okZ 2011 tuin % fiFkkSjkx<

eq[; fok; mifok;

% Hkwfe lalk/ku% lEiUurk ds fy;s mi;ksx djsa] Hkfo; ds fy;s cpk,asA % Hkwfe ij ekuo gLr{ksi

ifj;kstuk dk khkZd % vtSfod vifkV inkFkksaZ dk Hkwfe ij izHkko dk v/;;uA oxZ % twfu;j vt; flag

lewg izeq[k dk uke %

ekxZnkZd v/;kid dk uke % Jherh jfe iUr

fo|ky; dk uke

% jktdh; b.Vj fiFkkSjkx<+A

dkyst]

jlSikVk]

jkVh; cky foKku dkaxszl] mRrjk[k.M

tuin & fiFkkSjkx<+] okZ
eq[; fok; mifok;

& 2011

% Hkwfe lalk/ku % lEiUurk ds fy;s mi;ksx djsa] Hkfo; ds fy;s cpk,asA % Hkwfe ij ekuo gLr{ksi % vtSfod vifkV inkFkksaZ dk Hkwfe ij izHkko dk v/;;uA

ifj;kstuk dk khkZd oxZ

% twfu;j

lewg izeq[k dk uke % vt; flag leqg ds vU; izfrHkkfx;ksa ds uke % egsk flag T;kyk d`.k dqekj HkV~V

iz/kkukpk;Z@ekxZnkZd v/;kid }kjk iznRr izek.k&i=

izekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd bl laLFkk ds fuEufyf[kr Nk=@Nk=kvksa }kjk jkVh; cky foKku dkaxzsl & 2011 gsrq] eq[; fok; & ^Hkwfe lalk/ku lEiUurk ds fy;s mi;ksx djsa] Hkfo; ds fy, cpk,a^ ds mi fok; & Hkwfe ij ekuo gLr{ksi ij ifj;kstuk khkZd ^vtSfod vifkV inkFkksaZ dk Hkwfe ij izHkko dk v/;;u^ ij fu/kkZfjr le; esa ifj;kstuk rS;kj dh x;h gS rFkk budk dk;Z ekSfyd gSA fo|ky; vfHkys[kkuqlkj budh tUefrfFk fuEuor gSA

dze la[;k 1 2 3

Nk=@Nk=k dk uke

d{kk

tUe frfFk

21 2011 vk;w

fnlEcj dks

vt; flag egsk flag T;kyk d`.k dqekj HkV~V

9 9 9

gLrk{kj ekxZnkZd v/;kid

gLrk{kj iz/kkukpk;Z

vuqdzef.kdk
dze la0 xfrfof/k dk uke i`B la[;k

ABSTRACT This project has been done by children scientists of Govt. Inter College, Raisapata, Pithoragarh. In this project child scientists have taken the contemporary issue of soil pollution caused due to various non bio-degradable wastages. Soil is most precious asset provided to us by nature and our entire livelihood is related with it. Soil formation is a very time responsive process that depends on how the other factors interplay with each other. It takes about 800-1000 years for a 2.5 cm thick layer of fertile soil to be formed in nature. 1 Soil consists of many living things like, insects, bacteria, fungi etc. that form a major part of our eco system and cannot be seen through naked eyes. Rapid modernization and industrialization had led to irresponsible behaviour of human beings towards nature and soil. Not only the industries but even the household waste adds to soil pollution to a great extent. Amongst all, the main constituent that

leads to soil pollution is plastic. Most important issue is that the reach of plastic is not only restricted to urban areas but also extends to interior rural areas. Plastic is one of the dangerous chemical substances. The manufacturing and decomposition process of plastic involve excretion of harmful chemical compounds which form a layer on the earth surface and leads to soil pollution as well as reduces the ability of the soil to absorb rain water. In the observation of the project area it was found that the harmful plastic byproducts were causing significant damage to the soil. Hence, this project was undertaken to find out the daily consumption pattern of plastics by the rural population in the project area and the methods which are being used to curb its harmful effects.

