Cha; uw Realism DUNNE - BRIAN C. SCHMIDT + Inttodus + One Realism, or many? + The essential Realism Reader's Guide eal isthe dominant theory of htemations Ras tions. Why? Because provider the most poet eplarstion forte state of wa bch the eur onion of ifn the iteationaystem, Tithe tb chi made by els in define ofthe ta on, adi which willbe eiicaly exained in thi chapte: The scond section wl ak whether there fone Ras or a variety of Realms. The argument presered below sgt tat deste imporant di ferences, partial between clasicl and srt on: the timeless wisdom of Realism + Conclusion: Realism and the globalization of world polities resi poasle to dena shared cove st of _sumpins nd ideas. Seton thee cute these Ceumman element which we Hetty ae seh, tat and snl nthe Fl eto, we ret 9 th gustan how fr Rem eleva forex Ingorendastanding the globliaion of wo pots. ough thee are many vies ling that ne setters and forest alec ly changing the ‘Wesplon sovereign state system, els age aly zaptel ofthese cin, apuing tha the same bask pate tht hve shaped iteration pais in ‘the at ein js a cleat teHor of Realism mostotenbepins with mythical tle ofthe ideals or utoplan writes ofthe inter-war period (1919-29). Weng inthe aftermath ofthe Fit World ‘in the dali term that resist writers have retro spectively imposed on the iter wat scholars, focused sich fthelratention on understanding the cae of wa soastofinda remedy fortsexitence.Yetacordingtothe tease inter-war scholar apprch was awed in a number of especs. They. for example, ignored the cle of ower, overestimated te degree to which human beings ‘sere tina, mistakenly beieved that nation states ‘Shared a se of common inter and were overly ot ‘istic that humankind could overcome the scourge of ‘eat The ute ofthe Second World Wir in 1939 con Semed forthe relist at eet the inadequacies ofthe ie alse? approach to studying international pots, ‘Anew approach, ane based on the tne insights of Ream, replaced the discredited idealist approach? sore ofthe academic eldof International Relations Assert a Grest Debate that tok place in the ate 1930 and early 1940s betweentheinler wa ideaits anda new eration of elit writers, which included E, H. Cat Han | Morgeathau, Reinhold Niebuhy, and others, who sllemphasid the vig of power and the comptitve tire of plies among males, The standard account ‘ofthe Great Debate thatthe els emerged vitor ‘ous, sid te est ofthe Interatonal Relations story i, In many respects, footnote a Realism: tis important to note, however, that a Scaption, there was a need foe Rests to define Ise alt an alleged “dealst poston. From 1939 tothe present leading theorists and oley-makershave contin view the word throvgh reais lene. Realism taught American leaders to fects on nurs rather than ideolgy to seek pace though strength, and to secghize tha grest powers can coexist, ven if they have antithetical valves and belie. The at ‘that Realism fers someting "anal for maxim {ng the interest of the state in hostile environment ceplainsin part why itremainthe dominant radon ‘he stady of world poitcs"Thisalso helps explain why alerntie perspectives (st Ch.10) must of necessity engage with and attempt to gobeyond, Realism “Te theory of Reals that read afer the Second ‘orld War fie claimed to es onan older, hss tradition of thought Indeed, ay contemporary salt verter often claim tobe par f an ancient tradition of thoughtthatinchades suhhsrious iguresasThacpides (460-40680), Nico Msi (149-1527) Thoms Hobbes (1586-167), snd Jean-Jacques Rowsea (171 78). The insights that these east ofered onthe way in ‘which tat ede sho cond themsshesin the elm international pobtcsare cts grouped under the oe tre of aon dat orreaeon feat, Together, ies sociated with ron alta ae sen as providing set of raximsto eders mht cent thee foreign airs soastoensuethe sect ofthe ste, “According tothe hisorlan Fledich Menecks, ron tats the Fundamental peinciple of international eon dct, the States First Lv of Maton elsthe statesman ‘what he mast do to preaerve the health and