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This collection copyright Aung San Suu Kyi, 1993
The moral right of the author has been asserted.
ISBN 0 86120 049 7

This first edition of

Freedom from Fear and Other Writings
in the Burmese language
first published in 1993 by
La Haule Books
West Lodge
La Haule
Jersey
Channel Islands
United Kingdom
The Buddhist symbol on the title and spine
is the abhayamudra, the "gesture of fearlessness"

Printed in England by Biddles Ltd., Guildford

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olronf a':cif=unf. rdwfaqGjzpfvm+yD; atmifqef;pk=unfESifh b0wavsmufvHk;wGif cspfcif&if;ESD;oljzpfonf?
a':oef;at;udk xdkacwfu tqdkawmf bdvyfjyefoef; [k vlodrsm;cJh.? q&mrtjzpfif;/
wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD;aomtcgwGif urBmhukvor*~Y yxrqHk; tr_xrf;aom jrefrmtrsKd;orD; jzpfvmonf?
ukvor*~wGif ESpfaygif; (25) ESpf=um tr_xrf;+yD;aemuff t+idrf;pm;,lum ,cktcg =op}wD;,m;EkdifiHY
aexdkifvsuf&Sdonf?

* * *

p=wmpfabmufrd (Strasbourg) Y (12) EkdifiHyg0ifaom Oa&myygvDrefonf 1991 ckESpf Zlvkdifv

(19) &ufaewGif wnf+idrfoduQm&Sdaom txl;pnf;a0;yJGusif;yum jrefrmEkdifiHrS a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;
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awmiftmz&durS e,fqifref'Jvm; (Nelson Nandela)/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkrS temwdkvDrmcsefudk
(Anatoly Marchenko) ESifh csufudkqvdkAufuD;,m;EdkifiHrS tvufZENm;'kAfcsuf (Alexander Dubcek)
wdktm; tvm;wl *k%fycJhygonf? ygvDrefOuUXjzpfol bmGifc&uf(pf)ydk (Baron Crespo) u
cefnm;x,f0gaom pydefbmompum;ESifh rGuf=um;vdu
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bmomjyefu t*Fvdyfpum;ESifh jyefajymvdkufonfrSm usaemfwdkonf Tqkudk &J&ifhaom tm&SolwOD;tm;
csD;jrifhvdkufygonf?
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tcrf;tem; pifjrifhay:Y zcifESifhtwl xkdifaeaom uifrf (a':atmifqef;pk=unf. om;i,f armifxdefvif;)
tm; qkvufrSwfudk tyfESif;vdkufjcif;jzifh wdkawmif;aomfvnf; pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,ftwdjzpfaom tcrf;tem;udk
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ukd,fwdkifvma&muf vufrcHEkdif&Smyg? olonf jrefrmppftpdk;&. tusOf;uscHwOD;taeESifh &efukefrdY
txdef;odrf;cHb0 oHk; ESpfajrmuf oufwrf;udk pwif&ifqkdifvsuf &Sdygonf?
Tzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;ESifh T*k%fycsD;jrif;jcif;wdkudk jzpfay:vmapcJhaom pk. b0vrf;a=umif;udk
pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&if; usrudk,fudkusr (Tae&mwGif "gwfyHkrsm; xnfhygonf)
("gwfyHkatmufrSpmom;rsm;)
tay: - rdcifudk,fpm; om;i,fuifrf (xdefvif;)u vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:r_qkdif&m qmcga&mhqkudk 1991 ckESpf
Zlvkdifv 10 &ufaewGif vufcH&,lpOf
atmuf - ,ck axmif'%fuscHae&aom OD;=unfarmifESifhtwl 1989 ckESpfY awG&pOf
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(0JrS ,m) OD;bab/ rpPwmuvDreftwWvD/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ OD;wifxGwf/ avmh'fyDopfavm&ifh
(a':oef;at;aqmif;yg; tquf)
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xGufay:vmygvdrfh/
b,favmuf
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jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;ZmwfuGif;xJ olr pGrf;aqmifcJhor#udk ppftpdk;&u wrifwum wdkufzsufaewmawGudk olr
b,fvdkrsm; jrifygvdrfh? olronf xdkZmwfuGif;xJodk 1988 ckESpfY EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf wnfaxmifpOfu
0ifa&mufcJhygonf? olrtm; zrf;qD;vdkuf+yD; (10) vceft=umwGif usif;ycJhaom 1990 ckESpf aG;aumufyJGY
xdkygwDu tjywftowf tEdkif&cJhygonf?
usr. txiftjrift&/ pk. tEkdifrcH t_H;ray;pdwf"mwfESifh trsm;ESifhrwl wrlxl;aom
oabmobm0wdk. ckdif+rJaom Zpfjrpfonf arhaysmufI r&Edkifaom olr. zcif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.
owd&wrf;wzG,f&m t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh olr. xl;jcm;aomrdcif a':cif=unf. ypkysKd;axmifr_wdkyif
jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. b0Zmwfvrf;onf jrefrmhordkif;. wpdwfwydkif;jzpfI trsm;uod+yD;/
rSwfwrf;wif+yD;
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twkta,mifvGwfvyfa&;umv aemufydkif;Y jrefrmjynfudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&ef 0ifa&mufvmaom

r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJhyHk/ aemufqHk; ppf+yD;acwfY vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkcsufudk
+Adwdo#wdk vdkufavsm&onftxd tywfwukwf ud;yrf;v_yf&Sm;cJhyHk ponfwdkudk pma&;q&mtrsm;u
tao;pdwf a&;om;wifjy+yD; jzpfygonf? a':cif=unf. twKy`wWdudkrl aphaphiSiS rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif; r&Sdyg?
AdkvfcsKyfESifhywfoufI usr owd&aeaom tcsuftcsKdrSm txl;atmufarhvGrf;qGwfzG,f
jzpfygonf? jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;udpPrsm;udk twWvD (Attlee) tpdk;&ESifh aqG;aEG;&ef udk,fpm;vS,ftzJGudk
acgif;aqmifum AdkvfcsKyfa&mufvmaom 1947 ckESpf ZEM0g&DvrSm t*FvefEkdifiHY tqdk;qHk;aqmif;umv.
&moD'%fudk tvl;tvJcHae&csdef jzpfygonf? vef'efrdv,fY ESif;pdkifESif;cJrsm;onf &Sif;vif;I
rxm;Edkifavmufatmif xlxyfpGmyHkae+yD; udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG wnf;cdk&m a':csuf(pf)wm[dkw,f
(Dorchester
Hotel)
oGm;vrf;udkyif
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jzpfaeygonf?
ppf+yD;pacwf
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vltrsm;enf;wl aepOf em&Daygif;rsm;pGm v#yfppf"mwftm; jzwfawmufcH&onfh'kuQudk aumif;aumif;}uD;
&ifqkdifae=u&ygonf? [dkw,fcef;rsm;wGif rD;aoG;rD;/ xif;rD;wdkESifh [kef;[kef;awmufaeaom rD;vif;zdk}uD;rsm;
r&Sdyg? ao;i,faom "mwfrD;vif;zdkuav;rsm;om &Sdygonf? tae&txdkif& roufomvSaom
tcsdefjzpfaomfvnf;/ ar#mfvifhjcif;ESifh pdwf"mwfwufuGjcif;wdk jrifhrm;aecsdefvnf; jzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfonf vef'ef&Sd jrefrmrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh awGqHkEkdif&ef *kwpdkuf pDpOfcJh.? vef'ef&Sd
jrefrmrsm;qdkonfrSm ynmoifaeolrsm;/ tvkyfvkyfudkif aexdkifaeolrsm;/ c&D;oGm;&if;vm&if; c%wzwf
&yfem;aeolrsm;ESifh usruJhodk cyf=um=um tvnftywfa&mufaeaom {nfhonfrsm; jzpf=uygonf?
pdk[dk&yfuGuf (Soho) &Sd jrefrmxrif;qkdifwqkdifwGif AdkvfcsKyftm; *k%fyonfh {nfhcHyJGusif;y=uygonf?
tawmftwef jynfh=uyfaeaom {nfhy&dowfudk E_wfcGef;qufpum; ajym+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu
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usrwdk. toJESvHk;rsm;udkyg odrf;uH;vdkufygawmhonf?
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AdkvfcsKyfwdkwnf;cdkaeaom
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ta=umif;rsm; ponfwdkudk aqG;aEG;=uygonf? ppftwGif; jrefrmjynfta=umif;ESifh ppf+yD;pumvY
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tvkyfvkyfaecJhygonf? xdkXmerS bmompum
("gwfyHkrsm;)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unf 1942 ckESpfwGif xdrf;jrm;vufxyfpOfu

tay:
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhrdom;pk?
a&Swef;wGif xdkifaeolrSm
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(San Francisco) odkoGm;I ,ck AGDtdkat (VOA) ac: xdkpOfu tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
ppfjyef=um;a&;Hk;Y tvm;wltvkyfrsKd; vkyfygonf? jrefrmjynfrSa&mufvmaom rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh
rawG&onfrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =um+yDjzpfI uJGuGmae=u&pOftwGif; jzpfa=umif;&,fwJhukefpifatmif
ajym&eftcsdefyif ravmufEkdifyg?
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jzpf=uygonf? &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifwOD;jzpf+yD;/ *syefacwfumvtwGif;u trnfcHt& vGwfvyfaom
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usrwdku jrefrmoDcsif;rsm; qkd=uygonf? AdkvfcsKyfu ol. rdom;pk/ ZeD;ESifh om;orD; oHk;a,mufta=umif;/
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ywfoufI bDbDpDjrefrmydkif; tpDtpOfrS toHv$ifh&ef pmwrf;wapmifudk AdkvfcsKyf jyifqifxm;ygonf?
toHv$ifhrnfhaewGif usrwdku AdkvfcsKyfESifh ol. udk,f&Hawmfwdktm; bDbDpD pm;aomufqkdifYqHk+yD;
aevnfpm twlpm;&efjzpfygonf? xdkaevnfpmpm;yJGrSm aysmf&$iftm;&zG,fr[kwfcJhyg? xrif;pm; pm;yJGonf
qdwf+idrfae+yD; AdkvfcsKyf. rsufESmrSm +cdrf;awmhrnfhrdk;uJhodk tHkr_dif;ae.? bDbDpDjrefrmydkif;tpDtpOf
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AdkvfcsKyfrSm pdwf'dG[jzpfae.? AdkvfcsKyf. rdom;pktwGuf vufaqmifrsm; ,lvmaom usru
pm;aomufcef;odk tenf;i,f ta&mufaemufusygonf? usra&mufoGm;+yD;aemufydkif; wjznf;jznf;
wif;rmr_ESifh pdwfrcsrf;ajrr_rsm; avsmhyg;oGm;um aevnfpmpm;yJG pwifygawmhonf? xdkaemuf AdkvfcsKyfu
jrefrmEkdifiHol EkdifiHom;rsm;xH toHv$ifhtpD&ifcH&ef xGufoGm;ygonf? odkaomfvnf; udwiftoday;jcif;

r&SdbJESifh ol. pmwrf;udk ryvkyfoifh[k ol ,lqaom wnf;jzwfr_rsm; yvkyfjcif;a=umifh rnfr#

rauseyfrESpfrdjzpf&a=umif;udk &Si;f &Sif;vif;vif;}uD; odomapcJh.? Tonfum; AdkvfcsKyf. toGifwyHk?
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG. tvkyfvnf; +yD;qHk;I jyefcsdefvnf; eD;vmav+yD? AdkvfcsKyftm;
{nfhcH=unfh_cJhaom t*Fvdyfrsm;ESifh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;twGuf {nfhcHyJG}uD; usif;yygonf? {nfhy&dowfvnf;
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wm0ef,lcJhaom tqifhjrifht&m&Sd}uD;rsm;/ owif;pmt,f'Dwmrsm;/ owif;axmufrsm;/ pma&;q&mrsm;/
jrefrmjynfESifh jrefrmjynf. tem*wfwGif pdwf0ifpm;=uolrsm;ESifh vma&mufEdkifaom jrefrmrSefor#wdk
toD;oD;yg0if=uygonf? {nfhcHyJGrwdkifrDnu AdkvfcsKyfu usrudk {nfhcHyJGY oDcsif;qdk&ef ajymygonf? usru
vkyfdk;vkyfpOf [kwfrnfrxif[kajymum jiif;cJh.? {nfhcHyJGaeY *syefrsm; 0ifvmonftxd jrefrmjynfwGif
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ta&mufaemufusrnfpdk;um
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uref;uwef; t0wftpm;vJ+yD; a&mufoGm;aomtcg AdkvfcsKyfu apmifhaeygonf? tcsrf;ajy rkeftenf;i,f
pm;aomuf+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu usrudk pifjrifhay:wifxm;aom pEN,m;&Sd&modk ac:oGm;+yD;/
jrefrmtrsKd;orD;av;wa,mufu oDcsif;qdk{nfhcHygrnf [k y&dowftm; a=unmvdkufygonf? usrvnf;
oDcsif;qdk&ygawmhonf? xdknu qdkcJhaom oDcsif;rsm;rSm t*FvdyfoDcsif;wyk'f/ jyifopfoDcsif;wyk'fESifh
jrefrmoDcsif;wyk'fwdkjzpfygonf? ,ck jyefvnfawG;=unfhaomtcg aemufqHk;wyk'fudkom qdkcJhoifhonf[k
usr xifrdygonf? odkaomfvnf; xdkoDcsif;udk jrefrmrsm;uom em;vnfESpfouf=urnf jzpfygonf?
xdkoDcsif;rSm usrwdktm;vHk; od=uaom v_difxdwfacgifwif. pdefjcL;=umanmif abmv,fjzpfygonf?
y&dowfu ,Ofaus;pGm =obmay;=uygonf? xdkaemuf AdkvfcsKyfu usrudk pifjrifhay:rS qif;&ef vmac:+yD;
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tay:
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t*Fvdyft&m&Sdrsm; tzJG}uD;wzJG a&mufaeygonf? usrwdk jrefrmtcsKdvnf; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/
tjcm;olrsm;ESifhtwl [kef;[kef;awmufaeonfh rD;vif;zdk}uD;. tyl&SdefESifh aEG;aeaom {nfhudcef;r}uD;Y
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AdkvfcsKyfESifh cJGcGm&jcif;wdka=umifh usrwdkwawG 0rf;enf;woo jzpfae=uygonf? AdkvfcsKyfcrsm
wdkawmif;vSaom b0oufwrf;av;r#om usefawmhonfudkum; usrwkd rnfuJhodkr# rrSef;qrdcJh=uyg?
*syefacwfESifh ppf'%fwdka=umifh ysufpD;,k,
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jrefrmjynfwGif acwfopfxGef;aprnf [lonfh AdkvfcsKyf o,faqmifoGm;aom ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;rSm
EdkifiHa&;ydifbufwOD;. ya,m*a=umifh xdkESpfwGifyif yduJGcJh&ygawmhonf? bk&ifcH. tvkyftr_aqmiftzJG
tpnf;ta0;usif;yaepOf tcef;twGif;odk vlowform;rsm; twif;0ifa&mufvmum ppfaoewfrsm;jzifh
tv,fwGifxkdifaeaom AdkvfcsKyfudk OD;pGmypfcwf+yD; tjcm;yk*~Kdvf &SpfOD;udkyg vkyf}uHowfjzwfoGm;ygonf?
ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; wEkdifiHvHk; owdw&,lusKH;r&jzpf&aom tmZmenfae/ 19 Zlvdkif 1947 ckESpf jzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. usef&pfol ZeD; a':cif=unfonf rdrdtwGufomru wrsKd;om;vHk;twGufyg
a=uuJGzG,f&m Ttjzpfqdk;}uD;aemufydkif;Y olrb0udk jyefvnfysKd;axmif&ygawmhonf? jrefrmjynf
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf rdcifESifh uav;apmifha&Smufa&;Xme/ xdkaemuf vlr_0efxrf;Xmewdk.
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a&uefabmifdk;ay: upm;aepOf vdrfhusum a&epfaoqHk;oGm;&Smonf? atmifqef;vif;onf pk
txl;cspfjrwfEdk; tm;udk;aomtudkjzpfI pktzdk xdktjzpfqdk;}uD;a=umifh pdwfwkefv_yfxdcdkufcJh&r_onf
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zcifudkvnf; rnfonfhtcgr# rarhEkdifcJhyg? zcif. b0Zmwfa=umif;/ pmayta&;tom;/
wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;tm; aqmf=ocsufrsm;ESifh (32) ESpfwm oufwrf;twGif; jzpfajrmufcJhaom tHh=ozG,f&m
pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;udk avhvmjcif;rSm pktwGuf tqufrjywfEdkifaom pJGvrf;csufw&yfjzpfygonf?
a':cif=unfonf om;orD;rsm;tm; i,fpOfuyif olwdk. zcifay;cJhaom tarGtESpfudk
t+rJowd&aeap&ef ud;yrf;cJh.? AdkvfcsKyf. &Jabmf&Jzufrsm;ESifh olxlaxmifcJhaom wyfrawmfrS
tzJG0ifrsm;u AdkvfcsKyf. rdom;pktay: xm;&Sdaom oHa,mZOfrSm ysufuGufoGm;jcif; r&SdcJhyg? xdka=umifh pk
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a':cif=unfESifh &if;ESD;cifrifpGm qufqHjcif;onfvnf; om;orD;rsm;tay: =oZmoufa&mufr_&SdcJh.?
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OD;jrifhodef;qdkv#if woufwm &if;ESD;cifrifaom rdwfaqGaumif;wOD;jzpfygonf? dkaoav;pm;r_/ =unf!dkr_/
cspfcifr_ paom t&Sdeft0grsm;u olESifh olr. rdom;pkwdktay: v$rf;cHxm;ygonf?
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tav;xm;+yD;/ Ak'<bmomw&m;udk ,Hk=unfudkif;_dif;&ef oGefoifqHk;rcJh.? usr. tjrift& 0wfpm;/
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tdk;pJGaeaom trltusifhrsm;jzpfygonf? TuJhodk xif&Sm;vSaom jrefrmqefr_wdka=umifh pk udk
jrefrmrsm;u cspfjrwfEkd;=u+yD; EkdifiH&yfjcm;wGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aexkdifaomfvnf; pk . jrefrmyDor_rSm
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tlv_dufonf;v_duf axmufcHr_udk pk &,lEkdifjcif;. t"duta=umif;&if; wcsufrSm olr. jrefrmyDor_yif

jzpfygonf?
1960 ckESpfwGif OD;Ektpdk;&onf a':cif=unftm; tdENd,EkdifiHqkdif&m jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;tjzpf
ceftyfvdkufygonf? xdk&mxl;ae&mwGif 1962 ck OD;ae0if;u ppftm%modrf;ydkuf+yD; aemufydkif;Yyif
a':cif=unf qufvufwm0efxrf;aqmifEkdifjcif;onf olrtm; dkaoav;pm;r_twdkif;twm rnfr#
}uD;rm;a=umif;udk jyoygonf? tvkyfoufwrf;+yD;qHk;I t+idrf;pm;,laomtcg a':cif=unfonf
tif;vsm;uefabmif&Sd rdrdtdrfY jyefvnfaexdkifygonf? tif;vsm;uefabmifwavsmufwGif jrefrmEkdifiHa&;ESifh
pD;yGm;a&;avmurS
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(15) ESpft&G,f uav;rav;jzpfygonf? a,_ESifhar&D uGefbifhausmif; (Convent of Jesus and Mary)
ESifh av'D&S,f&D&rfaumvdyf (Lady Shri Ram College) wdkY qufvufynmoifygonf? olr.
tdENd,rdwfaqGtodkif;t0dkif;rSm us,fjyefvmygonf? r[wWr*ENDESifh *s0g[mvmael;wdk. wdkif;jynfudk
pl;prf;avhvm em;vnfEkdif&ef pk tzkd tcGifhaumif;jzpfygonf? pk . zcifvnf; Twdkif;jynfudk
a&mufzl;+yD; ael;ESifh awGqHkaqG;aEG;um &if;ESD;cifrifaom em;vnfr_ &&SdcJhygonf? pk . rdcif
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pk A[kokw tawGtuH us,fjyefap&ef olr.rdcif pDpOfay;aom udpPrsm;teuf
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om;orD;rsm;ESifh yef'pfael;. ajr;/ tif'D&m*END. om;jzpfol qefa*s;wdkESifh pk awGqHkavh&Sdygonf? eHygwf
(24) tuUbmvrf; (24 Akbar Road) &Sd aetdrfwGif pEN,m; qufoif&ygonf? xdkoHtrwfaetdrfonf
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tqifhtjrifhqHk;
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("gwfyHk)
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(aqmif;yg;tquf)
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&efukefwuUodkvf tdk;a0r*~Zif;. wcsdefu t,f'DwmjzpfcJh+yD; pk . zcifESifhtwl wuUodkvfwGif&SdcJhaom

OD;!dkjryif jzpfygonf? aemufydkif;wGif OD;!dkjrudk pme,fZif;orm;wOD;ESifh tvGefemrnf&aom
pmtkyfrsm;pGmudk a&;om;onfh pma&;q&mwOD;tjzpf vlodrsm;vmygonf? olu wjcm;olrsm;xufyifydk+yD;
pk zwf&ef t*FvdyfESifh jrefrmpmtkyfaygif;rsm;pGmudk vrf;n$efay;cJhygonf? OD;!dkjr vufaqmifay;cJhaom
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r=umc% zwfcJha=umif;vnf; pk u ,ckxd owd&aeygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;u pk udk pmayavmuwHcg;
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trsKd;om;a&;udpPrsm;qdkif&m/
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Ak'<omoembkef;awmf}uD;rsm;tm; rSefrSefyifhzdwf qGrf;uyfw&m;emavh&Sd.? pk . tudkvnf;
ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; t*FvefrS a&mufvmaomtcg TudpPrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufygonf? tarESifh
orD;udk jrefrmrsm; cspfcifav;pm;onfhtwdkif; a':cif=unf. vkyfazmfudkifzuf oHwrefrsm;ESifh yef'pfael;rS
tpcsDI tdENd,tpdk;&tzJG0iftaygif;wdkuvnf; cspfcifav;pm;=uygonf? tdENd,wGif &&SdcJhaom
tawGtuHrsm;onf pk twGuf tifrwef ta&;yg pdwftm;xufoefzG,f&mjzpfcJhygonf? ,ckwdkif olr
tdENd,EdkifiHtay: xm;&SdaomarwWmESifh oHa,mZOfwdkrSm ckdifrmvsuf&Sdygonf?
xdktcsdefu a'vD&Sd +Adwdo#r[mrif;}uD;rSm qmayg(vf)*dk;bl(of)(Sir Paul Gore-Booth)
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wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhpOfu olESifh ol. ZeD; yuf}wD&Sm (Patricia) wdkonf a':cif=unfESifh
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vli,frsm;jzpfygonf? tpm;taomufESifh ae&mxdkifcif; ay;aomfvnf; vkyfcray;yg?
pk . rdwfaqGrsm;onf olrtm; umAD;vD; (Kabyle) awmifwef;rsm;odk vufxyfr*FvmyJGwyJG
wufa&muf=unfh_&ef
ac:oGm;zl;onf?
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rdav;wrdwdkifatmifvnf; c&D;&SnfxGufcJhygonf? aEG&moDtyl&Sdef jyif;xefvGef;vSojzifh xdkxufvGefI
roGm;EkdifcJhyg? aemuf tvnftywfc&D;w&yftaeESifh a&mracwfu aqmufvkyfwnfcJhaom
rdysuf}uD;&Sd&modk oGm;cJh.? xdkrdysufwGif;&Sd v[mjyifZmwfHk}uD;. ausmufjym;cif;xm;aom
wvif;jyifay:wGif bifbJvm;. opPmcHrsm;u bifbJvm; touf&Snfygap [k pmvHk;}uD;rsm;ESifh

a&;xm;ygonf? pk armfa&mfudkodk c&D;wacgufxGufcJh+yD; pydefEdkifiH awmifbufurf;ajcudkvnf;

ajccsrdonfqdkoavmufawmh a&mufcJhygonf? xdkaemuf jyefvnfpmzwf+yD; ausmif;ydwf&uftqHk;wGif
ausauseyfeyf}uD;ESifh atmufpzdk'fodk jyefoGm;EkdifcJhygonf?
bJG&+yD;aemuf pk onf vydkif;r# pmoifydkcsjcif;ESifh ordkif;q&m [,l;wifum (Hugh Tinker)
ESifhtwl okawoevkyfjcif; ponfwdkudk aqmifGuf+yD;aomtcg e,l;a,muf&Sd usrESifh vmIaeygonf?
tJ(vf)*sD;,m;wGif
av;ESpfr#
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usr
ukvor*~XmecsKyfodk
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ygarmuQxa&*gonf tar&duef axmufyHha&;tpDtpOfwckjzifh jrefrmjynfwGif ESpftwef=um aecJhzl;ygonf?
olonf ta&Sawmiftm&SESifh ta&Szsm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif us,fjyefpGm c&D;vSnfhvnfzl;um/ xdka'orsm;.
udpPt00wdkwGif pdwf0ifpm;olwOD;jzpfygonf? ola&;aom bm;rm;/ ya'o&mZfEdkifiHrS orwEkdifiHodk
trnfcHpmtkyfxGufcJhonfrSmvnf; r=umao;yg? olonf pk . wdk;wufr_udk *kwpdkufavhvmygonf?
usrwdkae&m rdv,f ref[wfwif (Midtown Manhatten) rS e,l;a,mufwuUodkvfodk
oGm;&aombwfpfum;c&D;rSm tawmf&Snf+yD; um;rl;wwfaom pk twGuf yifyef;cufcJygonf?
bwfpfum;rSwfwdkifrS yef;+cHwckudkjzwf+yD;/ 0g&Sifwef&ifjyif (Washington Square) odk oifwef;wuf&ef
pk oGm;&aomvrf;Y usufpm;avh&Sdaom vl=urf;rsm;. tEW&m,fuvnf; &Sdygao;onf? ukvor*~Hk;odk
usrwdkaetdrfrS ajcmufrdepfavmufom vrf;av#muf&ygonf? odkjzifh avmavmq,f pk ukvor*~wGif
tvkyf0if+yD; aemufrS pmqufoif&ef pdwful;ay:ygonf? tvkyfav#mufv$mrsm;/ axmufcHpmrsm;/
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ukvor*~0efxrf;wOD; jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf? oHk;ESpf=umr# pk ukvor*~wGif tvkyfvkyf+yD;
aemufqHk;ESpfESpfwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh bwf*sufypka&;qkdif&m t}uHay;aumfrwDudk taxmuftuly&aom
ukvor*~Hk;tzJGwGif
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aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf
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ceftyfjcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfygonf? ukvor*~ESifh t&HtzJGtpnf;rsm; tm;vHk;tjyif urBmhusef;rma&;tzJG/
pm;eyf&duQmESifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;tzJGrsm;uJhodkaom txl;at*sifpDrsm;. pDrHudef;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh
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ukvor*~vkyfief;rsm;.
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aumif;pGm odu|rf;vmygonf?
ukvor*~0efxrf;rsm;onf
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q,frdepfcefoma0;aom bJ(vf)A,l; (Belleview) qdkonfrSm e,l;a,mufaq;Hk}uD;wck.
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jzpfygonf? b0udk &ifrqkdifEkdifawmhbJ udk,fpdwfESpfjzmydvJvkrwwf jzpfaeolrsm;udk xdkaq;Hkodk
ac:vmavh&Sdygonf? vlrrmrsm;tm; pmzwfjyay;&ef/ tazmfy&ef tpDtpOfrsm;wGif yg0if&ef trsKd;orD;/
trsKd;om;rsm; t+rJ ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
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(aqmif;yg;tquf)

tvdk&Sdaeygonf? xdktpDtpOfwGif pk yg0ifI tywfpOf em&Daygif;rsm;pGm vkyftm;ay;ygonf? Tum; olr

rdcif. y&[dwvkyfief; tpOftvmt& aqmifGufjcif;jzpfygonf?
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wem&Dcef oGm;&ygonf? OD;oeftdrfY wnfcif;usif;yaom we*FaEGae xrif;pm;yJGrsm;rSm usrwdktzdk
tvGefpdwf$ifvef;zG,f&m jzpfygonf? tjcm; jrefrmrdwfaqGrsm;vnf; vm=u+yD; usrwdktuduf
jrefrmtpm;tpmrsm; au|;arG;avh&Sdygonf? OD;oef. ajr;wOD;OD;. arG;aeuJhodkaom txl;aersm;wGif
jrefrmrsm;tjyif EkdifiHwumrS ukvor*~ t+rJwef;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkyg zdwf=um;{nfhcHygonf?
tpm;tpmrSmrl
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jy\emrsm;
ponfwdkudk pdwfygvufyg 0dkif;0ef;aqG;aEG;Ekdifjcif;r&Sdyg? OD;oef. tdrf&SiftaeESifh
aqmifGuf&aom wm0eft00a=umifh xdkuJhodk pum;0dkif;aqG;aEG;yJGrsm; rjzpfEkdifcJh[k xifygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHrS ukvor*~ t+rJwef;udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfol OD;pdk;wif. zdwf=um;{nfhcHyHkrsm;rSmrl
tenf;i,fuGmjcm;ygonf?
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pufwifbmv 'kwd,tywfrS 'DZifbmvv,fceftwGi;f qdkv#if OD;pdk;wifonf tvkyfudpPrsm;/
jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzJGESifh
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cifrifESpfoufygonf? OD;pdk;wifonf oabmxm;}uD;oljzpfonfhtavsmuf jrefrmrsm;udk odk;rsm;/
qdwfrsm;[lI cJGjcm;+yD; rqufqHyg? qdwfrsm;qdkonfrSm OD;ae0if;vufatmuf jrefrmEdkifiH. tajctaeudk
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tajctwifaqG;aEG;jiif;ckefEkdifygonf? wcgw&H tjiif;tckefrSm jyif;xefaomfvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh
aAGr,lwrf;/ cifrifaom oabmaqmifygonf?
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ovmy pum;rsm; ajym=uygonf? OD;pdk;wifonf ,Ofaus;pGm yH;aeaomfvnf; tae&cufaeyHk&ygonf?
a&muf&Sdaeaom vlpkvla0;u pk tay:wGif pD&ifcsufwrsKd;rsKd;cs&ef pdkif;jyif;aeonfrSm xif&Sm;ygonf?
b,fvdkpD&ifcsufrsKd; csrnfudkawmh usr rawG;Ekdifjzpfaeygonf? udk,fpm;vS,ftzJGt}uD;tuJu

OD;aqmifwdkufcdkufygawmhonf?
pk
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ukvor*~Y
tvkyfvkyfaeygoenf;/
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taeESifh oHwrefrsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHul;vufrSwf jyeftyf&rnf jzpfygonf? ,ckxd jyefrtyf&ao;qdkonfrSm
rSefygovm;? oHwrefrsm;qkdif&m EdkifiHul;vufrSwfudk qufvufudkifxm;jcif;rSm Oya'ESifhrnDa=umif; olr
odrnfjzpfygonf? tvGefrS enf;vrf;rusaom udpPjzpfojzifh tjrefqHk;jyifqif&ef vdkygonf?
wpkwa0;vHk;u
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atmufusKdaomtoGifjzifh
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usrtwGuf tawmfpdwfoufom&mjzpfapygonf? olru aEN&Sd&Sd avat;at;ESifh jyefajzygonf?
EdkifiHul;vufrSwftopf&&ef vef'ef&Sd jrefrmoHHk;Y olr av#mufxm;onfrSm tcsdeftawmf=umoGm;+yD
jzpfaomfvnf; ,ckwdkif tajzr&ao;a=umif;/ rnfuJhodkaom ta=umif;a=umifh Tr# xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
=uef=umae&onfudk rajymEkdifa=umif;/ e,l;a,mufodk olr ynmoif&ef vmcJh&mY &Sdvufp
EkdifiHul;vufrSwfudkyif udkifaqmifcJh&a=umif;/ pm;0wfaexdkifa&;twGuf tvkyf&Sm&ef vdkaeonfhtcsdefY
uHtm;avsmfpGm ukvor*~Y tvkyf&&SdcJha=umif;/ jrefrmEdkifiHom;jzpfa=umif; taxmuftxm;jy&ef
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vef'efoHHk;rS ydkay;&ef apmifhaevsufyifjzpfa=umif;/ EkdifiHul;vufrSwf topfa&mufonfESifh ta[mif;udk
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ajymoGm;ygonf?
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&efukefodkydkxm;a=umif; ajymygawmhonf? tb,fha=umifh vaygif;rsm;pGm =um+yDjzpfaomfvnf;
ta=umif;rjyefao;onfudk ol rod&a=umif;vnf; ajymygonf? trSeftm;jzifh jrefrmjynfY Todkenf;wl
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tjcm;oHtrwfrsm;uvnf;
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awmif;yefouJhodkaom
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ar#mfvifh&rSmyJ [k ajymvdkufygonf? xdkaemuf usrwdk aev,fpmpm;=uygonf?
t+rJwrf;udk,fpm;vS,ftzJGxJwGif jrefrmjynftajctaersm;udk usrwkd yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
aqG;aEG;I&aom rdwfaqGwOD; yg0ifygonf? xdkrdwfaqGum; pk. a0zefcsufrsm; odyf&JvGef;onf[k
,lqaomtcgrsm;Y pk u ,Hk=unfcsuft& owWd&SdHkru/ tquftEG,ft&vnf; owWd&Sdwmudk;[k
aemufajymifavh&Sd.? olr qdkvdkonfrmS pk onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unfwdk. orD;jzpfojzifh
awmfawmfESifh ESdrfvdk&rnfr[kwf/ usrtxifrSmawmh pk onf aoG;om;t&xuf pdwf"mwft& olr
rdbESpfyg;. orD; yDoygayonf?
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om;orD;rsm;ESifh odkufodkuf0ef;0ef;&Sdrnfh tdrfaxmifonfb0udk a&G;cs,f&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf? odkESifh

b0opfw&yf pygawmhonf? TtcsdefrSpaom jzpfpOfrsm;rSm trsm;od+yD;jzpfygonf? cifyGef;jzpfol

