2002

. .

. 10 500
.

.
.
9.6
. 26.4
. NAFTA .
. 16.3
.

49 .
.
.

. ,(Govindarajanand Gupta (2002
. :

: :

2001 . 1962
. 100

 2002 13.7 .
6.7 6 .

.
6.3 . 94.1
.

4.8
0.4 . :

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260 1990 1060 .

 1990
.

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.

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<--[if

>!<--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-- www.walmart.com

. 500
2000 8.3 .

(firm specific advantages (FSAs .

.
%24 %16 .
30 .
) (
.

%16.8 1992 % 10.4 2002 .

 .
100 .

1244000 %77 .
) 10
( ) (
.


.
19 9 . 2002 6.1
. 98-1997
Wertkauf and Interspar supermarkets .

ASDA
:

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.

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Sources: www.walmart.com Cuthbertson (2000),

Fortune (2002), Fowler (2000), OKeefe, B.
(2002a,b), Murphy, C. (2002), Wal Mart (2002),
Rogers (2002)

.
.

.

2000
.
.

.
.

Templeton Global Index 2000

2000 26
78 56 50 .

.
Kroger, Wal Mart,

 ,Albertsons, Sears
. 10 .

4414 3244 196 . 551

. 423
. 9.6 .
%16.26 ) 35.4 217.7 (

Kroger, Albertsons, Target and JC Penney Sears .

K-Mart .
.

Target 1381 Daiei . 4028

.
Groupe Pinault-Printemps 54.7 30.9
.
Kingfisher 16 97
2 1 .

 Carrefour 9200 30 19
) 4 ( .
Metro AG 70.2 1788 98.9
15 . 5 .

.
2000 500 430 . 1996
433 410 1991 445 1981 .

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homebased

>!<!--[endif]--

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<--[if bi-

regional

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global

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<--[if

 global.

500 2000 26 16
7 . 6 500
.

 ) Kroger, Target, Albertsons,

,Walgreen, CVS, Lowes

Federated, George Weston, Best Buy, Publix, Rite

(Aid, May, Winn Dixie, Circuit City, and Safeway 49 18

31 . bi-regional %20
.

Ahold

bi-regional

60 2001
.

%60 . .

. .
.

20 .
8.2 .

Dior/LVMH Christian 83.4

35 . 31.3 26 .
.

7 11
)( 10 . 3 .

24 Home based

5 Bi-Regional

1 Global

1 .

 49.

5
>!<--[if !supportLists]-->1- <!--[endif]--
.
20 Home-Based
20 50 Bi- regional
20 50
Global.
>! if !supportLists]-->2- <!--[endif]-->83]--
100

.
>!<--[if !supportLists]-->3- <!--[endif]--

NAFTA EU.
>!<--[if !supportLists]-->4- <!--[endif]-- Bi regional .

.
.
>!<--[if !supportLists]-->5- <!--[endif]-- Global
. LVMH
.

LVMH :Global

1987
2000 11.6 8.5 1999
15 . .
53 16 .
26 18 15 25
. .

. 1998
.
.

1350 .
10 .
- - - .

< --[if !supportLists]-->1- <!--[endif]--!>

Louis Vuitton, Loewe,
Celine, Berluti, Kenzo, Givenchy, Christian Lacroix, Marc Jacobs,
Fendi, StefanoBi, Emilio Pucci, and Thomas Pink

< --[if !supportLists]-->2- <!--[endif]--!>

,Moet & Chandon, Dom Perignon

Veuve Clicquot, Krug, Pommery, Mercier, Ruinart, Canard Duchene, Chateau

dYquem, Chandon Estates, Cloudy Bay, Cape Mentelle, Hennessy, Hine, Newton
.and MountAdam

< --[if !supportLists]-->3- <!--[endif]--!>

Christian Dior, Guerlain, Parfums Givenchy,
Parfums Kenzo, Bliss, Hard Candy, BeneFit Cosmetics, Urban
.Decay, Fresh, and Make Up For Ever

< --[if !supportLists]-->4- <!--[endif]--!>

TAG Heuer, Ebel, Zenith, Benedom, Fred, Chaumet, and
.Omas

< --[if !supportLists]-->5- <!--[endif]--!>

,Duty Free Shops, Miami Cruiseline, Sephora Europe

.Sephora AAP, Le Bon Marche, La Samaritaine, and Solstice


.
.
11
.

.
LVMH .
.

 .
LVMH
.

49 .
500 18 24 5
. .
.

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