strength of ‘he Sat’ (19571), Most impostany the state, which i ‘enti as the key aco in ineratonl pits, must ursepower adits the ty f the stateseron tn a: ‘uatrationally themes approavate steps that shouldbe taken so ato perpetute thee ofthe sae in a hostile and threatening environment. For relies of stipes, the survival ofthe satecan nev: be guaranteed, beease ‘he aseofforee calmiatingin wari elma str sent of tater. As wl, the asurption tha the states the principal ator, coupled with the view that the ‘vitontent hich stats inabtiss prions place helps to define the sential oe of Realism. Ter however, fone lve in partclar that theorists associated with talon tat and clascl relim more generally were con ene with thats, ther, any that moral snd ethics occupy international plies Reals are septic ofthe des that universal mor Principles exist and, there, warn state leaders agalast sscificing their own sinters in order to adhere to someindeterminate notion o hia conduct Moreover, realists argue thatthe need fe survival quite state leaders to distance therlves “om ronal moray ‘which attaches a postive vale to caution, pity, and he _retergnodofhamankind asa whole Machnvli argued that these principles were pose arf adhered to by state Headers. twas imperative that state leaders eared diferent kind afmoraity which accorded not to ‘rational Christan vires but to poll necessity and prudence Poponentsofason dtatotenspeakof al ‘ort stndsr one moral sands for nual ct enslivinginsdethe tate and a diet standard fo the state initventemal ration wit ther states, ustication forthe to moral standards stems rm the fact ha the condition of international polis fen make t necessary forstateeders to act in 3 manner (or example chest. ing. ying lig) that would be ety unacceptable for the indus. But before we reach the conclson tht Realismscompletlyimmora its portant toad that proponents of son da argue thet the tate self rep ‘etens amoral fre, fr ts the existence of he sae tat eats the posit fr an ethical ola community to exist comestialy Preserving the feof the state and the etic community temvelops becomes mora sty ‘ofthe sterpeion. This itis not the cate tha eal ae nether they find that sommes it iskind tobe rut (Dsch 2003. Althngh the advanced studen: might be able to detect sre sub deren, i rt sy tha there tea sgncane degree of continuhy between classic relia and modern variants Idee, the three core ee rent tht we dently wth Reals stati, srl, nd selfelp—are present inthe werk ofa asia es Ist such a6 Thucydides and structural reais such ae Keaneth Walt, Realm identifies the group asthe fundamental unit of poli analysis, When Thueyides and Machiavelli ‘were wring the base nit ws the ol city-state, ba since the Peace of Westphalia (1648) relists consider the sovereign te asthe principleactrin ntrnaionsl poli ‘cs, hist often eferted to asthe sate-cetre asamp, ‘hn of Realm, Stats ithe term gen tothe Me ofthe state asthe lepimate representative of the collective wll ofthe people The lpitinacy ofthe tae i what enables sto exes authority within its domestic border. Yet coutlde the Boundaries of the state, este argue that condition of anarchy exists. By anarchy what is most ‘fen meant that international plies takes place nan ren tha has no overarching cera authority above he ‘ndvidual collection of sovereign tales, Tus eathe than necessrty denoting complete chuosand lawesnets, the concep of anarchy is used by ells to emphasize the point tht the international em isting by the lack of ental authority Fallovig frm thi, els draw a sharp ditnction ‘between domestic and international pls, Thus while ans} Morgenthayarguesth"Iners-onl polis ke llpoltcs, sa struggle for powe egos togestlengts twillostae the qualtatively dierent rst this struggle feo iterations pole as compared to domestic. plies (1948) 1955:25) A wominen’ explanation hat ral provide for this diftence in behaviour eats to the diferent organizational structare of domestic and ‘nte-nalional pois, Reals argue thatthe se struc ‘ureof international