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pmjyq&mtjzpfif;/ tpdk;&bmomjyefXme t}uD;tuJtjzpfif; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf? pk vnf;
blwefY wESpfcef aecJhygonf? blwefonf ukvor*~tzJGwGif;odk r=umao;rDurS 0ifcJhojzifh pk onf
csufcsif;yif blwefEkdifiHjcm;a&;Hk;Y ukvor*~udpPrsm;qkdif&m t}uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf tvkyf&ygonf? pk wdk
ZeD;armifESHonf om;OD; tvufZENm;tm; rsufESmjrif&ef t*Fvefodk jyefvmygonf? rdkufu,fum;
vef'efwuUodkvfY
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uav;rsm;tm; ypkysKd;axmifjcif;/ &efukef&Sd rdcifxH tvnftywfoGm;jcif;wdkjzifh at;aq;pGm aecJhygonf?
rdom;pkudk
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pkaqmif;xm;ygonf? rdkufu,f. wdAufpmaya&;&m okawoersm;ESifhqdkifaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;vnf;
waexufwae rsm;jym;vmygonf? odkESifh olwdk. atmufpzdk'faetdrfrSm pmtkyfrsm;ESifh jynfhv#Haeygonf?
uav;rsm;vnf; pmzwf0goemygolrsm;tjzpf }uD;jyif;vmygonf? pk onf olr zcif. txky`wWda&;&ef
pwifpOf;pm;ygonf? *syefbmompum;udk ZJG}uD;pGmjzifh pl;pl;pdkufpdkufoifygawmhonf? jrefrmjynfta=umif;
a&;xm;aom t*FvdyfESifh jrefrmpmtkyfrsm;/ *syefjynfta=umif; a&;xm;aom t*FvdyfESifh *syefpmtkyfrsm;
wjznf;jznf; pkaqmif;rdvmonf? zcif txky`wWdpmtkyfypk&ef okawoepwifygonf? vef'ef&Sd
ta&Swdkif;ESifh tmz&duqdkif&mausmif;Y yg&*lbJG,l&efvnf; pwifpDpOfygonf? xdktcsdefu olr.
vkyfudkifv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf vHkv}uD;jcif;ESifh oEMdmefcdkifjcif;udk jyoonf[k qdk&ayrnf?
1985 ckESpfwGif *syefESifhqufpyfaom olr zcif. b0tpdwftydkif;ESifhywfoufI okawoey&ef
wdkusKdwuUodkvfu urf;vSrf;aom ynmoifqkukd pk vufcHvdkufygonf? *syef-jrefrm
tpnf;tHk;0ifrsm;udk awGqHkum/ if;wdkrSwqifh olrzcifESifh odu|rf;cJhaom touf&SifqJ&Sdaeonfh
*syefrsm;ESifh tquftoG,fycJhygonf? awGqHkolwkdif;u olrtm; xdkpOfu tjzpftysufrsm;ta=umif;
wckr[kwfwck ajymjy=uygonf? *syefrsm;ta=umif; A[kokwwdk;yGm;vm+yD; tquftoG,f ("gwfyHkrsm;
vmonf)
("gwfyHk)
pk vufxyfxdrf;jrm;aomae/ ZEM0g&Dv 1 &ufae 1972 ckESpf
tay: - blwefEkdifiH awmifay:c&D; 1971 ckESpf
atmuf cifyGef; rdkufu,ftJ&pfESifhtwl/ armfvrdifrdwGif 1973 ckESpf
om;OD; tvufZENm;
(jrifhqef;atmif)
ESifhtwl
1973
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
rsm;vnf; us,fjyefvmygonf? xdktcsdefY rdkufu,fonf tdENd,jynfajrmufydkif; qif;rvm;rd&Sd tdENd,EkdifiH
tqifhjrifhpmayavhvma&;XmeY
okawoeynm&SifwOD;tjzpf
a&muf&Sdaeygonf?
om;}uD;u
atmufpzdk'fwGif ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;tjzpf aecJh+yD;/ om;i,fu pk ESifh wdkusKdrdodk ygvmygonf? 1986

ckESpfwGif usrudk wdkusKdwuUodkvf tjynfjynfqdkif&m &dyfomY olwdkESifhtwl vmae&ef pk u

zdwfac:ygonf? usrvnf; oHk;vcefoGm;aejzpfygonf? *syefrsm;ESifhif;/ bmom&yftrsKd;rsKd;avhvm&ef
*syefynmoifqkrsm; &&Sdxm;aom EdkifiHwumrS ynm&Sifrsm;ESifhif; pk cifcifrifrif &if;&if;ESD;ESD;&Sdygonf?
*syefY jzpfajrmufr_tawmf&Sdonf[k pk ,lqygonf? aemufESpfESpfwGif qif;rvm;&Sd rdkufu,fxHodk pk/
om;i,fESifh t*FvefrS om;}uD;yg a&mufvmum rdom;pktm;vHk; jyefqHk=uygonf? rdkufu,f
tvkyfvkyfaeaomXmeY pk vnf; okawoeynm&Siftjzpf ceftyfjcif;cH&ygonf? 1987 ckESpfwGif usr
tdENd,Y &Sdonfjzpf&m okawoe&Sd olwdkwkdufcef;Y wvcef aysmfaysmfyg;yg; oGm;vnfEkdifcJhygonf?
Xmewnf&Sd&m taqmuftOD;}uD;onf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD tcsdefumvu +Adwdo#bk&ifcHcsKyfrsm;ESifh if;wdk.
Hk;tzJGrsm; aEG&moDwGifaexkdif&mtdrfawmfjzpfygonf?
xdkESpfwGifyif a':cif=unfonf rsufaphrSwdrfukd cJGpdwfuko&eftwGuf vef'efodka&mufvmygonf?
cJGpdwfr_rsm; atmifatmifjrifjrif&Sdojzifh aq;ukor_a=umifh roufrom&Sd&aomfvnf; a':cif=unftwGuf
pdwf&$ifvef;csrf;ajrzG,ftcsdefjzpfygonf? pk onf qif;rvm;rS olr. tvkyfudk &yfxm;cJhum rdcifudk
ypk&ef a&mufvmygonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif aexkdiftvkyfvkyfaeom olrtudkvnf; q,f&ufcef
tvnfa&mufvmygonf? usrvnf; vef'efY &Sdonfhtavsmuf a':cif=unfudk aewkdif;vdkvdkyif
awGjzpfygonf? tjcm;rdwfaqGa[mif;rsm;/ rdwfaqGopfrsm;vnf; vmIowif;ar;=uum &,f&,farmarm
a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;ta=umif;
ajymvdkuf=uESifh
&$ifvef;csrf;ajrzG,fjzpfygonf?
a':cif=unf
wnf;aeaomwdkufcef;onf opfoD;rsm;/ yef;rsm;ESifh jrefqefpGm a&m*gaysmufuif;usef;rmap&ef
qkawmif;ydkoaom
u'frsm;ESifh
jynfhaeygonf?
pk
onf
tdrfaxmifryrDuif;/
tdrfaxmify+yD;aomtcgYif; jrefrmjynf&Sd rdcifxH rSefrSeftvnfoGm;cJhygonf? a':cif=unfonf
om;ajr;rsm; }uD;jyif;vmonfudk jrifcJh&+yD; rsuaf phrcJGrDESpfwGif rdrd.&efukeftdrfY uav;rsm;.
&Sifyr*FvmyJGudk udk,fwkdif}uD;=uyf+yD; usif;ycJhygonf? vef'efwGif ESpfESpf=umae+yD;aemuf a':cif=unfonf
rsufpdrsm; tawmf tajctaeaumif;vm+yDjzpfI jrefrmjynfokd &$ifvef;pGmjyefoGm;ygonf? vef'efudk
tvnfa&mufpOfu rnfr#pdwfcsrf;ajrcJha=umif;/ ("gwfyHkvmygonf)
tay: - pk/ om;i,f uifrf (xdefvif;)ESifh rdcif}uD;wdk tmZmenfaetcrf;tem; wufa&mufpOf 1986 ckESpf
atmuf om;rsm;udk 1987 ckESpfwGif &SifypOfu (0JrS,m) uifrf (&SifawZ)/ OD;yOif;/
a&$=uuf,ufq&mawmf-ysHvGef/ OD;yOif;/ tvufZENm; (&Sifynm)
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
if;wdkESifh awGqHkcJh&onfudkvnf; yDwdjzpf&a=umif; pojzifh rdwfaqGtrsm;tjym;udk pma&;today;ygonf?
odkaomf &efukefjyefa&mufIrS q,fvrjynfhrD aemufESpf 1988 rwfvukefydkif;wGif jyif;xefaom
avjzwfjcif;'%fudk cH&ygonf? pk/ rdkufu,fESifh om;ESpfa,mufonf tdENd,rS atmufpzdk'fodk 1987
pufwifbmvtwGif; jyefa&mufvmcJh=u+yD; wuUodkvfynm&Sifrsm;avmuwGif jyefvnfaeom;usptcsdefY
a':cif=unf avjzwfa=umif;owif; a&mufvmygonf? pk vnf; csufcsif;yif &onfhav,mOfjzifh rdciftm;
ypk&ef &efukefodk vdkufoGm;ygonf?
1988 ckESpf jrefrmjynftwGif; tjzpftysufrsm;udk trsm;od+yD;jzpfygonf? ESpfOD;ydkif;u
qENjyausmif;om;rsm; aoewfypfcwfjcif; cH=u&pOfupI jy\emrsm;/ ay:aygufrnfhtvm;tvmrsm;
&SdcJhygonf? aemifwGif qENjyyJGrsm; ydkrdk}uD;xGm;vmum t=urf;zufr_rsm;vnf; jzpfay:vmavonf? 8-888 aeonf jynfolaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm csDwufqENjy=u+yD; 'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdkaomae jzpfygonf?
TqENjycsDwufyJGrsm;udk
ESdrfeif;&ef
tpdk;&wyfrsm;u
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usqHk;'%f&m&olrsm;ta&twGufrSm aemifwESpf=umwGif yDuif;rd wD,Htmrif&ifjyifY aoa=uysufpD;rnfh

wkwfjynfolOD;a&xuf rsm;pGmydkrdkygonf? pk acgif;a&SmifaeI rjzpfawmhyg? Tvufopf

t=urf;zuftm%m&Sifpepfudk wkdufzsuf&ef jynfolvlxkudk acgif;aqmifay;Edkifrnfh olr.zcifum;
r&Sdawmh+yD? tazhorD;yDopGm olr yg0ifv_yf&Sm;&ayawmhrnf?
pk onf wnfaxmif+yD;p trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJGcsKyf. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r;taejzifh
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ppftpdk;&) vufatmufwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aecJh&I pJGuyfaeaom a=umuf&GHpdwfrsm;rS
jrefrmEkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm; kef;xGufvGwfajrmufEkdifapjcif;iSm vrf;jyE_d;aqmf&efjzpfygonf?
pk u t*Fvdyfa&m/ jrefrmyg bmompum;ESpfrsKd;vHk;wGif Ekdifeif;u|rf;usifygonf?
jrefrmbmompum;udk toHk;yum olr.zcifuJhodkyif jrefrmjynfolvlxk. &ifxJtawG;xJodka&mufatmif
pGrf;aqmifygonf? olr. tawG;tjrifrsm;ESifh aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk urBmodkwifjy&eftwGuf
t*Fvdyfbmompum;udk oHk;ygonf? xdkif;r_dif;zG,f&mb0Y ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm epfryfaecJh+yD; r=umcifurS
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ta&;tygqHk;jzpfygonf? Todk jynfolvlxkudk v_Haqmfpnf;Hk;&eftwGuf pk onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;vHk;
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pk ESifh olr. pnf;Hk;a&;tzJG0ifwdkudk a&SqufoGm;v#if ypfcwfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; aoewfrsm;jzifhcsdefum
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qufoG,f=unfh&efjzpfygonf?

pk ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;ajzmifhrwfjcif;/ wnfhrwfaom &nf&G,fcsufyef;wdkif&Sdjcif;/ ravsmhaom

ZJGvHkvESifh pl;pl;pdkufpkduf &nfrSef;csufukda&mufatmif }uHaqmifwwfjcif; paom t&nftaoG;rsm;onf
tcuftcJESifh &ifqkdif&aomtcgrsm;wGif pdwf"mwfusavhr&Sdjcif;/ b,ft&mudkrqdk taumif;bufrS
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aENrysufjcif;/ oEdMXmefcdkifjcif; ponfwdkESifhvnf; twlwJGvsuf&Sdaeygonf? olr atmufpzdk'fwGif
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tiftm;csdeJolrsm;ESifh ouf}uD;&G,ftdkrsm;tay: *kpdkufapmifha&Smufwwfr_/ olr. us,fjyefaom
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olrcifyGef;onfudk
pHerlemyI
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&ifhusufr_/
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tvGefta&;ygaom
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ar#mfvifh&m/ tm;xm;&m jzpfvmygonf?
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ta&;awmfyHkatmifygap?
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tcsdeftawmf=umoGm;+yDjzpfygonf?
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ppfvufeufrsm; 0,f,lEkdif&efESifh zufpyfpDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifEkdif&ef }uHaqmifcsufrsm;rSmvnf;

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e0w u olwdkajymor#udk acgif;ndwfrnfholrsm;[k ,lq&aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS
udk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdudk
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olwdka&G;cs,fac:,lxm;aom [kwfuJh [kom ajzrnf[k ,lq&onfh ygwDudk,fpm;vS,frsm;xJrSyif
tcsKdu aemiftem*wfwGifvnf; ppfwyfu ,ckvdkyif EdkifiHa&;wGif OD;pD;OD;aqmifyaom tcef;urS
yg0ifEdkif&ef tqdkyonfudk uefuGufcJh=uygonf? pl;prf;avhvmolrsm;u TtrsKd;om;nDvmcHudk
vuf&Sdtm%m&Sifrsm;taeESifh
tm%mudk
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t=urf;zufr_udk awmfvSefI vGwfvyfaom vltzJGtpnf; wnfaxmif&ef ud;yrf;csuf.
oauFwjzpfaeygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf. &JpGrf;owWdESifh jrifhrm;aom ar#mfrSef;csufwdkonf usaemfwdkwGif&Sdaom
taumif;qHk;pGrf;&nfudk ay:xGufvmaprnf[k usaemfwdkuJhodkaom omrefyk*~Kdvfwdku cHpm;=u&onf[k
usaemf,Hk=unfygonf? tem*wfwGif ,Hk=unfr_&Sdaeao;&eftwGuf olruJhodkaomyk*~KdvfrsKd;udk usaemfwdk
vdktyfonf[k cHpm;rdygonf? ,if;tcsufonf olr ud;yrf;r_. pGrf;tm;}uD;aom oauFww&yfjzpf+yD;
olrudk rw&m;vkyfwkdif; usaemfwdkESvHk;om;wGif tjrwfwEdk; apmifha&Smufxdef;odrf;xm;onfht&mudk
csKd;azmufcH&ouJhodkyif cHpm;=u&ygonf? aetdrfwGif zrf;qD;jcif;cHae&ol TtrsKd;orD;onf
ar#mfvifhcsufa&mifjcnfjzpfygonf? olr xdkae&mY&Sdaejcif;jzifh aumif;r_ukodkvf. tiftm;udk usaemfwdk ydkI
,Hk=unfudk;pm;vm=uygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unfudk 1945 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;ygonf? olr.zcif vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&pOfu olronf
(2) ESpforD;jzpfygonf? zcifudk rSwfrdEdkifaomt&G,fr[kwfyg? rdcifjzpfolrSm oHwrefjzpfojzifh
atmifqef;pk=unfonf i,fpOfumvuif;/ aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGifif; EdkifiHjcm;Y aexdkifcJhygonf? 1967
ckESpfwGif olronf atmufpzdk'fwuUodkvf pdef[lpfaumvdyfrS EdkifiHa&;ynm/ '\eduaA'/ abm*aA'
bmom&yfrsm;jzifh bJG&cJhygonf? 1969 ckESpfrSpI e,l;a,mufrd ukvor*~XmecsKyfwGif (2) ESpfr#
tvkyfvkyfygonf? 1972 ckESpfwGif olronf wdbufa&;&m +Adwdo#ynm&Sifjzpfol rdkufu,ftJ&pfESifh
vufxyfygonf? blwefEkdifiHwGif acwWaexdkif+yD;aemuf atmufpzdk'fwGif 1975 ckESpfavmufY
jyefvnfaexdkifygonf?
olronf
uav;i,f (2)
a,muf&Sdaom
tdrf&Sifrwm0eftjyif
ynma&;bufwGifvnf; qufvufud;pm;+yD; jrefrmhorkdif;ESifh pmayukd t"duxm;avhvmygonf? olronf
*syefjynf usKdwdkwuUodkvfESifh tdENd,EkdifiH tqifhjrifhokawoeXmewdkwGif {nhfonfawmfynm&Siftjzpf
avhvmcJhygonf? 1988 ckESpf jrefrmjynfodk jyefvmaomtcgwGif vef'efwuUodkvf ta&Swdkif;ESifh
tmz&duavhvma&;XmewGif avhvmjcif;udk &yfem;vdkuf&ygonf? Todkaom jyifytjzpftysufrsm;u
1988 ckESpfY olr pwifrnfh tcef;uudk &nfn$ef;cJhjcif;r&Sdyg? odkaomf olronf aumif;pGm tqifoifh
jyifqifxm;+yD;olyif jzpfygonf?
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk. uH=urRmESifhywfoufI tpOfojzifh olr &ifav;aecJh&aom
om"ursm;&Sdygonf? olronf waewGif jrefrmjynfodk jyef&zG,f&m&Sdonf/ ,if;odkaomtcgwGif
cifyGef;onf. axmufcHtm;ay;r_vdka=umif; olru ajymcJhonfudk olr.cifyGef;u ajymcJhzl;ygonf? olr
avhvmqnf;yl;aom
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avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh olr. EkdifiHa&;wm0ef,lr_ESifh zcif. tdkuft&m qufcH&rnf[laom oabmudkvnf;
ydkrdkckdifrmvmapygonf?

*syefodkoGm;aomtcgY zcifjzpfol. ajc&mtwkdif; vdkufaeouJhodk jzpfoGm;&ygonf?

'kwd,urBmppftwGif; atmifqef;onf *syef&Sd ppfpcef;wckwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfudk
wnfaxmifjcif;yif
jzpfygonf?
jrefrmjynfudk
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wdkufcdkufae&mu *syefudk awmfvSefykefuef+yD; r[mrdwfrsm; jrefrmjynfudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&mwGif
tultnDay;=uygonf? ppf+yD;onfhtcgwGif if;uOD;aqmifI +Adwdo#wdkESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;EkdifcJhojzifh
aemufqHk; vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdygonf? vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEkdifiHb0odk a&muf&SdvmaomjzpfpOfudk
avhvm&efESifh EkdifiHa&;udkxdef;uGyfxm;onfh tjrifhqHk;ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;udk em;vnfoabmayguf&ef
ta&;w}uD;vdktyfaeonf[k atmifqef;pk=unfu cHpm;aeyHk&ygonf? tdENd,ESifh jrefrmEkdifiHwdk.
udkvdkeDacwftawGtuHudk E_dif;,SOfxm;onfh ajymifajrmufaom pmwrf;wapmifwGif jrefrmjynf,Ofaus;r_
dk;&mtarGtESpf. xl;jcm;aom vuQ%m&yfrsm;udk olru a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf?
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trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_ dk;&mtarGtESpf. taumif;qHk;t*FgvuQ%mrsm;[k olru ,lqaomt&mrsm;udk
*kyvmap&ef ud;pm;I olrudk,fwkdifvnf; ,if;t*FgvuQ%m&yfrsm;ESifh xyfwlxyfr#jzpfap&ef
ud;yrf;tm;xkwfygonf?
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av;eufaomtodynmjzifh
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xl;jcm;onf[kqdkEkdifaomfvnf; 1988 ckESpfY atmifqef;pk=unf jrefrmjynfodkjyefoGm;&onfh
ta=umif;rSm EkdifiHa&;tajctaea=umifh r[kwfbJ rdciftdk}uD; aexdkifraumif;jzpfaeaoma=umifhyif
jzpfygonf? odkaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;rkefwkdif; pwifwdkufcwfae+yDjzpfygonf? qENjyyJGrsm;/ &JESifh&ifqkdif
xdyfwdkufawGr_rsm; jzpfyGm;cJh+yD; vlaygif; (200) cef aoqHk;cJh&+yD;jzpfygonf? aeraumif;ol
rdcif}uD;tm;ypkaepOf r+idrfroufjzpfr_rsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;ygonf? ,if;odkaom tajctaewGif
'kwd,ajrmuf trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;ud;yrf;r_ [k olrudk,fwkdifac:qdkaom wdkufyJGwGif wufwufuGuG
yg0if&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
jrefrmjynfwGif ppfwyfu 1962 ckESpfY tm%modrf;,lygonf? 1988 ckESpfwGifjzpfyGm;aom
qlylr_rsm;rSm ydkrdkwdk;yGm;vmaom zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;udk wefjyefjcif;yif jzpfygonf? xdkESpf aEG&moDtajctae
ra&&mao;onfhtcsdefwGif
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pnf;urf;pepf&Sd=u&efESifh
tiftm;oHk;r_udk
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&uftenf;i,f=umaomtcgwGif &efukefrd a&$wd*HkapwDa&SwGif axmif/ aomif;csDwufa&mufaom
vlxkpnf;a0;yJGY olr rdefcGef;ajymqdkI vltcGifhta&;/ 'Drkdua&pDESifh t=urf;rzufa&;tay:wGif rlwnfaom
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EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udkrl ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;r&Sdyg? (tpnf;ta0;rsm;rvkyf&ef ydwfyifxm;+yD;jzpfI
ydwfyif&efrvdkawmh[k
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wnfaxmifvdkufygonf? olronf EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif tm;oGefcGefpdkuf qufvufyg0ifum

tpnf;ta0;rsm; ydwfyifxm;onfudkif;/ ppfwyfu +cdrf;ajcmufonfudkif; vGefqefI vlaygif;rsm;pGm

wufa&mufaom EkdifiHa&;pnf;a0;yJGrsm;udk wjynfvHk;wGif usif;yEkdifcJhygonf? olr EkdifiHa&;
pnf;Hk;a&;qif;&mwGif xl;jcm;xif&Sm;aom vuQ%mw&yfrSm tpOftvmt& wOD;ESifhwOD; rwnfh=uaom
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;udk qJGaqmifEkdifjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
olr.*k%foduQma=umifh ppftpdk;&onf tawmf=umwGefqdkif;aecJh+yD;rS 1989 ckESpf ZlvdkifvrSmyif
olrtm; aetdrfwGif xdef;odrf;vdkufjcif;jzpfayonf? 1990 ckESpf arvwGifusif;yaom a&G;aumufyJGwGif
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJGcsKyf t}uD;tus,ftEdkif&&Sd+yD; v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& (80) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmf
tEkdif&&SdoGm;ygonf?
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atmifqef;pk=unf.
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vlwkdif;u
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qefusifzuf&v'fwrsKd; xGufvmrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;yHk&ygonf? if;wdk tm%mqufvuf&,l&eftwGuf
w&m;Oya't& vkyfydkifcGifhay;rnfh a&G;aumufyJG&v'fudk ar#mfvifh=u[efwlygonf? Todkaom tpdk;&rsKd;.
t=uyftwnf;rSm rdrd.vdrfvnfajymqdkcsufwGif rdrdyg jyefydwfrdaejcif;yifjzpfygonf? rnfodkyifjzpfap e0w
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oabmyifjzpfygonf? odkaomf e0w url w&m;0ifonfhoabm ydkrdkenf;yg;aomfvnf;
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vGefcJhaom
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+idrf;csrf;a&;. tajccHvdktyfcsufonf vlom;tm;vHk;. b0&Sifoefr_ESifh dkaoav;pm;cH&r_qkdif&m
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tajccHjzpfonf[laom tcsufudk jiif;qdk=urnfjzpfygonf? jrefrmwdkonf +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh
vHkcHa&;oabmudk at;jraomt&dyfESifh wJGzufxm;=uygonf?
opfyif.t&dyfonf at;jrayonf
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t&dyfyif jzpfayonf?

xdka=umifh
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at;jraom
t&dyftm0goay;Ekdif&eftwGuf tkyfcsKyfolwdkonf Ak'<&Sifawmf. tqHk;tr=o0g'rsm;udk
vdkufem&rnfjzpfygonf? ,if;=o0g'rsm;xJwGif opPmw&m;&Sdjcif;/ w&m;"rR apmifhpnf;jcif;ESifh
*k%mxm;jcif;wdkonf t"dujzpfygonf? Todkaom t&nftcsif;rsm;ay:wGif tajcyaom
tpdk;&udk &&Sd&ef&nf&G,fI jrefrmjynfom;wdku 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJG0ifae=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf?
jynfwGif;Y EdkifiHa&;tzdESdyfcHae&ojzifh EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk&Sifudk,fwdkif rvma&mufEkdifonfrSm
Tt}udrfonf yxrt}udrf r[kwfyg? [pfwvm. wckaom tusOf;pcef;wGif zsm;emaeol umvf;AGef
atmfpDtufpuD (Carl Von Ossietzky) onfvnf; 1936 ckESpfu rvma&mufEkdifcJhyg?
tif'a&qmcga&mAfh (Andrei Sakharov) ESifh vufbdk0ifpm (Lech Walesa) wdkonfvnf;
xdkenf;wlyifjzpfcJh&ygonf? atmfpDtufpuDonf emZDtpdk;&rywfusrD aoqHk;oGm;&+yD; qmcga&mhAfESifh
bdk0ifpmwdkrSmrl if;wdk. ud;yrf;r_rsm; atmifyJGcHonfudk awGjrif=u&ygonf? atmifqef;pk=unfonfvnf;
olr. ud;yrf;r_atmifyJGcHonfudk jrif&rnf[k usaemfwdk ar#mfvifhygonf?
odkaomfvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;qk&Sifudk,fwkdif a&mufrvmEkdifonfrSm Tt}udrfonf aemufqHk;jzpfcsifrS
jzpfrnf[laom tvm;tvmudkvnf; usaemfwdk od&Sdxm;&rnfjzpfygonf? usaemfwdkaexdkif&m
urBmrsKd;wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh aphpyfjzefajza&;udk wcgwnf;ESifh r&Edkifonfudkvnf; owdy=u&rnf jzpfygonf?
usaemfwdk. pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;udkvnf; edrfhusoGm;atmif yvkyfEkdifrnfr[kwfyg? xdkodkrvkyfbJ
ydkrdkaumif;rGefaomavmuudk vdktyfygu usaemfwdk ydkI Edk;=um;zswfvwf&ef a=umuf&GHr_rS ydkI uif;&Sif;&ef
,ckESpfqk&SifajymouJhodk euf_dif;aom dk;om;r_ &Sd=u&ef usaemfwdk ud;pm;=u&rnfjzpfygonf?
TonfrSm usaemfwdktm;vHk; wOD;pDyvkyf&rnfh udpPjzpfaomfvnf; tm%m&mxl;tqifh&Sdolrsm; usifhoHk;&ef
txl;vdktyfygonf? atmifqef;pk=unfuJhodkyif dk;om;ESdrfhcsr_ESifh a=umuf&GHjcif;uif;r_udk jy=uyg? ydkI
aecsifzG,faumif;aom urBmavmu ay:aygufvmrnf jzpfygonf?
(wrsufESmpm a':pk"gwfyHkvmonf)
(wrsufESmvHk;wGif wyf&rnfhacgif;pOf}uD;)

tydkif;-u

1984 ckESpf 1993 ckESpftwGif;

a&;om;aom
pmwrf;rsm;ESifh taxGaxGrdefcGef;rsm;
(aemufxyfwrsufESm aqmif;yg;)
atmifqef;

t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh 1991 ckESpfwGif yHkESdyfxkwfa0aom pmtkyfrS pmrsufESm 3-37 udk jrefrmjyefonf?

* * *

usr rSwfrdEkdifaom t&G,fra&mufrDuyif usr.zcif uG,fvGefoGm;ygonf? xdka=umifh azaz[m

b,fvdkvlpm;rsKd;ygvdrfh [laom odcsifpdwfjzifh zcif. b0vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufaom
pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;udk usr pwifpkaqmif; avhvmzwf_jcif;yifjzpfygonf? atmufwGif azmfjyyg
txky`wWdpmwrf;udk a&;om;&mY yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif; taxmuftxm;rsm;udk t"dutajccHxm;ygonf?
ta=umif;t&mESpf&yfESifhywfoufIomv#if usrwdkrdom;pkESifh azazhtm; aumif;pGmodu|rf;cJholrsm;xHrS
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tpGyfpJGcH&Edkifygonf? wu,fwrf;wGifvnf; txky`wWda&;olwdkonf rdrdwdk &SmazGpkaqmif;&&Sdaom
taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh rdrdwdk. udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfOm%fudk yHkpHoGif;ay;cJhaom tjzpftysuf/
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usrjrifonfhtwkdif; rSefuefpGm ay:vGifap&ef ud;yrf;a&;om;xm;ygonf[kom ajymEkdifygonf?
* * *
atmifqef;udk jrefrmEkdifiH tnma'o&Sd ewfarmufrduav;Y 1915 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 13
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EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkwpkjzpfvmatmif
pnf;Hk;ygonf?
udkatmifqef;wdkvlpkonf tm%mydkiftvdkawmf&drsm; v$rf;rdk;xm;aom wuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~udk
xdk;xGif;0ifa&mufEkdif&ef ud;yrf;jcif;jzifh pwifv_yf&mS ;.? yxrwGif atmifjrifr_odyfr&SdcJhay? if;wdktxJrS

udkausmf+idrf;ESifh udkodef;azwdkom or*~tr_aqmifrsm;tjzpf ta&G;cs,fcH&onf? odkaomf aemufydkif;wGif

xufoefaom
trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfESifh
ZGJvHkvwkd.
tusKd;tjrwfrsm;
xGef;um;vm.?
wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;.
pdwfaepdwfxm;vnf;
ajymif;vm.?
v_yf&Sm;wufuGaom
jynfcspfpdwfv$rf;rdk;vm.? 1935-36 pmoifESpftwGif; ausmif;om;or*~tr_aqmif a&G;aumufyJGwGif
t"duae&mtm;vHk; trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwf xufoefaomvli,frsm;u &&SdoGm;=u.? udkatmifqef;onf
tr_aqmiftzJG0ifwOD;tjzpf ta&G;cH&+yD; or*~ r*~Zif;. t,f'Dwmvnf; jzpfvmygonf?
or*~ r*~Zif; tdk;a0 wGif i&JacG;}uD; vGwaf e+yD [laom aqmif;yg;udk xnfhoGif;cJhjcif;onf
us,fjyefpGm xda&mufr_&SdcJhonfh 1936 ckESpf wuUodkvfausmif;om;oydwfudk oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh
v_Haqmfay;jcif;yif jzpfygonf? Taqmif;yg;onf wuUodkvft&m&SdwOD;tm; ykyfcwfwdkufcdkuf
a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf[k tm%mydkifrsm;u ,lqum aqmif;yg;&Siftrnfudk azmfxkwf&ef
t,f'Dwmudkatmifqef;tm; awmif;qdkvmawmh.? udkatmifqef;uvnf; ,if;uJhodk azmfxkwfjcif;onf
owif;pmq&musifh0wfESifh udkufnDrnfr[kwf[kqdkum jiif;qefvdkuf.? tm%mydkifrsm;u ,ckuJhodk
jiif;qefr_udk tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; udkatmifqef;tm; ausmif;rSxkwfy,fvdkufawmh.? r=umao;rDuyif
udkEkonfvnf;
ausmif;tkyf}uD;tm;
ypfypfcgcg
a0zefr_jzifh
ausmif;xkwfcHcJh&aoma=umifh
ausmif;om;rsm;xJwGif rauseyfr_/ a'goxGufr_ ydkIrsm;jym;vmavonf? odkjzifh oydwfarSmuf&ef
qHk;jzwf=uygawmhonf? wuUodkvfpmar;yJGrsm;ppfcsdef jzpfav&m TqHk;jzwfcsufrSm txl;av;eufonfh
udpPw&yfjzpfygonf? oydwfowif;rSm csufcsif;yif [dkav;wausmfjzpfoGm;avonf? owif;pmrsm;ESifhwuG
wEdkifiHvHk;u oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk =uifempGm axmufcH=uygonf? TuJhodk trsm;axmufcHr_ukd
&,lEkdifjcif;/ av;pm;avmufatmif pDrHuGyfuJEkdifjcif;/ pnf;urf;&Sdjcif; ponfwdka=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;.
vkyf&nfudkif&nfESifh ausmif;om;tiftm;. wefcdk;tmedoifudk vl}uD;ydkif; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;
todtrSwfyvm=u&onf? tpdk;&taejzifhvnf; oydwfarSmufolrsm;. rauseyfcsufrsm;udk av;eufpGm
rpOf;pm;I rjzpfawmhyg? aemufqHk;Y Edkifvlrif;xufywwfaom ausmif;tkyf}uD;rSm t+idrf;pm;,lvkduf&.?
wuUodkvftufOya'wGif
ausmif;om;rsm;xnfhoGif;vdkaom
jyifqifcsufrsm;udk
avhvm&ef
aumfrwDw&yfudkvnf; zJGpnf;vdkuf&+yD; ta&;rygvSaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkrl vdkufavsmvdkufavonf?
vli,ftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;. EdkifiHa&;zHGzd;wdk;wufr_wGif ta&;}uD;onfh rSwfwdkifwwdkifjzpfaom 1936
ckESpfoydwfa=umifh udkatmifqef;onfvnf; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf vlodrsm;vmygonf?
ol*k%foduQmvnf; t&SdefrSefrSefjrifhrm;vm+yD; &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~ESifh oydwfarSmuf+yD;aemuf
wnfaxmifcJhaom
jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m
ausmif;om;or*~wdk.
tr_aqmiftzJGrsm;wGifvnf;
wqifhxufwqifh ydkrdkta&;ygaom tr_aqmifae&mrsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&.? 1938 ckESpfwGif
or*~ESpf&yfpvHk;. OuUXjzpfvmygonf? xdktcsdefY udkatmifqef; wuUodkvfrS 0dZmbJG&+yD;I
Oya'0dZmwef;wGif wufa&mufae.? xdkuJhodk Oya'wef;qufwufaejcif;rSm wuUodkvfwGif
qufvufaexdkif v_yf&Sm;EkdifcGifh&&Sd&ef[laom ta=umif;vnf; yg0ifygonf? ajzmifhrwfwnf=unfjcif;/
ZJGvHkv}uD;jcif;/ tvkyfvkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif; ponfwdka=umifh udkatmifqef;taejzifh av;pm;jcif;cH&aomfvnf;
tjcm;ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;uJhodk ,Ofaus;odrfarGI qufqHa&;ajyjypfjcif;r&Sdaom vl*GpmwOD;yif
jzpfygonf? okefokefr_efr_efaewwfjcif;/ royf&yfjcif;/ pdwfrygv#if olwyg; tae&=uyfavmufatmif
wHk%Sdbma0aewwfjcif;/ pdwfygjyefawmhvnf; olwyg; rcHEkdifavmufatmif pum;azmifzJGjcif;ESifh tjcm;
axmifhrusKd;aom trltusifhwdka=umifh udkatmifqef; r=umc%ta0zefcH&ygonf? oludk,fwkdifvnf;
&Hzef&Hcg vl,Ofaus;rsm;ESifh tom;ruscJhacs/ rsufaphaemuf jrifjyif;uyfvmonf? xdktcg
vl,Ofaus;rsm;ESifh ig vldkif;[k ZmwdcJGypfcsifonfh ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)

