1

M U

1. V tr ca hc phn 2. nh gi thc trng 3. Nhng vn cn gii quyt

2 Chng I

NHNG QUY NH CHUNG

1.1. K THUT AN TON H THNG LNH TRONG CC LNH VC Thit k; Ch to; Vt liu; Th bn; Th kn; Thit b an ton; Vn chuyn; Lp t; Vn hnh; Bo dng, sa cha; o to hun luyn; Phng chy, n; Cp cu nn nhn. 1.2. BIN PHP T CHC Bt buc i vi tt c cc c s 2. iu kin lm vic trong phng my lnh phi qua o to 3. Hiu bit v an ton my lnh bt k cp bc k thut no. 4. nh k kim tra nhn thc v an ton 5. Ngi vn hnh my lnh phi bit: - Kin thc h thng lnh -Tnh cht mi cht lnh - Cc thao tc k thut trong vn hnh - Lp nht k vn hnh. 6. Hn ch n vn hnh my lnh, cm ph n c thai vn hnh my lnh. 7. Cc thit b p lc phi ng kim trc khi lp t. 8. Ngi chuyn trch an ton. 9. Nhng nim yt trong phng my. 10. Khi th nghim phi c cc ti liu sau: Bn thit k Bin bn cng trnh xy dng Bin bn th nghim tng thit b l. L lch thit b 11. nh k kim nh thit b 12. Cm ngi khng phn s vo phng my 13. Khi c s c, tai nn phi lp bin bn v khc phc ns c, tai nn. 14. Gi nguyn hin trng tai nn, nu khng nh hng n cng vic. 1.3. PHN LOI, PHN CP AN TON CNG TRNH H THNG LNH 1.3.1. Phn loi cc phng lnh Phn loi phng lnh theo quy nh ca ISO 5149:1993 ( TCVN 6104:1996) Loi A: Khu bit lp/ con ngi c th hot ng hn ch; VD: Bnh vin, nh t. Loi B: Ta nh cng cng/ con ngi c th t hp t do; VD: Nhf ht, v trng Loi C: Ni c tr/ m bo tin nghi sinh hot cho con ngi; VD: Khch sn, cn h ring Loi D: Thng mi / con ngi t hp ng; VD: C s kinh doanh, nh hng Loi E: Khu bit lp/ con ngi c th hot ng hn ch; VD xng sn xut thcn phm, ung, nc , kem S phn loi nh trn p dng nhit dng trong iu ha khng kh, cha c lnh cng nghip, mt lnh vc a dng 1.3.2. Phn loi mi cht lnh theo ISO 5149 -1993 ( TCVN 6104-1996 ) Theo c tnh chy n phn thnh 3 loi: Nhm1: Cc loi gas c c tnh: Khng chy, khng gy n, khng c hi ng k vi ngi

3 Nhm 2: Bt chy gii hn ln hn 3,5% theo th tch, khng c hi Nhm 3: Bt chy gii hn di 3,5% theo th tch. Nhm ny khng quy nh v c hi 1.3.3. Theo tiu chun ca M chia thnh 6 nhm: - Nhm 1 khng chy - Nhm 2 gii hn chya n trn 3,5% - Nhm 3 gii hn chya n di 3,5% - Nhm A Khng c hi - Nhm B c hi v n mn - Kt hp thnh 6 nhm: A1, B1; A2, B2; A3,B3 1. Gas lnh thuc nhm 1 Bng 1.1. Lng mi cht ti a cho php theo th tch phng ca gas lnh nhm 1 ( kg/m3 ) K hiu Tn gi Cng thc Lng np ti a ha hc cho php theo th tch phng Kg/m3 R22 Clodiflometan CHClF2 0,3 R23 Triflometan CHF3 0,3 R113 Triclotrifloetan CCl2FCClF2 0,4 R114 Diclotetrafloetan CClF2CClF2 0,7 R115 Clopentafloetan CClF2CF3 0,4 R500 73,8%R12+26,2%R152a CCl2F2/ CH3CHF2 0,4 Theo phn loi nhm 1 cn mt s mi cht lnh b cm s dn t lu, do vy chng ti khng a vo gii thiu nh: R11; R12, R13,R502. Nh vy nhm mt ch yu mi cht lnh b cm v mi cht qu . Trong trng hp lng gas np qu mc quy nh nh trn, cn c gai php p ng yu cu nh sau: 1. Phi c qut thng gi. Khi c mt gas trong phng, u cm t ng bt qut thng gi, lm gim gas trong phng. 2. Thay loi c kho an ton t ng. T ng kha my v ng gas khi c tn hiu bt thng v ga trong h thng. Khi ny khng cn qut thng gi iu khin bng u cm ga, v ga c kha. 3. S dng cc s lm lnh gin tip tahy cho h thnga lm lnh trc tip. H thng lm lnh trc tip b hn ch bi lng ga cho php np vo h thng nh bng 1.1. Lng ga ny gy nght th do thiu oxy. 2. Gas lnh thuc nhm 2 c hi, c kh nng chy n, nhng gii hn trn 3,5% nng th tch Thuc nhm ny c: R717 (NH3); R30(CH2CL2), R40( CH3CL) Nhm ny ch NH3 l ph bin. 3. Gas lnh thuc nhm 3 D gy chy n hn vi gii hn chy di 3,5% nng th tch, mc c thp hn nhm 2. Tiu biu nhm ny : Etan, propan, Butan, izobutan, etylen, propylen. 1.4. PHN NHM H THNG LNH Theo nng sut lnh tiu chun chia thnh 3 nhm nh sau:

4 Nhm A : Trn 100.000 Kcal/h Nhm B : Trn 15.000 -100.000 Kcal/h Nhm C : T 15.000 Kcal/h tr xung

5 Chng II

NHNG KHI NIM CHUNG V KHOA HC K THUT BO H LAO NG

1 Tm quan trng ca an ton lao ng i vi cng nhn - c bo v khi s nguy him. - Lm ngi lao ng rt hi lng v nng cao nhit tnh lm vic. - Cng nhn trnh phi tr tin thuc men do tai nn gy ra. 2 Tm quan trng ca an ton lao ng i vi cng ng - Gim ng k nhu cu v dch v cho nhng tnh trng khn cp: - Gim nhng chi ph c nh - Gim nhng thit hi khc - To ra li nhun cho x hi. 2.1 NHNG NHN THC V AN TON LAO NG Ai l ngi u tin chu trch nhim v an ton lao ng trong phn xng? Ngi s dng lao ng, ngi lao ng ?. l tt c mi ngi. 2.2 TM QUAN TRNG CA AN TON LAO NG 2.2.1 Tm quan trng ca an ton lao ng (ATL) i vi cc doanh nghip - em li nng sut cao. - Trnh chi ph cho vic sa cha thit b h hng do tai nn. - Trnh chi ph v y t do tai nn gy ra cho ngi lao ng. - Trnh c nhng thit hi v kinh t khc khc do tai nn gy ra. - i vi nhng l do lut php qui nh. - Chi ph cho bo him t hn. - To uy tn.
2.3. MC CH, NGHA , TNH CHT CA CNG TCBO H LAO NG

2.3.1 Mc ch ngha ca cng tc bo h lao ng - Mc tiu ca cng tc bo h lao ng l thng qua cc bin php v khoa hc k thut, t chc, kinh t, x hi loi tr cc yu t nguy him v c hi pht sinh trong sn xut, to nn mt iu kin lao ng thun li v ngy cng c ci thin tt hn, ngn nga tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip, hn ch m au, gim st sc khe cng nh nhng thit hi khc i vi ngi lao ng, nhm m bo an ton, bo v sc khe v tnh mng ngi lao ng, trc tip gp phn bo v v pht trin lc lng sn xut, tng nng sut lao ng. - Bo h lao ng trc ht l mt phm tr sn xut, nhm bo v yu t nng ng nht ca lc lng sn xut l ngi lao ng. Mt khc vic chm lo sc khe cho ngi lao ng, mang li hnh phc cho bn thn v gia nh h cn c ngha nhn o. Tnh cht khoa hc k thut: mi hat ng ca n u xut pht t nhng c s khoa hc v cc bin php khoa hc k thut. Tnh cht php l: Th hin trong lut lao ng, qui nh r trch nhim v quyn li ca ngi lao ng.