polis tone ofararchy i that ach the independent soveregr states consider themselves twbs their on highest authority and co not rene Ingherpower show thers. Cowersely domestic pliisis oes described at aerrchlealstroctrein which fe ‘atpoticl actors stand invaroustsaons of sper and sbordinaion Ie largely om the basi of ow reais depict the iete-atonal environment tt they conclude that the fist privity for state leaders isto ens the survival of ‘heise Under anarchy the sural ofthe tat an ‘ot be gutranteed, Resists correct asume tha all ses with to perpetuate thee existence. Looking back aston however reals te thal the ations of ome Ste resulted in other tate losing tee existence (For ample, Poland has experienced this te Fur times ‘the ast thee centuries). This partly explained in ight the power diferent of ats ntti sats with ror power and abstr chance of smivingthan sates ‘leas power. ower crt there econ ad ‘adtionaly hasbeen defined nar in itary st ‘ep terms. Yet respective of how much power a sate ray poses, the core matin interes of al ates mist besurval. Like the pursuit power, the promotion of ‘he atonal interest, acon to eis, an eo aw Sehelp isthe principle faction fn an anarchic stem where there ino gla gnerament. According, te Ream, cach state actors responsible fr ensuring, sis ewn well-being and surval.Realiats donot believe ‘tis prudent fora state tetas its eles sara ‘on nother acto international insttion, sch athe Unie Nations, States, in sort, shouldnt depend on oer state or inattutions ensue lr ova secu UnKein domesicpolites thresnoemergency number {Yat states andl when theyre mortal dang ‘ou may a this point easking what options are aa: te to sites to enaute the own secur. Content the principe of sel, fa state fs thveateed,A should sek to augment its en power capbites by engaging, or expe, in 2 lary ems bald-up Yet ‘his may prove tbe insist or numberof smaller stotes who fel threatened by a such larger state, Thi brings sto ome of the crcl mechanisms that reais ‘roughout the ages ave corded to be eset to reserving the liberty of tats—the balance of power Although various meanings ave been atibuted tothe concep ofthe balance of ows, the most cammon de non hold thar the survrolo tate or amber of ‘weaker states threatened bys hegemonic state or col tion ofstronger sates they shuld join forces, xtablish 2 feel lance and sek to poser their oe indepen dence by checking the power ofthe opposing side. The ‘mechanism ofthe halance of power see to ensure an quliiam of power in which case no one tat or col tion of tates ein spoon fo dominate ll the others “The cold war competition between the Bast and West, lnsinionaid through he frmalallancesystem ofthe ‘Warsaw Pact and the North dant Testy Organization (NATO), provide «prominent example ofthe balance of power aechanis inaction. “The peaceful concison ofthe old war caught many realists of guard. Given that many seals cima scien tic bass to their causal account ofthe worl ts not spring tat thr inablity foresee the Ayame tat led to the end ofthe bipolar ald war system sparked the publication of sreat power etques of reais the Box 5.1 Realism and intestate war See th wt hl a sae a rel ais 9 rit wy ent te pe ones ond tac tson anata pekme ebe Sahat ‘ed ni ete petro te sme acre we re oP perce ty ancrgsnes nos sre ea Bay ne en (8) Updo ona tv cry ern ry, Crs also mantined that realism was unable to provides porsasve aunt o* new developments such ‘6 regional integration humanitarian intervention the emergence of security commit in Western Sarope, tnd the growing incidence of intrastate war wracking ‘he global South, In addition, proponent of globalize tion argued that Reals privge actor, the ate, was Jn decline itive to non-rtate actors sch 35 tans tional corporations and pref reponalsstitions. Celts also contend tht Realm is unable to explain ‘he increasing ineideneof nesta wars plaguing the obal South, As Box 5 dscases, Reals lim that thei theory does indeed expan the incidence ofits sate conflicts. The cumulasve weight