atmifqef;
jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~OuUX 1937
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
pdwfrsm;&Sdvmonf [k a&;om;cJhzl;.? odkaomf vldkif;rsm;udk atmifqef;jrifyHkrSm pdwful;,Ofqef.?
dk;ajzmifhwnf=unf/
usef;rmoefpGrf;+yD;/
vGwfvyfcsrf;ompGmaexkdifolrsm;[k
olu
tr$ef;wifxm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf?
1938 ckESpfwGif udkatmifqef;onf 1930 ckESpf ukvm;-Armt"duk%f;rSjrpfzsm;cHaom
'dkArmtpnf;tHk;xJodk 0ifa&mufv_yf&Sm;Ekdif&ef wuUodkvfrS xGufvdkufygonf? xdktpnf;tHk;onf
trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfjyif;jyI EkysKdwufuGonfh tajccHvuQ%m&Sd+yD; tpnf;tHk;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
ouf}uD;EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifhrwl
wrlxl;jcm;=uygonf?
rsKd;cspfta&;awmfyHkY
b0udkjrKyfESH&ef
tmoDojyif;xefaeaom
acwfopfynmwwfvli,frsm;u
xdkouf}uD;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf
&Joifhonfavmufr&J/
jrefrmqefoifhonfavmufrqef/
tajccHrS
ajymif;vJGr_rsm;vkyf&ef
qEN&Sdoifhonfavmufr&Sd/
i,f&G,foifhoavmufvnf;
ri,f&G,f[k
,lq=uygonf?
'dkArmtpnf;tHk;0ifrsm;udk vlwkdif;u uduf=uonfawmhr[kwfyg? tcsKdu olwdkudk uavuacs
jy\em&Smaeaom vlrdkufvlqdk;av;rsm;[lI txifao;+yD;/ trnfa&SwGif ocif wyfI ac:a0:jcif;udk
}uD;us,fonf/
rvkyfoifhrvkyfxdkuf[k
a0zef=uygonf?
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;orm;rsm;udk
vufatmufcHjzpfaeaom Armwdku ocif [k ac:avhac:x&Sd&m/ Armrsm;onf u|efrsKd;r[kwf
udk,fhudkudk,f tkyfpdk;Edkifonfh arG;&mygtcGifhta&;&Sdolrsm;jzpfa=umif;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; &J&Jwif;wif;
az:jyonfhtaeESifh tpnf;tHk;0ifrsm;u ocif bJGudk oHk;pJGjcif; jzpfygonf?
twGif;oabmxm;
rwdkufqkdifr_rsm;a=umifh
'dkArmtpnf;tHk;
ESpfjcrf;uJGoGm;ygonf?
ociftrsm;pkyg0ifonfhtydkif;udk
acgif;aqmifolrSm
jrefrmhpmayESifh
EdkifiHa&;avmuwGif
txifu&yk*~Kdvf}uD;jzpf+yD; rlvu tpnf;tHk;. em,ujzpfaom q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;jzpfygonf?
udkatmifqef;vnf; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; OD;aqmifonfh 'dkArmtpnf;tHk;0ifwOD; jzpfvmygonf?
r_dif;ocif rsm;teuf udkEk/ udkvSazESifh udkodef;azwdktjyif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; r[kwfcJhaomfvnf;
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;wGif xif&Sm;ta&;ygvmrnfh ocifoef;xGef;ESifh ocifpdk;wdkvnf; yg0ifygonf? r=umrD
ocifatmifqef;onf 'dkArmtpnf;tHk; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r; jzpfvm+yD;aemuf tpnf;tHk;.
a=unmpmwrf;udk pD&ifa&;om;cJhygonf?
1938-1939 ckESpfrsm;wGif 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk [k trnfwGifrnfh ta&;tcif;rsm;
jzpfay:cJhygonf? a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm; csDwufyJG/ awmifolv,form;rsm; csDwufyJG/ &J.
eHygwfwkwf'%fjzifh Adkvfatmifausmf usqHk;cJh&aom ausmif;om;qENjyyJG/ xdkjzpf&yfa=umifh ay:ayguf&aom
EkdifiHt0Srf; ausmif;om;oydwfrsm;/ ArmwdkESifh tdENd,tEG,f rlqvifrsm;t=um; jzpfyGm;cJhaom t"duk%f;/
tvkyform;rsm;oydwf/ &J. vufcsufjzifh tmZmenf (17) OD; usqHk;cJhaom rEWav;qENjyyJG/
a'gufwmbarmftpdk;&
ywfusoGm;jcif;
ponfwdk
woDwwef;}uD;
jzpfay:cJhygonf?
Tta&;tcif;rsm;a=umifh
EdkifiHtwGif;
ruHpzl;
r+idrfrouf
qlqlyGufyGufjzpfvm+yD;
trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; t&Sdeft[kefjyif;xefvmonf? odkaomf Tr#pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,fjzpf&yfrsm;
t=um;uyif jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;. uyf}uD;ESpfyg;jzpfaom *dk%f;*%0g'ESifh remvdkrkef;wD;a&;0g'wdk. qdk;0g;aom
t&Sdef=oZmrsm; v$rf;rdk;vm.? tkyfpkwtkyfpk/ vlwOD;csif;wdktaeESifh rdrdwdkomv#if txda&mufqHk;/
rsKd;cspfpdwftxufoefqHk;/ tawmfqHk;[lI *k%fwk/ *k%fydifvkyfvdkaom pdwfl;rsm;0ifum/ tjyeftvSef
pGyfpJGykwfcwfr_rsm;/ cg;oD;r_rsm; ysHESHvmavonf?

*dk%f;*%pdwfESifh
remvdk0efwdkpdwfrsm;rS
uif;&Sif;onf[ktrsm;u
owfrSwfxm;aom
vlenf;pkav;wGif ocifatmifqef; yg0if.? olonf vuf0J0g'rsm;zufodk,drf;I 1939 ckESpfwGif
ay:aygufvmaom
tcsKdu
rmhufqf0g'
avhvma&;tkyfpk[lIif;/
tcsKdu
yxrOD;qHk;
jrefrmuGefjrLepfuvyfpnf;[lIvnf;if;/ ac:a0:onfh tkyfpkudkwnfaxmifcJholwOD;jzpf+yD;/ xdktkyfpk.
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r;tjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh.?
odkaomf
ocifatmifqef;onf
uGefjrLepf0g'udkaomfif;/ tjcm;wif;=uyfaom 0g'rsm;udkaomfif;/ rqifrjcif tpGef;a&muftjrifjzifh
,Hk=unfvufcHjcif; r&SdcJhyg? us,f0ef;axGjym;aom qdk&S,fvpfoDtkd&D t,ltqtrsKd;rsKd;teuf oltm;
qJGaqmifEkdifaom oabmw&m;rsm; tawmftwef&SdcJhygonf? odkaomf ol. t"du&nfrSef;csufrSm
olwkdif;jynftwGuf vGwfvyfa&;ESifh pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; pGrf;aqmifay;Edkifrnfh tawG;tac:rsm;/
enf;AsL[mrsm;udk avhvmoHk;pJG&efomjzpfygonf?
1939 ckESpf Oa&mywkdufwGif 'kwd,urBmppfrD; pwifavmifu|rf;+yD; rsm;r=umrD udkvdkeD0g'tcuf/
vGwfvyfa&;tcsuf [kjrifum xGuf&yf*dk%f;}uD; wnfaxmifEkdif&ef ocifatmifqef; ulnDay;cJhygonf?
a'gufwmbarmf. qif;&Jom;ygwD/ 'dkArmtpnf;tHk;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh yk*~vduEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;
pkaygif;zJGpnf;vdkufaom xdk xGuf&yf*k%f;}uD; onf ocifatmifqef;. wDxGifr_jzpfonf[k ocifEku
owfrSwfcJh.? xGuf&yf*dk%f;}uD; . jynfolvlxu
k dk wdkufwGef;aqmf=ocsufrSm ppf+yD;onfESifh
vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef oabmwlaom uwd&rSomv#if +Adwdo#ppfa&;ud;yrf;csufrsm;udk ulnDyHhydk;&rnf?
+Adwdo#tpdk;&taeESifh xdkuJhodk uwda=unmcsufryygu ppfa&;ud;yrf;csufrsm;udk tifwkduftm;wdkuf
qefusif&rnf? wHkjyefonfhtaeESifh +Adwdo#tpdk;&onf trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;aeol trsm;tjym;udk
zrf;qD;vdkufygonf? 1940 ckESpf ukefqHk;csdefY ocifacgif;aqmif tajrmuftjrm;ESifh a'gufwmbarmfwdkrSm
axmifxJa&mufae=uay+yD?
ocifatmifqef;udk
zrf;qD;&ef
0&ef;trdefxkwfcJhaomfvnf;
tcsdefrDowday;csuf&ojzifh olonf ajc&mazsmufum wdrf;a&SmifoGm;EkdifcJhonf?
*syefESifh r[mrdwfzJGjcif;
ocifatmifqef;onf vufeufudkifwdkufyJGqifEJ$&ef vdktyfaumif;vdktyfrnf[k ,lqcJhonfrSm
umvtwef=umuyif jzpfygonf? uav;b0u wdkufcdkufawmfvSef&ef pdwful;,OftdyfrufcJhaomfvnf;
vGwfvyfa&;udk tajccHOya'abmiftwGif;rS EkdifiHa&;enf;jzifh &,lEkdifrnfh tvm;tvmudk tpOfwpdkuf
y,fxm;cJholr[kwfyg? wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0u tpdk;&0efxrf; (xdkpOfu tkdifpDtuf/ bDpDtuf)
pmar;yJGajzqdkum if;wdk. ynm&SifyDopGm EkdifiHa&;vkyfudkifr_ESifh rsKd;cspfpdwfxufoefr_wdka=umifh
oludk,fwkdifav;pm;aom tdENd,EkdifiHa&;orm;tcsKd. erlemtwdkif; vkyfudkif&efudkvnf; ocifatmifqef;
pOf;pm;cJhzl;.? trsm;od ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfvm+yD;aemufydkif;Y &efukefwuUodkvf
t*FvdyfpmygarmuQtm; ay;ydkaom pmwapmifwGif olonf +idrf;csrf;aom awmfvSefa&;orm; om
jzpfonf[k a&;om;cJha=umif; =um;od&ygonf? odkaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; ta&;tcif;rsm;.
'Da&v_dif;onf oltm; oabmxm;ajymif;vJapcJhonf? 1940 ckESpfu ol. awG;ac:yHkudk atmufygtwdkif;
&Sif;jyxm;ygonf?
usaemfwOD;csif;taeESifhum;
usaemfwdk.
ta&;awmfyHktwGuf
urBmh0g'jzefr_ESifh
urBmhtultnDvdkonfrSm rSefaomfvnf; t"duvkyfief;rSm jynfwGif;wGifom&Sdonf? t"duvkyfief;rSm
trsKd;om;a&;wkdufyJGtwGuf jynfolvlxkudk pnf;Hk;&efjzpfonf[k ,lqcJhonf? usaemfhrSmvnf;
t=urf;rsOf;tpDtpOfwck&SdcJhonf? if;tpDtpOfrSm +Adwdo#e,fcsJpepfudk wjynfvHk;wGif qefusif&ef/
Tv_yf&Sm;r_udk urBmhtajctae ArmhtajctaeESifhtnD wqwqwdk;csJ&ef/ rdaetvkyform;

awmaetvkyform;wdk.
a'otvdkufoydwfrsm;rSpI
taxGaxGoydwfrsm;/
tcGeftcay;a&;oydwfrsm;txd wdk;csJqifEJ$&ef/ wufuGvmaom 0g'jzefcsdr_rsm;jzpfonfh vlxkqENjyyJGrsm;
csDwufyJGrsm;rSpI jynfolwdk. tm%mzDqefa&;wdkufyJGtxd qufvufqifEJ$&ef/ pD;yGm;a&;t&wGifvnf;
+Adwdo#ukefypPnf;rsm;udk oydwfarSmuf&mrSpI vlxkESifhcsDI tcGefray;a&;wdkufyJGtxd qifEJ$&ef
ppfzuftkyfcsKyfa&;zufESifh ykvdyfzufuif;pcef;rsm; qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk ajymufusm;enf;ESifh
0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufI
ArmjynftwGif;
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_pepfudk
vHk;0oGufcsmyg'vdkufonftxd
wdkufyJGqifEJ$&ef/ xdktcg urBmjzpfay:wdk;wufr_ESifh wydifeuf aemufqHk;ydwf tm%modrf;yJGudk qifEJ$&ef
tpDtpOfyifjzpfonf? +Adwdo#tpdk;&. vufeufudkifwyfrsm;/ txl;ojzifh +Adwdo#vlrsKd;r[kwfaom
wyfrsm;onf usaemfwdkzufodk ul;ajymif;vm=uvdrfhrnf[kvnf; usaemfwGufcJhonf? TtpDtpOfwGif
*syefrsm; 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufr_udkvnf; rSef;qcJhonf? odkaomf Tae&mwGif usaemfrSm &Sif;vif;aomtjrif
r&SdcJhay?
xdktcgu
usaemfwdktxJrS
rnfolr#
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;r&SdcJh?
odkaomf
,ckjzpfysuf+yD;oGm;onfhtcgwGifum; vltcsKdtaeESifh usefvlrsm;xufydkI odjrifcJh[ef [efaqmifaumif;
aqmif=urnf?)
txufygt}uHtpnfrsm;rSm ol. }uD;rm;aomtpDtpOf omjzpfa=umif; ocifatmifqef;
0efcHcJhygonf? ol. &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;wGif xdkpDrHudef;udk axmufcHol rrsm;vSyg? xdkuJhodkraxmufcHjcif;rSm
ocifatmifqef;tjrift& usaemfwdkrSm "e&Sifaygufp Zmwd&Sdolrsm;jzpf&m pOf;pm;p&m ajymqdk&mwGif
&J&ifhoavmuf/ jywfom;aom aqmif&Gufcsufudkvkyf&mY wGefqkwfavh&Sd=uavonf? jynfolvlxkudk
E_d;qG&rnfhvkyfief; =um&SnfcufcJrnfudkvnf; pdwfr&Snf=uay? usaemfwdktrsm;pkrSm vlxkwdkufyJGta=umif;
ajyma[m=uaomfvnf; vlxkwdkufyJG tusKd;tmedoifukd oabmrayguf=u ponfwdka=umifhyif
jzpfygonf? odkaomf ocifatmifqef;onf trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm; ajymufusm;wkdufyJG qifEJ$Ekdif&ef
vufeufrsm;&Sd&efvdkonf [laom xifjrifcsufudk tcdkiftrmqufvufqyk fudkifxm;ygonf? aemufqHk;wGif
if;wdkteufrS wOD;OD; jrefrmjynfjyifyodkoGm;+yD; tultnD/ taxmuftyHhESifh vufeufrsm;&Sm&ef
qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf? xdktcgu usaemfwOD;wnf;om ajratmufY aeae&aoma=umifh xdkodkoGm;&ef
usaemfhudka&G;cs,fcJh=uavonf [k ocifatmifqef; rSwfwrf;wifcJhygonf?
1940 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif ocifatmifqef;ESifh ocifvSrdif (aemiftcg Adkvf&efatmif[kxif&Sm;ol)
wdk jrefrmjynfrS [kdifvDtrnf&Sd oabFmESifhxGufcGmcJh&m wkwfEkdifiH trGdKifrd&Sd tjynfjynfqkdif&ma'o
jzpfaom ulvefpkodk a&mufoGm;=uygonf? xdkae&mY olwdkESpfOD; vtenf;i,fr# aomifwifae+yD;
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xdkAdkvfr;}uD;onf aemiftcgY jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfa&;udk ulnD&efESifh wkwfjrefrmvrf;r}uD;udk ydwfqdk&ef
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a'gufwmbarmfae&mY
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csrf;omuG,f0vmol[lI emrnfxGufcJhygonf? a'gufwmbarmfudk,fwkdifvnf; xGuf&yf*kd%f; twGuf
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tvnfa&mufpOfu a'gufwmodrf;armifESifh awGcJh.? TawGqHkqufoG,fr_rSwqifh *syefrsm;u
trdGKifa&muf
ocifESpfOD;tm;
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jzpfygonf?
xGuf&yf*dk%f;0ifrsm;teuf

*syeftultnDvufcHoifh/ rcHoifhESifhywfoufI pdwfoabmxm;uJGjym;r_rsm; &SdaecJhygonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;

(if;wdkteuf txif&Sm;qHk;rSm ocifpdk;/ ocifA[def;/ ocifoef;xGef;ESifh ocifodef;az) u txl;ojzifh
zufqpf*syefESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;udk qefusif=uonf? ocifatmifqef;uawmh tultnDudk
&onfhae&mrS,l+yD; tajctaersm; rnfuJhodk ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmrnfudk apmifh=unfhoifhonf[k
vufawGtusKd;jzpfrnfh enf;vrf;tjrif t,ltqudk pJGudkifcJh.? odkaomf ol.pum;twkdif;qdk&v#if olonf
*syefwdkESifhyl;aygif;jcif;a=umifh aemifjzpfay:vmrnfh tusKd;qufrsm;udk taotcsm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
wGufqcJhyHkray:?
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ESpfOD;ESpfzufvHk;wGif xdefcsefxm;aom oabmrawGr_av;rsm; &SdcJhyHk&ygonf? Adkvfr;}uD;plZluD;onf
ocifatmifqef;.
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jrefrmEkdifiHudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf&ef zdwfac:ouJhodk jzpf&onfrSm zufqpfpepfudk vdkvm;Ir[kwf/
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rqdk;vSojzifh pdwfoufom&m&aomfvnf; pdwfrcszG,f/ rESpfoufzG,f udpPav;rsm; usefvsuf&Sdaeygonf?
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t&nftcsif;wdkudk ocifatmifqef; av;pm;aomfvnf; if;wdk. ppf0g'Dqefaom oabmxm;tcsKd.
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tHh=oxdwfvefzG,f&m jzpfae.?
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jyefa&mufvmavonf? olrSwqifh *syefwdkurf;vSrf;vdkufonfh oabmwlnDcsuft&/ awmfvSefykefuef&ef
vufeufrsm;ESifh aiGa=u;axmufyHhrnf[k jrefrmwdku em;vnfcJh.? xdkjyif vufa&G;pifvli,fwpkudk
ppfoifwef;ay;rnf? xdkvli,frsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiHrS cdk;xkwfoGm;&efvdkayrnf? ocifatmifqef; jrefrmjynfY
=umjrifhpGmraeyg? *syefodk ocifvSazESifh tjcm;vli,foHk;OD;wdkESifhtwl jyefoGm;ygonf? xdktkyfpkrSm
&JabmfoHk;usdyf . a&Sajy;wyfOD; jzpfygonf? aemif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf. rdKifozG,fjzpfvmrnfh
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ocifatmifqef;/ ocifvSaz (AdkvfvuFsm)/ ocifatmifoef; (Adkvfp}uFm) ESifh ocifxGef;tkyfwdkudk
ppfXmeOD;pD;uGyfuJa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;wdkudk txl;avhvm&ef a&G;cs,fvdkufygonf? ocifygwD tkyfpkwpkudk
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ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf zJGaomtcgYvnf; wyfrawmf. ydifzufr&Sdacgif;aqmifjzpfvmavonf?
ocifatmifqef;onf
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txl;*kpdkufjcif;/ ppfoifwef;om;b0. u&duxrsm;a=umifhif;/ *syefrsm;a=umifhif;/ emusnf;pdwfrsm;

qlyGufvmcsdefwGif pdwfvdkufrmefygrvkyf&ef t}uHay;wkdufwGef;jcif;/ ponfwdkudk ol pGrf;aqmifEkdifcJhonf?

vli,fppfoifwef;om;rsm;onf
*syefenf;jyq&mtcsKdudk
av;pm;cspfcif=uaomfvnf;/
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ArmESifh *syefwdkt=um; uawmufuqjzpfr_rsm; pwifay:aygufcJhonf? ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
tay: - Adkvfvufsm/ Adkvfp}uFm/ Adkvfatmifqef; 1941 ckESpf *syefjynf
atmuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh &JabmfoHk;usdyftzJG0iftcsKd 1943
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
[dkifeefoifwef;ausmif;qif;rsm;/
xdkif;EkdifiHae
jrefrmrsm;ESifh
rDemrDtzJG0ifrsm;yg0ifaom
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfukd 1941 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif befaumufrdY w&m;0ifzJGpnf;vdkuf.?
plZluD;onf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;&mxl;jzifh wyfrawmft}uD;tuJjzpfvm+yD; atmifqef;onf AdkvfcsKyf&mxl;ESifh
ppfOD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmygonf? tysHoifp wyfrawmftzJG0ifrsm;onf opPma&aomuf+yD; t&m&Sdrsm;u
ol&Jaumif;qefaom ygVdtrnfrsm;udk cH,l=uygonf? plZluD;onf Adkvfrdk;ud;jzpfvm+yD;/ atmifqef;onf
AdkvfawZjzpfvmonf? rdrdwdktrnfopfrsm;ESifh xif&Sm;vmrnfh &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm;teuf AdkvfvuFsm/
Adkvfp}uFm/ AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvfae0if;/ Adkvf&efEkdif/ AdkvfausmfaZm ponfwdk yg0ifygonf? AdkvfcsKyfawZ url
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifESifh ocifacgif;aqmiftjzpf wkdif;jynfuodcJhaom atmifqef;trnfudkom
jyefvnfoHk;pJGum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; [lI jynfolwdk tjrwfwEdk;xm;aom tmZmenfol&Jaumif;tjzpf
xifay:vmygonf?
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jrefrmrsm;twGuf *k%f,lzG,f/ aysmf&$ifzG,fjzpfygonf? usqif;aeaom rdrdwdk. trsKd;om;*k%foduQmudk
jyefvnfjrifhwifay;vdkufouJhodk jzpfoGm;ygonf? odkaomf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ol. &Jabmf&JbuftcsKdu
a&SwGifjy\emrsm;&Sdrnfudk
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jrefrmEkdifiHrSm uarmufurjzpfae+yD; EkdifiHa&;orm;trsm;pkvnf; axmifoGif;tusOf;cscHb0 a&mufae=u&m
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0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufvdkufygonf?
*syefacwfum;
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tm&Swdkufom;csif;. zaemifhatmufom a&muf&a=umif; odvmaomtcg ta=uuJG}uD; a=uuJGcJh&.?
trsm;u vGwfvyfa&;ay;rnfh u,fwif&Sifrsm;tjzpf udqdkcJhaom edyGefppfom;rsm;onf vludufrrsm;aom
+Adwdo#wdkxufyif qdk;0g;onfudk awG&awmh.? waewjcm; pufqkyfzG,f&mjzpf&yfrsm; wkd;yGm;vmav
("mwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
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a&muf&SdoGm;cJh+yD;aemuf 1941 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif atmifqef;tm;

jrefrmEkdifiHodk v#Kd0SufpGm jyefvnfac:aqmifvmcJhol rdqkkpl*D;ESifh

4-3-42 Y twlawG&pOf/ &efukef
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
onf? uifaytd (ppfykvdyf) [laom trnfonf a=umufrufzG,f&ma0g[m&jzpfvmonf? vlrsm;
tpterusef
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ponfwdkrSm
edpP"l0udpPr#omjzpfaom avmu}uD;wGifaewwfatmif ae=u&avonf? xdktjyif r[mrdwfavwyf/
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,Ofaus;r_t& zDvmqefusifaeolrsm;t=um; jzpfyGm;aom ydyuQrsm;/ bmompum;rwlolwdkt=um;
jzpfwwfaom txiftjrifvJGr_rsm; ponfjzifh 'kuQtaygif;udkvnf; xyfavmif;cH&ygao;onf?
jrefrmjynfa&muf
*syefrsm;teuf
w&m;r#wa&;/
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vlrsKd;cJGjcm;a&;pepfa=umifh tcsnf;tESD;jzpf&ygonf?
rdrdwkduwdopPm wnf=unfEkdif&ef jrefrmEkdifiHudk vGwfvyfa&;ay;oifhonf[k ,Hk=unfaom
rDemrDuDuef tzJG0ifrsm;onf jzpfay:vmaomtajctaersm;a=umifh pdwfrcsrf;ajr[efwlygonf? 1942
ckESpf/ &efukefrdudk *syefwyfrsm;odrf;+yD;onfESifh Adkvfr;dk ud;onf A[dktpdk;&wnfaxmifum ocifxGef;tkyfudk
OD;pD;OD;aqmifcefvdkufygonf?
xdktpdk;&
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*syefwyfrsm;
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ppf_H;e,fajrwckuJhodk udkifwG,fvmavonf? ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf. taetxm;onfvnf;
ra&r&mESifh tm;uszG,f&mvHk;0r&Sday? wyfrawmfonf csDwufvm&mvrf;wav#muf pdwftm;xufoefpGm
0ifvmolrsm;ESifh azmif;yGae.? xdkppfom;opfrsm;udk xda&mufonfh wdkuf&nfckduf&nf&Sdaom
wyfrsm;jzpfvmap&ef pepfwus/ pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd avhusifhay;&ayOD;rnf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; rdrdwyfrsm;udk
trdefay;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhr&Sd? olonf Adkvfrdk;ud;. vufaxmuft&m&Sdrsm;teuf tqifhjrifhqHk;r#omjzpf.?
Adkvfrdk;ud;udk,fwkdifvnf; jrefrmjynf. tem*wfta&;rsm;wGif olESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfwdk
rnfonfhtcef;uu
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ppftkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&mrsm;ESifh
jy\emwufaeyHk&.? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ol. &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;url ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfonf
jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;vufatmufwGifom &Sdoifhonf[k ,lq=uonf? xdkudpPESifhywfoufI AdkvfvuFsmu ol/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh
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ppfOD;pD;tjzpfif;
ceftyfvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf? ("mwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf 1942 ckESpf
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
ol.taetxm;ESifhywfoufIif;/
jrefrmEkdifiHtajctaeESifh
ywfoufIif;/ pdwful;,Of+yD; xifa,mifxifrSm;rjzpfcJhyg? vGwfvyfa&;kef;uefr_um; qHk;cef;wkdif&ef
rsm;pGmvdkao;onfukd olodem;vnfonfhtavsmuf wyfrawmf awmifhwif;ckdifrm&efESifh pnf;urf;&Sd&efudk
tmHkpdkufcJh.? Armhwyfrawmfudk ygwDEkdifiHa&;rS uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;ae&efESifh t&yfom;tkyfcsKyfa&;zufwGif

0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; ry&efudkvnf; olud;yrf;cJh.? odkaomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk A[dkrdKifyum

zJGpnf;cJhaom wyfrawmftaeESifh EkdifiHa&;ESifh uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; aeEdkifzdk&efrSm tcsdefrsm;pGmrS
aESmif;oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif; ol {uefod&SdcJhrnfjzpfonf?
1942
ckESpf
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Adkvfrdk;ud;
jrefrmjynfrS
xGufcGmoGm;ygonf?
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfukd ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmftjzpf jyefvnfzJGpnf;vdkuf+yD; atmifqef;onf
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tqifhqifhY *syeft}uHay;t&m&Sdrsm; wJGceftyfxm;+yD; jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;. vufawGtm%mrsm;udk
wif;usyfpGm
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AdkvfcsKyf}uD;tD'gonf
jrefrmhtkyfcsKyfa&;udk
w&m;0iftwnfyvdkufum
a'gufwmbarmftm;
EkdifiHawmft}uD;tuJtjzpf
ceftyfvdkufygonf?
tay:,Htm;jzifh
jrefrmtpdk;&tm%monf
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ajcukyf&oGm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf?
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csDwufvm&mwGif yifyef;qif;&J'%f tawmf}uD;yif cHcJh&.? trsm;tjym;onf iSufzsm;a&m*gpJGuyfIif;/
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oltem;uyf&rnfudkyif a=umufGHae=uygonf? odkaomf q&mr}uD;jzpfol rcif=unfudk,fwkdif AdkvfcsKyftm;
ypk&ygonf? rcif=unfonf pJGrufzG,f&mkyf&nfESifh cspfpzG,ftrlt,m&Sd+yD; rdrd. olemyvkyfief;udk
apwemjynfh0pGmjzifh txl;wm0efodod aqmif&Gufjcif;a=umifh vlemrsm;ESifh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;u
av;pm;cspfcif=uygonf? q&mr rcif=unfonf AdkvfcsKyfudk ypk&mY wif;oifhonfhae&mwGif
wif;aomfvnf;/ ,k,=unfompGm pdwf&SnfpGm qufqHygonf? tvGefa=umufrufzG,faumif;ygonf[laom
ppfaoemywd}uD;vnf; tpJG}uD;pJGoGm;ygawmhonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf &SufwwfIif;/ ol.
b0&nfrSef;csuftay:
wm0efodpdwfjyif;xefIif;
trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh
cyfcGmcGmaecJh.?
tusifhoDvESifhywfoufI wif;wif;=uyf=uyf awG;ac:olwOD;jzpf&um; wdkusKdrdY plZluD;u trsKd;orD;
tvdk&Sdygu pDpOfay;rnf[k urf;vSrf;aomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf tHh=owkefv_yfoGm;ygonf? plZluD;taeESifh
*syef,Ofaus;r_t& {nfh0wfausap&ef ajymcJhyHk&ygonf? odkaomf AdkvfcsKyfuawmh oltm; tusifhpm&dwW
ysufjym;,kwfnHhoGm;atmif ud;pm;aeava&mhvm; [k oHo,pdwf0ifcJh.? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
olpdwfudkol aumif;pGmodonfhtjyif yGifhvif;jywfom;pGm vkyfwwfolvnf; jzpfygonf? odkjzifh
&Snf&Snfa0;a0; vlysKdvSnfhjcif;rsKd; rvkyfaebJ/ 1942 ckESpf pufwifbmv 6 &ufaewGif q&mr rcif=unfESifh
vufxyfxdrf;jrm;vdkufygonf?
a':cif=unfonf atmifqef;udk vufxyf&mY vlyk*~KdvfwOD;udkom vufxyfvdkufonfr[kwf/
uHta=umif;w&m;w&yfudkyg vufxyfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf [k tajym&SdcJhygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uvnf;
ol. b0=uifazmftaeESifh &SdtyfaomowWdESifh aEG;axG;aom arwWmwdkudk ydkifqkdifEkdifHkomru
oluG,fvGefoGm;+yD;aemuf ol. pHwifxm;r_rsm;udk *k%foa&&Sd&Sd/ }uH}uHckdifckdif xdef;odrf;oGm;rnfh
trsKd;orD;wOD;udk vufxyfvdkufjcif; jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfwdk. tdrfaxmifa&;um; om,matmifjrifygonf?

olwdkav;pm;jrwfEdk;vSaom vli,fAdkvfcsKyf tdrfaxmifyoGm;ojzifh ueOD;wGif pdwfrcsrf;omjzpfcJhaom

&Jabmfrsm;vnf; vsifjrefpGmyif oabmwlauseyfvmavonf? tdrfaxmifonfjzpfvm+yD;aemuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. El;nHhaysmhajymif;aom toGifvuQ%mrsm; ydkrdkawmufajymifvmonf? olonf
cifyGef;onfwOD;taeESifhif;/
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ol.
cufcJ/
tEW&m,frsm;aomb0udk twl&ifqkdif&ef pGrf;&nf/ em;vnfr_wdkESifhjynfhpHkaom b0=uifazmf ol.tem;Y
&Sdaejcif;onf ta&;}uD;aomvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&mY oludk tm;jynfhaponf[k ,HkrSm;oHo,&SdzG,f
r[kwfacs?
1943 ckESpf rwfvwGif atmifqef;tm; AdkvfcsKyftqifhodk wkd;jrifhceftyfvdkuf+yD;
*syefbk&ifrif;jrwfxHrS
bJGwHqdyf&,l&ef
*syefodkzdwf=um;ygonf?
wdkusKdodkoGm;aomtzJGudk
a'gufwmbarmfOD;aqmif+yD; xdktzJGwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tjyif a'gufwmodrf;armifESifh ocifjrwdk
yg0ifygonf? ZEM0g&DvtwGif;u *syef0ef}uD;csKyfwdk*sKdonf jrefrmEkdifiH r=umrD vGwfvyfa&;&awmhrnf[k
a=unmxm;+yD;jzpfygonf?
jrefrmtzJG
jyefvmaomtcg
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cyfjywfjywf
pum;toHk;tE_ef;t&
pmwrf;ygta=umif;t&mrsm;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHonf 1943 ckESpf =o*kwfv (1) &ufaewGif
vGwfvyfa&;&rnfjzpf+yD; u|EkfyfwdkawG pmcsKyftcsKd udk csKyfqdk&ef pojzifh jzpfygonf? pmwrf;udk
tvGeftrif; ta&;xm;jcif;r&SdcJhyg? tpDtpOftwdkif; =o*kwfv (1) &ufaewGif jrefrmjynfudk vGwfvyfaom
tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEkdifiHtjzpfif;/ r[mta&Stm&S omwlnDr# }uD;yGm;a&;e,fajr .
wef;wlnDwltzJG0ifEkdifiHtjzpfif; a=unmvdkufygonf? a'gufwmbarmftm; t"dywd[laombJGESifh
EkdifiHacgif;aqmif 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf ceftyfvdkuf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; ppf0ef}uD;jzpfvmygonf?
jrefrmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf[k trnfopfajymif;xm;aom Armhwyfrawmf xda&mufr_r&Sdap&ef *syefwdk
enf;y&d,m,frsKd;pHk oHk;pJGygawmhonf? yxrwGif wyfrsm;udk EdkifiHt0Srf;jzef}uJxm;onf? xdkaemuf
ae&mtcsKdwGif pkyHxm;jyefonf? ppf0ef}uD;XmeESifh wyfrsm;t=um; qufoG,fa&;cufcJap&ef jzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; rwkefrv_yf? *syefawG t}uHay;or#udk oabmwlvdkufum olxifjrifcsufrsm;udk
vlodray;bJ oltpDtpOfEiS fhol qufvkyfoGm;ygonf?
wdkusKdrS jyefa&mufvmcsdefavmufwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf AdkvfvuFsm/ AdkvfaZ,s/
Adkvfae0if;ESifh AdkvfausmfaZmwkdtygt0if ol. t&m&SdtcsKdudkac:I awmfvSefa&;pwif&ef tcsdefudk
wdkifyifaqG;aEG;ygonf? t&m&Sdrsm;u tajctae ydkrdkpdwfcs&onftxd apmifhqkdif;&ef t}uHay;ygonf? wzef
ocifoef;xGef;ESifhwkdifyif&m if;uvnf; awmfvSefa&;p&ef tcsdefrwefao;[k wifjyojzifh AdkvfcsKyfvnf;
pdwfygvufygr&SdvSaomfvnf; apmifhqkdif;&ef oabmwlvdkufygonf? tjcm;uGefjrLepfrsm;/ txl;ojzifh
ocifpdk;ESifh ocifodef;azwdkonf +Adwdo#wdk qkwfcGmoGm;ojzifh olwdk axmifrSvGwfonfh tcsdefrwdkifcifuyif
*syefawmfvSefa&;w&m;a[mcJh.? *syefwyfrsm;csDwufvmonfESifh olwdkESpfOD; awmcdkoGm;ygonf?
ocifodef;azonf AdkvfcsKyfatmiffqef;ESifh Adkvfae0if;wdkudk a&$bdkY c%awG+yD; +Adwdo#wyfrsm;ESifh
tquftoG,f&a&; ud;yrf;&ef tdENd,odk xGufcGmoGm;ygonf? 1943 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmva&mufcsdefwGif
awmfvSefa&;tpDtpOfrsm; tawmfyif c&D;a&mufae+yDjzpf&um;/ jrefrmEkdifiH awmawmifrsm;xJwGif
ajymufusm;wyfrsm;zJGpnf;&ef ud;pm;aeaom Adkvfr; pD*&if; ac: +Adwdo#wyfrawmft&m&Sdonf/
ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfrS atmifqef;qdkolonf tcgtcGifhuHvmv#if ol.wyfrsm;ESifh *syefudk
jyefwdkuf&efpDpOfaeonf [k tdENd,odk owif;ydkcJhygonf? avmavmq,fwGifrl awmfvSefa&;tpDtpOfrsm;
+yD;pD;onftxd
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tm;xkwf&ygonf? odkaomfvnf; olonf vuf&SdvGwfvyfa&;onf twkta,mifr#omjzpfa=umif;/
ppfrSefaom vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd&ef kef;uef&rnfjzpfa=umif;udk ol. rdefcGef;rsm;wGif jynfolwdktm; today;cJh.?