6 Tnh cht qun chng: ngi lao ng l mt s ng trong x hi, ngoi nhng bin php khoa hc k thut, cn c bin php hnh chnh. Vic gic ng nhn thc cho ngi lao ng hiu r v thc hin tt cng tc bo h lao ng l cn thit. 2.4. MT S KHI NIM C BN 1. iu kin lao ng: - iu kin lao ng l tng th cc yu t v kinh t, x hi, t chc, k thut, t nhin th hin qua qui trnh cng ngh, cng c lao ng, i tng lao ng, mi trng lao ng, con ngi lao ng v s tc ng qua li gia chng to iu kin cn thit cho hot ng ca con ngi trong qu trnh sn xut. - nh gi, phn tch iu kin lao ng phi tin hnh nh gi, phn tch ng thi trong mi quan h tc ng qua li ca tt c cc yu t trn. 2. Cc yu t nguy him v c hi Cc yu t vt l nh nhit , m, ting n, rung ng, cc bc x c ht, bi. Cc yu t ha hc nh cc cht c, cc loi hi, kh, bi c, cc cht phng x. Cc yu t sinh vt, vi sinh vt nh cc loi vi khun, siu vi khun, k sinh trng, cn trng, rn. Cc yu t bt li v t th lao ng, khng tin nghi do khng gian ch lm vic, nh xng cht hp, mt v sinh. Cc yu t v tm l khng thun li... u l nhng yu t nguy him 3 Tai nn lao ng Tai nn lao ng l tai nn gy ra tn thng cho bt k b phn, chc nng no ca c th ngi lao ng hoc gy t vong, xy ra trong qu trnh lao ng, gn lin vi vic thc hin cng vic hoc nhim v lao ng. Nhim c t ngt cng l tai nn lao ng. 4 Benh nghe nghiep Bnh pht sinh do tc ng ca iu kin lao ng c hi i vi ngi lao ng c gi l bnh ngh nghip. 2.5. KHOA HOC VE CAC PHNG TIEN BAO VE NGI LAO ONG Nganh khoa hoc nay co nhiem vu nghien cu, thiet ke, che tao nhng phng tien bao ve tap the hay ca nhan ngi lao ong e s dung trong san xuat nham chong lai nhng anh hng cua cac yeu to nguy hiem va co hai, khi cac bien phap ve mat k thuat ve sinh va k thuat an toan khong the loai tr c chung. e co c nhng phng tien bao ve hieu qua, co chat lng va tham m cao, ngi ta a s dung thanh tu

7 cua nhieu nganh khoa hoc t khoa hoc t nhien nh vat l, hoa hoc, khoa hoc ve vat lieu, m thuat cong nghiep... en cac nganh sinh l hoc, nhan chung hoc... Ngay nay cac phng tien bao ve ca nhan nh mat na phong oc, knh mau chong bac xa, quan ao chong nong, quan ao khang ap, cac loai bao tay, giay, ung cach ien... la nhng phng tien thiet yeu trong qua trnh lao ong. 2.5.1. Ecgonomi vi an toan sc khoe cua ngi lao ong a) nh ngha: Ecgonomi (Egonomics) t tieng hy lap ergon- lao ong va nomos- quy luat. Ecgonomi nghien cu va ng dung nhng qui luat chi phoi gia con ngi va lao ong. Tieu chuan Nha nc Viet Nam nh ngha: Ecgonomi la mot mon khoa hoc lien nganh nghien cu tong hp s thch ng gia cac phng tien k thuat va moi trng lao ong vi kha nang cua con ngi ve giai phau, sinh l, tam l nham am bao cho lao ong co hieu qua nhat, ong thi bao ve sc khoe, an toan cho con ngi. b) S tac ong gia Ngi May Moi trng Tai cho lam viec, ecgonomi coi ca hai yeu to bao ve sc khoe cho ngi lao ong va nang suat lao ong quan trong nh nhau. Ecgonomi tap trung vao s thch ng cua may moc, cong cu vi ngi ieu khien nh vao viec thiet ke. Tap trung vao s thch nghi gia ngi lao ong vi may moc nh s tuyen chon, huan luyen. Tap trung vao viec toi u hoa moi trng xung quanh thch hp vi con ngi va s thch nghi cua con ngi vi ieu kien moi trng, Muc tieu chnh cua Ecgonomi trong quan he Ngi May va Ngi Moi trng la toi u hoa cac tac ong tng ho: Tac ong tng ho gia ngi ieu khien va trang b. Gia ngi ieu khien va cho lam viec. Gia ngi ieu khien va moi trng lam viec. Kha nang sinh hoc cua con ngi thng ch ieu chnh c trong mot pham vi gii han nao o, v vay thiet b thch hp cho mot nghe th trc tien phai thch hp vi ngi s dung no, va v vay khi thiet ke cac trang thiet b ngi ta phai chu y en tnh nang s dung phu hp vi ngi ieu khien no. Moi trng tai cho lam viec chu anh hng cua nhieu yeu to khac nhau, nhng phai chu y en yeu cau bao am s thuan tien cho ngi lao ong khi lam viec.

8 Cac yeu to ve anh sang, tieng on, rung ong, o thong thoang... tac ong en hieu qua cong viec. Cac yeu to ve tam sinh l, xa hoi, thi gian va to chc lao ong, anh hng trc tiep en tinh than cua ngi lao ong. c) Nhan trac hoc Ecgonomi vi cho lam viec - Nhan trac hoc Ecgonomi vi muc ch la nghien cu ngng tng quan gia ngi lao ong va cac phng tien lao ong vi yeu cau am bao s thuan tien nhat cho ngi lao ong khi lam viec e co the at c nang suat lao ong cao nhat va am bao tot nhat cho sc khoe ngi lao ong. 2.5.2. Nhng nguyen tac Ecgonomi trong thiet ke he thong lao ong - Cho lam viec la n v nguyen ven nho nhat cua he thong lao ong, trong o co ngi ieu khien, cac phng tien k thuat (c cau ieu khien, thiet b thong tin, trang b phu tr) va oi tng lao ong. - Cac ac tnh thiet ke cac phng tien k thuat hoat ong can phai tng ng vi kha nang con ngi, da tren nguyen tac: - C s nhan trac hoc, c sinh, tam sinh l va nhng ac tnh khac cua ngi lao ong. + C s ve ve sinh lao ong. + C s ve an toan lao ong. + Cac yeu cau tham m, k thuat. Thiet ke khong gian lam viec va phng tien lao ong. + Thch ng vi kch thc ngi ieu khien. + Phu hp vi t the cua c the con ngi, lc c bap va chuyen ong. + Co cac tn hieu, c cau ieu khien, thong tin phan hoi. Thiet ke moi trng lao ong. Moi trng lao ong can phai c thiet ke va bao am tranh c tac ong co hai cua cac yeu to vat l, hoa hoc, sinh hoc va at ieu kien toi u cho hoat ong chc nang cua con ngi. Thiet ke qua trnh lao ong Thiet ke qua trnh lao ong nham bao ve sc khoe va an toan cho ngi lao ong, tao cho ho cam giac de chu, thoai mai, va de dang thc hien muc tieu lao ong Can phai loai tr s qua tai, gay nen bi tnh chat cua cong viec vt qua gii han tren hoac di cua chc nang hoat ong tam sinh l cua ngi lao ong.

9 d) anh gia va chng nhan chat lng ve an toan lao ong va Ecgonomi oi vi may, thiet b san xuat, cho lam viec va qua trnh cong nghe Theo to chc lao ong quoc te (ILO): Tai nan lao ong lien quan en van hanh may moc chiem 10% tong con so thong ke. Co ti 39% tai nan lao ong do may moc gay nen, lam mat mot phan, mat hoan toan kha nang lao ong hoac gay chet ngi. Pham vi anh gia ve Ecgonomi va an toan lao ong oi vi may, thiet b bao gom: + An toan van hanh: o ben cua cac chi tiet quyet nh o an toan, o tin cay, s bao am tranh c s co, cac chan thng c hoc, tranh ien giat, chong chay no, cung nh an toan khi van chuyen, lap rap va bao dng. + T the va khong gian lam viec. + Cac ieu kien nhn ro ban ngay va ban em. + Chu ng ve the lc: chu ng ong va tnh oi vi tay, chan va cac bo phan khac cua c the. + am bao an toan oi vi cac yeu to co hai phat sinh bi may moc, thiet b cong nghe, cung nh moi trng xung quanh: bui, kh, sieu am, hi nc, trng ien t, vi kh hau, tieng on rung ong, cac tia bc xa... + Nhng yeu cau ve tham m, bo cuc khong gian, s o ch bao, tao dang, mau sac. + Nhng yeu cau ve an toan va ve sinh lao ong moi quoc gia thng c thanh lap he thong chng nhan va cap dau chat lng ve an toan va Ecgonomi oi vi thiet b, may moc.