ifj;kstuk dk khkZd izHkko dk v/;;u^

% ^vtSfod vifkV inkFkksaZ dk Hkwfe ij

ifj;kstuk dk ifjp; % ;g ifj;kstuk ^vtSfod vifkV inkFkksaZ dk Hkwfe ij izHkko dk v/;;u^ tuin fiFkkSjkx<+ ds dukyhNhuk fodkl[k.M ds vUrxZr rhu xzkeksa jlSikVk] xqcjkSyh] ckVwyk esa fdz;kfUor dh x;hA bl ifj;kstuk ds vUrxZr ;g v/;;u djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd gekjs nSfud thou esa iz;ksx gksus okyh vtSfod oLrq,a fdl izdkj Hkwfe ,oa mldh mRikndrk ds fy, ?kkrd gSaaA orZeku le; esa vtSfod vifkV gekjs ikfjfLFkfrd rU= ds fy, cgqr c<+k [krjk cu pqds gSa rFkk bu gkfudkjd inkFkksaZ dh tM+s u dsoy kgjksa vfirq NksVs xzkeksa esa Hkh rhoz :i ls QSy jgh gSA lkeku ykus ds fy, iz;qDr gksus okyh IykfLVd dh FkSfy;ka] fcLdqV] VkQh] xqVdk] lkcqu] rsy ued bR;kfn izR;sd nSfud mi;ksx dh oLrq bUgh IykfLVd fufeZr FkSfy;ksa esa j[kdj ge rd igqapkbZ tk jgh gSaa rFkk ,sls xkao vkSj {ks= tks lk/kkj.kr;k vU; izdkj ds iznk.kksa ls eqDr gSa mu LFkkuksa ij Hkh ;s IykfLVd inkFkZ rsth ls tM+sa QSyk jgs gSaA vr% bl ifj;kstuk ds ek/;e ls u dsoy bu gkfudkjd inkFkksaZ ds Hkwfe ij izHkkoksa dk v/;;u djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS vfirq ;g Hkh ns[kus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k gS fd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa bl izdkj ds inkFkksaZ ds fuLrkj.k gsrq fdu fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA ifj;kstuk dk mn~ns; % bl ifj;kstuk ^vtSfod vifkV inkFkksaZ dk Hkwfe ij izHkko dk v/;;u^ ds fuEu izeq[k mn~ns; gSaa A 1- Nk=ksa dk vtSfod vifkV inkFkksaaZ ls Hkwfe dks gksus okyh gkfu;ksa ds fok; esa voxr djkukA

2- Lksfor {ks= esa vtSfod vifkVksa ds fuLrkj.k gsrq iz;ksx dh tkus okyh fof/k;ksa dk v/;;u djukA 3- Nk=ksa dks vtSfod ?kVdksa ls ikfjfLFkfrd rU= ij iM+us okys nqizHkkoksa ds fok; esa voxr djkukA 4- Nk=ksa rFkk lekt ds vU; oxksaZ esa vtSfod vifkVksa ds iz;ksx ds fok; esa tkx:drk mRiUu djukA 5- Nk=ksa esa nSfud thou esa iz;qDr gksus okyh oLrqvksa ds fok; esa oSKkfud n`fVdks.k fodflr djukA 6- Nk=ksa rFkk lekt dks vtSfod vifkVksa ds fuLrkj.k dh fof/k;ksa ls ifjfpr djkukA xfrfof/k dk dk;Z{ks= % ;g xfrfof/k mRrjk[k.M jkT; ds fiFkkSjkx<+ tuin ds dukyhNhuk fodkl[k.M ds vUrxZr fLFkr rhu xzkeksa jlSikVk] xqcjkSyh rFkk ckVqyk esa laikfnr dh x;hA ;g {ks= vkfFkZd] lkekftd rFkk kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+k gqvk {ks= gS rFkk {ks= foksk ds fuokfl;ksa esa i;kZoj.k rFkk mlls lEcfU/kr vU; i{kksa ds fok; esa tkudkjh dk furkUr vkHkko gS ftl dkj.k bl {ks= esa LFkku&LFkku ij vtSfod vifkVksa ds <sj fn[kk;h nsrs gSaaA tula[;k ?kuRo de gksus rFkk ifjosk esa ouksa dh vf/kdrk ds dkj.k ;|fi ;g {ks= vU; fdlh izdkj ds iznqk.k ls eqDr gS rFkkfi IykfLVd] ikfyFkhu ,oa mlds vo;o ;gka dh tyok;w foksk :i ls Hkwfe dks vR;Ur gkfu igqapk jgs gSaA dk;Z{ks= dh HkkSxkSfyd fLFkfr

v{kkal

nskkUrj

tyok;w

leqnzry ls apkbZ

Hkwfe ds izdkj

dk;Z;kstuk@dk;Zfof/k % bl ifj;kstuk ds fdz;kUo;u gsrq losZ{k.k] voyksdu] iz;ksx rFkk izukoyh fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k % ifj;kstuk gsrq fufeZr izukoyh fuEuor gSA

izukoyh
uke irk fyax vk;w

funZsk % bl izukoyh dk fuekZ.k ,d ifj;kstuk ds fdz;kUou gsrq fd;k x;k gS rFkk vkids }kjk iznRr leLr lwpuk,a xksiuh; j[kh tk;saxhA vr% vkils fuosnu gS fd v/;;u dh fooluh;rk ,oa oS/krk gsrq fuEukafdr izuksa ds lUnHkZ esa lgh lwpuk,a iznku djus dh d`ik djsa %