1942 ckESpfukefydkif;wGif u&ifrsm;ESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmftwGif;rS wm0efrJholwdkt=um;

ay:aygufcJhaom ydyuQwdkrSpI aoG;xGufoH,dkr_ESifh vlrsKd;a&;t"duk%f;rsm; jzpfyGm;vmonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;t=um;
qufqHa&;aumif;rGefr_udk
txl;tav;ay;cJh.? xdkuJhodk qufqHa&;aumif;rSomv#if EkdifiHpnf;vHk;nDnGwfrnfjzpfa=umif; ol
aumif;pGmoabmaygufcJh.? plZluD;twGuf ocifatmifqef;a&;qJGcJhaom jrefrmEkdifiH pDrHudef; wGif
,QKtcgY
+Adwdo#ya,m*a=umifh
vlrsm;pkjzpfaom
ArmwdkESifh
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awmifay:wkdif;&if;om;rsm;t=um;wGif
wnf&Sdaeaom
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tm;vHk;wef;wlnDr#&Sdaom EkdifiHxlaxmif&ef vdktyfa=umif;udk tav;teufazmfjycJhygonf? u&if-Arm
t"duk%f;onf oltm; rsm;pGm a'gre\ jzpfapygonf? 1943 ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/
ocifoef;xGef;ESifh AdkvfvuFsmwdkonf TvlrsKd;pkESpfpkt=um; +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh em;vnfr_&&Sdap&ef tyef;w}uD;
aqmif&GufcJhygonf? if;wdk. pkaygif;ud;yrf;r_rS oD;yGifhvmaomtusKd;um; u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;
jrefrmacgif;aqmifwdktm;
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jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif;
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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tapmwvsif udkifwG,f&efvdkaeaom aemufudpPw&yfrSm uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh
jynfolta&;awmfyHkygwDtwGif;rS qdk&S,fvpfrsm;t=um; waewjcm;}uD;xGm;aeaom tmCmwrsm;yif
jzpfygonf? uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm *syefacwfwav#mufvHk; awmcdkaecJhaom ocifpdk;/ opfawmESifh
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfaeaom ocifoef;xGef;ESifh ocifA[def;wdk jzpf=uygonf? OD;ausmf+idrf;ESifh
OD;baqGwdkonfum; xif&Sm;aom qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifESpfOD; jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
ESpfzufacgif;aqmifrsm;t=um;
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&Jabmfrsm;. nDnGwfa&;ESifh awmfvSefa&;. atmifjrifa&;wdkudk +cdrf;ajcmufaeI jzpfygonf? xdktjyif
ocifpdk;onf zufqpfqefusifa&; pnf;Hk;aqmf=o&mwGif wyfrawmfudk xdcdkufepfemapaom
0g'jzefcsda&;yvkyfaeojzifh wyftwGif; rauseyfr_rsm; jzpfHkomru AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vnf;
a'goxGuf&ygonf? vaygif;rsm;pGm oabmxm;csif; zvS,f+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ocifpdk;/
ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifA[def;wdkESifh 1944 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif &uftenf;i,f=um v#Kd0Sufpnf;a0;ygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. zufqpfqefusifa&;tzJG wnfaxmif&eftqdkukd aqG;aEG;=u+yD; tzJG.
a=unmpmwrf;ESifh pkaygif;aqmif&Guf&rnfh pDrHudef;w&yfudk oabmwltwnfyvkyfygonf? rsm;r=umrD
uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh jynfolta&;awmfyyHk gwDacgif;aqmifrsm; twlpnf;a0;&ef pDpOfvdkuf+yD;/
xdktpnf;ta0;Y AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf zufqpf"g;jyrsm;udk wkdufxkwf=uavmh acgif;pOfyg
a=unmpmwrf;udk zwfum awmfvSefa&;udk w&m;0if taumiftxnfazmfvdkufygonf? tzJGY ocifpdk;onf
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifjzpf+yD;
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r[mrdwfrsm;ESifhqufoG,fa&; wm0efwdkudk ,lum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppfa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfygonf?
xdktcsdefY vli,fwyfrawmft&m&SdtcsKdonf pwifv_yf&Sm;&ef aZm}uD;um ocifacgif;aqmiftcsKdESifh
wyfrawmf tqifhjrifht&m&SdtcsKdwdkudkom wkdifyifavh&Sdaom AdkvfcsKyf. qdwfqdwfaer_a=umifh
rcsifhr&Jjzpfae=uygonf? if;wdkonf awmfvSefa&;w&yfudk rdrdwdkzmom pwif&ef }uHpnf=uygonf?
TudpPudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; odoGm;aomtcg if;wdktm; zufqpfqefusifa&;tzJG. v_yf&Sm;r_xJY
wdusaom tcef;ursm; pDpOfay;jcif;jzifh tajctaeudk ajyvnfapcJhygonf?
twGif;tiftm;pkrsm;. nDnGwfr_&,l+yD;aemuf awmfvSefa&;tpDtpOf t+yD;owfEkdif&ef
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifh rnfuJhodkaom oabmwlnDr_rsm; &Ekdifrnfudkom od&Sd&ef vdkygawmhonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh taygif;tazmfrsm;onf jynfytultnD &onfjzpfap/ r&onfjzpfap *syefudk
awmfvSef&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcs+yD;jzpfaomfvnf; atmifjrifr_rsm; ydkIydkI &aeaom r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifh

yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh vufawGtusKd;tjrwfrsm; &&SdEdkifrnfjzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;vmygonf? trSefrSm

EdkifiHt0Srf; jrefrmwyfrsm; *syefwdkudk pwifawmfvSefaom 1945 ckESpf rwfv 27 &ufaea&mufonfhwkdif
+Adwdo#wdkESifh &Sif;vif;aomoabmwlnDcsuf r&&Sdao;ay? xdkaerwdkifrD (10) &uftvdku
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf &efukefrdY ppfa&;jytcrf;tem;w&yfwGif yg0if+yD;aemuf ol. wyfrsm;ESifhtwl
ppfavhusifhcef;qif;&ef[k ta=umif;jyum rdawmfrS xGufcGmcJhygonf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pvif;. wyfr (14) onf
{&m0wDjrpfudk rEWav;ajrmufydkif;rS jzwful;ae+yD;/ ocifoef;xGef;onf +Adwdo#wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;ESifhqHk&ef
awmifilodkxGufcGmoGm;ay+yD?
rsm;r=umrD
awmfvSefa&;a&pD;a=umif;um;
w[kefwnf;pD;qif;vmayawmhonf?
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(15)
&ufaewGif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
vufaxmuft&m&SdwOD;ESifhtwl pvif;ESifhawGqHk&ef if;. XmecsKyfodk a&mufoGm;.? awGqHk&mwGif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf rdrdudk,frdrd jrefrmEdkifiH ,m,Dtpdk;&. udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf rdwfquf+yD;/
r[mrdwfppfOD;pD;wOD;tjzpf todtrSwfy&ef &J&Jwif;wif; awmif;qdkvdkufygonf? +Adwdo#AdkvfcsKyf}uD;xHrS
vdkufavsmr_trsm;qHk; &&SdEkdif&ef wzufuud;pm;vsuf wzufuvnf; vufawGusus awG;jrifwwfa=umif;/
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvdka=umif;/ rdrdESifhqufqHolrsm; pdwfacG&avmufatmif dk;om;ajzmifhrwfa=umif;wdkudk
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; jyocJh&m pvif;. ESpfoufoabmusr_ESifh av;pm;r_wdkudk &&SdcJh.? pvif;. pum;t&
olESifhywfoufI usaemf rSwfrSwf&&}uD; owdyr_onfuawmh/ ol. dk;om;ajzmifhrwfr_jzpfygonf? olonf
tmoGufv#moGuf tudufvdkuf tmrcHcsufay;jcif;rsKd;r&Sd? vG,fvG,fESifh uwdray;? odkaomf
wckckvkyfygrnf[k oabmwlcJhv#ifawmh pum;wnfrnfhol[k usaemf jrifygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pvif;wdk awGqHk+yD;aemuf/ jrefrmwyfrsm;ESifh +Adwdo#wyfrsm;
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&efukefrd atmifyJGppfcsDtcrf;tem;rsm; usif;y&mY +Adwdo#tifykdif,mwyfrsm;/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifhtwl
jrefrmhwyfrawmfuvnf;
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jrefrmrsm;onf
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rwdkufqdkifr_rsm;ESifh yk*~Kdvfa&;qefaom oabmxm;rsm;udk ab;z,fcJhaom *k%f,lzG,ftaumif;qHk;
tcsdefumvjzpfygonf? 1945 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif us,fjyefaom vlr_a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;udk
udk,fpm;yaom yk*~Kdvfrsm;ESifh tzJGtpnf;rsm;yg0ifEkdif&ef zufqpfqefusifa&;tzJGudk wkd;csJzJGpnf;+yD;
zufqpfqefusifa&;/ jynfolvGwfajrmufa&;tzJGcsKyf (zqyv) [lI trnfopfay;vdkufygonf?
+Adwdo#ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;?
*syefwdkudk r[mrdwfrsm;ESifhaygif;I wdkufcdkuf&ef zufqpfqefusifa&;tzJG. urf;vSrf;csufudk
+Adwdo#wdk vufcHcJhjcif;rSm/ ta&Sawmiftm&S r[mrdwfwyfrsm;. ppfOD;pD;csKyf avmh'farmifhbufwif.
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tdENd,wGif
ta0;a&muftpdk;&Hk;pdkufcJhygonf?
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t&m&Sdrsm;onf
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0kef;okef;um;jzpfap&ef v_yf&Sm;cJhonfudk cHcJh&olrsm; jzpfayonf? Tt&m&Sdrsm;onf zqyvESifh
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rSefor#ukd vHk;0qefusifI +Adwdo#wdk jrefrmEkdifiHudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf+yD;p
ppftkyfcsKyfa&;umvtwGif;
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rw&m;oif;
a=unmum/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk
EkdifiHawmfopPmazmuftjzpf zrf;qD;&ef vdkvm;=uygonf? ydkrdkI t"dXmefuspGm _jrifEdkifaom
taetxm;wGif &Sdaeaom armifhbufwifurl jrefrmEkdifiHudpPrsm;udk +idrf;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;Ekdif&mwGif/
jrefrmvlxk}uD;u rdrdwdkvGwfajrmufa&;udk aqmifusOf;ay;cJhol[lI todtrSwfyxm;aom yk*~Kdvf.
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk &,l&ef vdktyfrnfudk em;vnfonf? vlxk. pdwfaeoabmxm;ESifh uif;uGmaeaom

ppftkyfcsKyfa&;acgif;aqmif t&yfom;t&m&Sd.ae&mwGif vsifjrefpGmyif 0g&ifhwyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;jzpfol

AdkvfcsKyf&efpftm; ceftyfvdkufygonf?
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1991 ckESpf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh xkwfa0aom pmtkyfrS pmrsufESm 167-179 udk jrefrmjyefonf?
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1
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* * *
1?
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9
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zdESdyfolESifh zdESdyfcHae&olwdkonf if;wdk. vufeufrsm;udk pGefypfI twlwuG yl;aygif;um
+idrf;csrf;a&;pdwf"mwfESifh *k%mw&m;wdktay:wGif tajccHaom wkdif;jynfudk wnfaqmufapEkdif&eftwGufyg
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jzpfygonf? ,cktcg usaemfwdkwGif aemfa0;jynfolrsm;twGuf txl;cHpm;csufrsm; &Sdae=u+yD jzpfygonf?
r=umrDtwGif; usaemfwdkrdcifonfvnf; TcHpm;csufudk r#a0cHpm;Ekdif+yD; usaemfrSwqifh odkr[kwfbJ
rdrdudk,fwkdif wkdufdkuf pum;ajymEkdifvdrfhrnf[k usaemf ar#mfvifhygonf? TtawmtwGif; olrESifh
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdktm;
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,ckuJhodk jzpfay:vmaom qufoG,fr_rS ajrmufjrm;pGmaom tusKd;qufrsm; ay:xGufvmrnf[k usaemf
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,aerSpI emusnf;csufrsm;/ tmCmwrsm; pwif ys,fajymufI jrefrmjynf +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sd&mwGif 1991
EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkonf orkdif;wGifrnfh ajcwvSrf;jzpfap&ef usaemfwdk qkawmif;&/ ar#mfvifh&rnf

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usaemfwdk ,ae tcrf;tem; qif,ifusif;yjcif;yif jzpfygonf?

10
EdkbJvfaumfrwDodkay;pm
56/ wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;
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14 ar 1992
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1991 ckESpftwGuf EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk usrudk ay;tyf&efqHk;jzwfvdkufa=umif; usr yxr
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usrom;}uD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) u ajym=um;cJhonfrSm usr. cHpm;csufudk wdwdusus
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atmifqef;pk=unf

11
tjynfjynfqkdif&m vltcGifhta&; Oya'tzJGrS ay;aom
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olrudk,fpm; om;}uD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) u 1992 arv 14 &ufaewGif 0g&SifwefrdawmfY
zwf=um;aom rdefcGef;jzpfygonf?

* * *
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oHo,jzpfr_wdkonf vltcGifhta&;azmufzsufr_a=umifh uJGtufae&aom vltzJGtpnf;rsm;tay:Y
avmif;&dyfxdk;vsuf&Sdygonf? Todkaom vltzJGtpnf;rsm;wGif jzpfay:aeaom emusnf;csuf'%f&mrsm;udk
aysmufuif;atmif uko&mwGif jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;onf t"duyifjzpfygonf? TodkyvkyfEkdif&ef
wjynfvHk;. csrf;ajrom,ma&;udk yk*~vduESifh tkyfpkwdk. usOf;ajrmif;aom tusKd;pD;yGm;wdkxuf a&Swef;rS
xm;vdkaom jzLpifaomapwem &Sd&rnfjzpfygonf? wOD;ESifhwOD; ydkI tjyeftvSef ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&aom
tajctaevnf; &Sd&ef vdktyfygonf?
cg;oD;vSaom
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jyefvnf,Hk=unfpdwfcsvmEkdifatmif jyefvnfyvkyf&mwGif pdwfoabmuJGvJGr_ESifh aomu'kuQtaygif;udk
ay:aygufapaom tytrlrsm;/ pdwfoabmxm;rsm;/ cHpm;csufrsm;udk "rR"dXmefusus trSefudk trSeftwdkif;
oHk;oyfqifjcif&ygvdrfhrnf? trSefw&m;udk &ifqkdif&aomtvkyfrSm rvG,fulvSyg? owWd&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf?
oefpifaomapwemESifh dk;ajzmifhaompdwfxm;rsm; arG;jrLjcif;tm;jzifh aemufqHk;wGif rvdkrkef;wD;r_ESifh
vdrfvnfr_wdkrS jzpfay:vmaom aysmufcJvSaomtusK;d qufrsm;udk atmifjrifpGm ausmfv$m;Ekdifrnf[k
,Hk=unfaom o'<gpdwfudkvnf; arG;&efvdkygonf?
trSefw&m;udk OD;wnfIvkyfudkif&ef vdktyfa=umif; vufcHvdkufjcif;onf ac|;odyfjcif;r#omjzpfaom
tay:,Ha=umoufouf
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bHkjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifaprnfh ppfrSefaom jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;vrf;udk yGifhapEkdifygonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jynfoljynfom;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOft&yf&yfwGif jynfh0pGm yg0ifqifEJ$ydkifcGifh
&Sd r&Sd/ vGwfvyfI w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyJGrSwqifh jyocJhaom vlxkqENudk wu,fav;pm;r_ &Sd/ r&Sd?
w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk jrifhwifjcif;jzifhif;/ vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&; rKdifwnfaxmifjcif;jzifhif;/
vltcGifhta&;rsm;udk xda&mufpGm tumtuG,af y;jcif; &Sd/ r&Sd ponfwdkudk urBmu ,ae
apmifh=unfhavhvmaeygonf?
trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwf aygif;pnf;nDnGwfoGm;aomtcgY jrefrmEkdifiHolEkdifiHom;wdkonf
vdkvm;tyfaom
tajymif;tvJrsm;udk
taumiftxnfazmfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k
usr
tpOft+rJ

,Hk=unfxm;ygonf? umv=um&SnfpGm cHpm;cJh=u&aom udk,fydkiftusKd;pD;yGm;udk cdkif+rJatmif umuG,f&ef

enf;y&d,m,frsm;xufydkI trSefw&m;ESifh em;vnfr_&&Sda&;udk wefzdk;xm;jcif;jzifh vdkvm;tyfaom
tajymif;tvJrsm; vsifjrefpGm jzpfajrmufEkdifvdrfhrnf[k usr ar#mfvifhygonf?
vltcGifhta&; odkr[kwf 'Drdkua&pDta&;ESifh oufqkdifaom qkcsD;jrifhjcif;cH&onf[k
od&Sd&onfhtcgwdkif;Y csufcsif;qdkovdkyif usr. tawG;rsm;onf rdrdwdk,Hk=unfcsufrsm;twGuf trsKd;rsKd;
tepfemcH=u/ pGefv$wfcJhaom &J&ifhwnf=unfvSonfh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;xHodk a&muf&SdoGm;wwfygonf?
rdrdwdkEdkifiH. uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&&Sda&;twGuf ud;yrf;aeaom jynfolvlxkudkvnf;
tpOfrjywf
owd&vsuf&Sdygonf?
,ae
csD;jrifhaomqkudk
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;ESifh
vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;udk,fpm; aus;Zl;wifpGm vufcHygonf?
usr.
wkdif;jynfESifh
usrudk
TuJhodk
*k%fyvkdufaom
tjynfjynfqkdif&m
vltcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk vGefpGm av;pm;csD;rGrf;rdyga=umif; ajym=um;&if;
ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf
&efukef 12 arv 1992
12
pydeftdkvHypfrdefcGef;
atmufwGifazmfjyygpmpkonf 1992 ckESpf ZGefv 13 &ufaewGif pydefEkdifiHY tdkvHypfrD;_; a&mufvmonfudk
udqdkaomrdefcGef;jzpfygonf? ,Hk=unfcsufa=umifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif txdef;odrf;cHae&ol 1991 ckESpf urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;
EdkbJvfqk&Sif atmifqef;pk=unfu a&;om;I olrudk,fpm; om;}uD;jzpfol armifjrifhqef;atmif (tvufZENm;tJ&pf)
u tifyl&dtmpfY zwf=um;ygonf?

* * *
bmpDvdkemodk ukef;wwef a&wwef ,laqmifvmcJh&aom tdkvHyD,mrS TrD;awmufrD;v#Honf
ppf&yfqkdif;aom
tvHozG,fjzpfygonf?
urBmt&yf&yfrS
trsKd;om;/
trsKd;orD;rsm;pkHk;um
+idrf;csrf;cspf=unfpGmjzifh wlnDaom0goemudk vdkufpm;avhusifhEkdif=uap&ef wdkufcdkufr_/ &efyr_tzHkzHk
&yfqkdif;vdkufjcif;udk &nfn$ef;ygonf? tdkvHypftm;upm;yJGonf vlom;wdk xl;c|efajymifajrmufa&;twGuf
ud;yrf;kef;uefaom toGiftjyifw&yfudk azmfjyygonf? Todkaom ud;yrf;r_onf csrf;omokcESifh
qufEG,faeonf[k a&S;a[mif; *&dvlrsKd;rsm;u _jrifcJhonfhtav#muf ,aetcrf;tem;onf
acwfaygif;rsm;pGmrSpI ,Ofaus;aom vlom;rsm; qGwfcl;&ef &SmazGcJhaom qk}uD;rsm;jzpfonfh +idrf;csrf;ESifh
csrf;omokcudk &nfpl;I usif;yonf[k qdkEdkifygonf?
um,pGrf;tm;udk Om%ESifh pdwWpGrf;tm;rsm;enf;wl vdrRmpGmynmOm%fjzifh ysKd;axmifjcif;udk
tav;ay;aom a&S;*&dwkdif;&if;om;wdk. trGefjrwfqHk; pHowfrSwfcsufonf tdkvHypfxHk;pH"avh. ZpfjrpfY
wnf&Sdygonf? um,/ Om%ESifh pdwWAvoHk;oG,f oifhjrwfnDnmpGm v_yf&Sm;ygu vlom;. pGrf;aqmifEkdifr_
abmife,ferdwfrsm; csJxGifEdkifa=umif;udk pHcsdefa[mif;rsm; tzefwvJvJusKd;I pHcsdefopfrsm; wifEkdifjcif;jzifh
oufaojyEkdifygonf?
ydkrdkoefpGrf;+yD; pGrf;&nfomaom tm;upm;orm;rsm; arG;xkwf&mwGif
acwfopfody`HynmudkrDS;aom ydkrdkaumif;rGefonfh avhusifhenf;rsm;ESifh usef;rma&;xdef;odrf;enf;rsm;.

tcef;u t"duusonfrSm rSefygonf? odkaomf aemufqHk;Y tEkdifrcH t_H;ray;pdwf"mwfonfom

tdkvHypfol&Jaumif;udk atmifyJGo&zlaqmif;ay;Ekdifygonf?
yef;wkdifodka&mufcgeD;wGif tpGrf;ukef tm;oGefI t}udwfte,f vHk;yrf;&I emusifvmonfudk
avsmhyg;oGm;atmif rnfuJhodk avhusifhygoenf;[k a&$wHqdyf& tajy;orm;wOD; tar;cH&zl;ygonf? if;.
tajzum;emusifr_onf
rnfonfhtcgwGifrS
ravsmhoGm;cJhyg?
emusifvsuf
qufvuftm;pdkufoGm;Ekdif&efudkom
avhusifhxm;&ygonf?
b0ZmwfcHkay:rSmuJhodkyif
tm;upm;uGif;Yvnf; vlom;wdkonf rdrdwdk. pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_pHcsdefudk wdk;jrifhvdkygu cHEdkif&nfarG;um rdrd.
tm;enf;csufrsm;udk ausmfvGef&ef rdrdudk,fwkdif jyefvnfvHk;yrf;&ygonf?
tusKd;tjrwfESifh
ausmfv$m;r_udk
ar#mfrSef;um
vlom;onf
tqrwef}uD;rm;aom
tcuftcJtwm;tqD;rsm;udk tHwk&ef ud;yrf;tm;xkwf=u&ygonf? odkaomfvnf; tusKd;tjrwfudk
rpOf;pm;bJ pdefac:r_udk twwfEkdifqHk;/ taumif;qHk; &ifqkdifrnf[laom pdwf"mwfuomv#if
yuwdjynfhpHkaom atmifjrifr_udk &apEkdifygonf? ppfrSefaom tm;upm;pdwf"mwfudk uav;wOD;u
jyocJhygonf? rdrdxuf rsm;pGm}uD;olrsm;ESifh twlajy;yJG0ifcJh+yD; pdwfrav#mhbJ ,SOfydifcJh&m tm;vHk;.aemufrS
yef;wkdifodk a&mufaomtcgY atmifyJGcHaomavoHjzifh usaemf aemufqHk;uEkdifw,f [k
a=unmvdkufygonf? pdwftm;xufoefpGm ajy;cJhaom ydifyJGY _H;edrfhjcif; r&SdEkdifyg?
ppfjzpfyGm;cJhaomEkdifiHrsm;
jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;twGuf
acwfopftdkvHypfudk
wnfaxmifcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? urBmhtxl;c|efqHk; tm;upm;orm;rsm; t}udwfte,f ydifqkdif=uaomfvnf;
oduQm&SdI rdwfjzpfaqGjzpf pdwf"mwfv$rf;rdk;aom ydifyJGwGif yg0ifqifEJ$=uaomtcgY e,ferdwfowfrSwfcsuf/
ta&S/ taemuf/ vlrsKd;ESifh Zmwdqkdif&m jcm;em;r_rsm; r&Sdawmha=umif; jyojcif;jzifh +idrf;csrf;aom EkdifiHwum
o[Zmw&&Sda&;udk tm;ay;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[laom ar#mfvifhcsuf qufvuf&Sifoefaernfjzpfygonf?
odkaomfvnf; usrwdk urBmonf ,ckwkdif b,m/ avmb/ a'go/ arm[ wnf;[laom
wHwkdif;}uD;rsm;jzifh ydkif;jcm;xm;jcif; cHae&ygonf? vlom;wdkonf rdrdwdkudk xdcdkufysufpD;apI rdrdwdk
qufvuf&Sifoefa&;twGufyif tEW&m,fyrnfh tiftm;rsm;udk wGef;vSefwdkufcdkufjcif;r&SdbJ tcsif;csif;
ydifqkdifwdkufcdkufaeaoma=umifh urBmay:wGif 'kuQyifv,fa0aeygonf? usOf;ajrmif;I t&mra&mufaom
pdwf"mwfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;I +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;wdkudk toufoGif;ay;rnfh pdwf"mwfrsm;
TurBmY ay:aygufvm&efrSm vGefpGmvdktyfaeygonf?
("gwfyHkvmonf)
tdkvHypfrD;_; pydefEdkifiHodk a&muf&Sdvmonfudk udqdkaom atmifqef;pk=unf.
rdefcGef;tm; om;}uD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) u
1992 ckESpf ZGefv 13 &ufaeY zwf=um;aepOf
(aqmif;yg;tqufjyefvmonf)
arG;&myg t&nftaoG;rsm;udk txl;c|efqHk;tqifhwkdif zHGzd;apEdkifrnfh b0rsKd;twGuf
pdwftcs&qHk;aom tajccHtkwfjrpfrSm +idrf;csrf;a&;yif jzpfygonf? zdESdyfr_a=umifh ydjym;pdwf+idrfaejcif;/
wzufowf w,loeftawG;tac:rsm; ydkufzufxm;onfh acgif;aqmifydkif;Y ya,m*a=umifh rv_yfr&Sm;
+idrfoufaeonfh pdwftajctae[lonfh okyfysuftwkta,mif +idrf;csrf;a&;rsKd;udk qdkvdkonfr[kwfyg?
w&m;r#wr_/ *k%mpdwf/ nDnmoifhjrwfr_/ yk*~vdu vGwfvyfr_/ trsm;jynfol xdef;odrf;tyfaom
pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; &Sdoifh&Sdxdkufaom nDr#r_/ rdrdEkdifiHtay: xm;tyfaom wm0efodpdwfESifh
tjynfjynfqkdif&m todtjrifem;vnfr_rsm;udk r#watmifjrifatmif yvkyfr_ ponfwdktay:wGif
tajccHaom +idrf;csrf;a&;rsKd;udk qdkvdkygonf?

tdkvHypfrD;_;wdkifonf trGefjrwfqHk;aom pHxm;csufESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm; jyefvnfqef;opfr_ESifh

pdwf"mwfjyefvnfoefpifjrifhrm;apr_wdk. oauFwjzpfygonf? aemufwv=umaomtcgwGif ESpfaygif;
ESpfaxmifausmfu vlom;wdk. ud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_udk *k%fyonfhtaejzifh pwifusif;ycJhaom
tm;upm;yJGawmf}uD;udk Tae&mY acwfopftoGifjzifh usi;f yygawmhrnf? 1992 ckESpf tdkvHypfyJGawmf}uD;Y
EkdifiHwumtm;upm;pdwf"mwfrsm;ESifh tjynfjynfqkdif&m em;vnfr_pdwf"mwfrsm; tjrifhqHk;tqifhodk
a&mufEkdifygap[k qkrGefaumif;ydkovdkufygonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh csrf;omokc&&Sda&;[laom
ydkrdkus,fjyefonfh kef;uefr_}uD;Yvnf; urBmolurBmom;tm;vHk; atmifyJGo&zlaqmif;Ekdif=uygap[lonfh
tvGefwefzdk;xm;&ygaom ar#mfvifhcsufudk azmfjyvdkuf&ygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf
&efukef
8-6-1992
13
ppfrSefaom vHkcH&modk
tXrajrmuf *|dKufpf yDtmpf txdrf;trSwfa[majymyJGwGif atmifqef;pk=unf udk,fpm; a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pfu
1993 ckESpf ar 19 &ufae atmufpzdk'fwuUodkvfY zwf=um;aompmwrf;?