10 Chng III

VE SINH LAO ONG

3.1. NHNG VAN E CHUNG VE VE SINH LAO ONG

Ve sinh lao ong co mot y ngha rat ln trong cong tac bao ho lao ong nham duy tr sc khoe cho cong nhan va tang nang suat lao ong. Ve sinh lao ong khong ch n thuan la van e sach se ni lam viec, may moc, thiet b,...(lam trong lanh bau khong kh) ma no con co y ngha bao quat hn, o la: Khoa hoc nghien cu anh hng cua cac ieu kien san xuat oi vi c the va sc khoe cua con ngi, e ra cac bien phap ve sinh, phong nga nham am bao ieu kien lao ong tot cho cong nhan. 3.1.1. Tac hai cua benh nghe nghiep: Tuy theo ieu kien san xuat ma tac hai cua benh nghe nghiep cac dang khac nhau: - Lam viec trong eu kien thieu anh sang co the dan en thao tac nham lan gay chan thng. Mat khac, lam viec trong ieu kien lau dai nh vay, mat phai ieu tiet nhieu ton thng th giac. Lam viec trong ieu kien khong u anh sang de tao ra phe pham, nang suat thap, de xay ra tai nan lao ong. - Lam viec trong ieu kien t the bat li keo dai: ng hay ngoi lien tuc eu co hai. T the ng lien tuc: bat li cho s tuan hoan tnh mach, mau b chan, lam cho tnh mach dan dai ra, co hnh uon khuc va noi xanh lam viec chong met moi. T the lam viec ngoi: hp ly hn ng nhng neu ngoi trong t the go bo th se chong met. Ngoi xom lien tuc bung se b ep dan en loi dom. - Lam viec trong ieu kien ve sinh kem, nhieu bui dan en tac hai: O nhiem phoi giam kha nang ho hap. Ton thng th giac. Chong met moi, nang suat thap. Bui bam vao da nga ngay kho chu, sinh benh ngoai da. - Lam viec trong ieu kien co tieng ong manh: tac hai en mang nh, de sinh benh ngheng ngang, nang tai. - Lam viec trong ieu kien moi trng b nhiem hoa chat, nh cac chat oc: hi ch, thuy ngan, Mangan, CO, SO2, Cl2,... xang dau s xam nhap vi lng nho nhng lien tuc lam huy hoai c the, sc lao ong giam sut. - Lam viec trong ieu kien moi trng kh tng khong bnh thng co hai en sc khoe va nang suat lao ong.

11 3.1.2. Cac bien phap e phong tac hai cua benh nghe nghiep: 3.1.2.1 Bien phap ky thuat cong nghe Cai tien ky thuat c gii hoa, t ong hoa, giai phong cong nhan khoi cac cong viec nang nhoc, han che tac hai cua benh nghe nghiep. Xay dng qui trnh san xuat hp ly, t the lam viec phu hp. Dung chat t oc thay the cho chat co oc tnh cao trong san xuat. Cai thien ieu kien lao ong cho cong nhan tang nang suat lao ong. 3.1.2.2 Bien phap ky thuat ve sinh Thong gio, chong on. Chieu sang, chong nong. Han che bui, hi oc. 3.1.2.3 Bien phap phong ho ca nhan ay la mot bien phap ho tr nhng trong nhieu trng hp, khi cac bien phap cai tien ky thuat cong nghe, bien phap ky thuat ve sinh cha thc hien c th bien phap nay ong vai tro chu yeu trong viec am bao an toan cho cong nhan trong san xuat va phong benh nghe nghiep. Da theo tnh chat oc hai trong san xuat, moi cong nhan se c trang b mot dung cu phong ho thch hp. 3.2. BIEN PHAP TO CHC LAO ONG KHOA HOC Bo tr san xuat, phan cong hp ly. ieu hoa trong lao ong. Bao am thi gian ngh ngi thch ang cho cong nhan. Bao am cho ngi cong nhan co nhng ieu kien phu hp vi tnh chat lao ong. Bao am cho ngi cong nhan hng thu trong cong viec. 3.2.1. Bien phap y te bao ve sc khoe Kham tuyen va kham nh ky sc khoe cong nhan. Hng dan cong nhan tap luyen e gi gn, hoi phuc sc khoe, duy tr kha nang lao ong. Thng xuyen kiem tra ve sinh an toan lao ong. Bao am khau phan an cho cong nhan u nang lng tieu ph cho lao ong. 3.2.2. Cac bien oi sinh ly cua c the trong lao ong Co nhieu hnh thai lao ong khac nhau, nhieu nghe nghiep khac nhau. Tnh chat lao ong eu bao ham ba mat: Lao ong the lc Lao ong nao lc Lao ong cang thang ve than kinh, tam ly

12 e anh gia mc o nang nhoc cua lao ong the lc ngi ta dung ch so tieu hao nang lng. Tieu hao nang lng trong lao ong cang cao, cng o lao ong cang nang. Khi lao ong nang, c the can nhieu o xy nen he thong ho hap, tuan hoan hoat ong manh. -Nhp th bnh thng 16-18 lan/phut tang 30-40 lan/phut. - Lng khong kh phoi bnh thng t 6-8 lt/phut tang len 60 lt/phut, hoac hn. - Nhp tim t 60-70 lan/phut tang len 90-150 lan/phut. Dung lng tim t 3-5 lt/phut tang len 20-30 lt/phut. Than nhiet tang. e can bang nhiet, c the tiet mo hoi ha thap nhiet o.
3.3. NHNG BIEN PHAP TANG NANG SUAT LAO ONG, TRANH MET MOI

3.3.1. To chc ni lam viec sach se khoa hoc Dung cu lao ong va nguyen lieu c sap xep chuan b ngan nap, hp ly tranh phai tm kiem. Dung cu lao ong phai ay u, thch hp vi cong viec va sap xep hp ly trc va sau khi s dung. 3.3.2. Thi gian lam viec va ngh ngi phai thch hp Mot so ngi ngh rang c keo dai ngay lao ong th san xuat se tang. Thc ra khong nhat thiet nh vay... Cac cong trnh nghien cu ve nhng bien ong cua nang suat lao ong, cua kha nang lao ong, cua cac trng hp va ve cac nguyen nhan cua chung cung xac nhan rang: Muon nang cao nang suat, ieu chu yeu la phai da vao viec hp ly hoa ch khong nen da vao viec keo dai ngay lao ong. Nen chon thi iem ngh thch hp e co the mau chong hoi phuc kha nang lao ong tao nang suat cao, han che tai nan lao ong co the xay ra. Xac nh thi iem ngh thch hp nh the nao? Ta co the xac nh bang cach: Khi nhp tim tang len tren 50-60% so vi nhp tim luc bnh thng bao hieu dau hieu met moi. nen ngh. Thi gian ngh giai lao bao lau? Lao ong nhe, thi gian ngh giai lao 15% thi gian lao ong. Lao ong nang, thi gian ngh giai lao 20 30% thi gian lao ong. Viet Nam cung co nhieu cong trnh nghien cu cho thay lao ong ap e (nang): c mot gi lam viec ngh 15 phut th thay de chu hn la lam lien hai gi ngh 30 phut. Ngh giai lao nh the nao? Co hai cach ngh: - Ngh hoan toan.

13 - Ngh cong viec nay nhng lam cong viec khac (thay oi cong viec). T lao ong tr oc chuyen lao ong chan tay va ngc lai. ay la cach ngh ngi tch cc va khoa hoc. 3.3.4. Che o an uong thch hp Con ngi sinh ton, phat trien nh s can bang nang lng. Neu lam viec nhieu ma an uong kem met moi, suy nhc benh tat sc khoe giam. Muon khoe manh, duy tr kha nang lao ong phai co che o an uong thch hp, u chat, u nang lng. Cac cong trnh nghien cu cho thay: Khau phan an hang ngay theo t le: 1-1-4 (am1, m 1, ng 4). e duy tr sc khoe phai lu y am bao 12% am, 12% m, 76 % ng. Ngoai ra cac sinh to B1, B2, C,... va chat khoang Ca, P rat can thiet (co nhieu trong rau qua). An ba ba phan ra nh sau: Sang: 25% nang lng; Tra: 40 % nang lng; Chieu : 35 % nang lng. Noi chung, an c chia lam nhieu ba nhng ieu o la tot. oi vi lao ong chan tay th cac chat ng bot ac biet quan trong. Khi lao ong tr oc cang thang, ta cung nen a vao c the mot vai chat che tao ra ng, luc ay se thay khoan khoai va tiep tuc lam viec c. 3.3.4. au tranh chong s met moi qua sm Cac bieu hien cua s met moi la: Nhp tin, nhp th tang; Phan ng oi vi cong viec giam;Th trng thu hep; Kha nang nn th giam. Neu to chc ngh ngi hp ly th sc khoe cong nhan tr lai duy tr kha nang lao ong. Nhng oi khi, s met moi xuat hien qua sm sau mot thi gian lao ong ngan, hoac trc khi lao ong. Ngi can bo quan ly can tm hieu ky nhng nhan to nao gay s met moi e tm cach khac phuc chung. Co ba yeu to lien quan en s met moi: S co gang cua he than kinh. S tieu dung het cac chat d tr sinh nang lng trong bap tht (yeu to am tnh). S tch luy cac chat oc trong c do s ngh ngi khong ay u sinh ra. Ngoai ra, yeu to moi trng cung gay s met moi. ac biet, co dang met moi tam ly. Mot so nguyen nhan met moi tam ly:

