, there is one teacher for all subjects for each grade (except in Scandinavia), and the majority of elementary school teachers are women. In addition, the subjects which are taught at the elementary level are basically the same everywhere: reading and writing, mathematics, introductions to the sciences, music, sports, and art. The only major difference in the elementary curriculum* is that most Europeans study a foreign language in elementary school, but most American children do not. Coeducational: attended by members of both sexes.

Paragraph 03

What are the causes of school dropping?

Education is necessary for the individual to avoid illiteracy, it also participates in the society's development , however , a lot of student lease school at an early age what are the reasons and effects of this phenomenon? Poverty is the first cause in fact, when the parent are poor they prefer to send only boys to school, but sometimes the boys too have to leave school to find a job ad help there family divorce make children neglect and leave school. the long distant from school, especially in the countryside. all this facts and others lead to a catastrophic situation, in fact these young people easily become jobless and useless in society, they my find job with a low salaries, therefore when they found a family their children too can't go school and become illiterate too. I personally believe that we must fight this phenomenon as soon as possible, to reduce the number of illiterate, the mass media must also sensitize of the dangerous of this phenomenon.

paragraph 04 Why do children leave school?: Write an article to your school magazine showing some of the
reasons and the effects of this problem. One of the biggest issues that some families encounter is their children's dropping out of school. This is due to many reasons. First, most children who live in rural areas can't attend school regularly because it is situated far away from where they live. Their parents also need them to help with the housework. Another reason is that poor families can't afford to provide their children with all what they need for school, as books and school things are getting expensive. The problem is also due to family problems and divorce. Children can't study when parents often have rows. In cities, small children leave school early to go out to work and support their deprived families. As a result, these poor kids get lost in the world of adults. Some become addicted to smoking and drugs. Others turn to crime. Generally speaking, they are victims of circumstances and are, thus, often imprisoned.

Paragraph 05

Advantages of TV Commercial

Ads on television give consumers a lot of information. They let consumers know what products look like, how much they cost, and where they are available. For example, a Toyota dealer wants to sell the Toyota Camry. The dealers ads will show the new Camry over and over again and tell the consumer that the Camry has power windows, six cylinders, and so on. In addition, the ads may compare the Camry with the Mercedes. They may say that the Camry runs as well as the Mercedes but the Camrys price is much cheaper. The ads may also tell where to buy the Camry. When consumers see these ads, they think about all this information about the Camry. Then they can decide if it is the car they want.

Paragraph06

Humour how importance is humour to us?

I think that the best things to relief from stress is to watch some sitcoms or hear something funny like jokes person should develop his sense of humor and he should be cool , Comic and optimistic, because some expert of mental .health have noted that we can't imagine going through a day without laughter. Humor will make every part of your life better. It will help you trough difficult times and it will help you make the good times even letter, also it will attract good people and good situations to you. Paragraph07 Working children: why do children work? Child labour is one of the problems that many countries face, there are various causes that drive children to work some of them drop out of school in order to help their poor or sick parents others have to work because they are orphans. In addiction some parents are ignorant they think education is a waste of time. Working children face a tough life; in factories and mines they work in bad conditions no fresh air, long hours they may be injured by machines they are also deprived of education and childhood. Paragraph 08: Imagine that you are vegetarian , why eating meat is bad?
Eating meat is a bad idea. It would be much better for you and the environment to give it up and become a vegetarian. In the first place, it is cruel. You wouldnt eat cats or dogs and yet you kill and eat cows and sheep. Secondly, meat is not particularly good for you. It is full of saturated fats that lead to heart disease. Finally, meat eating is extravagant. It takes more food to feed the animals than we need to eat. If everyone in the world became a vegetarian there would be no starvation because there would be enough food to go around. There are a number of reasons why eating meat is a bad idea. It is cruel, it is unhealthy and it is extravagant. We should all become vegetarians.