1- vki cktkj ls lkeku ykus ds fy, fdl oLrq dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA 2- iz;ksx ds ckn [kkyh iM+s IykfLVd ,oa /kkrq ds lkekuksa dk vki D;k djrs gSaA 3- vius nSfud thou esa vki IykfLVd rFkk /kkrqvksa ls cuh fdu&fdu oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA 4- ftl Hkwfe ij IykfLVd rFkk /kkrq okyk dwM+k iM+k jgrk gS ml ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gSA 5- IykfLVd ls Hkwfe dks D;k uqdlku gksrk gSA 6- ftl Hkwfe ij yEcs le; rd dwM+k iM+k jgrk gS mldh mRikndrk ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gSA 7- IykfLVd fufeZr inkFkZ ikqvksa ds fy, fdl izdkj gkfudkjd gSaA 8- ty Jksrksa ij IykfLVd fufeZr inkFkksaZ dk D;k izHkko iM+rk gSA 9- IykfLVd okys dwM+s dk fuLrkj.k fdl izdkj djuk pkfg,A 10IykfLVd ds LFkku ij fdu inkFkksaZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

vkadM+ksa dk laxzg.k % ifj;kstuk ds fy, iz;qDr fof/k;ksa losZ{k.k] voyskdu] izukoyh ,oa iz;ksx ls fuEu vkadM+s izkIr fd;s x;s %

lsfor {ks= esa iz;ksx dh vtSfod oLrqvksa ds vtSfod oLrqvksa ds tkus okyh vtSfod Hkwfe ij voyksfdr fuLrkj.k gsrq iz;qDr oLrq,a izHkko fof/k;ka IykfLVd dh FkSfy;ka] 1- vuqRikndrk 1- [kqys LFkkuksa ij VkQh] fcLdqV] rsy] 2- vykHkdkjh QSadukA ued] kSEiw] xqVdk] ouLifr;ksa dk 2- tyk nsuk uedhu vkfn ds laxzg.k mxukA 3- xM<+k cukdj ds fy, iz;ksx dh tkus 3- mRikndrk esa mlesa Hkjuk

okyh FkSfy;ka] fofHkUu izdkj ds dzhe] ikmMj bR;kfn oLrqvksa ds fMCcs] dkap ,oa IykfLVd ds crZu] jcj dh pIiys vkfn

4567-

deh Hkw dVko ty L=ksrksa dh fnkk esa ifjorZu ty L=ksrksa dh {kerk esa deh ikyrw ikqvksa ds fy, gkfudkjd rFkk ?kkrd

ifj;kstuk ds vUrxZr fd;s x;s iz;ksx esa cky oSKkfudksa }kjk ;g ik;k x;k fd ftl Hkwfe ij vtSfod vifkV fuLrkfjr fd;s tkrs gSa ogka ij okkZ ty dk fjlko ugh gksrk gS D;ksafd IykfLVd fufeZr inkFkZ ty dks Hkwfe dh ijh irZ rd igqapus esa ck/kk mRiUu djrs gSa A blds vfrfjDr bl izdkj dh Hkwfe ij mRikfnr ouLifr vU; Hkwfe ij mRikfnr ouLifr dh rqyuk esa vis{kkd`r de fodflr ,oa iqV gksrh gSaA

vkadM+ksa dk foysk.k % losZ{k.k ls izkIr vkadM+ksa dk foysk.k djus ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vusd vtSfod inkFkZ nSfud thou esa iz;ksx fd;s tk jgs gSa rFkk lsfor {ks= ds xzkeh.kksa

dks bu inkFkksaZ ls Hkwfe dks gksus okyh gkfu;ksa ds fok; esa vYi tkudkjh gS A bu {ks=ksa esa vtSfod inkFkksaZ ds fuLrkj.k ds fy, eq[; :i ls nks fof/k;ka & [kqys LFkku ij QSaduk vFkok tyk nsuk iz;ksx dh tk jgh gSa rFkk xzkeh.kksa dks vtSfod vifkVksa ds fuLrkj.k dh fof/k;ksa ds fok; esa dksbZ tkudkjh ugh gSA vtSfod vifkV Hkwfe dks fofHkUu izdkj ls gkfu igqapk jgs gSa ftl dkj.k lsfor {ks= dh Hkwfe dk ,d cM+k Hkkx de mRiknd vFkok vuqRiknd {ks= esa ifjofrZr gks jgk gSA

vtSfod vifkV ds fuLrkj.k gsrq lsfor {ks= esa iz;qDr fof/k;ksa dk ikbZ pkVZ fuEuor gSA