14 Suy nhc, chan nan, thieu ngh lc oi vi ban than va vi cac vat xung quanh. Nhng bat bnh do s mat mat, ke ca nhng bat bnh ve mat to chc va lng bong, co the la nguyen nhan gay ra met moi. Nhng cong viec buon chan, n ieu. Nh vay, cac nguyen nhan gay met moi, ac biet la met moi qua sm co the co nhieu. Nhiem vu cua ngi quan ly lao ong la phai biet nghien cu e xac nh kp thi cac nguyen nhan o. Cac bien phap chung e au tranh chong s met moi qua sm co the tom tat nh sau: - Cai thien cac ieu kien vat chat va tinh than cua ngi lao ong lam cho ngi lao ong tr thanh phong phu va hap dan oi vi con ngi. - Giao duc nhng ngi lao ong e co thai o bien chng tch cc oi vi i song, tren c s o e phong nhng bieu hien met moi tam ly co the phat sinh va co anh hng tieu cc oi vi nang suat lao ong.
3.4. IEU KIEN VI KH HAU TRONG SAN XUAT

nh ngha: -Vi kh hau la nhng trang thai ly hoc cua khong kh trong khoang khong gian thu hep gom cac yeu to: Nhiet o, o am, bc xa nhiet va toc o chuyen ong khong kh. -ieu kien vi kh hau trong san xuat phu thuoc vao tnh chat cua qua trnh cong nghe va kh hau a phng. Ngi ta chia lam ba loai vi kh hau: Vi kh hau tng oi on nh: nhiet o toa ra khoang 20 Kcal/m3 khong kh mot gi. Vi kh hau nong: toa nhiet nhieu hn 20 kcal/m3 khong kh mot gi Vi kh hau lanh: nhiet toa ra di 20 kcal/m3 khong kh mot gi 3.4.1. ieu kien kh hau: Nhiet o o am Bc xa nhiet Van toc chuyen ong cua khong kh. 1. Nhiet o: La yeu to quan trong anh hng en san xuat. Nhiet o phu thuoc vao cac yeu to cua qua trnh san xuat. Nguon toa nhiet: lo hi, lo ren, ong c no,... C nang nhiet nang (may chay ma sat nong). Nang lng ien (ien nang nhiet nang). Bc xa nhiet mat tri.

15 Nhiet do cong nhan thai ra. Cac yeu to tren lam nhiet o tang co khi 50-60 0C. ieu le ve sinh qui nh nhiet o toi a cho phep ni lam viec cua cong nhan la 30 0C (mua he). 2. o am: La hi kh nc co trong khong kh bieu th bang gam trong mot met khoi khong kh. Thng o am tng oi: la t le phan tram gia o am tuyet oi mot th iem nao o so vi o am toi a. ieu le ve sinh qui nh o am tng oi ni san xuat nen trong khoang 75-85%. o am cao thng thay : ham lo, nha may ng, xng nhuom, nha may o hop. 3. Bc xa nhiet: La nhng hat nang lng truyen trong khong kh di dang dao ong song ien t gom tia hong ngoai, tia sang thng va tia t ngoai. Khi nung kim loai: 500 0C phat tia hong ngoai. 1800 2000 0C tia sang thng + tia t ngoai. 3000 0C tia t ngoai nhieu. Bc xa nhiet c bieu th bang Cng o bc xa nhiet. n v cal/m2.1 (va c o bang nhiet ke cau). Tieu chuan ve sinh cho phep 1 cal/m2.1 4. Van toc chuyen ong khong kh: (m/s) Tieu chuan ve sinh (thuan li cho cong nhan lam viec ): 3 m/s. Neu van toc khong kh tren 5 m/s: bat li cho c the. Ket luan: - ieu kien vi kh hau co anh hng en sc khoe, benh tat cua ngi lao ong. - Lam viec lau trong ieu kien vi kh hau: - Lanh, am Mac benh thap khp, viem ho hap, phoi, benh lao nang them. - Kho, hanh kho niem mac, nt ne da. - Nong am giam kha nang bay hi mo hoi roi loan thang bang nhiet met moi sm va la moi trng thuan li vi sinh vat benh ngoai da phat trien. 3.4.2. ieu hoa than nhiet Nhiet o trong c the moi ngi bnh thng cua chung ta luon gi 37 0C 0,5. V ly do nao o, nhiet o cua c the vt qua gii han cho phep tren kho co the am bao tnh mang. e duy tr nhiet o on nh tren, 37 0C 0,5, (gi cho than nhiet c thang bang) cau tao cua c the co hai vung ieu nhiet: ieu nhiet hoa hoc.

16 ieu nhiet ly hoc. 1. ieu nhiet hoa hoc: La s tieu hoa cac chat dinh dng ben trong c the e sinh nang lng. S chuyen hoa nang lng phu thuoc: Nhiet o khong kh ben ngoai: nhiet o tang chuyen hoa giam va ngc lai. Nha nong (nhiet o tang), nhu cau an cua con ngi t, an khong ngon. Ngc lai, nha lanh (nhiet o giam) nhu cau an cua con ngi nhieu va co cam giac an ngon. S van ong cua c the: van ong nang mat nhieu nang lng nhu cau an nhieu e bu ap lai. Ngc lai, t van ong mat t nang lng nhu cau an t hn Bo may tieu hoa lam nhiem vu ieu nhiet hoa hoc. 2. ieu nhiet ly hoc: La qua trnh bien oi thai nhiet cua c the gom: truyen nhiet, oi lu, bc xa, bay hi mo hoi,... -Nhiet o ngoai tri tang ieu hoa than nhiet (37 0C 0,5) (thai nhiet tang): Ra mo hoi; Quat oi lu nhiet. Mau lu thong nhanh nhiet o a ra ngoai nhiet o cua ngi giam. - Nhiet o ngoai tri giam ieu hoa than nhiet ( thai nhiet giam): Noi da ga giam boc hi; Ret run nhiet o ngi tang. 3. Anh hng cua vi kh hau en c the a. Anh hng cua vi kh hau nong Lam viec trong ieu kien vi kh hau nong co the xay ra cac bien oi sinh ly, benh ly Bien oi sinh ly: Nhiet o da: da rat nhay cam vi ieu kien vi kh hau nhat la da tran. Bien oi ve cam giac nhiet cua da tran nh sau: Bang 3.3 0 Nhiet o da tran C Cam giac nhiet < 28 Rat lanh 28 29 Lanh 29 30 Mat 30 31 De chu 31,5-32,5 Nong 32,5-33,5 Rat bong >33,5 Cc nong 0 Nhiet than bnh thng la 37 C. Nhiet o khong kh tang nhiet than tang t 0,3 1 0C. Nhiet o khong kh tang nhieu nhiet than tang 38,5 0C c goi la nhiet bao ong, co s nguy hiem sinh chng say nang.

17 - Chuyen hoa nc: c the can bang co s can bang ve nc. Mat nc hoat ong cua he than kinh giam phan xa kem, giam s chu y nen de xay ra tai nan lao ong. Roi loan benh ly: thng co hai chng: Say nang Co giat. - Chng say nang: do mat thang bang nhiet the hien cac trieu chng: chong mat, au au, au tat ngc, buon non va non. Mach nhanh, th gap. Kham thay than nhiet 39 40 0C. Chng co giat: mach nhanh nho, th nhanh nong, tm tai, co the mat mot phan en toan bo tr giac, hon me, toan than vat va. Than nhiet cao 39 40 0C. b. Anh hng cua vi kh hau lanh Do anh hng cua nhiet o thap, da tr nen xanh lanh, nhiet o da con di 330C. Lanh con lam giam nhp tim va nhp th, nhng mc tieu thu oxy lai tang them nhieu, do c va gan phai lam viec nhieu e chuyen hoa sinh nhieu nhiet. Vi kh hau co tac hai en c the: Co that mach, te cong giam cam giac. De au c, viem c, viem ng ho hap. Giam sc e khang sinh nhieu benh: hen, phe quan, benh thap khp phat trien. C the mat nhieu nang lng. c. Anh hng cua bc xa nhiet Bc xa nhiet do mat tri hay nung nong kim loai tac hai en c the con ngi. Bc xa nhiet vi cng o cao (3-4 cal/m2.1) gay nhieu tac hai: Nong bong, phong rop da. Bc xa nhiet qua nao hun nong say nang. De phong mat (th han, nau thep,... ) sau 20 30 nam lam viec co the dan en mu mat. 3.4.3. Bien phap phong chong tac hai cua vi kh hau xau a. Bien phap phong chong tac hai cua vi kh hau xau Bien phap ky thuat: T ong hoa va c gii hoa cac qua trnh lao ong nang ni nhiet o cao Cach li nguon nhiet oi lu va bc xa ni lao ong bang cach dung vat lieu cach nhiet boc quanh lo, quanh ong dan.