Paragraph 09: some people think that children should have the choice to go or not for school .Do you agree? Going to school is a waste of time. Childhood is too important a time to spend in school. In the first place, no one asks children if they want to go. Since they spend so much time in school it is only fair that they should be consulted. Secondly, very little of what they learn is useful. By the time children grow up and are earning a living, they will have forgotten most of what they have learned in school. Finally, experts admit that children learn more by doing things than by sitting and listening. Children would learn more by just going outside and getting on with life. There are a number of reasons why going to school is a waste of time. Children havent been asked if they want to go, most of what they learn in school isnt very useful and they would learn more by going out and doing things. Going to school should be voluntary. Paragraph 10 : What do you think about smoking ? I believe that smoking is bad for you. It is important to give up but it is even better not to have started at all. One reason for my thinking this is that it is unhealthy. Smokers suffer a range of diseases from lung cancer to high blood pressure. Another reason is that its very expensive. Regular smokers can spend up to 1,500 a year just on buying cigarettes. A final reason is that smoking is very unattractive. Smokers clothes smell of smoke and it gives them bad breath. There are a number of reasons why smoking is bad for you. It is unhealthy, it is expensive and it makes you unattractive. Dont even think of starting! Paragraph 11 : Do you think that buying a car is a good idea ? Buying a car of your own is not a good idea. If you need to get about it makes much more sense to use public transport. There are already too many cars on the road. If people continue to buy cars at the rate they are doing at the moment, within the next fifty years we will run out of roads to put them on. Driving cars is dangerous. Car accidents are one of the biggest causes of death in Britain today. Owning a car is very expensive. If you didnt use a car you could probably use buses, trains and even taxis and still save money. There are several reasons why buying a car is not a good idea. There are too many cars on the road already, they are dangerous and expensive. It would be a better idea to save your money and use public transport.

Paragraph 12: Is eating sweets between meal harmful ? Eating sweets between meals should be banned. There are much healthier foods that children would enjoy if they got used to them. Eating sweets is unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you spots and makes you fat. Furthermore eating sweets between meals spoils your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are already half full up and end up wasting good food. Another reason is that children eating sweets drop the sweet wrappers. This leaves a lot of litter around and spoils the environment. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, they spoil your appetite for meals and they produce lots of litter. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off eating fruits. Essay 1 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Businesses should do anything they can to make a
profit. Use specific reasons and examples to support your position.

I do not agree with the statement that businesses should do anything they can to make a profit. I state my opinion on the following points. First of all, every company must have its moral code. It means that a company should treat its clients properly and respect their rights. Of course a company may lose a part of its profit but security of its clients must be on the first place. Otherwise, clients will switch to another company and never be back. For instance, a few years ago "Jonson&Jonson" produced a new type of painkillers. Unfortunately, this product was not tested properly. As a result of this many people died and received injures. The president of the company made a crucial decision to call back all painkillers from all distributors and pay to all injured customers for their treatment. It cost a lot of money for the company but it saved its image and clients. It was a very difficult decision, but the president of the company understood that it would cost him even more in the future because he would not be able to return clients' respect. Loosing customers means for a company loosing its profit. Second of all, in order to succeed in the modern world companies have to compete with each other. Many companies lose their profit decreasing prices on their products. They do not aspire for extra profit but for clients' satisfaction. Companies do it because they want their products sold and their customers satisfied. They offer discounts, free delivery, free service, free Internet access, good return service, etc. All these are done to make their old customers happy and attract new clients. To sum up, I think a company, which the only goal is profit will not succeed nowadays. Otherwise, companies that respect their clients and want to see them satisfied will make a fortune. Essay2 :Corruption is a worldwide phenomenon which is fundamentally due to the lack of ethical behaviors. So, how can we root out such a serious problem that is still threatening our economy and society? First of all, I believe that making a reform starts by changing thoughts rather than behaviors, in other words: people in general and workers in particular should be sensitized about the seriousness of corruption, furthermore, I suggest including a subject of "good manners" or "ethical behaviors" in educational systems in order to prepare a honest workers for the future of our country. Secondly, there're various circumstances that provoke corruption, take for example the lack of anticorruption associations which are the most important element that can participate in fighting corruption. So, such associations should be encouraged by the government in order to disclose the activities of criminal organizations and corrupt workers. Thirdly, there're several forms of corruption, the most spread one is bribery, and one could argue that bribery can be sometimes a necessity rather than a form of corruption, let me give you an example: in order to have my passport, I'll be obliged to bribe the functionary in order to obtain quickly my passport, because it takes several weeks even months to make a passport, this is what do we call bureaucracy which is the worst aspect of the administration. I affirm that some practical resolutions must be taken in order to eradicate this problem that is causing bribery. In short, fighting bribery is not only the duty of government, nor is it only the duty of anti-corruption associations; it's also the duty of every honest citizen who wants to participate in building his country.