ofthese cniims led many to question te anata and moral adequacy fret thought Byway ofaresponsetothe crisis worhremiading thet that he death-el of Realism asbeen sounded a number of ines lea by the scientic approach inthe 1960 and transatonlls inthe 1970s, only to see the esurgence of robust form of ractral als i the 1980 (sommonly tered meets). In thi respect Realism shares with Conservatism (ts ideological goa father) the recognition that 8 theory withoa the mean to change without the mere of ts ve preservation ‘The question of Relist ellence touches upon one of its central clams nately that eth embodiment of Jaws ofinerntional pole tht remain re acoss time {Se tomcat nonpmmn ss badywa ere (Gistor) and space (geopolitics). Thus while poicl onlin have change ince then ofthe cold war rei believe thatthe world atinacs to operate according to the logic of Rein, "The question whether Realim does embody ile truths cboutpoties wil be retraed tn the comet ‘som ofthe chapter Inthe fllowingsection we wil begin tw unzael Realism in order to rv the way a which ‘the tradtion has evolved over the lst twenty-five cen ‘ures, after considering the main tributaries that flow fnto thereat steam of thinking, the thd section ill cstabl core et of reali principis to which al real tes cou subscribe. ‘Chaper§ Realism ey Points + nah bew he doi ny ol pis Dusit sade Rn Pa 3 muh re ty "he woof pln hse nh Ti, Tear hn ste hl a ining tet ee yo rsa ntnrn py me te tp cs feo amen Thelotecua exercise ofatclatinga uf theory of Realsmhas ben critica by writes who ar both sym Pathetic and critical ofthe tradition (M. Smith 1986 Dole 197). Thebli hat there en one Relies, ht many, leds logy to delineation of diferent types of Realism. A numberof thematic clsifiations have ben feet diferente Realism int a variety of distinet categokes. The mos simple ditncion ia form of per ‘diation that diferentes aim nt thre historical periods: classical realism (up othe twentieth centr) whihisequenlydepctodasboginsng with Thucydides ‘extonthe Peloponnesian WarhetwernAthensandSparta and incrpoatng the Ideas of many of hos nclided in the clase canon of Western paltal though: modern realism 1939-79), which typically takes the so-called Fist Gat Debate between the schlars of the intrar Period and anew wave of scholars who began to eterthe Fld imneditly before and fer the Second Word Wir 2 ts pot of departure: and stricual of no-elin) (0979 omvard), which oficial entered the picture fl Towing the publication of Kennet Waltz’ landmark text Theory of frterational Polis (1879). While these Aierent periods soges «neat tral sequence, they areproblomaticin sofaras they ose down the nportant ‘question about divergence within eich historical phase. Rather thn ot forthe nea but intelectual unsaisfc tory sytem of historia pero, we olin below ‘ur own epesetation felis tht makes important Connections with exiting cteores deployed by ote thirkersinthefil A summary ofthe varie of Realism catned hows contained in Tale. Classical Realism the classical realist lineage begins wth Thucydides epeesenaton a power politesasalnofhaman bbe un The drive for power andhe ello dominatearcheld tobe fandamental aspects of human rature. The bev four ofthe ste a asl ekg goss understood 0 bee arefection ofthe harcterstcs ofthe people that comprise the state. Tes suman astare that expan why iterations polite i necessary power lit, ‘Tisredation of Realism to condition furan nature Isone that Fequent reappears inthe leading works of the east canon, mot famowsy i the work ofthe high rest ofpost wa Reals, Hans Morgen, Casal realists argue thats fom the naturs ofan that the ‘sential fenturesofintermaticnal pls uch as compe tho, far and wa can beesplined. Morgenthas notes ts, like socety In genes governed hy objective lawsthat have their roots inhuman ature’ (Morgen [1948] 1955; 4). The important point for Morgentha 1: fis, recognize that these ls stad, second, te devise the most appropiate policies that are consist nt wth the Basie fict that human teings are Mac