18 Khau thiet ke phai bo tr, sap xep cac nguon phat nhiet ln xa ni lam viec cua cong nhan, ni co ieu kien thong gio tot. Dung quat, dung voi tam kh cho cac xng qua nong. Dung kh phai co nhiet o thch hp va thoi eu len khap c the, ngi ta qui nh toc o chuyen ong cua dong kh tam thay oi theo nhiet o khong kh, nham tao ieu kien de chu Bien phap ve sinh y te: To chc tot ni ngh cho cong nhan vien chc lam viec ni co nhiet o cao bang cac phong ac biet hoac ni xa nguon phat nhiet Che o an uong thch hp Che o an hp ly Trang b phong ho : quan ao + dung cu bao ho Kiem tra sc khoe nh ky hang nam, cac benh khong c tiep xuc vi nong la: tim mach, than, hen, lao phoi, ong kinh, va cac benh than kinh khac b. Bien phap phong chong tac hai cua vi kh hau lanh Ni lam viec cua cong nhan vao mua ong can che chan tot tranh gio lanh tran vao. Co ieu kien tao thong gio, si am, man khong kh nong can gio lanh: Dung quan ao day, mu chong ret. Khau phan an u nang lng: tang cng m va dau thc vat. T le m tot nhat la 35 40 % tong nang lng cung cap cho c the. 3.5. TIENG ON VA CHAN ONG TRONG SAN XUAT 1. nh ngha Tieng on: la nhng am thanh gay kho chu, quay roi s lam viec va ngh ngi cua con ngi. Ve mat vat ly, am thanh la nhng dao ong song cua moi trng an hoi, gay ra bi s dao ong cua cac vat the, khong gian trong o co song am lan truyen goi la trng am. Ap suat d trong trng am goi la ap suat am p n v la dyn/cm2 hay la bar. Cng o am I la so nang lng song truyen qua dien tch be mat 1 cm2, vuong goc vi phng truyen song trong 1 giay erg/cm2.s hoac w/cm2. Cng o am va ap suat am lien he vi nhau theo bieu thc:
P2 I = eg / c r m . g/cm3. C
2

la mat o cua moi trng,

e anh gia cam giac nghe, ch nhng ac trng vat ly cua am la cha u v tai chung ta phan biet cam giac nghe

19 khong theo s tang tuyet oi cua cng o am (hay ap suat am) ma theo s tang tng oi cua no. Cung v the ngi ta khong anh gia cng o am va ap suat am theo n v tuyet oi ma theo n v tng oi va dung thang logarit thay cho thang thap phan e thu hep pham v tr so o. Khi o ta co mc cng o am o bang exiben (dB).
LI = 0 lg 1 I I0

dB

Trong o : I Cng o am I0 Cng o am ngng nghe c hay con goi la mc khong Mc khong I0 la mc cng o am toi thieu ma tai ngi co kha nang cam nhan c, tuy nhien ngng nghe c thay oi theo tan so . Tng t ta co mc ap suat am: p dB p0 ngng quy c 2.10Lp = 0 l 2 g 5 N/m2. p0 Mc cong suat am: W LW =10 lg dB ;W 0 ngng khong hay ngng quy W0 c W0 = 10-12 Dao ong ma tai ngi co the nghe c co tan so t 16 20 Hz en 16 20 kHz. Gii han nay khong giong nhau tuy theo la tuoi va trang thai cua c quan thnh giac. Dao ong am co tan so di 16 20 Hz tai ngi khong the nghe c goi la ha am, con dao ong co tan so tren 16 20 kHz cung khong nghe c goi la sieu am. 2. Anh hng cua tieng on va chan ong en c the con ngi a. Tieng on: Tieng on anh hng trc het en he than kinh trung ng, sau o en he thong tim mach va nhieu c quan khac, cuoi cung en c quan thnh giac. Tac dung gay kho chu cua tieng on phu thuoc vao cac tnh chat vat ly cua no. Anh hng cua tieng on en c the con ngi con phu thuoc vao thi gian tiep xuc tieng on, vao o nhay cam rieng cua moi ngi. vao lp tuoi, vao trang thai sc khoe va gii tnh: nam hay n. Anh hng cua tieng on en c quan thnh giac:

20 Lam viec trong ieu kien thng xuyen co tieng on, o nhay cam cua thnh giac giam, ngng nghe tang len, nhat la tan so cao e bao ve thnh giac, ngi ta qui nh thi gian chu c toi a tac ong cua tieng on trong moi ngay phu Bang 3.5 thuoc vao mc on khac nhau qua bang 3.5 Thi gian tacong thi gian dai phat trien thanh benh Tieng on tac ong (so gi trong ngay) Mc on (dB) ly gay nang tai va iec. 8 90 Cng o toi thieu cua tieng on co the gay ra tac dung met moi 6 oi vi c quan thnh giac phu thuoc vao thanh 92 phan tan so cua no 4 95 giai oan au: thay u tai, au au, chong mat, buon 3 97 non. Ve sau, cac hien tng tren nang them, dan en 2 mang nh day va hi lom vao trong a en 100 nang tai. benh Mc o ha thap o nhay cam cua 102 tai t le thuan vi 1,5 thi gian lam viec trong phan xng on. Trong khoang 3-5 1,0 105 nam au, o nhay cam cua tai se giam nhanh hn nhieu so 110 vi nhng0,5 nam sau. Tuy nhien, moi ngi khac nhau, tac hai cua tieng on co khac nhau

Tieng on tac ong thi gian dai phat trien thanh benh ly gay nang tai va iec.

Cng o toi thieu cua tieng on co the gay ra tac dung met moi oi vi c quan thnh giac phu thuoc vao thanh phan tan so cua no giai oan au: thay u tai, au au, chong mat, buon non. Ve sau, cac hien tng tren nang them, dan en mang nh day va hi lom vao trong a en benh nang tai. Mc o ha thap o nhay cam cua tai t le thuan vi thi gian lam Tieng on tac ong thi gian dai phat trien thanh benh ly viec gay nang tai trong phan xng on. Trong va iec. khoang toi thieu cua tieng on co the gay ra tac Cng o 3-5 nam au, o nhay cam dungcua tai se giam nhanh hn nhieu so vi met moi oi vi c quan thnh giac phu thuoc vao thanh phan tan so cua no nhng nam sau. Tuy nhien, moi ngi khac nhau, tac hai cua tieng on co khac nhau

21 giai oan au: thay u tai, au au, chong mat, buon non. Ve sau, cac hien tng tren nang them, dan en mang nh day va hi lom vao trong a en benh nang tai. Mc o ha thap o nhay cam cua tai t le thuan vi thi gian lam viec trong phan xng on. Trong khoang 3-5 nam au, o nhay cam cua tai se giam nhanh hn nhieu so vi nhng nam sau. Tuy nhien, moi ngi khac nhau, tac hai cua tieng on co khac nhau Anh hng cua tieng on en cac c quan khac: He than kinh: Tieng on co cng o cao va trung bnh kch thch manh he thong than kinh trung ng, gay ra cac roi loan ve chc nang than kinh va thong qua he thong than kinh tac ong en cac c quan va cac he thong khac cua c the. Tieng on manh thng gay cho cong nhan chng benh au au, chong mat, cam giac s hai, s bc boi vo c, trang thai than kinh khong on nh. Di tac dung cua tieng on, c the con ngi xay ra hang loat thay oi, bieu hien qua s roi loan trang thai bnh thng cua he thong than kinh. Tieng on, ngay ca khi khong ang ke (50 70 dB) cung tao ra mot tai trong ang ke len he thong than kinh cua con ngi. Tai trong nay lau dan co the at en tr so rat ln, ac biet oi vi nhng ngi lam viec tr oc. He tim mach: Lam roi loan nhp tim. Da day: lam giam s tiet dch v, roi loan chc nang bnh thng cua da day Benh cao huyet ap: ngi ta xac nhan rang benh cao huyet ap co lien quan en s cang thang lien tuc he thong than kinh trong qua trnh song va hoat ong. Tieng on qua mc lam xay ra hien tng che lap tieng noi, lam m cac tn hieu am thanh, s trao oi thong tin kho khan anh hng en san xuat va an toan lao ong. Vi nhng lao ong phc tap can lao ong tr oc nhieu hn th anh hng cua tieng on ln hn, chat lng cua cong viec giam nhieu hn. Chan ong: Theo hnh thc tac ong chia ra: Chan ong chung: gay dao ong cua ca c the. Chan ong cuc bo : gay dao ong mot phan c the. Khi nghien cu anh hng cua chan ong en c the, ngi ta thay neu tan so cua chan ong xap x vi tan so dao ong rieng cua c the se tao ra s cong hng, no se gay ra cac bien chuyen ve sinh ly, benh ly sau sac. T the ng lam viec anh hng nhieu en cong hng