[kkyh iM+h Hkwfe ij QSyko izfrkr esa 79

tykuk izfrkr esa 15

xM<~s esa nckuk izfrkr esa 6

lssfor {ks= esa iz;qDr fuLrkj.k fof/k;ksa dk izLrqfrdj.k

[kkyh iM+h Hkwfe ij Qsyko tykuk xM<~s esa nck nsuk

ifj.kke % cky oSKkfudksa }kjk fd;s x;s losZ{k.kksa ,oa ijh{k.kksa ls izkIr vkadM+ksa dk foysk.k djus ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd lsfor {ks= esa xzkeh.kksa }kjk fofHkUu vtSfod inkFkksaZ dk iz;ksx nSfud thou esa fd;k tk jgk gSA xzkeh.kksa dks bu inkFkksaZ ds iz;ksx ,oa fuLrkj.k dh mfpr fof/k;ksa dk Kku ugh gS rFkk muds }kjk iz;qDr fuLrkj.k fof/k;ksa ls ;g vtSfod inkFkZ okrkoj.k esa rFkk Hkwfe esa ;=&r= iznqk.k QSyk jgs gSa rFkk Hkwfe dh izd`fr rFkk mldh mRikndrk dks nqizHkkfor dj jgs gSaA ;s inkFkZ Hkwfe] ty rFkk ikfjfLFkfrdh rU= esa kuS&kuS viuh tM+sa QSyk jgs gSaA ;fn le; jgrs xzkeh.kksa dks bu inkFkksaZ

ds nqizHkkoksa ls ifjfpr u djk;k x;k rks ;g inkFkZ lsfor {ks= dh Hkwfe ds cM+s Hkkx dks vuqRiknd ,oa vykHkdkjh {ks= esa ifjofrZr dj nsaxsA

ifj;kstuk {ks= esa leL;k;asa

1- ifj;kstuk {ks= vkfFkZd ,oa kSf{kd n`fV ls vYifodflr gSA vr% {ks= ds yksxksa dks ifj;kstuk ls lEcfU/kr fok; dh tkudkjh ugh gSA

2- ifj;kstuk {ks= ftyk eq[;ky; rFkk Cykd eq[;ky; ls nwj fLFkr gS ftl dkj.k fofHkUu lelkef;d eqnn~ksa ij xzkeh.kksa dk lapsruk Lrj fodflr ugh gSA 3- ifj;kstuk {ks= ds vf/kdkak xzkeh.k vYifkf{kr gSa ftl dkj.k muesa oLrqvksa ds izfr oSKkfud n`fVdks.k dk vkHkko gS A

tulapsrukRed j.kuhfr ,oa lekt ij mldk izHkko

mDr ifj;kstuk ds fok; dh laosnukhyrk dks ns[krs gq, cky oSKkfudksa us lsfor {ks= esa tkdj ogka ds xzkeh.kksa dks fok; dh laosnukhyrk ds fok; esa voxr djk;k rFkk mUgsa vtSfod vifkVksa ds fuLrkj.k dh lqjf{kr ,oa oSKkfud fof/k;ksa ls ifjfpr djk;kA

fudkZ
mDr ifj;kstuk dks fdz;kfUor djus dk eq[; mnns; cky oSKkfudksa esa vtSfod vifkVksa ,oa mlds fuLrkj.k dh fof/k;ksa ds fok; esa lapsruk fodflr djuk FkkA mDr ifj;kstuk dks fdz;kfUor djus rFkk mlds ifj.kkeksa dk foysk.k djus ds ipkr bl fudkZ ij igqapk tk ldrk gS fd cky oSKkfudksa rFkk lsfor {ks= ds xzkeh.kksa esa vtSfod vifkVksa rFkk muds fuLrkj.k dh oSKkfud fof/k;ksa ds fok; esa tkudkjh dk vHkko gSA vr% bl ckr dh vko;drk gS fd bl izdkj ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa O;kid Lrj ij tkx:drk dk;Zdze pyk;s tkus pkfg, ftlls xzkeh.kksa esa bl izdkj ds ToyUr fok;ksa ls lEcfU/kr eqnn~ksa ij lapsruk fodflr gks lds ftlls i;kZoj.k dks gksus okyh NksVs vFkok cM+h gkfu;ksa dks fu;af=r fd;k tk ldsA

Hkkoh dk;Z;kstuk