* * *
1993 ckESpf *|Kdufpf yDtmpf txdrf;trSwfa[majymyJGY a[majym&ef ta=umif;=um;vmaomtcg
usr rsm;pGm*k%f,lrdygonf? rpPfyDtmpf . vlr_a&;vkyfief;rsm;ta=umif;udk =um;odcJh&onfh
twdwfumvrsm;/ txl;ojzifh usrtm; =uifemr_/ ulnDapmifha&Smufr_ ponfwdkudk oGefoifjyoay;cJhonfh
cspfcif&if;ESD;&aom av'Dyufx&pf&Sm *dk;bGwfof ESifh if;.cifyGef; uG,fvGefol aygvf wdkxHrS
=um;od&onfh twdwfumvrsm;udk jyefvnfowd&rdojzifh aEG;axG;aom arwWm"gwfudk cHpm;rdygonf?
Ta[majymyJGudk tJvDZbuf bk&ifraqmif u urux yvkyfI usif;yrnf[k od&ojzifhvnf;
usrtaeESifh txl;ESpfouf =unfEl;rdygonf? Tae&mYyif usronf ESD;aESmzvS,fyJGrsm;/ a[majymyJGrsm;udk
wufa&mufI tusKd;jzpfxGef;aom tcsdefumvrsm;udk jzwfoef;cJh&+yD;/ urBmt&yf&yfrS yk*~Kdvfrsm;ESifhvnf;
awGqHkcJh&ygonf? atmufpzdk'fwuUodkvf. aygif;oif;qufqHr_/ wnf+idrfat;jrr_ESifh awG;ac:ajrmfjrifr_wdkudk
awGuHcJh&onfh
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usr
jyefvnfowd&rdygonf?
xkda=umifh
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usrudk zdwfac:onfhtwGufwifomrubJ/ if;wdk. zdwf=um;r_a=umifh ESpfouf=unfEl;zG,f&m
twdwfumvrsm;udk jyefvnfowd&rdonfhtwGufyg aus;Zl;wifrdygonf?
*|KdufpfyDtmpf onf tcsdef&Sdor#/ pGrf;&nf&Sdor# 'kuQonfrsm;twGuf aqmif&GufcJhojzifh
Ta[majymyJGY/ 'kuQonfrsm;ESifhoufqkdifaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk ajym&ef rvdkawmh[k usr
awG;rdygonf? 'kuQonfjy\emESifhywfoufI y&dowfrsm;taeESifh aumif;pGmod&Sd+yD; jzpfaernf[k
xifygonf? usrtaeESifh Tta=umif;t&mESifhoufqkdifaom aemufqHk;wdk;wufjzpfxGef;r_rsm;udk
tenf;i,fr#xuf ydkI od&SdEkdifaom tajctaewGif r&Sdojzifh Tta=umif;t&mudk udkifwG,f&ef
wGefqkwfrdygonf?

odkaomfvnf; usr qufI pOf;pm;rdonfrSm refugee [laom toHk;tE_ef;udk

jrefrmjyefvdkufaomtcg 'kuQonf wenf;tm;jzifh 'kuQcHpm;ae&ol [k t"dy`m,faygufygonf?
Toabmtwkdif;om qdkygu 'kuQonfb0udk usrwkdtm;vHk; rvJGraoG od&Sd&rnfjzpfygonf?
b0&yfwnfr_. tESpfom&wefzdk;udkay;aom/ vHkcHr_ESifh udk,fpdwfESpfjzmcsrf;omr_wdkudk csKd;zJhzsufqD;onfh
tiftm;pkrsm;. ab;&efrS uif;a0;vHkcHa&;udk &SmazGae=uaom 'kuQonfrsm;yif jzpf=uygonf?
zsufqD;rnfhtiftm;pkrsm;udk od&SdrSomv#if rnfodkrnfyHk tumtuG,f,l&rnf[laom tajzudk
awGEkdifrnfjzpfygonf? urBmwcGifvHk;udk wkefv_yfajcmufjcm; pdwfxdckdufoGm;aponfh vlodrsm;vSaom
twd'kuQqdk;}uD;rsm;onf tao;tr$m;udpPuav;rsm;uyif pwifavh&Sd=uygonf? xdkudpPuav;rsm;onf
aepOfESifhtr# uHawG&onfh avmuD'kuQrsm;xJwGif tusKH;0ifaom/ csKyfxdef;xm;Ekdifonfh udk,fa&;udk,fwm
pdwfqif;&Jr_uav;rsm;ESifh rjcm;em;vSyg? vlom;. zefwD;r_a=umifh jzpfay:&aom ab;'kuQqdk;}uD;rsm;onf
(acgr'm&DyHkjyifyg) e*g;rif;. tpG,frsm;rS aygufzGm;vmaom ppfonfrsm;uJhodk wr[kwfjcif;
tifwkduftm;wkduf xGufay:vmcJhjcif; r[kwfyg? yHkjyifxJYyifv#if e*g;pG,frsm;udk vlom;wOD;u &atmif,lI
yuwddk;om;tjypfrJhonf[k rqdkEkdifaom &nf&G,fcsufESifh yx0Dajr}uD;ay:wGif pdkufysKd;xm;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf?
obm0ta=umif;oufoufa=umifh ay:aygufvm&jcif;r[kwfaom 'kuQqdk;}uD;rsm;onf jzpfdk;jzpfpOf[k
trsm;u owfrSwfxm;=uaom vlom;wdk. csKd,Gif;csufwdkY jrpfzsm;cHygonf?
TcsKd,Gif;csufwdkonf ae&mwumwGif &Sd&efvdktyfygoavm/ ae&mwkdif;wGif&Sdonf[k qdkI
a&m*gydk;r$m;rsm;udk rwm;qD;bJ xm;ygu tumtuG,fr&SdolESifh tm;enf;olwdkom 'kuQa&muf=u&rnfudk
em;vnfoabmayguf=u+yD; jzpfygonf? xdka=umifh vlavmuw&yfvHk;tm; ydkI tEW&m,fay;aeaom
jzpfdk;jzpfpOf[k owfrSwfxm;onfh oabmxm;r_rsm;tm; rSefuefatmif yjyifonfhudpPudk ydkrdkI
tmHkrpdkufoifhygvm;[k ar;ygu rqDavsmfaomt&mr[kwf[k qdk&rnfjzpfygonf? kyf0wKypPnf;udk
qxufxrf;ydk; t"duxm;vmaom avmu}uD;wGif ydkIom tm;}uD;vmyHk&aom oabmxm;rsm;ESifh
wefzdk;xm;r_tcsKdESifh pyfvsOf;aom usr. tawG;tac: t,ltqudk Ta[majymyJGY wifjyvdkygonf?
* * *
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iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r_udk umuG,fonfh taumif;qHk;enf;rSm wm0efodwwfaom tpdk;&&Sd&efyif jzpfonf[k
xif&Sm;aom
zHGzd;r_qkdif&m
abm*aA'ynm&SifwOD;u
qdkzl;ygonf?
ulnDaxmufyHhr_udk
xda&mufatmifjrifjcif;r&Sdatmif yvkyfaeaom tajctaersm;u ajymif;vJ&ef rud;pm;bJ
ulnDaxmufyHhaejcif;onf EkdifiHa&;t&if;/ pD;yGm;a&;t&if; rSefuefaomvkyf&yf[k rajymEkdifoavmufyif
jzpfygonf? kyf0wKypPnf;rsm;ESifh twwfynmrsm; rnfr#yif ay;urf;apumrl vlom;. wm0efrJhr_/ csKd,Gif;r_/
raumif;r_ ponfwdkrS ay:aygufvm&aom qdk;oGrf;onfh tusKd;qufrsm;udk ausmfv$m;z,f&Sm;Ekdifrnf
r[kwfyg?
tedrfhqHk;jzpfaom w&m;r#wr_ESifh onf;cHcGifhv$wfr_wdkudk xdef;odrf;xm;onfh wefzkd;xm;r_pepfrS
vJGacsmfoGm;aom vrf;pOfrsm;a=umifh wkd;wufonfh EkdifiHrsm;a&m zHGzd;pEkdifiHrsm;yg 'kuQa&muf=u&ygonf?
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpka[mif; vsifjrefpGm yduJGI vlrsKd;a&;udk t"duOD;pm;ay;=uonfh EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;
yg0ifaom wkdif;EkdifiHopfrsm; ay:xGufvmjcif;onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tm%m&SifpepfESifh tkyfcsKyfjcif;jzifh
wlnDr_ESifh emcHr_udk &EkdifzG,f&m&Sdaomfvnf; a&&Snfat;csrf;om,mr_ odkr[kwf wnf+idrfr_udkrl r&Edkifa=umif;
jyo&ma&mufygonf? tm%m&SifacwfvGefpepf udk tawmfav; atmifjrifpGm usifhoHk;cJhaom
,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;
EdkifiHwGifvnf;
kyfydkif;qdkif&m
tusKd;cHpm;r_rsm;onf
orkdif;tawGtuHrS
arG;xkwfvdkufaom pdwfydkif;qkdif&m rESpfrdzG,f cHpm;csufrsm;ukd yaysmufatmif ryvkyfEkdifojzifh ,cktcgwGif
abmfvuef a'oY tqdk;0g;qHk;aom bmoma&;/ vlrsKd;a&; t=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifh uHawGae&jcif;yif
jzpfygonf?
+idrf;csrf;r_/
wnf+idrfr_ESifh
pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_wdkudk
a&$aiGypPnf;rsm;ay;Iif;/
twif;t"rRyvkyfIif; &&SdEkdifrnf r[kwfyg? olwyg;. t,ltqESifh tcGifhta&;wdkudk dkaoav;pm;I
vlvdktyfcsufudk pmemod&SdEkdif&ef ypkysKd;axmifay;jcif;jzifhom +idrf;csrf;wnf+idrfr_ESifh pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_udk
&Ekdifrnfjzpfygonf? ckdifrmaom vltzJGtpnf;ay:aygufa&;wGif uJGjym;r_ESifh t,ltq rwlr_wdku
wm;qD;aejcif;r[kwfbJ/ aysmhaysmif;r_r&Sdjcif;/ tjrifusOf;ajrmif;jcif;/ kyfydkif;qdkif&mudkom OD;pm;ay;jcif;/
ponfwdkuom ,if;vltzJGtpnf;. &Sifoefwkd;wufr_udk [efwm;aejcif;jzpfygonf? olwyg;u
vlom;wOD;uJhodk
yrlqufqHyg&ef
awmif;qdkvmonfudk
ysufjy,fatmif
yvkyf&mwGif
rdrdESifhuJGjym;onf[laom tcsufwcsufudkom vHkavmufaom ta=umif;jycsuf[k cH,lonftxd
pdwfoabmxm;rsm; rma=umcGifh &vmaomtcgrl acwfopf,Ofaus;r_wdk. tqifwefqmwdkonfvnf;
xdwfvefp&m t&Sdeft[kefjzifh a=urGysufpD;&ayawmhonf?
urBmay:wGif tEW&m,ftrsm;qHk; &ifqkdifae&aom a'orsm;Y onf;cHcGifhv$wfr_/ =uifemoem;r_ESifh
vHkcHr_
ponfwdk
uG,faysmuf+yD;
pm;oHk;ukefypPnf;rsm;
tvGefyifavsmhenf;oGm;aomfvnf;
ppfvufeufypPnf;rsm;rSmrl aygrsm;aeqJjzpfygonf? TonfrSm wefzdk;xm;r_pepfwckvHk; uajymif;ujyef
jzpfoGm;jcif;yif jzpfygonf? vlu zefwD;vdkufaom trkef;yGm;r_/ aoG;xGufoH,dkr_ESifh vlr_pD;yGm;a&;
upOfhuvsm;jzpfr_rsm;rS vGwfajrmufEkdifrnfh wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm oufqkdifoltm;vHk; pka0; aqG;aEG;
aphpyf ndE_dif;I +idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh tajz&Sm&efyifjzpfa=umif;/ od&Sd em;vnf oabmayguf
vmaomtcsdeftcgYrl qifjcifwHkw&m;udk jyefvnfusifhoHk;&ef rvG,fulawmhaom tajctaeodk
a&muf&Sdae+yD; jzpfygawmhonf? rw&m;r_udk w&m;0ifatmif jyXmef;I Oya'udk ysuf&,fyum
vlr_pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;rnDr#r_wdkudk oufqdk;&Snfaponfh pepfrsm;u yHkoGif;ay;vdkufolwdkonf
*dk%f;*%tkyfpk tusKd;xuf w&m;r#wa&;ESifh trsm; om,m0ajyma&;udk ydkI OD;pm;ay;aom r#wonfh

oabmwlnDcsuf[laom t,ltqudk jrefqefpGm ndEd_if;vufcHjcif; ryEkdif=uyg? odkr[kwf vHk;0

vufrcHEkdif=uyg?
ppfat;acwfwGif &ufpufaom tpdk;&rsm;ESifh vufeufudkiftkyfpkwdk. rw&m;r_rsm;udk
obm0w&m;a&;&m ta=umif;rsm;a=umifh cGifhv$wfxm;cJh=uygonf? xdka=umifh ay:xGufvmaom
&v'frsm;rSm auseyfzG,f&mr&Sdyg? ,cktcgwGif w&m;r#wr_ESifh vltcGifhta&;udk t"duxm;
tav;ay;vmaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; (txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;) tjrwf&r_udkom
xdyfwef;wifvdkonfh yk*~Kdvfrsm; &SdaeqJyif jzpfygonf? odkaomfvnf; umv=um&SnfpGm
uG,f0csrf;omvmcJhaom vltzJGtpnf;rsm;wGifvnf; vlr_a&;a&m*g}uD;rsm; pJGuyfae=uI tem*wftwGuf
&ifav;ae=u&ygonf? csrf;omp EkdifiHrsm;uvnf; if;wdk. OpPm"etawmfrsm;rsm;udk vufeufESifh
ppfwyftwGuf toHk;yae=uyHk &ygonf? xdka=umifh ydkI csrf;omuG,f0jcif;ESifh ydkI
+idrf;csrf;om,mjcif;wdkonf tajccH obm0tm;jzifh tquftoG,f r&SdonfrSm &Sif;vSygonf?
vlavmuwckvHk; om,m=unfEl;a&;twGuf csrf;omuG,f0r_ESifh +idrf;csrf;r_ ESpfckpvHk; vdktyfygonf?
csrf;omuG,f0r_u udk,fqif;&Jjcif;udk pdwfoufomapI +idrf;csrf;r_u pdwfwnf+idrf at;csrf;jcif;udk
jzpfay:apygonf? TESpfcsufudk tnDtr# OD;pm;ay;aom vrf;pOfrsm;onfomv#if udk,fpdwfcsrf;omr_udk
cHpm;Ekdifrnfh avmuudk jzpfay:apEkdifygonf? pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufatmif ud;yrf;&mwGif tjrifusOf;ajrmif;r_ESifh
vlrqefr_wdkudk tvG,fwul jzpfay:apaom avmbtEW&m,fudk owd&Sd=u&ef vdktyfygonf? rdrd.
aysmf&$ifr_udk jrifhwifonfhtaeESifh olwyg;. aysmf&$ifr_udk vufcHudqdkaom pdwfoabmxm;}uD;r_udk
jynfolrsm;ESifh wkdif;EkdifiHrsm;u ypkysKd;axmifay;Ekdifygu rajz&Sif;Ekdif[k xif&aom jy\emwdkonf
cufcJvSawmhrnf r[kwfyg?
kyfydkif;qkdif&m taxmuftulrSefor# qHk;_H;cJh&olwdkwGif tm;udk;tm;xm;yp&m[lI rdrdwdk.
,Ofaus;r_ESifh
pdwfydkif;qkdif&m
wefzdk;xm;r_"avhom
usefawmha=umif;udk
'kuQonfrsm;ESifh
qufqHvkyfudkifolrsm; todqHk;jzpfygonf? bdk;bGm;pOfquf ,Hk=unfvufcHvmcJh=uaom o'<gw&m;/
*k%mw&m;wdkrS aygufzGm;vmaom a0iSay;urf;vdkpdwfrsm;a=umifh/ tdk;rJhtdrfrJhjzpfae&ol qif;&Jom;uyif
rdrd. &SdpkrJhpk &duQmav;udk tv#Hy,fuG,f0oluJhodk olwyg;tm; =unfEl;pGm ay;urf;jcif;rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf?
wzef udk,fusKd;udkom t"duxm;onfh obm0udk =umjrifhpGm arG;jrLtm;ay;I ay:aygufvmaom tbdZm
Asmyg' pdwfrsm;. v_Haqmfr_a=umifh 'kuQonftcsif;csif;xHrSyif cdk;0Sufvk,uf=uonfrsm;yif &Sdygonf?
pifppfrSmrl urBmh'kuQonftrsm;pkonf vlrqefr_ESifh ynmOm%fuif;rJhr_a=umifh jzpfay:vm&aom
rcHomawmhonfh tajctaersm;rS uif;vGwf&m vHkcH&mudk &Smae=uolrsm;jzpfygonf?
arwWmw&m;/
qifjcifwHkw&m;ESifh
w&m;r#wr_}uD;pdk;aom
vltzJGtpnf;udk
pdwful;,Ofar#mfrSef;cJh=uonfrSm vl,Ofaus;r_oufwrf;wav#mufvHk;yif jzpfygonf? Tar#mfvifhcsufonf
pdwful;,Oftdyfruf jzpf&rnfavm/ 'kuQrsm;ajrmif Tvlabmifudk t+rJwrf; taumif;bufrSjrifaom
umvfayghyg; u tarSmifonf ,cifuwnf;u &SdaecJhaomfvnf; tvif;a&mif ay:aygufvmonfrSm
r=umao;[k qdkygonf? ay:xGef;pjzpfaom tvif;a&mifudk w,kw, =unfh_apmifha&Smuf&rnf jzpfygonf?
tao;i,fqHk;aom tvif;a&mifudkyif urBmwcGifvHk;&Sd tarSmifxku uG,faysmufatmif rvkyfEkdifyg?
tarSmif[lonfrSm vHk;0uif;rJhjcif;oabmudk aqmifygonf? tarSmif[lonfrSm tvif;a&mifr&Sdjcif;om
jzpfygonf? odkaomfvnf; ao;i,faom tvif;a&mifonf us,fjyefpGm 0dkif;&Hxm;aom tarSmifxkudk
rzdcGif;Ekdifyg? Ttvif;a&mifav; ydkrdk xGef;vif;awmufyvmEkdif&eftwGuf tm;aumif;&ef vdktyfygonf?
Ttvif;a&mifudk cspfjrwfEdk;vmEkdif&eftwGuf 'kuQa0'em[k oabmrxm;bJ aumif;r_r*Fvmtjzpf
ESvHk;oGif;I usifhom;&atmif=unfhzdk vdktyfygonf? urBmay:wGif rSDwif;aexkdifol tm;vHk;tm; vHkcHr_
tvHktavmufay;Ekdifaom ydkrdkxGef;vif;onfh urBmavmuudk usrwdk tvGefyif vdktyfvsuf&Sdygonf?

(a':atmifqef;pk=unf "gwfyHkvmygonf?)
(pmrsufESmwckvHk; wif&rnfacgif;pOf)

tydkif;-c
1988 =o*kwfvrS 1989 Zlvkdifvtxd
ajym=um;cJhaom
rdefcGef;ESifh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm;
14
a&$wd*kHapwDawmf taemufrkcf vlxkpnf;a0;yJG
&efukefrdY =o*kwfv 26 &uf 1988 ckESpfwGif ajym=um;onf?

* * *
&[ef;&Sifvl jynfolvlxktaygif;wdk/ tck vlxktpnf;ta0;yJG}uD;[m jynfolvlxk&J qENudk
wurBmvHk;uodap&ef xkwfazmfjyovdkufwmygyJ? tJh'Dawmh 'Dvlxk tpnf;ta0;yJG}uD;rSm jynfolvlxk[m
pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ nDnDnGwfnGwf quf+yD; vkyfoGm;=uyg&ap? tck 'Dtpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; wem&DeD;yg;
aemufuswmudkvnf; usr awmif;yefygw,f? 'DudkvmwJhtcgrSm vrf; tifrwef ydwfaewma=umifhrdkvdk
ra&mufvmEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f?
'Duae usif;ywJh tpnf;ta0;}uD;uawmh jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;[m ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk
&csifaewJhqEN jyif;jyaewma=umifhrdkvdk usif;y&wJh tpnf;ta0;}uD;jzpfygw,f? tck tpnf;ta0;yJG}uD;
jzpfEkdifwJhtajctaeudk
b,folawGup+yD;
OD;aqmifwmvJqdkawmh
Armjynfu
ausmif;ol/
ausmif;om;taygif;
jzpfygw,f?
'Dausmif;olausmif;om;taygif;&J
OD;aqmifr_a=umifh
'Dausmif;olausmif;om;taygif;[m
touftaocH+yD;
OD;aqmifay;wma=umifhrdk
usrwdk
'Dvdktpnf;ta0;}uD;vkyfEkdifwJh tajctaea&mufcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdkvdk toufaysmufoGm;wJh
ausmif;olausmif;om;tm;vHk;udk wrdepfcef *k%fy+yD;aemuf tr#a0wJhtaeeJ tm;vHk; wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwf
+idrf+idrf wrdepfcef aeapcsifygw,f?
tcrf;tem;r;. toH (usqHk;oGm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tav;yaomtm;jzifh wrdepf
+idrfoufyg&ef arwWm&yfcHygonf cifAsm;)
tckqdkvdk&Sd&if tm;vHk; 'DrSma&mufaewJh vlxky&dowf}uD;[m 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk ar#mfrSef;+yD;awmh
'DrSma&mufaew,fvdk xifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudk a&mufzdk&mrSm vlxktm;vHk;u
pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;/ nDnDnGwfnGwf/ pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ csDwufrSyJ a&mufEdkifrSmyg?

("gwfyHkrsm; vmygonf)
tay: - armifaomfu (OD;baomf-uG,fvGef)/ atmifqef;pk=unfESifh cifoDwmxGef;
=o*kwfv 24 &uf 1988 ckESpfY &efukefaq;Hk}uD;a&SwGif rdefcGef;ajym=um;pOf
atmuf - 1988 ckESpf =o*kwfv 26 &uf a&$wd*HkapwDawmfY rdefcGef;ajym=um;pOf
(rdefcGef;tqufvmygonf)
'DudpPrSm usr tcef;uudkvnf; eJeJ&Sif;jyyg&ap? bmjzpfvdkvJqdkawmh vltaygif;u
usrta=umif; odyf+yD;awmh rod=uygbl;? rod=uwJhtcgusawmh odcsifwJhqENawGvnf; &Sdygw,f? 'guvnf;
rSefwJhtwdkif;ygyJ? odawmhvnf; odxdkufygw,f? tJh'Dawmh wcsKduvnf; ajym=uw,f? usr[m EdkifiHjcm;rSm
aew,f? EkdifiHjcm;om;eJ tdrfaxmifusaew,f? ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;ta=umif; bmodovJvdk ajym=uygw,f?
yxr usr 'Duaep+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkeJ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; qufqHyg&ap? usr EkdifiHjcm;rSm
aecJhw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefygw,f? EdkifiHjcm;om;eJ tdrfaxmifusw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh
'gav;twGufa=umifheJ usr wkdif;jynftay:rSmxm;wJh arwWm[m b,fvdkeJrS usqif;roGm;Ekdifygbl;?
aemufwck ajymcsifwmuawmh usr[m ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;ta=umif; bmrS em;rvnfbl;wJh?
wu,fawmh em;vnfvGef;vdk cufaewmyJ? ArmEdkifiHa&; b,favmuf_yfaxG;w,f/ 'D_yfaxG;r_'%fudk azaz
b,favmufcHcJh&w,fqdkwm usrwdk rdom;pk todqHk;ygyJ? azaz[m pdwfyef;udk,fyef;eJ 'DEkdifiHa&;udk
vkyfaqmifvmwm[m
bmtusKd;pnf;pdrfrS
rcHpm;cJh&ygbl;?
'ga=umifhrdkvdkvnf;
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhtcgusvdk&Sd&if xyf+yD;awmh tm%mvkwJh EdkifiHa&;rsKd;udk qufrvkyfbl;qdkwm azaz
twdtvif; ajymoGm;ygw,f?
'Dvdk ajymoGm;wmrsKd;a=umifhrdkvdk usrvnf; EkdifiHa&;avmueJ a0;a0;uif;uif; aecsifygw,f?
tJh'Dvdk a0;a0;uif;uif; aecsifcJhvsufom;eJ tckrS 'Dta&;tcif;rSm yg0ifaeovJvdk ar;p&m&Sdygw,f?
tJh'D[muawmh 'Dta&;tcif;[m wwdkif;jynfvHk;eJqdkifwJh ta&;tcif;jzpfaeygw,f? usrrSmvnf;
azazh&JorD;vkyf+yD;awmh acgif;a&Smif+yD;awmh aevdkrjzpfawmhbl;? 'Dta&;tcif;[m wu,fawmh
'kwd,vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJG}uD;vdk ac:&ifvnf; jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfa&;udk wrsKd;om;vHk;
vdkcsifwJhqEN jyif;jyvGef;vdk jzpfay:vmwJh wdkufyJG}uD; jzpfygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDeJywfouf&if azazajymcJhwJh tcsufuav;wckudk usr zwfjycsifygw,f?
'Dtcsufuawmh usaemfwdk[m 'Drdkua&pD0g'udo
k m acwfpm;atmifvkyf&r,f? tJh'D 0g'rsKd;t&om
vGwfvyfwJh ArmEkdifiH xlaxmifEkdifatmif ud;pm;&r,f? 'grsKd;rvkyfEkdif&if usaemfwdkjrefrmjynfu
vlawGvnf; epfemr,f? usaemfwdkjynfudkvnf; urBmu =unfhaevdk r&wJhwae *syefeJ *smr%D 0dkif;+yD;
tESdrfcH&ovdk tESdrfcH&r,fqdkwmudk owd&Sd=u&r,f? 'Drdkua&pD0g'uom vGwfvyfa&;eJ qDavsmfw,f? 'D
0g'om +idrf;csrf;a&;udk tm;ay;w,f tJh'g[m azazajymcJhwJh pum;awGyg?
("gwfyHkvmygonf)
1988 ckESpf =o*kwfv 26 &ufae a&$wd*HkapwDawmfY rdefcGef;ajym=um;pOf
(rdefcGef;tqufvmygonf)
'ga=umifhrdkvdk usr[m usr&Jtaz tpOftvmtwdkif; 'Drdkua&pD vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGudk
0ifvdkEJ$cJh&ygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'Drkdua&pD&zdk&ef jynfolvlxktm;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwzf dk vdkygw,f? nDnGwf&if
bmrqdk jzpfEkdifygw,f? rnDnGwf&if bmrS rwwfEkdifbl;?

jynfolvlxk[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ r&SdEkdifvkd&Sd&if b,f0g'yJjzpfjzpf wkdif;jynfudk tusKd;ray;Ekdifbl;?

tJh'D[mudk tm;vHk;pJGrSwfxm;zdk vdkygw,f? pnf;urf;r&Sdvdk&Sd&ifvnf; b,f0g'rS ratmifEkdifygbl;? tJh'Dawmh
usrwdk wkdif;oljynfom;awG[m nDnGwfzdk/ pnf;urf;&Sdzdk t+rJvdkygw,f?
'DnDnGwfzdkta=umif;awG
ajymaewkef;rSm
usrwdk
wckyJajymcsifygw,f?
,ck
usrajymoGm;wJhpum;awGxJrSm wcsKduvnf; oabmusr,fhpum;vnf; ygr,f/ rusr,fh pum;awGvnf;
ygr,f? 'gayr,fh usrtaeeJuawmh jynfolvlxkudk rSefrSefuefuefajymoifhw,fvdk ,Hk=unfw,f?
usrpdwfxJrSm&Sdovdk rSefrSefuefuef ajymoGm;rSmyJ? uduf&ifvnf; axmufcH=uyg/ ruduf&ifvnf;
usrpdwfxJrSm rSefwJhtwdkif;vkyfwmyJ? rudufwmawmh b,fvdkrS rwwfEkdifbl;? usr wckajymcsifwm[m
tcktcsdefrSm wyfrawmfeJ jynfolvlxkt=um;xJrSm pdwf0rf;uJGae=uygw,f? 'Dpdwf0rf;uJGr_}uD;[m
aemifwkdif;jynftwGuf tEW&m,ftrsKd;rsKd; jzpfEdkifygw,f? Armhwyfrawmfqdkwm usrtaz ypkysKd;axmifcJhwJh
wyfrawmfyg?
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t"du&nf&G,fcsufuawmh 'Dtpdk;&vnf; r[kwfbl;/ =um;jzwftpdk;&vnf; r[kwfbl;/
aemuftpdk;&vnf; r[kwfbl;? jynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfwHhckdif+rJ om,m0ajyma&;twGuf vkyfay;EkdifwJh
tpdk;&ygyJ? 'Dt"duudpPtay:rSm rsufajcrjywfygapeJ? wkdif;jynf&J tem*wfta&;udk rarhygeJ?
arhoGm;vdk&Sd&if tck&&SdwJh atmifjrifr_[m aemifus qHk;_H;r_ jzpfoGm;Ekdifygw,f? tck usrwdk
b,ftajctaerSm a&mufae+yDvJ/ yef;wdkifudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; jrifaeyg+yD? jrifaewJh yef;wdkifudk tm;vHk;
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tcrf;tem;r;
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tqdkycsuf (1)
jrefrmEkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;&Sd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifhwuG vlxkvlwef;pm;aygif;pHkyg0ifI tzrf;cH
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qENycJh=u+yDjzpfI xdkudpPtwGuf vlxkqENcH,lyJG usif;yyvkyfay;&ef rvdktyfawmh+yDjzpfa=umif;
a':atmifqef;pk=unf&J tqdkycsufudk vlxk}uD;u axmufcHygovm;cifAsm;?
(axmufcHygw,f) 3
tqdkycsuf (2)
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(axmufcHygw,f) 3
tqdkycsuf (3)
jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tm; udk,fpm;y&aom jynfoludk,fpm;vS,f tppftrSefrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm
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jynfolvlxk}uD;u axmufcHygovm;cifAsm;?
(axmufcHygw,f) 3
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15
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a':atmifqef;pk=unf a[majymrdef=um;csuf 3-12-88

* * *
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ckcHzdzsufjcif;rSwyg; tjcm;aomenf;jzifh wkdif;jynfudk u,fq,fzdk&ef enf;vrf;r&Sd[k ,Hk=unfygonf?
usaemfwdkonf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vltrsm;wdk. ynmtqDtESpfESifhjynfhpHkaom ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfrnfudk
&nfoefI ulnDapmifr&ef awmif;yefajym=um;ygonf? usaemf
("gwfyHkrsm; vmygonf?)
1989 ckESpfwGif pnf;Hk;a&;qif;aepOf
(rdefcGef;tqufvmygonf)
wdkpdwfxJ pJG+rJpGm ,Hk=unfaom Tvkyfief;}uD;onf wkdif;jynfY vdktyfaom tcsuf}uD;wckudk
xkwfazmfajymqdkjcif;yif rnfygonf? Tum; tjcm;r[kwf? trsKd;om;ody`Hausmif;}uD;aywnf;?
xdkausmif;}uD;rS jrefrmEdkifiH. om;orD;rsm;ESifh oifhavsmfaom ynm&yfrsm;udk &Ekdifayonf? tdENd,EkdifiHY
trsKd;om;ausmif;awG tvdktavsmuf ay:aygufvm=uay&m jrefrmEdkifiHuvnf; aemufrus&atmif
jrefrmwdkonf EkdifiHom;ppfI cspfcJhygv#if b,feHa&mtcgr# rwnfaxmifEkdifbJ &Sdvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg?
pdwfygvufygvkyfv#if rkcsjzpfygvdrfhrnf?
'Dwkef;uawmh ajymwmuawmh 'DwuUodkvfudpPeJywfouf+yD;awmh ajymwmyJ? 'gayrJh
ajymoGm;wJhtoHk;tE_ef;awGu tck 'Drdkua&pDwkdufyJGtwGuf oHk;r,fqdk&ifvnf; tifrwef oifhavsmfygw,f?
'D[m aemifb,fvdkjzpfr,f rodayr,fhvnf; udk,fwwfEkdifor# rSefuefa=umif;udk aumif;rGefpGm/ cdkif+rJpGm
od&SdI vkyfygonfqdkwm/ tck 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJGvnf; 'Dtwkdif;yJ? aemif b,fvdkjzpfr,fqdkwmvnf; rodbl;?
aemifb,fvdkjzpfr,fqdkwm rodbJeJ 'DwkdufyJG0if&jcif;[m rSefuefw,f/ oifhavsmfw,fqdkwm ,Hk=unfvdk
tm;vHk;0ifcJh=uwmyJ? 'ga=umifh 'DudpPeJywfoufvdk 'Drdkua&pD&rSmvm;/ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG
vkyfrSmvm;vdk ar;&ifvnf; usr 'Dtwdkif;yJ ajymw,f? jzpfrSm/ rjzpfrSmudk rpOf;pm;aeygeJ/ udk,f
rSefwmuefwmudkvkyfwm vkyfvdkufyg? 'D aemuftusK;d qufawG[m olzmomol jzpfvmygvdrfhr,f? tJh'DrSm
udk,fh&Jwm0efuawmh rSefwJhudpPudkvkyfzdkyJ? 'D 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_xJrSm tm;vHk;0ifvm+yDqdkuwnf;u
usrwdk atmifyJGcHEdkifw,fqdkwJh ar#mfvifhcsuf&Sdvdkom 0ifvmwmyJ? Oyrmtm;jzifhqdkvdk&Sd&if ydifyJGwck
0ifydifwJhvl[m Ekdifr,fxifvdk ydifwmyJ? xDxdk;wJhvlqdkwmvnf; xDaygufEkdifwJhudef; &Sdw,fxifvdk
xdk;vdkufwmyJ? b,folurSawmh rEdkifbl;xifvdk&Sd&if 0ifydifrSmr[kwfbl;? rjzpfEkdifbl;qdkvdk&Sd&if

ud;pm;+yD;vkyfrSmr[kwfbl;? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk 'Drdkua&pD[m atmifjrifEkdifvm;vdkar;&if usruawmh

rSefrSefuefuefyJ atmifjrifEdkifw,fvdk jyefajz&rSmyJ? atmifjrifEdkifw,fxifvdkom 'DwkdufyJGrSm ygaewmyJ?
'Dtwdkif;yJ
ausmif;om;vli,ftm;vHk;[mvnf;
'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJGxJ
0ifaewJhtcgus&if
atmifjrifEkdifr,fqdkwJh pdwfawGxm;+yD;awmh qufvuf+yD; vkyfoGm;apcsifygw,f? usrwdk quf+yD;awmh
tifrwefrS kef;uefzdk&Sdygao;w,f? ud;pm;zdk &Sdygao;w,f? quf+yD;awmh kef;uefud;pm;&r,fqdkwm[m
tckvydkif;udk ajymwmr[kwfygbl;? ESpfydkif;eJudk quf+yD;awmh kef;uefud;pm;oGm;&rSmyg? 'Da&G;aumufyJGjzpfvdk
a&G;aumufyJG0ifydifvdk 'Drdkua&pDbufu tEkdif&&ifawmifrS 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;[m r+yD;ao;ygbl;?
kef;uefoGm;&r,fh
tcsdef[m
rukefao;ygbl;?
quf+yD;awmh
kef;uefoGm;&rSmygyJ?
tJh'Dausmif;om;vli,frsm;qdkvdk&Sd&if touf (20) 0ef;usif&Sd=urSmaygh? touf (20) 0ef;usif&SdwJh
vlrsm;[m ArmawG&J oufwrf;qdk&if tck 60 avmuf&Sdr,f? usrwdk 'Drkdua&pDpepfatmufrSm
usef;rma&;awGbmawG aumif;oGm;vdk (70) avmuftxd &SdoGm;r,fqdkygawmh/ 'Dvdkqdk&if aemiftESpf (50)
avmufudk quf+yD;awmh kef;uefoGm;&r,f? 'Drkdua&pDqdkwm woufvHk;xdef;odrf;oGm;rS &Sifoefr,fhudpPyg?
vlwa,muf&J usef;rma&;vdkaygh? i,fi,fwkef;u udk,fhtaztaru aumif;aumif;au|;arG;xm;vdk/
aumif;aumif;=unfhxm;vdk
usef;usef;rmrm&Sdayr,fh
udk,fu
touf}uD;vmwJhtcgusawmh
jzpfovdkaer,f/
jzpfovdkpm;r,fqdk&if
usef;rma&;u
csKdwJhoGm;rSmyJ?
tJh'Dawmh
'Drdkua&pDpepf&Sifoefa&;qdkwm woufvHk;vkyfoGm;&rSmyJ? vlwkdif;vlwkdif;[m udk,fhwoufwmrSm
udk,fhwkdif;jynftusKd;
aqmif&GufoGm;r,fqdkwJh
pdwf"gwfeJvkyfoGm;r,fqdk&if
usrwdkwkdif;jynfrSm
bmrSqkwf,kwfEkdifp&mta=umif; r&Sdygbl;? 'Dvdk 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf vufwJGvkyfaewJhvlrSefor#udk
usrwdku vufwJG+yD;awmh ac:oGm;csifygw,f? vufwJGw,fqdkwmvnf; rwJGcsif/ wJGcsif wJGenf;rsKd;udk
ajymwmr[kwfygbl;? udk,faygif;pdwfcGmr[kwfygbl;? pdwfwloabmwlvufwJG+yD; csDwufoGm;wJhenf;rsKd;udk
usrwdk ajymvdkygw,f? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk 'Daeuaep+yD;awmh 'Dae[m trsKd;om;aejzpfw,f/
trsKdom;aerSm trsKd;om;a&;twGuf tm;vHk;uae aqmif&GufoGm;ygr,fqdkwJh qHk;jzwfcsufudk
csapcsifygw,f? trsKd;om;a&;qdkwm wkdif;jynf&Jaumif;usKd;/ jynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfwHhckdif+rJa&;/
jynfaxmifpkom;tm;vHk;&J
trsm;pk}uD;&J
aumif;usKd;
vkyf&r,fhudpPjzpfygw,f?
tJh'Dawmh
'DvdktrsKd;om;a&;udk
vkyfwJhtcgusvdk&Sd&if
'Dyk*~KdvfpJGwdk/
qENpJGwdk
r&Sdzdkqdkwm
usrwdk&J
tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'xJrSmvnf; ygygw,f? tJh'Dawmh yk*~KdvfpJGawG rxm;=uygeJ/ 'g aumif;wJh
tpOftvmawG r[kwfygbl;? usrwdk qufoGm;&r,fh c&D;rSm tifrwefrS apwemoefoef/ pdwfoefoefeJ
vkyfoGm;apcsifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh vlwkdif;udk usrajymw,f? jrifhjrifh}uHyg? tjrifhqHk;}uHyg? ud;pm;&if
bk&m;jzpfEkdifw,fvdk usrwdk qdkdk;&Sdyga&mvm;? bmhvdk r}uHEkdif&rSmvJ? ud;pm;&if kd;kd;omrefvl/
jrwfpGmbk&m;qdkwmvnf; omrefvlygyJ? jrwfpGmbk&m;awmifrS 'Dvdk bk&m;jzpfatmif usifh}uHEkdif&if
vlawG[m jrifhjrifh}uHEdkifygw,f? udk,f[m woufvHk; trSefw&m;t& vkyfoGm;r,fqdkwJhudpP[m
rjzpfEkdifwJhudpP r[kwfygbl;? jzpfEkdifwJhudpPyg? wcsKdu xifw,f? vlyJuGm/ trSm;awmh&SdrSmyg? ykxkZOfyJ?
'gawGudk usrawmh vufrcHbl;? ykxkZOfvlom;rdkvdkudk ud;pm;+yD;awmh trSefw&m;eJ ae&r,f? owW0gawGrS
r[kwfbJ? wd&p>mefawGawmifrS trSm;/ trSefukd odygw,f/ [kwfvm;? opPm&SdwJhae&mrSmqdk&if
acG;vdkwd&p>mefudk vlawGu rvdkufEkdifbl;? acG;[m vlxufydk+yD; opPm&Sdw,fqdkwm vlwkdif;odw,f? acG;vdk
wd&p>mefwaumifawmif opPm&SdEkdifw,fqdk&if vlrsm;[m bmjzpfvdk opPmr&SdEdkif&rSmvJ? opPmrJhwm
vlawGyJ? vlawGxJrSmqdk&if opPmw&m;[m tifrwefeJw,fvdk ajymvdk&Sd&if rSefvnf;rSefw,f/
opPmw&m;[m pOf;pm;=unfh&if opPmqdkwJhpum;[m pum;vHk;u tifrwefvSovdk t"dy`m,fvnf;
tifrwefvSw,f? tJh'Dvdk opPm&Sd&SdeJ tm;vHk;u vkyfoGm;rS usrwdkwdkif;jynf wdk;wufvmrSmyg? 'Dvdk
wdkif;jynfwdk;wufrS aemifvmaemufom;rsm;[m *k%foduQm&Sd&SdeJ urBmhtv,frSm &yfwnfEkdifr,f?
tJh'Dawmh 'D[mudk ar#mfudk;+yD;awmh 'Daeup+yD;awmh 'Dae (68) }udrfajrmuf trsKd;om;aeup+yD;awmh

usrwdktm;vHk;[m trsKd;om;a&;twGuf udk,fwwfEdkifor# aqmif&GufoGm;=ur,fvdk oEMdmefcs=uygvdk

usr arwWm&yfcHcsifygw,f? 'Drkdua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf vkyfaewJhvlrSefor#udk usrwdku vufwJG+yD;
ac:oGm;csifygw,f?
16
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJG trSwf 3
&efukefrdY 26-3-1989 ckESpfwGif ajym=um;onf?