22 Cac nghien cu cho thay he thong than kinh va tim mach la nhng bo phan nhay cam vi chan ong. Chan ong co the gay ra nhng thay oi trong hoat ong cua tim. Nhieu nha nghien cu cho biet, di anh hng cua chan ong, con ngi nhanh chong cam thay ue oai va th lanh am. Chan ong anh hng en th giac: khi chan ong 10 vi tan so 4 Hz va bien o 0,5 mm lam cho gii han cua trng nhn m rong ra. Ngc lai, sau 20 th trng nhn se thu hep, b loan sac, nhn mau xanh thanh mau nau trang. o nhn tinh cua mat se b ha thap khi vi tan so chan ong 20 Hz va bien o 1,6 mm: ha thap o tinh cua mat en 40%. Chan ong con co tac hai en au khp xng va roi loan tuyen sinh duc. Khi tac ong cung mot luc cua tieng on va chan ong, se co tac ong xau en c the, nhanh chong met moi va giam kha nang lao ong, de xay ra tai nan lao ong. 2. Cac bien phap phong chong tieng on va chan ong a. Bien phap chung: Khi qui nh xay dng nha may (v tr mat bang), mot trong nhieu khau phai quan tam la tieng on va chan ong. V tr cua nha may phai cach ly khu vc co nhieu tieng on va chan ong. Mat bang cua nha may qui hoach khu lam viec phat ra tieng on va chan ong phai cuoi chieu gio, xa ni van phong va khu vc lam viec tnh cua cong nhan. Han che s lan truyen tieng on va chan ong. Trong mot phan xng san xuat, neu co mot so may moc va thiet b gay tieng on va chan ong phai bo tr ve mot goc, co vach ngan, con ieu kien day chuyen san xuat khong cho phep th phai co hng ieu khien rieng cho cong nhan hoac phong ho ca nhan tot. b. Giam tieng on va chan ong tai ni xuat hien ay la bien phap chong on chu yeu. Bien phap nay bao gom viec lap rap chnh xac may moc, thiet b va s dung, bao dng ung mc. Thay the cac may moc, thiet b tien tien t gay tieng on va chan ong. Nguyen nhan gay on: Do cau truc may: va cham, ma sat, ac iem may Do che tao khong chnh xac, ieu chnh khong ung khi lap rap. S dung, cham soc khong ung mc. Do qua trnh cong nghe (thiet ke, gia cong) cha hoan thien. Dung vat lieu cha chu y en giam tieng on

23 Giam tieng on bang cach: Hien ai hoa thiet b va qua trnh cong nghe: - Khong e hien tng cong hng sinh ra khi may lam viec bang cach dung vat lieu an hoi hay lu y cac khoi lng chuyen ong. - Dung vat lieu chong on nh chat deo, cao su, nha,...(ma crom hay quet mat cac chi tiet bang sn). - Boc mat cac thiet b chu chan ong vi bien o ln bang cac vat lieu hut hoac giam chan ong co noi ma sat ln (nh bitum, cao su, ton, amiang, chat deo,...). - Qui hoach thi gian lam viec cua cac xng on va han che so lng cong nhan trong o. c. Cach chan ong va hut chan ong Cach chan dong: la phng phap ngan chan s lan truyen cua chan ong t ni phat sinh en moi trng xung quanh. Cu the co hai phng phap c ban: Phng phap goi ta: may at tren cai giam chan. V du: may c at tren nen lo xo, cao su, nen cat,... Phng an treo: may c treo tren bo phan giam chan Muon tang hieu qua cach chan ong th tan so dao ong rieng cua may tren bo giam chan phai nho hn tan so cua lc kch thch nhieu (f0 < fkt). Hut chan ong: Tm cac vat lieu co tnh an hoi deo, co ton that trong ln e phu len mat cac may moc, thiet b co dao ong ln.

Hnh 3.2. Thit b cch rung a) Nn c rnh

b) m n hi

24
Hnh 3.3 S cch rung ng cho thit

a b c

) Phng n gi ta ) Phng n treo ) Cch rung ng c theo phng ngang v phng thng ng

Hnh 3.3 S cch rung ng cho thit b

a b c

) Phng n gi ta ) Phng n treo ) Cch rung ng c theo phng ngang v phng thng ng

25

d. Giam tieng on tren ng lan truyen Nang lng am lan truyen trong khong kh khi b ngan chan lai th se gay ra: mot phan nang lng phan xa lai, mot phan nang lng xuyen qua va mot phan b hap thu. S phan xa va hut nang lng am phu thuoc vao tan so va goc tieng on cua song am, tnh chat vat ly cua tam chan (va ket cau). Cac phng phap giam on tren ng lan truyen: Dung vat lieu xop, co lo e hap thu tieng on Dung buong hut am, long hut am Treo cac chom hut am ni on ao Dung ong tieu am nh CT. Dung hien tng giao thoa e giam tieng on cuc bo. Nguyen tac: Thu tieng on nh micro. Khuech ai tieng on roi bc xa qua loa nhng ngc pha nen no tao trng am giao thoa vung gan au ngi lam viec: co vung yen tnh va vung tang cng. Cach nay ch mi nam tren ly thuyet v vay vung yen tnh rat hep ma vung tang cng rong. e. Chong tieng on kh ong Ong tieu am Tam tieu am Hop tieu am 3. Bien phap phong ho cac nhan ay la mot bien phap rat hieu nghiem neu biet s dung hp ly. Dung cu ca nhan chong on bao gom: nut bt tai, cai che tai, bao op tai. Ngoai ra, ngi ta con dung day, gang tay, boc nem, xop, cao su,... e dap tat chan ong bao ve sc khoe cho cong nhan. 3.6. PHONG CHONG BUI TRONG SAN XUAT 3.6.1. nh ngha va phan loai 1. nh ngha: Bui la tap hp nhieu hat co kch thc ln, nho khac nhau ton tai lau trong khong kh di dang bui hay bui lang va cac he kh dung nhieu pha nh hi, khoi, mu khi nhng hat bui nam l lng trong khong kh goi la aerozon khi chung ong lai tren be mat vat the nao o goi la aerogen. 2. Phan loai: Ngi ta phan loai theo 3 cach sau ay: + Theo nguon goc

26 + Theo kch thc hat bui: Nhng hat co kch thc nho hn 10 m goi la bui bay, nhng hat co kch thc ln hn 10 m c goi la bui lang, nhng hat bui co kch thc ln hn 10 m ri co gia toc trong khong kh, nhng hat co kch thc t 0,1 en 10 m ri vi van toc khong oi goi la mu, cac hat t 0,001 en 0,1 m goi la khoi chung chuyen ong Brao trong khong kh, bui tho co kch thc ln hn 50 m ch bam lo mui khong gay hai cho phoi, bui t 10 m en 50 m vao sau hn nhng vao phoi khong ang ke, nhng hay bui co kch thc nho hn 10 m vao sau trong kh quan va phoi co tac hai nhieu nhat. Nhng hat bui vao tan phoi qua ng ho hap co 70 % la nhng hat 1 m, gan 30 la nhng hat t 1 5 m. Nhng hat t 5 - 10 m chiem t le khong ang ke. + Theo tac hai co the phan ra: Bui gay nhiem oc; bui gay d ng; viem mui, hen, viem hong bui gay ung th; bui gay nhiem trung; bui gay x phoi 3. Tnh chat ly hoa cua bui o phan tan: la trang thai cua bui trong khong kh phu thuoc vao trong lng hat bui va sc can khong kh. S nhiem ien cua bui: Di tac dung cua mot ien trng manh cac hat bui b nhiem ien va se b cc cua ien trng hut vi nhng van toc khac nhau tuy thuoc kch thc hat bui. Tnh chat chay no cua bui: Cac hat bui cang nho mn dien tch tiep xuc vi o xy cang ln, hoat tnh hoa hoc cang manh de boc chay trong khong kh. Tnh lang tram nhiet cua bui: Cho mot luong khoi i qua mot ong dan t vung nong chuyen sang vung lanh hn phan ln khoi lang tren be mat ong lanh, hien tng nay la do cac phan t kh giam van toc t vung nong sang vung lanh. 3.6.2. Tac hai cua bui Bui gay nhieu tac hai cho con ngi va trc het la benh ve ho hap, benh ngoai da, benh tren ng tieu hoavv... Khi chung ta th nh co long mui va mang niem dch cua ng ho hap ma nhng hat bui co kch thc ln hn 5 m b d lai hoc mui ti 90%. Cac hat bui nho hn theo khong kh vao tan phe nang, ay bui c cac lp thc bao bao vay va tieu diet khoang 90 % na, so con lai ong phoi gay ra mot so benh bui phoi va cac benh khac.