Essay 3 :A letter of Complaint you bout a PC from a computer store but it does not performed well write a letter of complaint to the manager of this store .
Dear Sir or Madam On 23 d of April this year I bought an HP pentuim4 computer with the serial 410 workstation at your computer store. Unfortunately, your computer has not performed well because it keeps shutting itself down and the keyboard remains inactive. I am disappointed because the product does not work properly. To resolve the problem, I would appreciate that you send someone to help repair the above mentioned computer or else be sent my money back. Enclosed are copies of the guarantee, as well as the computer bill price. I look forward to your reply and a resolution to my problem, and will wait until the end of this week before seeking help from a consumer protection agency or the Better Business Bureau. Please contact me at the above address or by phone at home. Sincerely Yours, Senders name

Essay4 : Write a composition of about 100 words about the causes of child labour in the world. Child labor is one of the biggest issues around the world because it puts children in danger, it deprives them of an education, it is widespread and it's often hidden or invisible especially in agriculture, big industries and mines especially in poor countries. Child labor is morally intolerable. It exists because it is the best response people can come up with to unacceptable circumstances. It is usually very dangerous because it involves of a child? future well being. One of the other reasons child labor exists it is because an associated reduction in investment in the child? human capital that occurs mostly because child labor interferes with education. The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimated approximately 250 million children between the ages of five and fourteen. Child labor appeared in earlier ages in agricultures societies, but during the Industrial Revolution of the 18th. Child labor first appeared with the development of domestic systems. It was generally performed in England, America, and other countries. Essay5: Children should never be educated at home by their parents. Do you agree or disagree? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this. Nobody can say with confidence that children should be taught at home or at any children's institutions. There are many different children and every one demand of education suitable only for him. But for most of children the best way of learning the life is being in the children's institutions. Nobody would argue that contacts between children of the same age are very important for bringing your child up. Such a contact is very important for playing, entertaining and learning living with other people. The harmonious living with other people, to my mind, is the first task for any man. Lack of this harmony sets problems and troubles. The children need space to run and make noise, to jump and cry. Do you or your neighbours allow these actions for your child? If you live in town, it is difficult to find a safe place to play. Kindergartens give such a possibility. They give space, a lot of toys and constructions for physical exercises. So, if you have bad living conditions, the kindergarten is the best way for you. But if you have a large family with many children and enough space, you may keep your child at home. You should be sure that the child feels, dressed and comfortable. His brothers and sisters give him necessary contacts. It's noticed long ago that children in big families are much more easy-tempered and calm. They are located in more harmonic world than others. In general, I am a follower of the theory of keeping children in adapted places such as good kindergartens. But keeping children in such a place can't replace family and home. Only together they make harmonic and beautiful union.

Essay6 : A letter of advice : imagine you are an agony aunt and write a letter of advice to a student who can not cope with stress because of fear of the final exam.
Dear Miserable, Im very sorry to hear that you are having difficulty coping with stress and anxiety, due to the forthcoming final examination. I more than sympathise with your being depressed. Let me tell you however that taking a few commonsense steps would restore confidence and cheerfulness in you. I think you are working too hard, and not taking enough time for breaks. Do you know that cramming and doing exercises endlessly produce more anxiety in you? Thats why you dont feel you have time to spare for your friends, and to enjoy some of the pleasures of life you are entitled to. So, as I said, you should relax and sleep regularly, meanwhile leaving your brain to process the hardest points of lessons and activities. You should go out for walks or practise some sport everyday to help you relax. You ought not to worry constantly about the time when your exam occurs, because you would lose your concentration on the appointed day. Think that after all, you have reached a good level of competence, and that you have Enough strategies at this stage to decide how to organise your work. Let me tell you again that when the exam comes, always start with the things you can do easily and leave time for the most tricky parts. Im sure that when the time comes, you will be able to overcome your stress and perform quite successfully. I wish you all the best. Aunt Hillary