* * *
'Dowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJvkyf&wJh
ta=umif;uawmh
tckwavm
vkyfom;jynfolaepOfeJ
jrefrmhtoHrSm a=unmaewJh owif;awGeJywfoufvdkyJ jzpfygw,f? wevFmaeu vSnf;wef;/
urm&GwfrSmjzpfwJh udpPeJywfoufvdk vkyfom;jynfolaepOfeJ jrefrmhtoHu owif;t&qdkvdk&Sd&if
uav;rsm;u oGm;+yD;awmh qlylatmifvdk wcsKdEdkifiHa&;tzJGtpnf;awGu vkyfaqmifw,fvdk
qdkwJhoabmrsKd;eJ a&;vdkufygw,f? aemuf+yD;awmhvnf; usrwdk&J tzJGcsKyfemrnfudk odyf+yD;
xifxif&Sm;&Sm;}uD; a&;xm;w,f/ apmif;+yD;awmh tift,f'Duae+yD;awmh v_Haqmfvdk uav;rsm;u
oGm;+yD;awmh qlylw,fvdk/ 'DoabmrsKd;eJ a&;oGm;wmudk jrif&ygw,f?
'geJywfoufvdk usr b,fvdkjrifvJqdkawmh tJh'Daeutjzpftysufudk usr wcsdefvHk; odygw,f?
pjzpfuwnf;u usr 'Duae=um;aew,f? uav;awG [dkrSmeJeJqlqlylyljzpfw,fqdkwmeJ usrwdktzJGcsKyfu
+idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; +yD;oGm;atmifvdk vdkuf+yD;awmh vkyfwmyJ? uav;awGudk usrwdkudk,fwkdifvnf;
vdkufxdef;w,f? vli,ftcsif;csif;vnf; vdkufxdef;w,f? aemuf+yD;awmh +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;eJ vlpkcJGzdkqdkwm
tJh'DrSmvm+yD;awmh
wm0ef,lwJhwyfrawmft&m&Sdudk
trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJGcsKyfxJu
wm0ef&SdwJhyk*~Kdvfrsm;u oGm;a&muf+yD;awmh at;at;csrf;csrf; jzpfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;cJhw,f?
tJh'Dvkdvkyfwmudk wm0ef&SdwJh wyfrawmfyk*~Kdvfrsm;u od&Sdvsufom;eJ bmjzpfvdk vkyfom;jynfolaepOfeJ
jrefrmhtoHuae+yD;awmh v_Haqmfw,fqdkwJh oabmeJ a&;vJqdkwm trsm;}uD;ar;p&mudk jzpfaeygw,f?
wyfrawmfu wm0ef&SdwJhyk*~KdvfeJ usrwdktzJGcsKyfu wm0ef&SdwJh yk*~Kdvfuae oGm;+yD;awmh
+idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;eJ vlpkcJGa&;twGuf ud;pm;wm[m trsm;todyJ? tJh'Dawmh wrifoufouf
usrwdktzJGcsKyfudk tjypf&SmcsifwJhoabm[m tifrwefudk xif&Sm;aeygw,f? 'gwifruao;bl;?
raeujzpfwJh udpPawGrSmvnf; xdkenf;if;ygyJ?
raeujzpfwJhudpP[m usrwdktzJGcsKyf0if;xJrSm ausmif;om;vli,frsm; tpnf;ta0;vkyfaew,f?
tpnf;ta0;vkyfaewkef;rSm jyifyuvli,frsm; vma&muf+yD; qENjyzdk &nf&G,fw,fqdkwJh owif;=um;w,f?
=um;wmeJ usrwdktzJGcsKyfHk;uvnf; *dwf0udk ydwfxm;w,f? usrwdktdrfuvnf; *dwf0udk ydwfxm;w,f?
'gayr,fhvnf; 0kef;/ 0kef; qdk+yD;awmh vlpkvla0;a&mufvmw,f? tjyifu vli,fcsnf;yJ/ vlpdrf;awGcsnf;yJ?
'Dvdkjzpfvnf;jzpfa&m wyfuvnf; w0kef;0kef;eJ a&mufvmwmyJ?
wyfom;rsm;u 0g;&if;wkwfrsm;udk oHql;ud;rsm;ywf+yD;awmh udkifxm;w,f? tJh'gvnf;
trsm;}uD;ar;p&myJ?
jynfolvlxkudk
0g;&if;wkwf
oHql;ud;ywf+yD;awmh
ESdrfeif;csifwJhpdwfawG
bmjzpfvdk&Sd&ovJqdkwmukd usrwdk ar;p&mar;cGef;wck jzpfaeygw,f?
owif;pmxJrSm
b,fvdka&;vdkufovJqdkawmh
'D(44)wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJGcsKyfHk;a&SrSm
jzpfw,f?
aemuf+yD;awmhvnf;
a':atmifqef;pk=unf
tdrf0if;xJajy;w,fvdk ajymygw,f? trSeftm;jzifhawmh 'Dem;rSm&SdwJhtdrf0if;awG tm;vHk;txJudk

0ifajy;=uwmcsnf;yJ? usrwdk tdrf0if;txJwif 0ifajy;wmr[kwfygbl;? [dkbuftdrfxJvnf; 0ifajy;ygw,f?

tzJGcsKyfxJvnf; 0ifEkdifwJhvlawGu 0ifzdk ud;pm;=uygw,f? 'gudk usrwdktdrfwtdrfxJudkyJ uGuf+yD;awmh
0ifajy;w,fqdkwm b,fvdkt"dy`m,feJ/ b,fvdk&nf&G,fcsufeJ ajymwmvJ? usrwdkvnf; trsm;}uD;
ar;p&mjzpfygw,f?
usr&J tdrf0if;xJrSm ausmif;om;vli,frsm; tpnf;ta0;vkyfaew,fqdkwm rSefw,f?
ausmif;om;rsm;[m usr&Jtdrf0if;xJ 0ifajy;vmw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefw,f? 'gvnf; usrwdk 0efcHygw,f?
'gayr,fh usrwdktdrf0if;xJwif r[kwfbl;? tjcm;tdrf0if;xJawGvnf; 0ifajy;w,f?
usrwdktzJGcsKyfu vl}uD;rsm;u xGuf+yD;awmh ajyajyvnfvnfjzpfatmif ud;pm;w,f? 'gudkvnf;
wyfrawmfu t&m&SdawGu odwmyJ? odayr,fhvnf; bmrS todtrSwfrybl;? 'gudk bmrSrajymbJeJ 'D
qlylr_jzpfatmif usrwdktzJGcsKyfu vkyfw,fqdkwJh oabmxm;eJa&;wm[m tifrwefrS r&Sif;wJhudpPvdkyJ
usrwdk ,lq&rSmyJ? 'g wrifoufouf tzJGcsKyfukd &r,f&Sm+yD;awmh tjypf,lcsifvdk vkyfaeovdk
oabmoufa&mufw,fvdk usrjrifygw,f? 'Dvm+yD;awmh qENjywJh uav;rsm;[m usrwdkeJ rqkdifygbl;?
tzJGcsKyfvli,fxJrSmygwJh vli,fawG vHk;vHk;r[kwfygbl;?
'DudpPeJywfoufvdk usrwdktzJGcsKyfu OD;atmifa&$eJ OD;cspfckdifwdk raeu w0w Hk;udk
oGm;cJhygw,f? w0w Hk;rSmawGcJhwJh Adkvfr;wifarmif0if;udk pHkprf;csifwm&Sd&if pHkprf;yg? ar;p&m&Sd&if ar;yg?
aqG;aEG;p&m&Sd&if aqG;aEG;yg? tzJGcsKyfeJ vHk;vHk;oufqkdifwJh qENjyr_ ("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf)
1989 ckESpf o}uFefa&obifqifEJ$pOf
(aqmif;yg;tqufjyefvmygonf?)
r[kwfygbl;qdkwm ajymcJhygw,f? 'gudkvnf; bmrSpHkprf;jcif; r&Sdbl;? bmrS ar;jref;jcif;r&Sdbl;? bmrS
aqG;aEG;jcif;r&Sdbl;? olwdk owif;pmeJ a&'D,dkrSm ajymcsifwmudk ajymoGm;w,f? 'g[m odyf+yD;awmh
rSefuefwJh vrf;r[kwfbl;vdk usrxifygw,f?
usrwdkuae+yD; qlylapcsifvdk vkyfw,fvdkajymw,f? rSefrSefuefuef +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;
vkyfcsifwJhtzJGtpnf;udk qlylatmifv_Haqmfay;ygw,fvdk ajymwmudku +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;eJ rjzpfapcsifwJh
pdwfoabmrsKd;ygovdk jzpfaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh usrwdktzJGcsKyftaeeJ 'gudk jyif;jyif;xefxef
uefuGufygw,f?
aemuf+yD;awmh armifzkef;armfudpP? armifzkef;armfae &ufowWywfa[majymyJGawGeJywfoufvdk
owif;pmxJrSm ygygw,f? b,fae&mawGrSm b,folawGu a[majymoGm;w,f/ wyfrawmfqefusifa&;awG
a[majymoGm;ygw,fayghav? a[majymoGm;wJh ae&mawGxJrSm usrwdk tzJGcsKyfHk;awG ygw,fqdkwm
rSefygw,f?
usrwdk
0efcHygw,f?
'g
rjiif;ygbl;?
usrwdk&J
tift,f'Dvli,fxJu
a[majymoGm;w,fqdkwmvnf; rSefw,f? usrwdk rjiif;ygbl;? 'Dvdkvli,frsm;udk usrwdk tzJGcsKyfHk;awGrSm
a[majymcGifhay;wm[m kef;&if;qefcwf rjzpfoGm;atmifvdkqdkwJh qENeJ usrwdk vkyfoGm;wmyg? usrwdkeJ
aqG;aEG;r,fqdk&if tajz[m ay:rSmyg?
armifzkef;armfudpPeJywfoufvdk
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m
txdrf;trSwftcrf;tem;rsm;
vkyfcsifw,fqdkuwnf;u usrwdkudk wdkifyifygw,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf; vkyf=uyg/
wwfEkdifor# at;at;csrf;csrf;jzpfatmif vkyf=uyg? jyifyrSm qENjyr_awG vkyfvdk&Sd&if kef;&if;qefcwf
jzpfrSmpdk;vdk/
a[majymyJGawG
olwdku
odyfvkyfcsifw,f/
'Dawmh
uJ
'Dvdkqdk&ifawmh
taqmuftODawGtwGif;rSm vkyfyg? usrwdk xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;jzpfatmif trsKd;rsKd;ud;pm;cJhygw,f?
'gudkvnf; wu,fyJodcsifw,fqdkvdk&Sd&if odzdk&m rcJ,Of;ygbl;? b,fum;eJ b,fvlawG b,ftcsdefrSm
oGm;w,fqdkwm odEkdifwJholrsm;[m usrwdkb,fvdk xdef;odrf;w,fqdkwm wu,fyJodcsifw,fqdk&if

odEkdifzdkta=umif; trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? wdwdusus odcsifw,fqdk&if usrwdkudk vm+yD;awmh ar;vdk&ygw,f?

usrwdk ajymzdktqifoifhygyJ? vli,fawGudk usrwdk xdef;zdk ud;pm;w,fqdkwm usrwdkudk b,ftcsdefar;ar;
ajymEkdifygw,f?
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usrwdktzJGcsKyfxJu awmifolv,form;rsm;u ajymw,fqdkwm vHk;vHk;r[kwfygbl;? tzJGcsKyftjyifbufu
awmifolv,form;rsm;u
wcsdefvHk;ajymaewmyg?
usrwdk
wu,fyJ
qlylaomif;usef;r_
jzpfapcsifw,fqdkvdk&Sd&if e0w udk bmjzpfvdk ta=umif;=um;rvJ? ta=umif;r=um;ygbl;? ta&;r,lapeJ?
ta&;r,lwmawmifrS aumif;ao;w,f? ydk+yD;awmh jynfolvlxk tHkuGrSmyJqdk+yD; usrwdk aoG;xkd;ay;rSmaygh?
jynfolvlxk 'kuQa&mufaewmudk rjrifcsifvdk e0w udk wifjyygw,f? 'DvdkyJ 'kuQa&mufaeygw,f? 'DvdkyJ
jy\emawG jzpfaeygw,f? =unfh+yD;awmh vkyfay;ygqdk+yD;awmh usrwdk wifjyygw,f?
jynfolvlxkodatmifvdk 'Dvdkawmifolv,form;rsm; 'kuQa&mufaew,fqdkwm/ usrwdk
ajymygw,f? 'Dvdkajym&jcif;rSm usrwdkjynfolvlxk[m udk,fh&JtcGifhta&;awGudk udk,fumuG,f&r,fqdkwm
usrwdk ,Hk=unfvdkajymcJhwmyJ? tzJGcsKyftaeeJ n$ef=um;csufwckxkwfxm;ygw,f? awmifolv,form;rsm;
'kuQa&mufaevdk&Sd&if usrwdktzJGcsKyfu wwfEkdifor# ulnD&r,f? 'g[m vlr_a&;t&yJ? 'g EkdifiHa&;y&d,m,f
r[kwfygbl;? usrwdk EdkifiHa&;y&d,m,fqdkwmudk t,Hkt=unfr&Sdbl;qdkwm usr ajym+yD;om;yJ? usr vHk;vHk;
t,Hkt=unfr&Sdbl;?
usr
'DudpPvkyfwm
rSew
f ,fxifvdkvkyfw,f?
awmifolv,form;rsm;
'kuQa&mufaewmudk usrwdktzJGcsKyfu ulnDcsifvdk vkyfwJhudpPyJ jzpfygw,f?
usr cH+yD;awmh ajym&r,fqdkvdk&Sd&if ckwavmrSm usrwdktzJGcsKyfeJ 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJh
tzJGtpnf;rsm;udk oufouftjypf&Smaew,fqdkwm usr jrif&ygw,f? oufoufwdkufcdkufvmw,f?
usrwdku qlylr_jzpfatmifvdk v_Haqmfaew,fqdk+yD;awmh xyfwvJvJajymaeygw,f? 'Dvdkajymaewm[m
b,fvdk&nf&G,fcsufeJ ajymaeovJqdkwm usr trsm;}uD;pOf;pm;&ygw,f?
raeujzpfwJh
udpPawGuvnf;
wrifoufouf
tuGufqif+yD;awmh
usrwdkudk
vufnKd;xdk;wmvm;qdkwm usrwdk ar;p&mjzpfvmygw,f? wyfrawmfaetwGuf pdk;&drfvdkvm;?

wyfrawmfaetwGuf pdk;&drfw,fqdk&if usrwdkeJ aqG;aEG;Ekdifygw,f? wyfrawmfae ysufpD;&mysufpD;a=umif;

b,fvdkrvkyfapcsifbl;qdkwm
ajymyg?
usrwdk
aqG;aEG;zdk
tqifoifhyJ?
usrwdktaeeJ
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk trsm;}uD;xdef;ygw,f? usrwdk tzJGcsKyfvli,frsm;udk wyfrawmfaerSm
pDwef;vrf;av#mufwmwdk/ qENjywmwdk rvkyf&bl;qdkwm usrwdk ajym+yD;om;yg? 'Dwyfrawmfaeudk
wyfrawmfaetaeeJ vufrcHbl;qdk&if b,folrSroGm;=ueJ? b,folrS xGufr=unfh=ueJ? tJh'Dvdkenf;eJ
oydwfarSmuf&if arSmuf=uaygh? usrwdk ajym+yD;om;yg? usrwdktaeeJ rwfv (27) &ufaeudk
awmfvSefa&;aetaeeJ vufcHw,fqdkwm usrwdk ajym+yD;om;yg? 'g jynfolvlxk&J awmfvSefa&;aeyg?
1945 ckESpfwkef;u jrefrmEkdifiH[m jynfolvlxku tm;vHk;uGvm+yD;awmh zufqpf0g'udk rvdkcsifvdk
awmfvSefa&;udk pwifcJhwJhae jzpfygw,f?
usrwdktzJGcsKyftaeeJawmh (27) &uf rwfv[m awmfvSefa&;aevdk vufcHygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aetaeeJvnf; azazu todtrSwfycJhw,f? usrvnf; awmfvSefa&;aetaeeJyJ
quf+yD;awmh todtrSwfyygw,f? usrwdk tzJGcsKyfuvnf; 'Dtwkdif;yJ? jynfolvlxkuvnf;
jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufwJhzufqpf0g'udk awmfvSefwJhaetjzpf todtrSwfyygw,f?
usrwdktaeeJ tm;vHk;udk ajyajyvnfvnf jzpfapcsifw,f? +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; jzpfapcsifw,f? e0w
eJ ndE_dif;wkdifyif&rvm;? ndE_dif;wdkifyifr,f? wyfrawmfeJ aqG;aEG;&rvm;/ aqG;aEG;r,f? tqifoifhyJqdkwm
usr xyfwvJvJ ajymygw,f? 'DvdkajymaewJhtxJu bmrS aqG;aEG;wkdifyifr_r&SdbJeJ tzJGcsKyfudk oufouf
vufndK;xdk;vmwmuawmh usrwdkudk jynfolvlxku axmufcHwmudk r_pdrfhvdkvm;qdk+yD;awmh usrwdk
ar;&awmhrSmjzpfygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm usrwdk trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJGcsKyfudk wdkufcdkufw,fqdkwm[m
jynfolvlxk&J 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_udkvnf; wdkufcdkufwmeJ twlwlygyJ? wu,fyJ ppfrSefwJh/ w&m;r#wwJh
a&G;aumufyJGawG jzpfapcsifw,f qdkvdk&Sd&ifawmh 'Dvdkrawmfrw&m; wkdufcdkufr_awGudk &yfwef;u
&yfzdkvdkr,fvdk usr xifygw,f? 'g usrtaeeJ ajymcsifwmuawmh 'gygyJ? ar;p&m&Sdvdk &Sd&if ar;=uyg?
17
wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;
jrpf}uD;em;rdY 28-4-1989 aewGif ajym=um;onf?

* * *
wem&Davmuf apma&mufzdkyg? cyfcsKduxGufwm
aemufuswm awmif;yefygw,f?
pnf;Hk;a&;c&D;xGufwJhtcg wcgwav usrwdk tpDtpOftwdkif;rjzpfygbl;? vrf;rSmqdkvdk&Sd&ifvnf;
wcgwav tcuftcJav;awG awGwwfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdkvdk 'Dvdk aemufus&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
jrpf}uD;em;udk rvmcifwkef;uqdk&if =um;&wmawmh jrpf}uD;em;rSm 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_&J tajctae
odyfraumif;bl;vdk ajym=uygw,f? jynfolvlxku odyf+yD; wufwufuGuG r&Sd=ubl;vdk qdkygw,f?
tJh'Dawmh usru enf;enf;tm;i,frdygw,f? 'gayrJh tckvmwJhtcgusawmhvnf; jynfolvlxku
ydk+yD;wufuGw,fqdkwmjrif&vdk trsm;}uD;yJ tm;&SdoGm;ygw,f? *k%fvnf; *k%fyygw,f?
ucsifjynfe,frSm&SdwJh awmifwef;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;[m owWd&Sdw,fqdkwm usrwdktm;vHk;yJ tpu
odxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifhrdkvdk
'DvdkowWd&Sd&SdeJ
quf+yD;awmh
trsKd;om;a&;twGuf
vkyfoGm;r,fqdkwmvnf; usrwdk ,Hk=unfygw,f? i,fi,fuwnf;u usrwdk em;vnfwmuawmh

awmifwef;om;rsm;[m tifrwefrS owWd&Sdw,f/ tifrwefrS dk;om;ajzmifhrwfw,f/ vkyf&nfudkif&nf

&Sdw,fvdk em;vnfcJhygw,f?
tck 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_xJrSmvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ kd;dk;om;om;/ ajzmifhajzmifhrwfrwf/ owdW&Sd&SdeJ
quf+yD;awmh vkyfoGm;=ur,fqdkvdk&Sd&if usrwdkvdkcsifwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tjrefqHk;&EdkifrSmyg?
tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk&Sd&if wkdif;&if;om;vlrsm;pk trsm;pk}uD;[m awmfawmfrSyJ yifyifyef;yef;/ qif;qif;&J&J
ae=u&ygw,f?
'Dvdktajctaeuae+yD;awmh wdk;wuf+yD; csrf;omwJh jynfaxmifpk}uD;wck xlaxmifzdkqdkwm
tm;vHk;&J wm0efjzpfygw,f? wcgwavusvdk&Sd&if usrwdkudk wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;u ar;ygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& &vdk&Sd&if usaemfwdkvlrsK;d pkawGtwGuf bmvkyfay;rSmvJ/ jynfaxmifpktwGuf
bmvkyfay;rSmvJ qdk+yD;awmh ar;ygw,f? usrwdk trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJGcsKyf taeeJuawmh
a=unmxm;+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD&vdk&Sd&if ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pDjynfaxmifpk}uD; xlaxmifa&;twGuf
wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;eJ wkdifyifndE_dif;+yD;awmh usrwdk[m tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'[m jynfaxmifpk
wnfwHhckdif+rJa&;twGufvnf; vkyf&r,f/ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;&J arG;&mygtcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf;
todtrSwfy&r,f? vlwkdif;vlwdkif; vltcGifhta&;rsm; cHpm;ydkifcGifhvnf; OD;wnf&r,fqdkwmvnf; usrwdk
a=unmxm;+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fhvnf; 'Drdkua&pD jynfaxmifpkxlaxmifzdkqdkwm[m usrwdk
tzJGcsKyfwckwnf;&J wm0efvnf; r[kwfygbl;? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;&J wm0efjzpfygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifzdkqdkwm[m vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&J wm0efjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdkvdk usr c%c%
ajym&ygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD&zdkqdk&if usaemfwdkudk bmtcGifhta&;awG ay;rvJvdk ar;r,fhtpm;
'Drkdua&pD&zdktwGuf usaemfwdk b,fvdk0dkif;0ef;ulnD&rvJqdkwm tcktcsdefrSm ar;&r,fhar;cGef;jzpfygw,f?
'Dar;cGef;udk ar;+yD;awmh rSefuefwJh tajzudk &SmEkdifr,fqdkrS udk,fvdkcsifwJh 'Drkdua&pDudk &r,f/
'Drdkua&pD&w,fqdkrS vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&J tcGifhta&;udk tmrcHr,fh pepfwckudk xlaxmifEkdifr,f? 'Dvdk
vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&J vltcGifhta&;udk tmrcHr,fh tkyfcsKyfr_pepfwckudk tajccH+yD;rS wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;
auseyfr_&Ekdifr,fh jynfaxmifpkyHkomefudk usrwdk azmfxkwf&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk jynfaxmifpkyHkomef
azmfxkwfzdkqdkwm[m wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;u oabmxm;}uD;}uD; xm;&r,f/ tjrifus,fus,f
&Sd&r,f?
jynfaxmifpktusKd;udk udk,fha'otusKd;xuf ydkxm;&r,f? Armrsm;[m ArmtusKd;twGuf
r[kwfbl;? ucsifrsm;[m ucsifawG&JtusKd;twGuf r[kwfbl;? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;u
jynfaxmifpktusKd;twGufqdkwJh pdwf"mwfawGeJ vkyfzdkvdkygw,f? usrwdk vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhacwfrSm
'Dwkdif;jynf rwdk;wufwm[m nDnGwfr_ r&SdvdkbJ? usrwdkrSm&SdwJh EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm;[m udk,fhtusKd;xuf
wkdif;jynftusKd;udk a&Srxm;vdk usrwdk wkd;wufr_ r&SdcJhbl;vdk xifygw,f?
wygwD
tm%m&Sifpepf
pdk;rdk;oGm;&w,fqdkwmvnf;
jynfolvlxk[m
rSefuefwJh
EdkifiHa&;todtjrifawG r&SdvdkbJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh aemufwcg xyf+yD;awmh tm%m&Sif rjzpfapcsifbl;?
usrwdkEkdifiHudk 'Drdkua&pDpepft& tm;vHk; pdwfcsrf;oma&;twGuf xlaxmifapcsifw,fqdkvdk&Sd&if
EkdifiHolEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;[m udk,fhrSm&SdwJh EdkifiHa&;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifzdk vdkygw,f?

("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf?)
tay:
ucsifwkdif;&if;om;
0wfpHkwrsKd;udk
0wfqifxm;pOf
atmuf
yifvHkY 1989 ckESpfwGif
pnf;Hk;a&;qif;cJhpOfu
tay: - ucsifwkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifhtwl
atmuf - u&ifacgif;aqmifwOD;ESifhtwl
EkdifiHa&;qdkwm vlwkdif;vlwdkif;eJqdkifwJh udpPyg? EdkifiHwEkdifiH wdk;wufzdk/ wnfwHhckdif+rJzdkqdkwm
tm;vHk;0dkif;+yD; ud;pm;zdkvdkygw,f? vlwkdif;vlwkdif;[m wkdif;jynftay:rSm ppfrSefwJh apwemxm;&ygvdrfhr,f?
udk,fhtzJGtpnf;tusKd;udkyJ vkyfaer,f/ udk,fhtodkif;t0kdif;tusKd;yJ vkyfaer,f qdkvdk&Sd&ifawmh
ppfrSefwJhapwemvdk rac:Edkifygbl;?
usrwdkEdkifiH (26) ESpftwGif;rSm usqif;cJh&wm[m wkdif;jynfudk ppfrSefwJh apwemeJ rtkyfcsKyfvdkbJ?
wkdif;jynfudk ppfrSefwJhapwemeJ tkyfcsKyfcJhw,fqdk&if 'DEkdifiH[m trsm;}uD; wdk;wufEdkifygw,f? ucsifjynfe,f
wckwnf;rSmyifv#if o,HZmwypPnf; b,favmufaygrsm;w,fqdkwm od+yD;om;yg? wEdkifiHvHk;udk cH+yD;awmh
=unfhvdkufr,fqdk&if usrwdkEdkifiH[m tifrwefrS csrf;omygw,f? 'Davmufcsrf;omvsufeJ jynfolvlxk[m
qif;&Jae&w,f/ pdk;&drfae&w,f/ a=umifh=uae&w,fqdkwmawmh rrSefuefwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfa=umifhyJ?
pD;yGm;a&;atmifjrifr_qdkwm rSefuefwJhtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf&SdrS jzpfrSmyg? 'DtcsdefrSm pD;yGm;a&;ukd OD;rwnfbJeJ
EdkifiHa&;udk OD;wnfzdkvdkygw,f?
EkdifiHa&;atmifjrifr_awG&rS pD;yGm;a&;bufudk wcgjyef+yD;awmh usrwdk udk,fvdkcsifwJh yjyifr_awG
vkyf&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh jynfolawGtaeeJ tcktcsdefrSm ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf
0dkif;0ef;ulnD=uygvdk usr arwWm&yfcHcsifygw,f? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;[m vufwJG+yD;awmh
wnDwnGwfwnf;eJ/ owWd&Sd&SdeJ udk,fh&Jwkdif;jynfaumif;usKd;twGuf rSefreS fuefuef vkyfoGm;r,fqdkvdk&Sd&if
vlwkdif;vlwkdif;[m ydk+yD;awmh csrf;om+yD; wdk;wufwJh jynfaxmifpk}uD;rSm aeEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f?
'DvdkOD;wnfcsufeJ 0dkif;+yD;awmh ud;pm;oGm;=uygvdk usr arwWm&yfcH&if;eJ ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?

18

'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm; nDnGwfa&;
TrdefcGef;udk 1989 ckESpfwGif &efukefrdY ajym=um;onf[k ,lq&aomfvnf; ajym=um;onfh ae&ufESifh
ae&mudk pmwnf;taejzifh odEkdifpGrf; r&Sdyg?
* * *

usrudk 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&J udk,fpm;vS,fvdk owfrSwfvdkufwJhtcgusawmh 'gudk

*k%f,lygw,fvdk ajym&rvm;vdk usr pOf;pm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh wu,fpOf;pm;vdkufwJhtcgusawmh 'g
usrtwGuf *k%f,lp&mr[kwfygbl;? usrwdk a&G;xkwfvdkufwJhtiftm;pkrsm;twGuf *k%f,lp&mvdk usr
jrifygw,f? bmjzpfvdkvnf;qdkawmh usrudk a&G;xkwfvdkufwJhtiftm;pkrsm;[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ
udk,fhtzJGtpnf;twGuf&,fvdk rpOf;pm;bJeJ 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_atmifjrifa&;twGuf ydk+yD;awmh
aumif;zdktwGuf
vlwa,mufudk
udk,fpm;vS,fa&G;vdkufr,fqdk+yD;awmh
vkyfEkdifwJhtajctae
a&mufvmwm[m tifrwefrS *k%f,lp&myJvdk usr jrifygw,f? usr&,fvdkr[kwfygbl;/ b,foludkyJjzpfjzpf
'Dvdktiftm;pk}uD;rsm;[m udk,fpm;vS,fwa,muftaeeJ a&G;xkwfvdkufEkdifw,fqdkwm[m tifrwefrS
aumif;wJhvuQ%myg? 'gudkvnf; vlwkdif;uae+yD;awmh todtrSwfyw,fqdkwm[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&J
rdefcGef;xJrSmudk ygoGm;ygw,f? usreJ tckvdk aqG;aEG;&r,f/ wkdifyif&r,fqdkvkd&Sd&if &Spfq,feJ wa,muf
jzpfaewmayghvdk
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu
ajymoGm;ygw,f?
'g[m
nDnGwfr_&Jtiftm;udk
todtrSwfyoGm;wmygyJ? 'DndE_dif;aqG;aEG;r_qdkwm[m usrwdktm;vHk; vdkvm;aeygw,f? ckewkef;u
OD;wifarmif0if;ajymoGm;wJh 'DudpPxJrSm 1962 ckEpS fwkef;uvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;[m ppftm%m&Sifrsm;eJ
ndE_dif;aqG;aEG;ydkifcGifhawmif;cJhw,f? ndE_dif;aqG;aEG;jcif;tm;jzifh ajyvnfr_udk &SmcJhw,f? 'gayrJh r&cJhygbl;?
Aid to Civil Power vnf; roHk;bJeJ? Aid to Civil Power qkdwmvnf; usru
'Dvdkt*Fvdyfpum;ajymcsifvdk r[kwfygbl;? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymcJhwJh toHk;tE_ef;twdkif; usr
oHk;vdkuf&wmjzpfygw,f? Aid to Civil Power t&vnf; rvkyfbJeJ ausmif;om;rsm;udk ESdrfeif;vdkufwm
OD;ae0if;&JvufxufrSm pcJhygw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk ("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf)
tay: - 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek/ AdkvfcsKyfa[mif; OD;wifOD;wdkESifhtwl 13 pufwifbm 1988
atmuf vkyfazmfudkifzuf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl 1989 ckESpfY awG&pOf
(tquf jyefvmygonf)
bmudk =unfh&rvJ? b,fvdkpOf;pm;&rvJ? tcktcsdefrSmvnf; usr xyfwvJvJajymaeovdkyJ OD;ae0if;&J
trdeftm%mt& usrwdk wkdif;jynfudk qufvuf+yD;awmh tkyfcsKyfaeygw,f? 'gudk usrwdk
a&Smifvdkrjzpfygbl;? usrwdk 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;tm;vHk;wdk[m 'gudk rsufESmcsif;qdkif&ygvdrfhr,f?
1962 ckESpfu ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk owfjzwfcJhw,f? 'Drdkua&pDtaqmuftODjzpfcJhwJh
ausmif;om;or*~udkvnf; zdcJGcJhw,f? tJ'Dvdk zdcJGcJhwm/ owfjzwfcJhwm[m OD;ae0if;&J trdeft&yJ?
OD;ae0if;&J trdeft&/ OD;ae0if;&J oabmxm;t& ndE_dif;aqG;aEG;r_qdkwmvnf; rjzpfcJhbl;? OD;ae0if;&J
oabmxm;t&/ OD;ae0if;&J trdeft& Aid to Civil Power qdkwmudkvnf; oHk;cGifhr&bJeJ
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udkvnf; owfjzwfcJhw,f? tckqdkvdk&Sd&ifvnf; (2) &ufavmufuae+yD;awmh
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m Aid to Civil Power t& vkyfwm[m u|ef oabmxm;a&mufw,f
qkdovdkyJ ajymcJhygw,f? 'DvdkajymcJhwJhtjyif ndE_dif;aqG;aEG;zdkqdkwmvnf; rjzpfbl;qdkwJh oabmxm;udkvnf;
ajymcJhygw,f? 'Dawmh 'g[m b,foloabmxm;awGvJ? usrtaeeJawmh OD;ae0if; oabmxm;awGvdk
jrifygw,f? usr 'Dvdkajym&wJhta=umif;[m orkdif;[m usrwdkEkdifiHrSm (62) ESpfuae p+yD;awmh tckxd
jzpfcJh&wJh 'kuQaygif;rsm;pGm[m OD;ae0if;&J tjypfrsm;omjzpfw,fvdk qHk;jzwfcsufcsrvm;qdkwm
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'Denf;'Dvrf;awGawmh quf+yD;awmh oHk;vdkrjzpfygbl;? ndE_dif;aqG;aEG;jcif;udk vufrcHwm[m OD;ae0if;&J

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ausmif;om;rsm;[m
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'DvdktkyfcsKyfaewJh vlwpk[m vufeufudkvnf; udkifxm;w,f/ tm%mudkvnf; udkifxm;w,f?