27 Benh silicose la benh do phoi b nhiem bui silic th khoan a, th mo, th lam gom s, vat lieu chu la,...Benh nay chiem 40 70 % trong so cac benh ve phoi. Ngoai ra con co benh asbestose (nhiem bui amiang) aluminose (bui boxit, at set), athracose (nhiem bui than), siderose (bui sat). Benh ng ho hap: viem mui, hong, phe quan, viem teo mui do bui crom, asen. Benh ngoai da: bui gay kch thch da, benh mun nhot, l loet nh bui voi, thiec, thuoc tr sau. Bui ong gay nhiem trung da rat kho cha, bui nha than gay sng tay. Chan thng mat bui vao mat gay kch thch mang tiep hp, viem mi mat, nhai quat, mong tht. Bui axit hoac kiem gay bong mat va co the dan ti mu mat. Benh ng tieu hoa bui ng, bot ong lai rang gay sau rang, kim loai sac nhon vao da day gay ton thng niem mac, roi loan tieu hoa. 3.6.3. Cac bien phap phong chong 1. Bien phap chung C kh hoa va t ong hoa qua trnh san xuat. Ap dung cac bien phap van chuyen bang hi, may hut, bang tai trong nganh det, nganh than bao kn thiet b va co the la ca day chuyen san xuat khi can thiet. 2. Thay oi phng phap cong nghe Trong xng uc lam sach bang nc thay cho lam sach bang cat, dung phng phap t thay cho phng phap kho trong cong nghiep san xuat xi mang, trong nganh luyen kim bot thay phng phap tron kho bang phng phap tron t Thay vat lieu co nhieu bui oc bang vat lieu t oc Thong gio hut bui trong cac xng co nhieu bui. 3. e phong bui chay no Theo doi nong o bui gii han no ac biet chu y ti cac ong dan va may loc bui, chu y cach ly moi la. 4. Ve sinh ca nhan S dung quan ao bao ho lao ong, mat na khau trang theo yeu cau ve sinh can than hn khi co bui oc, bui phong xa. Chu y khau ve sinh ca nhan trong viec an uong hut thuoc, tranh noi chuyen ni lam viec. Cuoi cung la khau kham tuyen nh ky cho can bo cong nhan vien lam viec trong moi trng nhieu bui phat hien sm cac benh do bui gay ra.

28

Hnh 3.12. Cc Loi mt n chng bi

a b c d e
`

) Mt n c mng lc bng giy ) Mt n c phin lc bng bng. ) Mt n c phin lc bng giy dng tm. ) Mt n c phin lc bng pht.

) Khu trang chng bi c phin lc bng vi tng hp t gia hai lp vi dt kim. g) Mt n c mng lc bng giy.

Hnh 3.13. Phng tin c nhn bo v c quan h hp

29 a) Mt n phng c; b) Mt n c ng cao su cch ly, c dng khi sa cha bn trong my, thnh ng khi ; c) Mt n cch ly c bnh xy.

Hnh 3.14. Trang phc lm vic ni c nhiu bi

Hnh 3.15. Mt trm cho th lm sch ni c bi ct

Hnh 3.16. Phng tin bo v c quan thnh gic. a) Nt tai; b) m; c) nt tai ; d) bao tai. 3.6.4. Kiem tra bui + Phai tien hanh kiem tra trong nhieu giai oan ien hnh cua qua trnh san xuat (kiem tra theo ca kp va kiem tra theo mua). + Phng phap trong lng: phng phap tng oi n gian va ket qua tng oi chnh xac. Thiet b bao gom: bm hut bui (at trong moi trng san xuat), lu lng ke va bo phan loc. + Phng phap ien: cho bui lang trong ien trng cao the va dung knh hien vi e em cac hat bui. + Phng phap quang ien: xac nh nong o bui bang te bao quang ien.

30 3.7. THONG GIO TRONG CONG NGHIEP 3.7.1. Muc ch cua thong gio 1. Thong gio chong nong To chc trao oi kh gia ben trong va ben ngoai nha a khong kh mat, kho rao vao nha, ay khong kh nong am ra ngoai nha, tao ieu kien vi kh hau toi u la mot yeu cau can thiet oi vi nha cung nh x nghiep san xuat cong nghiep 2. Thong gio kh bui hi oc nhng nguon toa bui hoac hi kh co hai can bo tr he thong hut khong kh b o nhiem e thai ra ngoai trc khi thai co the can phai loc hoac kh het cac chat oc hai trong khong kh e tranh o nhiem kh quyen ong thi cung to chc trao oi khong kh a khong kh sach t ben ngoai vao e bu lai cho khong kh a b thai i. a. Thong gio t nhien: La trng hp thong gio ma s lu thong khong kh t ben ngoai vao nha va t trong nha thoat ra thc hien c nh vao nhng yeu to t nhien nh nhiet tha va gio. Thong gio t nhien co to chc la bo tr hp ly cac ca gio vao va gio ra, cung nh bang cach cau tao cac ca co la chp khep m c e lam la hng dong va thay oi dien tch ca ta co the khong che c chieu hng va lu lng trao oi kh theo y muon, sao cho luong khong kh thoi i khap ni trong vung lam viec cua xng. Thong gio t nhien vo to chc: la trng hp khi khong kh xuyen qua cac ca e ngo hoac cac khe nt, ke h tren tng, tran ca lua vao nha vi lu lng va chieu hng khong the khong che c . b. Thong gio nhan tao: la trng hp s dung quat may e lam khong kh van chuyen t cho nay en cho khac. Bang may quat va ng ong noi lien vao no, ngi ta co the lay khong kh sach ngoai tri thoi vao trong nha hoac hut khong kh ban nong oc hai t trong nha ra ngoai. Trng hp au ta co he thong thong gio nhan tao thoi vao, con trng hp sau la he thong thong gio nhan tao hut ra. Tuy theo ieu kien cu the ma trong mot cong trnh co the bo tr ca he thong thoi lan he thong hut gio hoac ch bo tr mot trong hai he thong o. Theo pham vi tac dung cua cac he thong thong gio, ngi ta lai co the phan chia thanh thong gio chung va thong gio cuc bo.

31 c. Thong gio chung: la he thong thong gio thoi vao hoac hut ra co pham vi tac dung trong toan bo khong gian cua phan xng. d. He thong thong gio cuc bo: la he thong thong gio co pham vi tac dung trong tng vung hep rieng biet cua phan xng. He thong thong gio cuc bo cung co the la he thong thoi cuc bo hoac he thong hut ra cuc bo. * He thong thoi cuc bo: thng dung nhat la hoa sen khong kh, he thong hoa sen khong kh c lap at nhng cho lam viec rieng biet trong cac xng nong nh uc, ren,...e lam mat cho cong nhan lam viec cac ca lo, bai uc hp kim,...

Hnh 3. 17: Thng gi t nhin bng nhit tha

Hnh 3.18: Thng gi t nhin bng gi

32

Hnh 3.19 S m hng ca khi khng c gi

a b

) Thi gian nng trong nm ) Thi gian lnh trong nm

Hnh 3.20 S m hng ca khi c gi thi vo mt bn

a b

) Thi gian nng trong nm ) Thi gian lnh trong nm

Hnh 3.21. S thng gi ca phn xng nh k st nhau a) Thi gian nng trong nm b ) Thi gian lnh trong nm

33 Hnh 3.22 S thit b thng gi c kh chung a) H thng thi vo. b) H thng ht ra. 1. Ming thi ; 2. ng dn kh 3. b phn sy ; 4. qut my; 5. ca ly gi; 6. ming ht

Hnh 3.23. H thng thng gi chung trong phn xng sn xut He thong hut cuc bo: dung e hut cac chat oc hai ngay tai nguon san sinh ra chung va thai ra ngoai khong cho lan toa ra cac vung chung quanh trong phan xng. ay la bien phap thong gio tch cc va triet e nhat e kh oc hai. Tuy theo dang oc hai can hut ma he thong hut cuc bo co the phan chia thanh he thong hut nhiet, he thong hut kh hi co hai va he thong hut He thong hut t nhien (hut kh nong) thng c bo tr ben tren cac nguon nhiet nh be lo ren, ca lo nung, mang rot kim loai long He thong hut hi va kh co hai thng c s dung nhieu trong cac qua trnh san xuat va s dung lien quan en hoa chat, ien hnh cho he thong hut cuc bo loai nay la tu hoa nghiem. c. Thong gio d phong s co: trong nhng xng san xuat ma qua trnh cong nghe lien quan nhieu en chat oc chat de chay de no co kha nang gay o nhiem moi trng khi o ngi ta bo tr he thong thong gio d phong s co. 3.7.2. Lam sach kh thai trong cong nghiep

34 + Phng phap ngng tu: ch ap dung khi ap suat hi rieng phan trong hon hp kh cao, nh khi can thong cac thiet b, thong van an toan. Trc khi thai hi kh o ra ngoai can cho i qua thiet b ngng tu e lam lanh. Phng phap nay khong kinh te nen t c s dung. + Phng phap ot chay co xuc tac: e tao thanh CO2 va H2O co the ot chay tat ca cac chat hu c, tr kh thai cua nha may tong hp hu c, che bien dau mo,... Phng phap hap thu: c s dung rat rong rai v chat hap thu thng dung la nc, san pham hap thu khong nguy hiem nen co the thai ra ngoai cong ranh. Neu san pham co tnh chat nguy hiem th phai tach ra, chat hap thu se lam hoi lieu tai sinh. Qua trnh nay thng tien hanh tren a thap, li, em. + Phng phap hap phu: thng dung silicagen e hap thu kh va hi oc. Cung co the dung than hoat tnh cac loai, thng dung e lam sach cac chat hu c rat oc. Mot van e khong kem phan quan trong oi vi van e thong gio la e phong chay no trong cac he thong thong gio. Phai luon khong che thanh phan kh trong he thong khong gan ke gii han chay no, them vao o la phai am bao moi trng hp thao tac van hanh khong e xay ra moi la nh tia la ien, tia la do va ap,... e tranh nguy c phat sinh tia la ien ngi ta dung mot so bien phap sau: a. Khong c bo tr ong c ien ben ng ong dan khong kh. Khi can phai at quat truc trong ng ong th can lap canh quat va ong c ien dung kim loai mau e che tao vo quat va canh quat cung co the lot mot lp kim loai mau ben trong vo quat. b. Trng hp co nhieu kha nang gay chay no, can s dung ong phun e van chuyen khong kh thay cho may quat. c. e phong tnh ien bang cach noi at cac he thong thong gio. Cuoi cung la can phai thng xuyen kiem tra cac thong so ky thuat c ban cua he thong thong gio hut ra cung nh thoi vao. 3.8. CHIEU SANG TRONG SAN XUAT 3.8.1. Mot so khai niem ve anh sang, n v o anh sang va sinh ly mat Mot vai khai niem: Anh sang thay c la nhng bc xa photon co bc song trong khoang t 380 m en 760 m ng vi cac dai mau tm, lam, xanh, luc, vang, da cam, hong, o,...