Essay7 : Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Man, through the ages, has undergone any changes from the time when he had to haunt for food to these days when he has to buy it. Some people prefer to buy fresh vegetables, meat and fruits and prepare food at home. However, other people prefer to skip that step with cooking and have dinner at a restaurant. I think that both of these choices have some advantages and disadvantages. Bellow I will give some reasons to support my answer. Personally, I do not like fast food. So, my choice is always between a restaurant and my home. First of all, I would like to say that cooking is a great tradition. It helps people to relax, reflect on some pleasant moments while peeling or cutting the vegetables. It is a means of eliminating one's stress and tension. Second of all, sometimes I do not want to have something too complicated for my dinner. I just want to have light food like a salad and a glass of milk. So, one of the reasons why I like to eat at home is because I can have what I want at this moment. One greater thing about eating at home is that I can sit in front of the TV and watch an interesting program or a movie. Finally, having dinner at home allows a family communicates with each other, be closer and share some good and bad moments that happened earlier that day. Besides, eating at home is a great way to save some money. As for restaurants, I see some positive aspects about eating there too. First of all, I sometimes get tired from peeling, cutting, washing, frying, etc. It does not mean I do it a lot. Sometimes I just use the microwave and a preprocessed food that I bought earlier. I want to have something more delicious than I have in my refrigerator, something that is time-consuming to prepare at home. So, for me it is a good reason to go to a restaurant. There one may meet old friends or just has a great time listening to music and tasting some delicious meats. Also, restaurants are a good place to celebrate something. One does not have to prepare food for all friends who are coming, wash dish, put in order all that mess after the party, etc. In conclusion, I think that it does not important where one has one's dinner. What important is that it must be full and nutritious.

Essay 8 : The number of overweight children in developed countries is increasing. Some people think this is due to problems such as the growing number of fast food outlets. Others believe that parents are to blame for not looking after their children's health.To what extent do you agree with these views? There is plenty of evidence to suggest that children are overweight and the situation is getting worse, according to the medical experts. I feel there are a number of reasons for this. Some people blame the fact that we are surrounded by shops selling unhealthy, fatty foods such as chips and fried chicken, at low prices. This has created a whole generation of adults who have never cooked a meal for themselves. If there were fewer of these restaurants, then children would not be tempted to buy take-away food. There is another argument that blames the parents for allowing their children to become overweight. I tend to agree with this view, because good eating habits begin early in life, long before children start to visit fast food outlets. If children are given chips and chocolate rather than nourishing food, or are always allowed to choose what they eat, they will go for the sweet and salty foods every time, and this will carry on throughout their lives. There is a third factor, however, which contributes to the situation. Children these days take very little exercise. They do not walk to school. When they get home, they sit in front of the television or their computers and play video games. Not only is this an unhealthy pastime, it also gives them time to eat more junk food. What they need is to go outside and play active games or sport. The two views discussed play an equal role in contributing to the problem, but I think we have to encourage young people to be more active, as well as steering them away from fast food outlets and bad eating habits. We need to have a balanced approach Essay 9: Some people say that advertising encourages us to buy things that we really do not need. Others say that advertisements tell us about new products that may improve our lives. Which viewpoint do you agree with? The purpose of advertising is to tell the consumer about any new product or service or any new promotion on the existing product and service. We need it so we can make good decisions when we go shopping. Advertising tells us when new and improved products become available and lets us know which ones have the best price. Through advertising we learn about new products. For example, many grocery stores now sell prepackaged lunches.These are very convenient for busy parents. They can give these lunches to their children to take to school. Busy parents dont have time to look at every item on the store shelf, so without advertising they might not know about such a convenient new product. Even products we are familiar with may be improved, and advertising lets us know about this. Most people use cell phones, but new types of cell phone service become available all the time. There are different plans that give you more hours to talk on the phone, you can send text messages and photos, and next week probably some even newer type of service will be available. By watching advertisements on TV it is easy to find out about new improvements to all kinds of products. Advertisements keep us informed about prices. Prices change all the time, but everyone can look at the ads in the newspaper and see what the latest prices are. Advertisements also inform us about sales. In fact, some people buy the newspaper only in order to check the prices and plan their weekly shopping. Advertisements improve our lives by keeping us informed about the latest products developments and the best prices. Advertisements serve a useful purpose.