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*k%f,lp&myg? usrtaeeJ azazhorD;rdkvdk ae&may;wmqdkvdk remygbl;? 'g[m usr&J pdwf"mwf/
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19

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wyfrawmfom;rsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;udk aoewfawGeJ csdefxm;wJhtcgusawmh ausmif;om;rsm;[m
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'ga=umifhrdkvdk ausmif;om;awG&J pdwfxJrSm tifrwefrS emusnf;ae=uw,f? c%c%yJ usrudk ajymygw,f?
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tJ'Dawmh usrwdk 'DvdkpdwfawG xm;vdkrjzpfbl;? ausmif;om;rsm;[m ynmoifwJhvlawGyJ? 'ga=umifhrdkvdk
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tcktcsdefrSm usrwdk owdxm;&ygvdrfhr,f? raewaewkef;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifajymoGm;wJh
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tm%mpuf quf+yD;awmh oHk;oGm;r,fqdkvdk&Sd&ifawmh b,fvdkrS tzwfq,fEkdifrSm r[kwfbl;?
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r[kwfbl;?
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xyf+yD;awmh rdefvdkufygw,f? ajcmufwkdif;vnf; ra=umufygeJ/ ra=umufbJvnf; raeygeJayghav?
ajcmufwkdif;vnf;
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'Dhaemuf wv/ ESpfvtwGif;rSm qdkvdk&Sd&if tcrf;tem;trsKd;rsKd; usif;y&r,fqdkwm usr
ajymcJhygw,f? 'DudpPeJywfoufvdk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuae+yD;awmh (7) &ufae Zlvkdifv/ (19) &ufae
Zlvdkifvqdk+yD;awmh }udrf;armif;aew,fvdk ajymoGm;ygw,f? usr }udrf;armif;aewm r[kwfygbl;?
owday;aewmyg/ jynfolvlxkudk? 'Dtcrf;tem;awG&Sdw,f? 'Dtjzpftysuftm;vHk;[m usrwdkEkdifiHrSm
EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk vufeufenf;eJ ajz&Sif;cJhvdkjzpfw,f? aemifxyf+yD;awmh vufeufenf;eJ
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}udrf;armif;aew,fxifovm;awmh rodygbl;? 'Dawmh usrwdk jynfolvlxku 'gudk pdwfxJrSmxm;yg? aemif
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ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m
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20

wyfrawmf[m b,foltwGufvJ
vlabmifopfygwDHk; taemf&xmvrf;wGif 10-7-89 aeu ajym=um;onf?
* * *
tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk&Sd&if usrwkd[m Zlvkdifv 7 &ufaewkef;u ausmif;om;vli,frsm; usqHk;cJhjcif;/
or*~zdcJGcH&jcif; tcrf;tem;udk ESpfywfvnf usif;ycJh+yD;yg+yD? Zlvdkifv 19 &ufaerSm tmZmenfaejzpfwJh
azazeJwuG tjcm;EkdifiHhacgif;aqmifrsm; usqHk;wJhaevnf; vmygOD;r,f? tJh'Dawmh 'DtcsdefrSm
usrwdktm;vHk; pOf;pm;p&mawG trsKd;rsKd;&Sdygw,f? t&iftywfu qdkvdk&Sd&if EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;a&; OuUX
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oHk;oyfvdkufwJhtcgusawmh bmawGay:vmovJ? eHygwf (1) uawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifwdktaeeJ ndE_dif;/
aqG;aEG;/ wkdifyifjcif;udk r,Hk=unfbl;qdkwm jyygw,f? 'gudkawmh usrwdk uefuGufygw,f?
EkdifiHa&;jy\emudk EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ ndE_dif;&r,f/ aqG;aEG;&r,f/ wkdifyif&r,f? 'grSvnf; jynfolvlxk
rembl;aygh? aemufwckuvnf; usr awGcJh&wmuawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&J rdefcGef;xJrSm
jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufwmygw,fvdk usr jrifygw,f? 'Dvdk +cdrf;ajcmufw,fqdkwm eJeJrS roifhawmfygbl;?
wdkbufrSm vufeuf&Sdvdk oHk;csifwkdif; oHk;Ekdifw,fvdk ajymwJh oabm[m eJeJrS roifhawmfygbl;? 'g[m
tpdk;&taeeJ oHk;oifhoHk;xkdufwJh pum;vHk;rsm;vnf; r[kwfygbl;? ajymoifhajymxdkufwJh udpPrsm;vnf;
r[kwfygbl;? xm;oifhxm;xdkufwJh oabmxm;rsm;vnf; r[kwfygbl;? tckqdkvdk&Sd&if wyfrawmfua&m/
e0w
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pOf;pm;&r,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m wyfrawmf&J zcifvdk qdkvdk&Sd&if wyfrawmf[m azazvdkcsifwJhtwkdif;
vkyfae&Jvm;? wyfrawmf&J zcifqdkwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; csrSwfvdkufwJh vrf;pOftwdkif; 'Dwyfrawmf[m
quf+yD;awmh vkkyfae&Jvm;qdkwm usrwdk ar;&vdrfhr,f? 'Dvdkar;wJhtcgusrS usr b,fvdkjrif&ovJqdkawmh
azaz[m wyfrawmf vrf;rSm;oGm;rSm tifrwefrS pdk;&drfcJhw,f? xyfwvJvJ ajymcJhw,f? rif;wdkvufxJrSm
vufeuf&Sdvdk vkyfcsifwkdifvkyfvdk&r,f rxifeJ? jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufwm/ ESdyfpufwm/ zdpD;wm/
'gawGrvkyfeJqdkwm xyfwvJvJajymcJhw,f? 'Dwyfrawmf[mvnf; vlwa,mufxJtwGuf r[kwfbl;?
tzJGtpnf;wcktwGuf r[kwfbl;qdkwmvnf; xyfwvJvJajymcJhw,f? wyfrawmf vrf;rSm;oGm;rSmudk azaz
tifrwefrS pdk;&drfcJhw,f? 'DavmufawmifrS pdk;&drfaevsufeJ bmjzpfvdk vrf;rSm;oGm;&ovJ? OD;ae0if;[m
wyfrawmfudk vrf;rSm;ay: wifay;vdkufw,f? tck 'DrSm wyfrawmfxJrSm &SdaewJh wyfrawmfom;rsm;/
t&m&Sdrsm; pOf;pm;yg? wyfrawmf&J zcifqdkwm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;qdk+yD;awmh twdtvif;a=unmxm;+yD;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m wyfrawmfudk b,fvdktaetxm;&SdapcsifovJqdkwm jyef+yD;awmh oHk;oyfyg?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wyfrawmfvm;/ Adkvfae0if;wyfrawmfvm;qdkwm qHk;jzwf&awmhr,f? usr 'gudk &Sif;&Sif;yJ
ajymjyr,f? c%c% trsKd;rsKd;ajymaevdk tvum;yJ? aemufqHk;awmh 'Dar;cGef;yJ? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&J
vrf;pOfudkvdkufr,fh wyfrawmfvm;/ Adkvfae0if;&J rqv vrf;pOfudkvkdufr,fh wyfrawmfvm;?
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wom;xJjzpfoGm;r,fvdk
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trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;qdkvdk&Sd&if
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tifrwefrS qDavsmfwJhudpPawGudk azazajymoGm;cJhygw,f? 'gudk eJeJ usr zwfjyygr,f?

'Drdkua&pDqdkwmbmvJ? usrwdk b,fvdktcGifhta&;awG &oifhovJqdkwm aoaocsmcsm azaza&;oGm;wm/
ajymoGm;wm &Sdygw,f?
vGwfvyfpGmazmfjycGifh/
pnf;Hk;cGifh/
tpnf;ta0;ac:cGifhESifh
pDwef;vrf;av#mufcGifh/
vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:cGifh/ udk;uG,fvdk&m bmom udk;uG,fcGifh/ w&m;ESifhrnDaom tzrf;tqD; tcsKyftaESmifrS
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vGwfuif;csrf;omcGifh/ tvkyform; v,form;rsm;&J tenf;qHk;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tpdk;&u
apmifha&Smufay;a&;/ wkdif;jynfwGif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wkdif; udk,fhbmom/ udk,fh"avh/ udk,fh,Ofaus;r_twkdif;
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zsm;emIif;/ xdcdkufemusifIif;/ tvkyfvkyfcsifaomfvnf; tvkyfr&SdEkdifIaomfif;/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;
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tJh'Dawmh 'DtcGifhta&;awGrS usrwdk b,favmuf&SdovJ jyef=unfhyg? vGwfvyfpGmazmfjycGifh/
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tckawmh usrwdkEdkifiHrSm vGwfvyfpGm pDwef;vrf;av#mufvdk&Sd&if aoewfeJypfr,fvdkcsnf;yJ
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AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ e0w[m wu,fyJ OD;ae0if;&J =oZmtm%matmufuae+yD;awmh kef;uef&JwJh
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21

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ay;xm;+yD;awmh/ wu,fawmh EkdifiHa&;tzJGtpnf;rsm;taeeJ EkdifiHa&;udk xdxda&mufa&muf
vkyfydkifcGifhusawmh ray;bl;vdk usrawmh ajym&rSmyJ? tJhvdkajymvdkufjyefawmhvnf; wzufuawmh
aumif;w,fvdkajym+yD;awmh wzufuawmh tjypf&Smw,fvdk tajymcH&rSmyJ? 'gayrJhvnf; tajymcH&ifvnf;
cH&rSmyJ? tck usrwdk jy\em[m 'gygyJ? wzufuawmh ay;oa,mifa,mifeJ wzufuawmh
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ydwfyifae&wmudk awG&ygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdkvdk usrwdk[m uefuGufae&wmyg? raeu
AdkvfcsKyfr;}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ
qdkvdk&Sd&if
usrtay:rSm
rauseyfcsufrsm;/
usrwdk
trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJGcsKyftay:rSm rauseyfcsufrsm; ajymoGm;w,f? 'Dvdk rauseyfcsufrsm;
ajymoGm;wm[m usrwdk vufcHygw,f? rauseyfwm&Sdvdk&Sd&if ajymyg? usrwdktaeeJ jyef+yD;awmh
ajz&Sif;yghr,f? ta&;}uD;qHk; tcsufwcsufuawmh usrwdkudk oG,f0dkufaomenf;tm;jzifh uGefjrLepfawGvdk
pGyfpJGoGm;wJhtcsufygyJ? 'D[muawmh usr xl;xl;axGaxG odyf+yD;awmh rajymvdkygbl;? r[kwfrrSefbl;vdkyJ
ajymcsifygw,f? 'g[m r[kwfrrSefwJh udpPwckudk xyfwvJvJ ajz&Sif;ae&wm[m t"dy`m,fawmh
odyfr&Sdygbl;? usr[m uGefjrLepfvnf; r[kwfygbl;? uGefjrLepf0g'udk axmufcHolwOD;vnf; r[kwfygbl;?
jrefrmEkdifiHrSm uGefjrLepfawG v$rf;rdk;a&;twGuf vkyfaewmvnf; r[kwfygbl;? jrefrmEkdifiHrSm
jynfolvlxktm;vHk;[m 'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;rsm;/ tajccH vltcGifhta&;rsm; &&Sda&;twGuf
vHk;yef;aewmjzpfygw,fvdk usr ajymcsifygw,f?
'kwd,udpPuawmh usrwdktzJGcsKyf[m xdyfwdkufawGcsifw,f/ confrontation qdkwJh pum;vHk;udk
k m
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu oHk;oGm;ygw,f? 'gvnf; usr &Sif;jy&ygvdrfhr,f? Confrontation qdw
xdyfwdkufawGcsifw,fqdkwJh oabmeJ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu &Sif;jyoGm;ygw,f? usrwdktaeeJ
'Dvdkrjrifygbl;? usrwdk[m xdyfwdkufawGcsifwm r[kwfygbl;? 'gvnf; usr xyfwvJvJajym&vGef;vdk
tm;vnf; tm;emygw,f? usrwdk[m jy\emrsm;udk &ifqkdif+yD;awmhom ajz&Sif;csifwmygvdk usr
ajymygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJawmh
jy\emrsm;udk
ndE_dif;aqG;aEG;wdkifyif+yD;awmh
ajz&Sif;zdkqdkwm[m r&bl;qdkwJh taetxm;eJ ajymoGm;w,fvdk usr em;vnfygw,f? usrvnf;

AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymoGm;wmtm;vHk;ukd odyf+yD;awmh &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; em;rvnfygbl;?

em;vnfoavmufom ajym&r,f? tJh'Dawmh 'Dvdk usrwdkeJ raqG;aEG;Ekdifbl;vdk ajymoGm;w,fvdk usr
em;vnfygw,f? 'gayrJh usruawmh pdwf"mwfrusygbl;? quf+yD;awmh awmif;qdkrSmyJ? aqG;aEG;yg/ ndE_dif;yg/
wkdifyifyg/ em;vnfr_&Smyg? usrwdk[m em;vnfr_ tifrwefrS vdkcsifygw,f? em;vnfr_ vdkcsifwm[mvnf;
jynfolvlxktwGufyJ? tm;vHk; at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ vdkcsifwJhyef;wdkifudk tjrefqHk; a&mufoGm;a&;twGuf
em;vnfr_ vdkcsifwm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdkvdk usrwdktaeeJuawmh quf+yD;awmh awmif;yefygw,f?
ndE_dif;yg/ aqG;aEG;yg/ wkdifyifyg/ em;vnfr_&Smyg? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ usreJywfoufvdk
trsKd;rsKd;ajymoGm;w,fqdkawmh usruawmh wckajymcsifygw,f? usru AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m
wkdif;jynftay:rSm apwemrSefw,fvdk usr ,Hk=unfcJhygw,f? tpuwnf;uvnf; usr ajymygw,f?
usrudk =um;wJhvlwkdif; odrSmyg? usr ajymygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuawmh a&G;aumufyJGrsm;udk
vkyfay;csifw,fvdk usr xifygw,f? 'gayrJh OD;ae0if;&J =oZmtm%mudk rvGefqefEkdifvdkom
tcktajctae[m wdk;wufr_r&Sdwmvdk xifygw,fvdk usr ajymcJhygw,f? 'g usr xifwJhtwdkif;
rSefrSefuefuef ajymwmyg? 'Dawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifudk usr apmfum;wmvnf; r[kwfygbl;? usr
em;vnfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifwdktwGuf OD;ae0if; qdkwmuawmh i,fa=umufoabmrsKd;
jzpfaew,fqdkwm usr em;vnfygw,f? 'gvnf; usr apmfum;csifwJhpdwfeJ ajymwm r[kwfygbl;?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu usrudk awGr,f? ndE_dif;r,f/ wkdifyifr,fqdk&if 'gawGudk usr rsufESmcsif;qdkif+yD;awmh
ajymoGm;rSmyg? tckawmh 'DvkdvkyfcGifh ray;bl;qdkawmh jynfolvlxkuwqifh wdkifwnf&awmhrvdkjzpfae+yD?
usr aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;ygw,f? 'D (26) ESpf udpP? rqv (26) ESpftwGif; wkdif;jynfudk
zsufqD;oGm;wJhudpP? usr 'gudk (26) ESpfvHk;vHk; wkdif;jynfukd zsufqD;oGm;wJhvl[m OD;ae0if;jzpfygw,fqdkwm
usr ayghayghwefwefajymwm r[kwfygbl;? aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;+yD;awmhrS/ wkdif;jynftajctaeudk
avhvm+yD;awmhrS ajymwmjzpfygw,f? 'g jynfolvlxk trsm;pk}uD;uvnf; od+yD;om;vdk usr xifygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ e0wxJu vl}uD;rsm;taeeJ/ wyfrawmfxJu t&m&Sdrsm;taeeJ aoaocsmcsm
avhvmvdk&Sd&if 'g[m ay:vGifygw,f? wkdif;jynfwwkdif;jynfrSm tkyfcsKyfol csrf;csrf;omomeJ ae+yD;awmh
wdkif;jynfu qif;&Jae+yDqdkvdk&Sd&if 'D tkyfcsKyfwJhvl[m wkdif;jynftay:rSm b,fvdkapwem&SdovJqdkwm
tifrwefxif&Sm;ygw,f? usrwdkEdkifiH ysufpD;cJh&w,fqdkwm aecsif;/ ncsif; ysufpD;cJh&wmr[kwfygbl;? (26)
ESpfvHk;vHk; tifrwefrS ud;ud;pm;pm;eJ OD;ae0if; vkyfcJhvdkom ysufpD;cJh&wmyg? tJh'Dawmh 'Dvdk
ud;pm;yef;pm;eJ vkyfEkdifwJh t&nftcsif;udkawmh todtrSwfawmh yygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; wkdif;jynfay:rSm
oHk;oifhoHk;xdkufwJh t&nftcsif;wckawmh r[kwfygbl;? usrwdk[m tcktcsdefrSm OD;ae0if;&J
=oZmtm%mu kef;uef+yD;awmh rxGufEkdifvdk&Sd&if wkdif;jynf 'Dhxuf ysufpD;oGm;r,fvdk ,Hk=unfygw,f?
'ga=umifhrdkvdk 'D ,Hk=unfcsuft& usrwdk wifjyyghr,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ OD;ae0if;[m
t+idrf;pm;oGm;+yDvdk ajymygw,f? 'gvnf; usrwdk vufcHygw,f? OD;ae0if;[m t+idrf;pm;orw}uD;vdk
ac:rvm;? OuUX}uD;vdk ac:rvm;? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;csKyfvdk ac:rvm;? b,fvdkac:&rSef;awmif rodawmhygbl;? tJ
t+idrf;pm;awmh t+idrf;pm;ygyJ? 'gayrJh t+idrf;pm;wa,muftaeeJ wkdif;jynf&JudpPawGrSm 0if_yfaevdk
cufwmaygh? usrwdk/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifwdk e0wtaeeJ rSefrSefuefuef wkdif;jynftusKd;ukd
xrf;oGm;apcsifw,f? rSefrSefuefuef wdkif;jynftusKd;udk xrf;oGm;r,fqdk&if jynfolvlxkuvnf; 0dkif;+yD;awmh
yHhydk;r,f/ ulnDr,fqdkwm usr ,Hk=unfygw,f? oufoufrJh usrwdk[m &efpaewm r[kwfygbl;? &efvnf;
rpcsifygbl;? pOf;pm;=unfhyg? jynfolvlxkbufrSm vufeufvnf; r&Sdbl;? tm%mvnf; r&Sdbl;?
vufeufr&SdwJh/ tm%mr&SdwJh vlxk[m bmjzpfvdk vufeuf/ tm%m&SdwJh tzJGtpnf;udk &efpcsif&rSmvJ?
b,f&efpcsifyghrvJ? usrwdk tqifajycsifwmaygh? 'Dvdk pdwfxm;awGeJ vkyfaewmudk bmjzpfvdk
em;rvnfovJ? bmjzpfvdk oabmraygufvJqdkwm usrawmh pOf;pm;vdk r&Ekdifatmif jzpfaeygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuvnf; nwkef;u pOf;pm;w,fvdk ajymcJhygw,f? usrvnf; pOf;pm;ygw,f? wcsdefvHk;

pOf;pm;aewmyJ? 'D tajctaeawGudk ajyvnfatmif b,fvdkvkyf&rvJ? tJh'Dawmh usr pOf;pm;&if;

pOf;pm;&if;eJ xGufvmwJhtajzu wckyJ&Sdw,f? rsufESmcsif;qkdif xkdif+yD;awmh ajyvnfr_&Sm&r,f? 'Dvdk
ajyvnfr_&SmEkdifrS usrwdk qufvufcsDwufoGm;EkdifrSmyJ? 'Dvdk ajyvnfr_ r&SmEkdifvdk&Sd&if usrwdk
jynfolvlxk[m 'DavmufyJ tiftm;enf;ovm;vdk usrwdk ar;&rSmyJ? usrwdkvlxk&J tiftm;[m
tifrwefrS rsm;ygw,f? pnf;urf;&SdwJh tiftm;/ pepfuswJhtiftm;/ at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ vkyfcsifwJhtiftm;/
'gudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif em;vnfapcsifw,f? usrtaeeJ raewkef;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGudk em;axmif&if;eJ pdwfxJrmS trsKd;rsKd;jzpfwmayghav? 'gayrJh wu,fawmh
usrpdwfxJrSm tjyif;xefqHk;uawmh 0rf;enf;jcif;yJ? 0rf;enf;w,f usr? pOf;pm;&if; pOf;pm;&if;eJ/
em;axmif&if; em;axmif&if;eJ/ b,fhES,fh 'Dwkdif;jynf 'Dtajctaea&mufaeovJ? b,fhES,fh usrwdk&J
tcktcsdeftcgrSm EdkifiH&J OD;pD;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m 'DavmufawmifrS jynfolvlxktay:rSm
em;vnfr_enf;aeovJqdkwm usr pdwfxJrSm jzpfaeygw,f? 'Dvdk em;vnfr_ enf;aejcif;[m tifrwefrS
0rf;enf;p&maumif;ygw,f? tck usr ajym&Jw,f? ajym&Jvdk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymr,f? usruawmh
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m rSefrSefuefuef vkyaf y;csifwJh apwem&Sdw,fqdkwm ,Hk=unfw,f? 'Dvdk
apwem&Sdvsufom;eJ bmjzpfvdk 'Dvdk r[kwfrrSefwJh udpPudk ajymaeovJqdkwm usr em;rvnfEkdifygbl;?
'Dawmh pOf;pm;p&m trsKd;rsKd; &Sdygw,f? bmjzpfvdk 'Dvdk r[kwfrrSefwJh pGyfpJGcsufwifaeovJ?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifudk rSefuefwJh owif;awGudk ray;aevdkvm;? 'grSr[kwf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ
pdwfxJrSm&SdwJh[mudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf rajymEkdifvdkvm;vdk usr ar;&rSmyJ? 'DudpPeJywfoufvdk
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu ajymoGm;ygw,f? usru/ usrvdkawmh rajymbl;vdkayghav? 'gayrJh
t"duajymoGm;wm usrqdkawmh usrvdk 0efcHyghr,f? e0wtxJrSm qdkvdk&Sd&if pdwfoabmxm;
uJGvJGr_&Sdw,fqdkwm wcsKdu ajymw,fqdkwmudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu rESpfrdwJhtaeeJ ajymoGm;ygw,f?
[kwfw,f/ usr ajymygw,f? bmjzpfvdk usr 'Dvdkajym&ovJqdkawmh +idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;
tzJG0ifrsm; EkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;rSm vkyfaeyHkrsm;[m awmfawmfyJ pdwfnpfp&maumif;wJhudpP}uD; jzpfaeygw,f?
trsm;jynfolodwJhtwdkif;yJ ae&m tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm qdkvdk&Sd&if 'Drdkua&pDbufudk xdk;ESufaew,f?
wpnudk tm;ay;aew,f/ bufvdkufaew,f/ rsufESmvdkufaew,fqdkwm usrwdk awGcJh&ygw,f?
pnf;Hk;a&;c&D; xGufwdkif;/ xGufwkdif; usrwdk 'DudpPudk awGcJh&w,f? 'Dawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ
=um;aeyghr,fvdk ajymcJh+yD/ wyfrawmfuvnf; =um;aeyghr,fvdk ajymcJh+yD/ 'Dvdk ajymaewJhtxJu bmjzpfvdk
+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzJGxJu bufvdkufaevJqdkwm usrwdk rar;rjzpfwJh ar;cGef;jzpfaeygw,f?
tJh'Dawmh tajz[m ESpfck jzpfEkdifw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m ajymwmwrsKd;/ vkyfwmwrsKd;vm;?
'grSr[kwf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifajymovdk rvkyfwJhvlawG &Sdaevdkvm;vdk usrwdk ar;&vdrfhr,f? 'Dawmh
usrtaeeJ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymovdk rvkyfwJhvlawG&Sdaevdk jzpfwefyg&Jqdk+yD;awmh e0wxJrSmvnf;
oabmxm;ESpfrsKd;&Sdaeygw,fvdk usr ajymwmyg? 'g e0wudk pdwf0rf;uJGapcsifvdk ajymwmr[kwfygbl;?
usrtaeeJ tm;vHk;udk cH+yD;awmh rapmfum;csifvdkyg? e0wxJrSm rSefrSefuefuefvyk fcsifwJh vl}uD;awGrsm;
&Sdygvsufom;eJ e0w[m rw&m;ojzifh vkyfaew,fvdk usr rpGyfpJGcsifvdk tJh'Dvdk cJGjcm;+yD;awmh
ajymwmjzpfygw,f? 'Dtwdkif;yJ wyfrawmfxJrSmvnf; rSefrSefuefuefvkyfcsifwJholrsm; &Sdygvsufom;eJ/
rSefrSefuefuefvkyfcsifwJh t&m&Sdrsm;/ wyfrawmfom;rsm; &Sdvsufom;eJ wyfrawmfwckvHk;udk cH+yD;awmh
rpGyfpJGcsifvdk wyfrawmfxJrSmvnf; rSefrSefuefuef r#r#ww vkyfcsifwJhvlrsm;&Sdovdk/ rSefrSefuefuef
w&m;r#r#wweJ rvkyfcsifwJholrsm;vnf; &Sdw,fvdk usr cJGjcm;+yD;awmh ajymwmyg? 'Dvdkajymwmudk usr[m
wyfrawmfyduJGa&;twGuf vkyfaew,fqdk+yD;awmh pGyfpJGygw,f? 'g[m vHk;vHk;r[kwfygbl;? usr wyfrawmfudk
ryduJGapcsifbl;qdkwJh[muvnf; xyfwvJvJ ajymae&wJh udpPyg? 'Dawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ/ e0weJ/
wyfrawmfwdktaeeJ em;vnfapcsifygw,f? usrwdku ajyvnfr_udk vdkcsifygw,f?

tm%mzDqefa&; qdkwmuvnf; rw&m;wJh trdeftm%mrsm;zDqefa&; jzpfygw,f?

qlylatmifv_Haqmfjcif; r&SdbJeJ at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ rw&m;wJh trdeftm%mrsm;udk zDqefzdkjzpfygw,f?
'DudpPeJywfoufvdk raewkef;uvnf; usr &Sif;jycJhygw,f? tcktcsdefrSmqdk&if trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJGcsKyf&J
twGif;a&;r;jzpfwJh/ A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzJG0ifwOD; OD;0if;wifudk rw&m;ojzifh r[kwfrrSefwJhpGyfpJGcsufawG
wifygw,f? wif+yD;awmh/ pGyfpJGcsufudkwifawmhvnf; yk'fr 216 eJ wifygw,f? yk'fr 216 qdkwm[m tmrcH
ay;udkay;&r,fh yk'fr jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk tmrcH ay;udkay;&r,fhyk'fr jzpfvsufom;eJ waewkef;u Hk;rSm
ppfwJhtcgusawmh tmrcH ray;cJhygbl;? tpdk;&a&Saeu 'Dyk'fr[m tmrcHay;&r,fqdkwm rSefygw,fvdk
0efcHygw,f? 'gayrJh txufu n$ef=um;csuft& tmrcHay;jcif;udk uefuGufygw,fvdk wifjyoGm;ygw,f?
'Dawmh usrwdkwdkif;jynfrSm w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;jcif; r&Sdbl;qdkwm tifrwefrS xif&Sm;ygw,f?
'Dvdk taetxm;rsKd;udk usrwdk uefuGufaewmyg? 'Dvdk wkdif;jynfwjynfrSm w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_
r&Sdbl;qdkvdk&Sd&if
jynfolvlxk&J
tcGifhta&;awG[m
waexufwae
qHk;H_;oGm;ygvdrfhr,f?
qHk;_H;aew,fqdkwmvnf; usrwdkrsufapha&SrSmudk jrifae&ygw,f? 'Dvdk rsufapha&SrSm jrifae&vdkudk
rw&m;wJhtrdeftm%mrsm;/ w&m;Oya'eJ rudkufnDwJhtrdeftm%mrsm;udk zDqef=uygvdk usrwdk
ajymwmyJ? waeujzpfoGm;ovdk w&m;Hk;rSm tmrcHay;&r,fh yk'frwckudk tmrcHray;wJh trdeftm%m/
w&m;Oya'udk azmufcsKd;wJh trdeftm%mrsKd;udk usrwdk uGefuGuf&r,f/ zDqef&r,f?
aemufwck usr ajymcsifygw,f? tJh'D tif;pdefw&m;Hk;rSm/ 'Dvdk rw&m;wJh trdeftm%mESifh
rw&m;wJh Oya'rsm;udk csKd;azmufoGm;wJh Hk;rSmqkdvdk&Sd&if OD;ae0if; "gwfyHk}uD;udk csdwfxm;ygw,f? 'gudkvnf;
usr eJeJrS rudufygbl;? t+idrf;pm;vlwa,muf&J"gwfyHkudk bmjzpfvdk w&m;Hk;wckrS csdwfqJGxm;ovJqdkwm
ar;&rSmyJ? bmrS OD;ae0if;eJ 'Dwkdif;jynfeJ oufqkdifjcif;r&Sdawmhbl;vdk usr ,lqygw,f?
oufqkdifr_r&Sdawmhbl;qdkvdk&Sd&if tpdk;&Hk;rsm;/ EdkifiHeJoufqkdifwJh Hk;rsm;rSm OD;ae0if;&J "gwfyHkudk
rcsdwfoifhygbl;? 'Dvdk "gwfyHkudk csdwfqJGxm;jcif;udku OD;ae0if; t+idrf;pm;oGm;+yDqkdwmudk
vufrcHwmjzpfygw,f? orwa[mif;rsm;tm;vHk;&J "gwfyHkudk csdwfqJGygqdk&ifawmh tifrwefrS rsm;ygw,f?
yxrOD;qHk; orw}uD; pyfa&$odkufyHkudkvnf; csdwf&r,f? OD;bOD;yHkudkvnf; csdwf&r,f? waeu
uG,fvGefoGm;wJh ref;0if;armif}uD;&J yHkudkvnf; csdwf&r,f? OD;pdefvGifwdk/ a'gufwmarmifarmifwdkvnf;
ygrSmayghav? yHkawGuawmh csdwfp&mawG trsm;}uD;yJ? 'Dawmh orwa[mif;rsm; "gwfyHkcsdwfwJh
tpOftvmawmh 'Dwkdif;jynfrSm rjzpfoifhbl;vdk usr xifygw,f? aemufqdkvdk&Sd&if Hk;awGrSm
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ajymcsifygw,f?