Practice : Your turn to write on the following topic :

1-Use the following notes to write a short paragraph of about 120 to 180 words on the following topic. Most of the ancient civilizations fell because of some reasons: wars drought natural disasters ... 2-Compared with your ancestors life style, yours has changed in different ways. Write a paragraph of 120 to 180 words telling about the changes that have occurred in your life style. 3-In what ways can the study of ancient civilisations help human beings in their present life? The following notes can be used to help you: learning - strengths of a nation- causes of collapse of any civilization - avoid mistakes of past nations - build a strong nation and keep it strong. 4-Write a composition explaining in what way today s civilizations are different from those of the past. 5-A cheating lawyer is talking to a fake goods businessman, write the conversation using the following notes: Fake product not real brand cheap on customers - not bothered showing off threaten business of real brands- business is business- unemployment- social problems- illegal- taxes- child labour- working conditionssocial responsibility. 6- As an African child, you are chosen by the UNICEF to tell the world about childrens harsh life in most African countries. What would you say in your speech? 7- You bought a genuine expensive pair of sport shoes. Later, you discovered that it was a counterfeit product. You went to see the shopkeeper and had a discussion with him/ her. Imagine the conversation. 8- To make your classmates aware of fake products, write a notice showing the bad effects of counterfeit products and try to advise them not to buy this kind of products. 9-What should be done to stop children from working? 10- In some countries like China and India, many kids have to work to help their poor parents. Using the following notes, write a short essay on this problem. Causes Poor families /orphan children / jobless parents / Failure at school / Consequences Illiteracy / poverty / working at an early age /Exploited to the extreme/

11Write an e-mail to a pen pal telling him/her about the Algerian secondary schooling and your studies. Use the following hints. Short greeting and introduction of the e-mail topic Tell about Algerian schooling in general Difference from primary to middle schooling Subjects studied in high schools Baccalaureate exam (how and when it takes place, how long it lasts, tested subjects) Short conclusion and salutation 12Education should be a preparation for life. Do you agree with the writer? Write a short paragraph illustrating your opinion. Say if you are satisfied with the kind of education you are receiving. If not, what are the reforms you can bring to make it better? 13Your school English-language magazine is running a series entitled Education Today. You have been asked to write a 100-word article about home-schooling. The editor has asked you to: - give your article an interesting title - briefly summarize the way children learn - comment on the positive and negative aspects of home-schooling - conclude by saying if home-schooling is more interesting than regular schools and what the prospects of home-schooling are. 14Do you want to study in a state public or private school? State the reasons of your choice. 15How would you like to see schools in the future and what would be important in your ideal school? Use the notes below and write a paragraph. There would be rules, but they would guide us not confine us. There would be punishments but these punishments would matter to the student. In the school I d like / In stead of authority 16Some people say that money is the root of all evil . To what extent do you agree with them ?

17You attended a lecture about education in India. Below are your notes. Use them to summarize the lecture to your classmates. Education in India Independence: Aug. 15, 1947 Primary schools 12,843 colleges 636 univ.17 Literacy 14% Total education expenditure: 570 million rupees Edu. Census 1996 600,000 primary schools Literacy for age groups 6-11: 94% 211 univ. 7000 colleges 3.5 million students Overall literacy: 52.11% Education expenditure 200,000 million rupees 18You have bought a product that was advertised on TV. When you arrived home you realised the advertisement had deceived you. Write a letter of complaint to the company manufacturing this product showing differences between what was advertised and reality. 19People are suffering from many diseases due to food. Obesity is one of these health problems. In your opinion, why are there so many overweight people, nowadays. Give some reasons to justify your answer. You can use the following notes: lack of physical exercise - we dont walk, take transport or taxi for very short distances - we eat too much and badly - instead of cooking - we prefer junk food.. 20Do you sometimes go to fast food restaurants? Say what you like or dont like about them explaining why. 21The next decades are likely to bring about radical changes in our life styles. Fast food and junk food are invading our houses. In a short paragraph, say why this happens and what consequences of such changes are. 22Write a short composition on the following : People prefer to buy organic food rather than GMFs (genetically modified food).Discuss. -No pesticide residues Advertising Healthier Less damaging Harmful Diseases. 23You are a member of the latest NASA space mission. Many people urge you to exploit the money allotted to space exploration in helping the poor countries and developing education in the world. Use the notes below to write a speech in which you convince them about the importance of space exploration. Help / developing new technologies. / Solving further problems / overpopulation / pollution Predicting catastrophes / natural disasters / Space engineering / deviating collisions 24Do you think that life exists on other planets? Do you believe in extraterrestrials? Are you afraid of them? Use the following notes to write a paragraph of about (60 words) A lot of books show this fascinating idea scientific probabilities that there is life on other planets is very low. To be scared/ not scared - come face to face with a green creature - or witness some strange phenomenon. 25Some people think that it is better to spend the money allotted to a space program on education; medical research and social problems. What do you think? 26: Suppose extra-terrestrials invaded us or came to live on earth ,what would our life be like? 27Using the following notes, write a composition of about 100 words comparing the planet Earth and the other planets. Start like this: Unlike the other planets, our planet Earth . Strategic location / Classified as the third planet/ Neither far nor close to the sun Suitable gravity/ Oxygen availability, plants, trees, animals and people / Convenient to live in 28You have just heard that a friend of yours has just divorced. Write a letter to him expressing your deepest sympathy. 29You want to give a piece of advice to your friend in order not to be manipulated by advertisements. - Write a conversation about the advantages and disadvantages of advertisements. 30Write a short paragraph about how you understand feelings and emotions. 31Write a letter of complaint to a travel agency about its bad services during your holiday. Use the following notes: Advertisement : - beautiful hotel - double room with balcony in front of the sea varied and fresh meals - relaxing activities: sports, music , visits,. What you have found: - dirty hotel single room in front of the market poor quality of food absence of activities.

HELPER WORDS
COMPARE AND CONTRAST PARAGRAPH
In a compare and contrast paragraph, you write about the similarities and differences between two or more people, places, things, or ideas. The following words can help you to write a good compare and contrast paragraph: SIMILARITIES is similar to both also too as well DIFFERENCES On the other hand however but in contrast differs from while unlike

SIMILARITIES
is similar to Both Also Too as well Example: Example: Example: Example: Example: Spring weather in Algeria is similar to spring weather in Italy. Both Tibaza and Djelfa have rain in the spring. Setif also has a rainy spring season. Algiers has a rainy spring season, too. As well, Blida has rainy spring season. Example: Example: Example: Example: Example: Example: On the other hand, winter is much colder in Van. However, winter is much colder in Erzurum. Ankara has a mild winter, but Erzurum has a cold one. In contrast to Ankara, Erzurum has a cold winter. Erzurum differs from Van by having a cold winter. While Ankara has a mild winter, Erzurum has a cold winter.

DIFFERENCES
on the other hand However But in contrast to differs from While

CLASSIFICATION PARAGRAPH
When writing a classification paragraph, you group things or ideas into specific categories. The following words can help you to write a good classification paragraph: Helper Words: is a kind of can be divided into is a type of falls under belongs to is a part of fits into is grouped with is related to is associated with is a kind of can be divided into is a type of falls under belongs to is a part of fits into is grouped with is related to is associated with Coal is a kind of non-renewable resource. Energy resources can be divided into two types. Coal is a type of non-renewable resource. Coal falls under the category of non-renewable resources. Coal belongs to the category of non-renewable resources. Coal is a part of the category of non-renewable resources. Coal fits into the category of non-renewable resources. Coal is grouped with non-renewable resources. Coal is related to other non-renewable resources. Coal is associated with other non-renewable resources.

CHOICE / OPINION PARAGRAPH

In a paragraph where you have to make a choice, you need to choose which object, idea, or action that you prefer. Often, you will need to give your opinion on a choice of actions or events. The following words can help you to write a good choice paragraph: Point of View in my opinion belief idea understanding I think that I consider I believe it seems to me I prefer Personal Opinion like/dislike hope feel

Asking for an opinion What do you think about? How do you feel about? Do you think? What about? How about? Where do you stand on? In your opinion?