23

jynfolvdkcsifwm atmifqef;vrf;pOf
1989 ck ZlvkdifwGif ajym=um;aom tmZmenfae tudrdefcGef;

* * *

usrwdktzJGcsKyfudk 'Dvdktm;ay;wJhtwGuf trsm;}uD;yJ aus;Zl;wifygw,f? tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk&Sd&if

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24

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* * *
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(a&$wd*HkapwDtaemufbufrkcf vlxktpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; 26-8-88)
v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk OD;aqmifcJhwJh ausmif;om;awGeJywfoufvdk usr ajymp&mav;awG&Sdygw,f?
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m tifrwefrS awmfygw,f? olwdk&J vufkef;&nfudkvnf; jy+yD;yg+yD? tckvnf;
quf+yD;awmh olwdk&J ESvHk;&nfudk jyr,fqdkwm usr ,Hk=unfygw,f? (a&$wd*HkapwDtaemufbufrkcf
vlxktpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; 26-8-88)
tpdk;&qdkwm jynfolvlxkqENeJudkufnDr,fh wkdif;jynftusKd;udk aqmif&Gufzdk tcsdefuefowf apckdif;xm;wJh
opPmt&SdqHk; jynfol0efxrf;yJjzpf&r,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ ewfarmufrd 1-11-88)
tzJGcsKyf&nf&G,fcsufudkuvnf; a&G;aumufyJG0ifa&muf,SOfydifzdk oufoufrSr[kwfbJ? 18 &uf
pufwifbmv
ppftm%modrf;+yD;wJhaemufydkif;rSm
jyef}uJoGm;wJh
'Drkdua&pDtiftm;awGudk
wpkwkef;wnf;jzpfatmif pkpnf;+yD;/ tJh'Dpkpnf;xm;wJh tiftm;awGudk pepfwusjzpfatmif aygif;+yD;awmh
vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJGawG usif;yEkdifr,fhf tajctaersKd;udk zefwD;ay;zdkygyJ? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/
yk*Hrd 2-11-88)
jrefrmrif;awGxJrSm usefppfom;eJ bk&ifhaemif[m odyfcsD;usL;zdkaumif;w,f? olwdkESpfa,mufpvHk;[m
usefppfom;qdk&if taemf&xm/ bk&ifhaemifqdk&if wyifa&$xD;udk ykefuefjcm;em;EkdifwJh t&nftcsif;&Sdw,f?
'gayrJh usefppfom;a&m/ bk&ifhaemifyg opPm&Sd=uygw,f? vlawmfwa,muf/ t&nftcsif;&SdwJh
vlwa,muf[m opPm&Sdzdk odyfta&;}uD;w,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ yk*Hrd 2-11-88)
ppf_H;+yD;p *syefbk&ifajymcJhwJh pum;wck&Sdygw,f? usKyfwdk[m rcHEdkifwJhudpPawGudk cHEkdif&nf&Sdatmif
vkyf&r,f? rjzpfEkdifwJhudpPawGudk jzpfEkdifatmifvkyfEdkifwJh t&nftcsif;&Sd&r,fwJh? tJh'DvdkyJ usrwdk
jynfolvlxkuvnf; 'kuQqif;&JcH+yD; ZJG&Sd&Sd/ owWd&Sd&SdeJ rjzpfrae ud;pm;vkyfaqmif=ur,fqdk&if bmrS
ratmifjrifEkdifp&mr&Sdygbl;? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ ausmufyef;awmif; 2-11-88)
tqdk;qHk;tpdk;&qdkwm jynfolvlxk &GH&Smrkef;wD;wJhtpdk;&/ 'Dxuf eJeJaumif;wmu jynfolvlxku
a=umufwJhtpdk;&/ 'Dxufydk+yD; aumif;wmuawmh jynfolvlxku csD;rGrf;wJhtpdk;&/ taumif;qHk;uawmh
jynfolvlxku &SdrSef;awmif rodwJhtpdk;&wJh? usrwdk tdrfwtdrfrSmqdkvdk&Sd&if tarvdkaygh? tar&SdrSef;awmif

owdrxm;rdbl;? pm;csdefwef pm;&r,f? 0wfcsdefwef 0wf&r,f? tm;vHk; tqifoifhyJ? tJh'Dvdk jzpfae&r,f?

em;vnfxm;&r,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ jrif;+cH 3-11-88)
("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf)
tay: - rdwDvmrde,fwGif pnf;Hk;a&;qif;aepOf
atmuf uav;rsm;cspfwJh tefwDpk

'Drkdua&pDpepfrSm trwfvkyfcsifolawG[m tyifyef; tqif;&J cHEdkif&r,f? tpGrf;ukef tvkyfvkyf&r,f?

udk,fusKd;riJhbJ trsm;tusKd;udk yDyDjyifjyif ausausyeG fyGef xrf;aqmifEkdif&r,f? (jrawmifausmif;wdkuf/
rEWav; 6-11-88)
EdkifiHa&;todtjrifqdkwm vlr_a&;todtjrifyJjzpfygw,f? udk,f[m tdrfeD;em;csif;wa,muf yDovdk&Sd&if
wajz;ajz;eJ vlr_a&;uae p+yD;awmh EdkifiHa&;orm;aumif;wa,muf yDoaerSmyJvdk usr jrifygw,f?
(ajrmufOuUvmyrde,f 10-12-88)
'Drdkua&pDpepfqdkwm vlwkdif; wa,mufeJwa,muf av;pm;wJhpepfygyJ? (ajrmufOuUvmyrde,f 10-1288)
trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJGcsKyfudk xlaxmifcJhwm[m jynfolvlxk vdkcsifwJh 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_
atmifjrifa&;twGuf xlaxmifcJhwmyJjzpfw,f? jynfolvlxkeJ usrwdk wpnf;wHk;xJ rvkyfEdkifvdk&Sd&if
usrwdk tzJGcsKyf}uD;[m zsufzdkyJ &Sdawmhw,f? tJ'Dawmh tzJG0ifrsm;[m jynfolvlxk&J oabmxm;udk
em;vnf&r,f? jynfolvlxk&J oabmtwdkif; vkyf&r,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ oxHkrd 14-12-88)
vltcGifhta&;qdkwm vlwkdif;vlwkdif; ydkifqdkifcGifh&Sdw,f? udk,fwifr[kwfbl;? udk,fh&efolrsm;yifv#if
vltcGifhta&;&Sd&r,f? tJh'Dawmh wae usrwdk&J 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; atmifjrifoGm;wJhtcgus&if
_H;wJhvlawG[m
olwdktcGifhta&;awGudk
jynfhjynfh00
cHpm;Ekdif&r,f?
'g[m
usrwdk&J
'Drdkua&pDwm0efjzpfw,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ oxHkrd 14-12-88)
rufvHk;ay;+yD;awmh pnf;Hk;r_rsKd;udk usr rvdkcsifbl;? igwdktpdk;&wuf&if 'gawG vkyfay;r,fqdkwJh
pnf;Hk;r_rsKd;awmh rvkyf=uygeJ? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ oxHkrd 14-12-88)
'Drdkua&pDpepf xlaxmifwJhtcgus&if ausmif;wdkif;/ ausmif;wkdif;rSm udk,fhwkdif;jynfrSm&SdwJh bmomxJu
tenf;qHk; bmomESpf&yfudk vlwkdif;vlwdkif; oifr,f? ArmeJ &Srf;jzpfjzpf/ ArmeJ u&ifjzpfjzpf/ ArmeJ rGefjzpfjzpf
oifoifhw,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ usKdufxdkrd 14-12-88)
rGef/ Arm/ u&if/ ucsif/ &Srf; ponfjzifh cJGjcm;+yD;awmh rawG;ygeJ? igwdktm;vHk;[m
jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;rsm;jzpfw,f qdk+yD;awmh pdwfxJrSm xm;+yD; twlwlvkyfoGm;apcsifw,f?
'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHwck jzpfoGm;w,fqdkvdk&Sd&if wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;&J tcGifhta&;rsm;udk usrwdk
jynfhjynfhpHkpHk ay;csifw,f? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;&J bmoma&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ ponfjzifh usrwdk

tm;ay;csifw,f? bmjzpfvdkvnf;qdkawmh trsm; tawG;tac:/ trsm; ,Ofaus;r_awGeJ

wnfaqmufxm;wJh EkdifiH}uD;[m b,folawG&J tawG;tac:eJ b,folawG&J ,Ofaus;r_eJ wnfaqmufcJhwJh
EdkifiH}uD;xuf trsm;}uD; ckdifcHhvmayr,f/ trsm;}uD;vnf; wdk;wufEkdifr,f/ trsm;}uD;vnf; usrwdktwGuf
tzdk;wefEkdifr,fvdk ,Hk=unfygw,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ usKdufxdkrd 14-12-88)
wcsKdu ck 'DrSmwrsKd;ajym/ [dkrSmwrsKd;ajym/ 'DrSm 'D[mvkyfr,fajym/ ck 'DrSm [dk[mvkyfr,fajym/ pdwfawGu
ajymif;vdkuf/ tajymawGu ajymif;vdkuf/ 'gawGudk olwdku 'g EkdifiHa&;yJvdk ajymw,f? usruawmh 'g
EdkifiHa&;yJvdk em;rvnfbl;? 'g uvdrfuuspfvkyfwmyJvdk em;vnfw,f? 'DvdkEkdifiHa&;awGudk usrwdk
vufcHvdk rjzpfbl;? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ aygifrd 14-12-88)
EdkifiHa&;y&d,m,fqdkwm
wu,f
aocsm=unfhvdkufawmh
uvdrfuuspfvkyfwmcsnf;yJ?
'D
EkdifiHa&;y&d,m,fqdkwmvnf; txifr}uD;ygeJ? y&d,m,fqdkwm pum;vHk;udk usr rudufbl;? udk,fhudk
xdyg;vm&ifvnf; cHEkdif&nf&Sd&r,f? rSefrSefuefuefyJ vkyfyg? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ aygifrd 14-12-88)
aemuf wdkif;jynfaumif;usKd;twGufqdk&if ckuaep+yD;awmh usrwdkvufcHr,fh acgif;aqmifrsm;[m
pum;wnf&r,f? pum;rSef&r,f? trsm;oabmudk vdkufem&r,f? tJh'Dvdk acgif;aqmifrsKd;om usrwdk
vdkcsifygw,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ aygifrd 14-12-88)
ArmvlrsKd;rsm;[m vlrsm;pk}uD;jzpfaevdk wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk av;pm;yg? wkdif;&if;om;rsm;&J ,Ofaus;r_udk
av;pm;yg? pdwf0ifpm;=uyg? avhvm=uyg? tJh'Dvdk wa,mufeJwa,muf&J ,Ofaus;r_/
wa,mufeJwa,muf&J
,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk
avhvmem;vnfrS
usrwdktcsif;csif;
wu,fh
oabmxm;wlawGtjzpfeJ &EdkifrSmyg? (rGeftrsKd;om; 'Drkdua&pDtzJGcsKyfHk;/ armfvrdifrd)
wkdif;jynfwjynfudk tkyfcsKyfwJh acgif;aqmif[m jynfolvlxk&J axmufcHr_eJ tkyfcsKyfwmyJjzpf&r,f?
vufeuftm;udk;eJ tkyfcsKyfw,fqdkwm rjzpfoifhbl;qdkwm arG;uwnf;u usrudk oifxm;wJh/ odcJhwJh
oifcef;pmygyJ? (rde,ftzJGcsKyfHk;/ atmufvrf;r}uD;/ armfvrdifrd)
rSefuefwJh EkdifiHa&;pepfrSm usrwdk vdkcsifwJh acgif;aqmifawGudk usrwdku azmfxkwf&r,f? vdkcsifwJhyHk
oGif;&r,f? udk,fvdkcsifwJhyHk udk,froGif;vdk&Sd&if acgif;aqmifvkyfwJholrsm;u wkdif;jynfudk olwdkvdkcsifwJhyHk
olwdk oGif;oGm;vdrfhr,f? t"dy`m,fu bmjzpfrvJqdkawmh tm%m&Sifpepf}uD; jzpfoGm;rSmyJ?
(rde,ftzJGcsKyfHk;/ atmufvrf;r}uD;/ armfvrdifrd)
'D
jrefrmjynf}uD;[m
bmjzpfvkd
'DavmufawmifrS
ESpfq,fhajcmufESpfvHk;vHk;
wygwDtm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm aecJh&vJ? bmjzpfvdk 'Dvdkqif;&J'kuQawGudk cHcJh&ovJqdkwm usr
pOf;pm;w,f? wcgjyef+yD;awmh pOf;pm;vdk&Sd&if jynfolvlxk}uD;u tcsif;csif; rnDvdkyJ? (rGeftrsKd;om;
'Drkdua&pDtzJGcsKyf/ oHjzLZ&yf 16-12-88)
tpdk;&[m rw&m;ojzifhvkyfovm;/ r[kwfrrSefwJhudpPawGudk vkyfovm;? udk,frvkyfbJeJ olrsm;awGudk
vkyf&ifvnf; rcH&bl;? udk,fh&efoludkyif rw&m;vkyfvdk&Sd&if rcH&bl;? 'Dae udk,fh&efoludkvkyfw,f/ aemufae
udk,fhudkvkyf&if vkyfvdrfhr,f? (rGeftrsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzJGcsKyf/ oHjzLZ&yf 16-12-88)

rw&m;ojzifh vkyfwJholawGudk rkef;zdkqdkwm uav;av;awGudk oifxm;&r,f? rw&m;wJhudpPrSefor#udk

uefuGuf&r,f? rw&m;wJhudpPrSefor#udk igwdk toufay;+yD;awmh ckcHr,fqdkwJh pdwfawGudk
uav;vli,fawGxJrSm
oGif;xm;yg?
usrwdkudk,fwkdifuvnf;
'DvdkpdwfawGarG;yg?
(rGeftrsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJGcsKyf/ oHjzLZ&yf 16-12-88)
'Drkdua&pDtyif}uD;[m &Sifoefvdk&Sd&if 'DtyGifhawG toD;awG[m usrwdk vlvwfykdif;/ vl}uD;ydkif;awGu
cHpm;csifrS cHpm;&r,f? 'gayrJh vli,fydkif;eJ uav;av;awG }uD;vmvdk&Sd&if toD;tyGifhawG
cHpm;Ekdif&r,fqdk&if usrwdk auseyfygw,f? (urm0uf 16-12-88)
vlwa,muf[m arG;vm+yD;awmh udk,fhtwGuf udk,fvkyf+yD;awmh udk,fyJpm;+yD;awmh aooGm;+yDqdk&if
bmvkyfawmhrSmvJ? vljzpf&usKd;reyfbl;? tJh'Dawmh wudk,faumif; r}uH=uygeJ? trsm;twGuf vkyf=uyg?
trsm;tusKd;aqmifwJhvlrsm;[m vlomaooGm;r,f? b,fawmhrS emrnfraobl;? (urm0uf 16-12-88)
vli,fawG&Jb0udk om,mygap? vli,frsm;&Jb0 om,mrS usrwdk&J wdkif;jynf[m wdk;wufEdkifrSmyg?
vli,frsm;&Jb0 om,matmif zefwD;ray;Ekdif&if aemufacwftqufquf usrwdkvlrsKd;rsm; om,mr_
&EkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? (vlabmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD/ rk'Hkrd 16-12-88)
t&if vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJGwkef;uqdkvdk&Sd&if vlrsKd;jcm;wa,mufudk wdkufcJh&wm? vlrsKd;jcm;udk
wkduf&wmxuf udk,fhtcsif;csif; jyef+yD;wdkuf&wmu tifrwefrS pdwfnpfp&maumif;w,f? rjzpfoifh
rjzpfxkdufwJh udpP}uD;yJ? (urmau; 17-12-88)
wkdif;jynfwjynfrSm tpdk;&,f/ wyfrawmf&,f/ jynfolvlxk&,f waygif;wpnf;wnf; rjzpfEkdifvdk&Sd&if
b,fenf;eJrS
wdk;wufr_r&SdEkdifygbl;?
jynfolvlxkudkvnf;
ESdyfpufnif;yrf;r,f/
wyfrawmfeJ
jynfolvlxk=um;rSmvnf; pdwf0rf;uJGatmifvkyfr,fqdk&if 'Dwkdif;jynftay:rSm apwem enf;enf;rS r&Sdbl;vdk
usrwdk owfrSwf&rSmyJ? (urmau; 17-12-88)
jynfolvlxkeJ wyfrawmf=um;rSmvnf; pdwf0rf;uJGatmifvkyfaew,f? 'Dvdk pdwf0rf;uJGatmif vkyfaewm[m
jynfolvlxku vkyfaewmr[kwfbl;? usrwdk EkdifiHa&;vkyfwJholawGuvnf; vkyfaewmr[kwfbl;?
wyfrawmfudk udk,fusKd;twGuf oHk;csifwJholrsm;u vkyfaewmyJjzpfw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'DvdkpepfrsKd;udk
usrwdktm;vHk;uae+yD;awmh twdkuftcHvkyf&r,f? (urmau; 17-12-88)
'Drkdua&pDpepfatmufrSm qdkvdk&Sd&if trsm;pk&J oabmwlnDcsuft& tenf;pku vkyf&w,fqdkayr,fh
tenf;pkudk
trsm;pku
twdkuftcHvkyfw,f/
ESdyfpufw,f/
nOf;yrf;w,f/
trsKd;rsKd;
taESmifht,Sufay;w,fqdkwm vHk;vHk;r&Sd&bl;? (urmau; 17-12-88)
EkdifiHa&;orm;trsKd;rsKd;&Sdw,f? wcsKduawmh wkdif;jynftusKd;twGuf vkyfcsifwJh EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;&Sdygw,f?
wcsKduawmh rdrdtusKd;twGuf vkyfcsifwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;&Sdygw,f? wcsKduawmh EkdifiHa&;oufouf
vkyfpm;csifwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;&Sdygw,f? EdkifiHa&;vkyfpm;wm tusifhjzpfae+yD;awmh EdkifiHa&;yJ
vkyfpm;awmhr,fqdkwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;vnf;&Sdygw,f? 'D EkdifiHa&;orm;trsKd;rsKd;xJrSm wdkif;jynftusKd;udk
aqmifEkdifr,fh EkdifiHa&;orm;rsKd;udk a&G;apcsifygw,f? tJh'Dvkd EkdifiHa&;orm;rsKd;[m Avig;wefeJ jynfhpHk&ygr,f?
(trsKd;om;+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDygwD/ acsmif;qHk 17-12-88)

acgif;aqmifwa,muf&J
t&nftcsif;udk
cefrSef;csifvdk&Sd&if
t&ifwkef;u
'Dacgif;aqmif[m
b,fvdkvkyfcJhovJ? wu,fyJ o,fydk;cJhovm;? wkdif;jynfuyJ 'Dacgif;aqmifudk o,fydk;cJhwmvm;?
'Dacgif;aqmifu wkdif;jynfudk o,fydk;cJhwmvm;qdkwm[m trsm;}uD;pOf;pm;zdk vdkygw,f? (acsmif;qHk 17-1288)
trSefudkvkyf&wm trSm;udkvkyf&wmxuf tifrwefrSudk cufygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; aemufqHk;usawmh
trSefvkyfwJholuom atmifjrif&rSmyg? trSefw&m;vkyfwJholawGuom _H;&ifvnf; Ekdif&r,f/ Ekdif&ifvnf;
Ekdif&r,fqdkwm ajymvdk&ygw,f? trSefw&m;t& rvkyfwJholawGuawmh _H;&ifvnf; _H;&r,f/ Ekdif&ifvnf;
_H;&r,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ rtlyif 14-1-89)
usrwdk 1988 u usqHk;oGm;wJh ausmif;om;av;awGqdk&if toufomaysmufoGm;w,f/ olwdkudk
qHk;_H;w,fvdk rqdkEdkifygbl;? olwdk[m atmifjrifjcif;yJ? tJh'D[mudk pdwfxJrSm pJGxm;=uyg? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ rtlyif
14-1-89)
'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;vdkcsifw,fqdkwm b,foludkrS wdkufcdkufcsifvdk r[kwfbl;? b,foludkrS pJGzwfcsifvdk
r[kwfbl;? jynfolvlxktrsm;}uD;[m pdk;&drfa=umifh=ur_uif;a0;pGmeJ udk,fhtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;udk
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf v_yf&Sm;EkdifatmifvdkqdkwJh pdwfrsKd;eJ 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf wdkufae=uwmyJ? tm;vHk;u
'DtcGifhta&;vdkcsif&if tm;vHk;u 0if+yD;awmh v_yf&Sm;&rSmyJ? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ rtlyif 14-1-89)
usrwdkacwfrSm usrwdk ukodkvfuHa=umifhrdkvdk 'Dwkdif;jynf jynfolvlxkudk ta=umufw&m;uae+yD;awmh
vGwfajrmufatmif vkyfay;EkdifwJhtcGifhta&;awG &vmw,f? 'DtcGifhta&;udk vufv$wfqHk;_H;rcHygeJ?
'Dvdkjynfaxmifpktopf wnfaxmifzdk tcGifhta&;awGudk vufv$wfvdkuf&if usrwdk[m orkdif;ay;wm0ef
rausyGefolawGtjzpf orkdif;rSm tifrwefrS tjypfwifp&mjzpfrSmyJ? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ rtlyif 14-1-89)
usrwdku jynfolvlxkudk tm;udk;w,f? jynfolvlxkuvnf; udk,fhudkudk,f tm;udk;=uyg? udk,fhudkudk,f
txifrao;=uygeJ? vlxk&J tiftm;qdkwm tifrwefrS }uD;ygw,f? vlxk&J tiftm;qdkwmudk rav;pm;bJ
raeEkdifygbl;? usrwdkuvnf; av;pm;w,f? aemifvnf; tpdk;&tqufqufu av;pm;oifhw,f?
jynfolvlxkudk av;pm;wJh tpdk;&rsKd;udk usrwdku jzpfapcsifygw,f? 'grS wkdif;jynfrSmvnf; tusKd;jzpfapr,f?
jynfolvlxkvnf; pdwfcsrf;omvmr,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ rtlyif 14-1-89)
'DtcsdefrSm owWd&Sd&SdeJ vkyfvdkufvdk&Sd&if aemifus&if usrwdk[m ra=umuf=u&wJhacwfudk
a&mufoGm;Edkifygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm a=umuf+yD;awmh vkyfoifhoavmuf rvkyfcJhvdk&Sd&if aemuf quf+yD;awmh
a=umufae&wJhpepfudk &Sifoefatmif vkyfay;ovdk jzpfoGm;ygr,f? vlwa,muftaeeJvnf; trsm;}uD;
*k%foduQmusygw,f? tJh'Dawmh tm;vHk;u rSefwmvkyf&vdk&Sd&if a=umufaevnf; vkyf&rSmyg?
(jrwfarwWmoabFm/ a&$'*Fg;aus;&Gm 14-1-89)
'Drkdua&pDvdkcsifwJhvlrsm;[m rkef;wJhpdwfeJ wdkufaewmr[kwfbl;? arwWmpdwfeJ wdkufaewmyJ?
jynfolvlxktay: arwWm&Sdvdk/ wkdif;jynftay: arwWm&Sdvdk/ jynfolvlxkcHae&wm/ wkdif;jynfcHae&wm/
jynfaxmifpk}uD; epfemaewmudk r=unfh&ufvdk arwWmpdwfeJ 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJGudk 0ifaewmjzpfw,f?
(jrwfarwWmoabFm/ a&$'*Fg;aus;&Gm 14-1-89)

usrwdk tck 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_txJrSm yg0ifvmwm[m tm%mvdkcsifvdk yg0ifvmwmr[kwfbl;?

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jynfolvlxktwGufa&m/ t"dupum;vHk;[m tm%mr[kwfygbl;? wm0efyg? jynfaxmifpkeJ
jynfolvlxktay:rSm&SdwJh wm0eft& 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_xJrSm tm;vHk;yg0ifae=uwmyg? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ usKHrai; 15-189)
usrwdk[m rSefuefwJhenf;eJ vdkcsifwmudk vkyfEkdifwJh t&nftcsif;awG &Sdatmifvdk udk,fhudkudk,f
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usrwdk[m tqifhjrifhwJhEkdifiHa&; vkyfEkdifr,f? tqifhjrifhwJhEdkifiHa&;vkyfEdkifrS tqifhtwef;jrifhwJh
EkdifiHwckjzpfvmr,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89)
wcsKdu 'Drkdua&pDqdkwm tm;vHk;u Adkvfcsnf;yJvdkxifw,f? wu,fawmh 'Drkdua&pDqdkwm
tm;vHk;wef;wl&nfwlvdk
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a&G;xkwfydkifcGifhqdkwm &Sdw,f? 'gudk ajymwmyJ? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89)
&yfuGufnDvmcHawG vkyfwJhtcg tusifhpm&dwWaumif;wJhvludk a&G;cs,fyg? ynmtajrmftjrif&SdwJhvludk
a&G;cs,fyg? tusifhpm&dwWeJ t&nftcsif; ESpfck=um;rSm a&G;&r,fqdk&ifawmh usruawmh yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
ajym&&if tusifhpm&dwWaumif;wJhvludk a&G;=uyg? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89)
tpdk;&[m jynfolvlxk qif;&JaewJhtcgrSm ZdrfeJ aezdk rpOf;pm;oifhbl;? aemufwufr,fh tpdk;&[m
tifrwefrS kef;uef&r,fh tpdk;&yg? tJh'Dawmh aemufwufr,fhtpdk;&xJrSm 0dkif;0ef;+yD; ulnDyg0ifvdkwJh
olrsm;[m ae&mvdkcsifvdkr[kwfbJ/ tm%mvdkcsifvdkr[kwfbJ/ csrf;omcsifvdkr[kwfbJ/ jynfoltusKd;zdk
tepfemcHvdkwJhvlrsKd; jzpfzdkvdkygw,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89)
olrsm; rSm;vdk/ olrsm; r[kwfwmvkyfvdk udk,fvnf; vkdufvkyf&r,fqdk&if udk,fvnf; olwdkeJtwl
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*k%foduQmr&SdwJhtvkyfudk vkyf&r,fqdkwm rjzpfap&bl;? rjzpfoifhbl;? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk
pnf;Hk;a&;vkyfwJhtcg b,foludkrS ykwfcwfwm/ rrSefuefwJhenf;eJ wdkufcdkufwm rvkyf=uygeJ? rlawGudkyJ
wkdufcdkuf=u&yghr,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89)
'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJG0ifwJhtcgrSm yxrOD;qHk; usrwdkvdkcsifwmu vGwfvyfpGmawG;awmydkifcGifhyJ? vludkom
csKyfxm;Ekdifr,f? pdwfudkawmh rcsKyfxm;Ekdifbl;? 'Dvdk rcsKyfxm;EkdifwJhpdwfa=umifh 'DavmufawmifrS 26
ESpfvHk;vHk; vGwfvyfpGm awG;awmydkifcGifhr&SdwJhtxJu jynfolvlxk[m 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;xJudk owWd&Sd&SdeJ
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15-1-89)
azazu ajymcJhw,f? vkyf&Jwm owWdr[kwfbl;? cH&Jwm[m owWdwJh? cH&Jw,fqdkwmvnf;
trSefw&m;twGuf cH&Jwmudk ajymwm/ rrSefuefwJhudpPtwGuf cH&Jwm owWdr[kwfbl;? 'g[m vlrdkuf&J

xHk;yJ? usrwdk[m vlrdkufawGr[kwfbl;? tifrwefrS ynmtajrmftjrif&SdwJh vlxkqdkwm usr jzpfapcsifw,f?

'Dvdk tajrmftjrif&SdwJh jynfolvlxkurS acwfopf jrefrmEkdifiHawmf}uD;udk wnfaxmifEkdifrSmyg? (tzJGcsKyf/
vyGwWm 15-1-89)
udk,fhwkdif;jynftwGuf toufudkay;&w,fqdkwm tifrwefrS =unfEl;p&maumif;w,f? tifrwefrS
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tm;vHk;&J
aus;Zl;&SifyJjzpfw,f?
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usrwdk[m 'Drdkua&pDatmifjrifwJhtxd csDwufoGm;&r,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ vyGwWm 15-1-89)
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wnfaqmuf&rSm? usrwdk[m tkwfjrpfcswJh vlawGqdkawmh yifyifyef;yef;eJ vkyf+yD;awmh
wu,fhtESpfom&udk cHpm;oGm;&csifrS cHpm;oGm;&r,f? udpPr&Sdygbl;? aemifvmaemufom;awG/ jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm;[m usrwdk cscJhwJh tkwfjrpfay:rSm 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiH}uD;udk wnfwnfwHhwHh
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*k%f,lp&mjzpfygw,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ vyGwWm 15-1-89)
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olrsm;awG npfywfnpfywf/ wddkwawGuawmh oefoef&Sif;&Sif; pifpif=u,f=u,feJ wkdif;jynftusKd;aqmifwJh
vli,fawGjzpfatmifaer,f?
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'Dwkdif;jynf/ 'Dajr}uD;[m tifrwefrS csrf;omw,f? jynfolvlxk[m tifrwefrS qif;&Jaew,f? 'g
rjzpfoifhwJh udpPyJ? 'Dwkdif;jynf/ 'Dajr}uD;[m 'DavmufawmifrS csr;f omae&if rSefrSefuefuef vrf;eJ
jynfolvlxktwGuf tusKd;aqmifoGm;r,fh tpdk;&rsm;[m jynfolvlxkudkvnf; csrf;omatmif
vkyfay;Ekdif&r,f? (vGwfvyfa&;ausmufwkdifa&S/ bDwGwfaus;&Gm 15-1-89)
a0\EW&m[mqdk&if tvGefw&mrS jrifhjrwfwJh tavmif;awmfrif;w&m;jzpfayr,fhvnf; jynfolvlxkudk
qefusif+yD;
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jynfolvlxkuvnf;
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(tzJGcsKyfHk;/ ajrmif;jr 16-1-89)
trsm;jynfol pdwf'kuQa&mufaewJh wdkif;jynfrSm pdwfcsrf;omwJhvlqdkwm tifrwefrS &Sufp&maumif;w,f?
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aeEkdifw,fqdkwm udk,fhrSm vlESvHk;om;r&SdvdkbJvdk owfrSwf&ygr,f? udk,fwa,mufxJ/ udk,fhrdom;pk/

udk,fhtodkif;t0dkif;yJ pdwfcsrf;om&if awmf+yDvdkqdkwJh olrsm;[m vlrqefygbl;? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ 0g;c,fr 16-189)
usr[m wyfrawmfeJ jynfolvlxk=um;rSm vHk;vHk; pdwf0rf;ruJGapcsifbl;? tcktcsdefrSm wyfrawmf[m
azazjzpfapcsifwJh jynfoludk umuG,fr,fh/ jynfoludk apmifha&Smufr,fh/ EkdifiH&J *k%foduQmudk xdef;odrf;r,fh
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jyef+yD;awmh jzpfoGm;apcsifw,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ 0g;c,fr 16-1-89)
azaz t+rJyJrSmcJhw,f? uav;awGudk bmudkrS ra=umufapeJ? olwdka=umufzdk&m ESpfckyJ&Sdw,f?
rw&m;wJhudpPudkvkyfzdk a=umuf&r,f? rrSefwJhudpPudkvkyfzdk a=umuf&r,f? avmurSm a=umufzdkqdkwm
'DESpfckyJ &Sdygw,fwJh? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk&J rdbjynfolrsm;udkvnf; tJh'DvdkyJ em;vnfapcsifygw,f?
(vlabmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwDHk;/ 0g;c,fr 16-1-89)
usrwdkvlrsKd;awGudk opPm&SdwJh vlrsKd; jzpfapcsifw,f? wa,mufeJwa,muf wdkufcdkufwJh ae&mrSmawmifrS
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ESpfrsKd;&Sdygw,f? jrifhjrwfwJh &efolqdkwm ,kwfrmwJh rdwfaqGxuf trsm;}uD;ydk+yD;awmh wefzdk;&Sdygw,f?
'ga=umifhrdkvdk usrwdk[m &efoljzpfaewJh olawGtay:rSmvnf; jrifhjrwfwJh pdwfxm;&Sd&r,f?
(vlabmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwDHk;/ ykodrf 17-1-89)
aemif wkdif;jynfacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfr,fh vli,frsm;[m tckuaep+yD;awmh udk,frSm;ovm;/ rSefovm;qdkwm
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jzpfygw,f? (vlabmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwDHk;/ ykodrf 17-1-89)
tck 'Drkdua&pDvdkcsifwJh pdwfqENrsm;[m jrpf}uD;ozG,fyJ pD;qif;aeygw,f? 'Djrpfa&awGudk b,folrS
wm;EkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? tJh'Dawmh usrwdktzJGcsKyf[m 'Djrpfa&awGudk rSefwJhuefwJh vrf;uae+yD;awmh
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jynfolvlxk&J tifrwefrS wufuGwJh pdwfqENawGudk xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;vkyzf dk vdkygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdkvdk
'Dv_yf&Sm;r_xJrSm nDnGwfr_eJ xyfwlta&;}uD;wmuawmh pnf;urf;&Sdr_yJvdk usrwdk twefwef
ajymaewmjzpfygw,f? (taemufrde,fHk;/ ykodrf 17-1-89)
tckwkdufyJG[m
jrefrmEkdifiHol
EkdifiHom;tcsif;csif;
wkdufyJGoabmrsKd;jzpfvdk
tifrwefrS
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atmifjrifapcsifvdk/ trsm;tusKd;twGuf jzpfapcsifvkd v_yf&Sm;wmyJ? udk,fusKd;tjrwfxGufcsifvdkvnf;
r[kwfbl;? b,foludkrSvnf; rqHk;_H; repfemapcsifbl;? tJh'Dawmh trSefw&m;udk atmifjrifapcsifwJh
pdwfapwemoefoefeJ usrwdktm;vHk; qufvkyfoGm;zdk vdkygw,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ acsmif;0 18-1-89)
jrefrmEkdifiHvdk qif;&JwJhEdkifiHrSm csrf;omae&wm tifrwef &Sufzdkaumif;ygw,f? usrwdk
EdkifiHolEdkifiHom;awG[m r&SufoifhwJhae&mrSm &Sufae=uygw,f? awmifolv,form; aus;vufvlxku

xrif;ESpfeyfudk tEkdifEkdifpm;ae&wJhcsdefrSm wcsKdu ig;eyf/ ajcmufeyfpm;aewm &Sufp&myg? wu,f

tusifhpm&dwWaumif;+yD; pdwfoabmxm; jrifhjrwfwJhvlrsm;taeeJawmh jrefrmEdkifiHrSm rdrdcsrf;omzdk
ud;pm;&wm[m &Sufp&m b,favmufaumif;rvJvdk awG;xif=urSmyg? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ [oFmw 24-1-89)
ae&mvdkcsifw,fqdkwm udk,fhwa,mufxJtwGufyg? ae&may;csifw,fqdkwm trsm;tusKd;twGufyg?
tJh'Dawmh ae&mrvdkcsif=uygeJ? ae&may;csif=uyg? t&nftcsif;&Sd+yD; tusifhpm&dwWaumif;wJholawGudk
ae&may;=uyg? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ [oFmw 24-1-89)
rdbawGu 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_xJrSmygwJh vli,fawGudk [efwm;ae=uw,fqdkwm od&ygw,f?
r[efwm;=uygeJ? udk,fa=umufvdk udk,fhom;orD;awGyg a=umufzdk oifay;w,fqdk&if odyf+yD;qdk;wmaygh?
(tzJGcsKyfHk;/ [dkyHk; 12-2-89)
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tarawG/ trawGu t+rJyJrSmvdkufw,f? 'dkif;udkif+yD;awmh jyefvm&ifvm/ 'dkif;ay:tdyf+yD;awmh jyefvm&ifvm/
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t"dy`m,feJ ajymwmyJ? usrwdktm;vHk;[m 'Dvdkpdwfxm;rsKd; &Sd&r,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ [dkyHk; 12-2-89)
usrwdk[m aemif 'Drdkua&pDjynfaxmifpkopf xlaxmifa&;twGufudk yifvHknDvmcHvdk wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;
tm;vHk;yg0ifwJh nDvmcH}uD;wck ac:zdkvdktyfw,fvdk xifygw,f? 'D nDvmcHuae+yD;awmh
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taumif;qHk;tajzudk &Smr,fqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdygw,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ yifvHk 12-2-89)
jrefrmEkdifiHrSm ESpfaygif;av;q,fausmf vufeufudkifenf;eJ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk &SmcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh
ckxufxd r&ao;ygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdkvdk usrwdktaeeJ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;&zdkqdkwm EdkifiHa&;enf;eJ
&Sm&r,fvdk ,Hk=unfygw,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ yifvHk 12-2-89)
usrwdk[m tEkdif,lcsif&if tEkdif,lEkdifwJhpdwfawG arG;&ygr,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89)
q,fh&Spf&uf
pufwifbmrSm
ppftpdk;&uae+yD;awmh
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13-2-89)
b,fpepfrsKd;rqdk atmifjrifzdkqdkwm acgif;aqmifaumif;vnf; &Sd&r,f? aemufvdkufaumif;vnf; &Sd&r,f?
tJh'Dawmh aemufvdkufaumif;wa,muf&J t&nftcsif;[m bmvJqdk&if ta&;t}uD;qHk;uawmh
acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm; azmfxkwfEkdifwJh t&nftcsif; &Sd&r,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89)
vlwa,muf&Jwefzdk;udk 'Dvl&Jtoufudk =unfh+yD;awmh rqHk;jzwfEkdifygbl;? 'ga=umifh usrwdk[m
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awmif}uD; 13-2-89)

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atmifjrifr,fqdk&ifvnf; usrwdk a&Suae+yD; umuG,fay;yghr,f? (tzJGcsKyfHk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89)
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