Agreeing I (completely) agree with you. Youre absolutely right. Yes, thats right. Thats what I think/feel, too. I think so, too. Youre spot on.

Disagreeing I couldnt agree more. Im not sure I see it that way. (Im afraid) I dont agree. I dont think so. Are you sure about that? I have to disagree with that. I (really) dont think youre right. I see it a different way.

POINT OF VIEW
in my opinion Belief Idea Understanding I think that I consider I believe it seems to me I prefer like/dislike Hope In my opinion, basketball is more fun than football. My belief is that basketball is more fun than football. My idea is that basketball is more fun than football. My understanding is that basketball is more fun than football. I think that I would prefer to play basketball and not football. I consider basketball to be more exciting than football. I believe basketball is more exciting than lacrosse. It seems to me that basketball is more exciting than football. I prefer basketball over football. I like the sport of basketball because it is fast and exciting. I hope that I can play basketball in the future.

PERSONAL OPINIONS

Feel

I feel that basketball is my favorite sport.

SEQUENCE PARAGRAPH
In a sequencing paragraph, you are writing to describe a series of events or a process in some sort of order. Usually, this order is based on time. The following words can help you to write a good sequence paragraph. ORDER first, second, third, etc. in the beginning before/then /after finally/ at last subsequently TIME recently previously afterwards when after

ORDER
first, second, third, etc. First, you need to become a leader of a political party. Second, you need to win a seat in the House of Commons. Third, your party must have a majority of seats. in the beginning In the beginning, you need to become a leader of a political party. Before Before becoming the prime minister, you need to become the leader of a political party. Then Then, you must win a seat in the House of Commons. After After winning a seat in the House of Commons, you must make sure you have a majority of seats. Finally Finally, after all these steps, you can call yourself the prime minister. at last Example: At last, you can call yourself the prime minister. Subsequently Subsequently, you must make sure you have a majority of seats in the House of Commons.

TIME
Recently Previously Afterwards When After She was recently elected prime minister. She is the new prime minister. Previously, she worked as a lawyer in Toronto. Example: She won the party leadership last year. Afterwards, she won the election. Example: When she won the party leadership, she was still working as a lawyer. Example: After winning a seat in the House of Commons, you must make sure you have a majority of seats.

EXPLANATION PARAGRAPH
In an explanation paragraph, you need to explain how or why something happens. Very often in social studies class, you will be asked to explore causes and effects of certain events. The following words can help you to write a good explanation paragraph: Cause because since as a result of is due to Effect therefore thus consequently hence it follows that if . . . then

CAUSE
because Example: People moved to Canada from Europe during the nineteenth century because they had poor living conditions in Europe. Since Example: Since living conditions in Europe were terrible, many people moved to Canada. as a result of People moved to Canada from Europe as a result of poor living conditions in Europe. is due to / was due to Example: The large influx of people to Canada was due to economic pressures in Europe.

EFFECT
Therefore Example: Living conditions in Europe were terrible. Therefore, many people moved to Canada for a better life. Thus Example: Living conditions in Europe were terrible. Thus, many people moved to Canada for a better life. Consequently Example: Living conditions were terrible in Europe. Consequently, many people moved to Canada. Hence Example: Living conditions were terrible in Europe. Hence, many people moved to Canada.

it follows that if ... then

Example: Living conditions were terrible in Europe. It follows that many people moved to Canada. Example: If living conditions were better in Europe, then fewer people would have moved to Canada

DESCRIPTION PARAGRAPH
In a description paragraph, you are writing about what a person, place, or thing is like. Sometimes, you may describe where a place is located. The following words can help you to write a good description paragraph: PROPERTIES MEASUREMENT ANALOGY LOCATION size length is like in colour width resembles above shape mass/weight below purpose speed beside near north/east/south/west

PROPERTIES
size colour shape purpose length width mass / weight speed Example: Example: Example: Example: Example: Example: Example: Example: Example: Example: Polar bears are big in size. Polar bears are usually white in colour. Polar bears have a special shape. The purpose of the polar bear's fur is to keep it warm. The length of a polar bear's claws is 20 cm. The width of a polar bear's head is about 50 cm. Polar bears weigh up to 650 kg. Polar bears can swim at a speed of 40 km per hour. A polar bear is like other bears in shape. A polar bear resembles other bears in shape.

MEASUREMENT

ANALOGY
is like resembles

LOCATION
In Example: Most of Canada's manufacturing is located in Ontario and Quebec. Above Example: The ceiling is above us. Below Example: Most of Ontario is below Hudson Bay. Beside Example: Quebec is located beside Ontario. Near Example: Many companies are located near Toronto. north / east / south / west Example: Ontario is west of Quebec.

EVALUATION PARAGRAPH
In an evaluation paragraph, you make judgments about people, ideas, and possible actions. You need to make your evaluation based on certain criteria that you develop. In the paragraph, you will state your evaluation or recommendation and then support it by referring to your criteria. The following words can help you to write a good evaluation paragraph: Criteria for Evaluation Recommendation good / bad correct / incorrect moral / immoral right / wrong important / trivial suggest recommend advise argue

CRITERIA
good / bad correct / incorrect moral / immoral right / wrong important / trivial Example: Example: Example: Example: Example: The use of pesticides such as DDT is bad for the environment. The belief that pesticides must be used is incorrect. The use of pesticides to control pests is immoral because it harms the environment. It is wrong to use pesticides because they harm the environment. The issue of pesticides is an important one because it affects the environment.

RECOMMENDATION
Suggest Recommend Advise Argue Chronologic al order
First, second, third, and so on Then Next Before After Later During When Until While Meanwhile Since then Finally Lastly Eventually

Example: I suggest that pesticides should not be used to control pests. Example: I recommend that pesticides should not be used because they are harmful to the environment. Example: I would advise farmers not to use pesticides if possible. Example: I would argue that pesticides should not be used because they harm the environment. Cause and effect
So Thus Therefore As a result Because Hence Consequently Accordingly

Compariso n
Similarly Just as Like Likewise In the same way

Contrast
On the other hand Unlike But Although Instead Yet Still On the contrary In contrast However Rather

Order of degree
Most importantly Foremost Moreover Furthermore In addition First, second, third, and so on

Spatial order
Next to Beside Under Below In front of Near Above Beyond To the right To the left In between

Here is a list of words you can use to connect ideas together. When you want to Give an example Try these words or phrases For example / For instance In fact That is In other words In particular First, second, third, and so on Specifically In addition / Also / Furthermore Besides Again / Whats more In this way In fact As a matter of fact / Certainly As you can see Clearly Despite -Though - Even though Granted Of course - To be sure In brief - To sum up

Add a thought And

Emphasize a thought Indeed

Give credit to another point of view Although

Sum up a series of ideas In short

These are some of the phrases that can help us when writing :

We all agree that ...has vital role nowadays. We all admit the importance of .... in our life. No wonder if we say that ... has/have good positive effects on us. We all agree that ...is playing an important part in our life. We owe to ....which play a role part in our life. We can see that ...... stands for an obstacle in the way of our progress. In my point of view, I think that .... serious nowadays. In my point of view, I think that .....bring all evil to our society. We should unit / co-operate and stand shoulder for the sake of our country against.. .. is/are a serious social evil in our society..... There is no doubt that ..... is one of the most dangerous phenomena in our life. ....bring us bad and negative effects in our country _nowadays_ in our life. There are various causes for the problem of ...... in our country. On one hand on the other hand addition to that Moreover Above all At the same time However For many hundreds of years, For many centuries, ... In the last decades, Nowadays / Today, . At the present In the Internet age . In olden timesbut today In this article, I will discuss some problems .. First of all , I wish to emphasize .. In this context, we need to adapt to In this kind of situation, we need to I would like to focus today on . If there is one thought I can impress on you today, it is To some extent , it is true to say that .. - It is needless to say that .. Unlike what most people think, . While much has been written on.. , most people still It is then quite obvious that.. While there is clearly no silver bullet for. , many would argue hat Certainly one of the best ways to is. The outcome is not trivial, for example Taking everything into account,