35 Mot bc xa ien t co bc song xac nh trong mien thay c, khi tac dung vao mat ngi se tao mot cam giac mau sac xac nh. Pho cua mien bc xa thay c (anh sang ban ngay) gom: Bc xa mau tm: = 380 450 m Bc xa mau cham: = 450 480 m Bc xa mau lam: = 480 510 m Bc xa mau luc: = 510 550 m Bc xa mau vang: = 550 585 m Bc xa mau da cam: = 585 620 m Bc xa mau o: = 620 760 m Quang thong ( ): e anh gia kha nang phat sang cua vat, ngi ta dung ai lng quang thong. Quang thong la phan cong suat bc xa co kha nang gay ra cam giac sang cho th giac cua con ngi. Neu goi cong suat bc xa anh sang n sac cua vat la F , th quang thong do chum tia n sac o gay ra la: = C. F . V Trong o: V - o sang to tng oi cua anh sang n sac C: hang so phu thuoc vao n v o, nen quang thong c o bang lumen (lm), cong suat bc xa F o bang Watt th hang so C= 638. Cng o sang (I) Quang thong cua mot nguon sang noi chung phan bo khong eu theo cc phng o do o e ac trng cho kha nang phat sang theo cac phng khac nhau cua nguon ngi ta dung ai lng cng o sang. Cng o sang theo phng n la mat o quang thong bc xa phan bo theo phng n o. Cng o sang In la t so gia lng quang thong bc xa d tren vi phan goc khoi d theo phng n : n v o cng o sang la candela (cd) o roi (E) la ai lng e anh gia o sang cua mot be mat c chieu sang. o roi tai mot iem M la mat o quang thong cua luong anh sang tai iem o. o roi EM tai iem M la t so gia lng quang thong chieu en d tren vi phan dien tch ds c chieu sang tai iem o. Khi chieu sang bang nguon iem o roi E tren be mat c roi t le nghch vi bnh phng khoang cach t nguon ti mat c roi. n v o do roi la lux(lx). Lux la o roi gay ra do luong sang co quang thong la 1 lumen chieu sang eu tren dien tch 1 m2.

36 o choi (B): o choi nhn theo phng n la ty so gia cng o phat ra theo phng nao o tren dien tch hnh chieu mat chieu sang xuong phng thang goc vi phng n n v o o choi la nit (nt). Nit la o choi sang cua mot nguon sang dien tch 1 m2 co cng o 1 cd khi ta nhn thang goc vi no. Hoac o o choi bang Stib: 1 Stib = 10 4 nit. 3.8.2. Quan he gia chieu sang va s nhn cua mat Th giac ban ngay: Th giac ban ngay lien he vi s kch thch cua te bao hu sac. Khi o roi E u ln, vi E 10 lux (anh sang ban ngay) th te bao hu sac cho cam giac mau sac va phan biet chi tiet cua vat quan sat. Nh vay o roi E 10 lux th th giac ban ngay lam viec. Th giac hoang hon: Th giac hoang hon lien he vi s kch thch te bao vo sac, khi o roi E 0,01 lux (anh sang hoang hon) th te bao vo sac lam viec. Thong thng hai th giac ong thi tac dung vi mc o khac nhau, nhng E 0,01 lux th ch co te bao vo sac lam viec . Khi E = 0,01 lux 10 lux th ca hai te bao cung lam viec. Qua trnh thch nghi: Qua trnh thch nghi la qua trnh e cho th giac hoang hon hoat ong. Khi chuyen t o roi ln qua o roi nho, te bao vo sac khong the at ngay o hoat ong cc ai ma can co thi gian quen dan, thch nghi va ngc lai t trng nhn toi sang trng nhn sang mat cung can mot thi gian o goi chung la thi gian thch nghi. Toc o phan giai cua mat: Qua trnh nhan biet mot vat cua mat khong xay ra ngay lap tc ma phai qua mot thi gian nao o. Thi gian nay cang nho th toc o phan giai cua mat cang ln. Toc o phan giai phu thuoc vao o choi , va o roi sang tren vat quan sat. Toc o phan giai tang nhanh t o roi bang 0 en 1200 lux sau o tang khong ang ke.

37

Hnh 3.28: Kha nang phan giai cua mat Kha nang phan giai cua mat: Ngi ta anh gia kha nang phan giai cua mat bang goc nhn toi thieu ng ma mat co the nhn thay c vat. Mat co kha nang phan giai trung bnh ngha la co kha nang nhan biet c hai vat nho nhat di goc nhn ng = 1 trong ieu kien chieu sang tot. 3.8.3. o tng phan gia vat quan sat va nen T le o choi gia vat quan sat va nen ch mc o khac nhau ve cng o sang gia vat quan sat va nen cua no. Trong chng mc nhat nh th s khac nhau cang ln, nhn vat quan sat cang ro. T le nay bieu th bang he so K goi la he so tng phan bang: Trong o : Bn - o choi nen, Bv - o choi cua vat Nghch ao cua Kmin goi la o nhay tng phan Smax ac trng cho o nhay cua mat khi quan sat:

K =

Bv Bn B = Bn Bn

Sm a x

1 = Km i n

o nhay tng phan phu thuoc vao mat va vi mc o kha ln, phu thuoc vao o choi cua nen. 3.8.4. Cac dang chieu sang 1. Chieu sang t nhien Mat tri la nguon bc xa vo tan oi vi trai at chung ta. Tia sang mat tri xuyen qua kh quyen mot phan b kh quyen tan xa va hap thu, mot phan truyen thang ti mat at.

1 = B B n n m i

38 Bc xa trc tiep la nhng tia truyen thang xuong mat at tao nen o roi trc xa Etx. Trong vom tri thng xuyen co nhng hat l lng trong kh quyen lam khuyech tan va tan xa anh sang mat tri tao nen nguon sang khuyech tan vi o roi Ekt. Ngoai ra co s phan xa cua mat at va cac be mat chung quanh ta co o roi do phan xa Er. Nh vay mot ni quang ang va mot iem bat ky nao ngoai nha o roi se la: Eng = Etx + Ekt + Er o roi E ng thay oi thng xuyen theo tng gi, tng ngay, tng thang, tng nam va theo tng v tr a ly tng vung, theo thi tiet, kh hau, v the anh sang trong phong cung thay oi theo. e tien cho tnh toan chieu sang t nhien ngi ta lay ai lng khong phai la o roi hay o choi tren mat phang lao ong ma la mot ai lng qui c la he so chieu sang t nhien viet tat la HSCSTN. HSCSTN tai mot iem M trong phong la t so gia o roi tai iem o (EM) vi o roi sang ngoai nha (Eng) trong cung mot thi iem tnh theo ty so phan tram. eM .Eng E HCT e S SN = M 10 % 0 EM = m Eng 100 Ngha la muon xac nh o roi trong EM tai mot iem nao o phai biet o roi ngoai nha cung thi iem o. Tr so o roi ngoai nha Eng xac nh cho tng a phng theo so lieu quan trac nhieu nam cua tram kh tng a phng o.

Hnh 3.29. S chiu sng t nhin 2. Chieu sang nhan tao (chieu sang en ien) Cho en nay, nguon sang ien chu yeu van dung en day toc (en nung sang) va en huynh quang.

39 Phat sang theo nguyen l la cac vat ran khi c nung tren 500 0C se phat sang . en day toc co nhieu kieu loai khac nhau va phuc vu cho nhieu muc ch s dung khac nhau, cong suat cung co t 1 W 1500W. Hieu suat phat quang la ch tieu kinh te quan trong nhat cho cac loai en. Ta co cong suat tnh hieu suat phat quang:

= lm

Trong o: - Quang thong en phat ra. W cong suat ien tieu thu + en huynh quang: la nguon sang nh phong ien trong chat kh. en huynh quang cong suat da tren hieu ng quang ien. en huynh quang co nhieu loai nh en thuy ngan ap suat thap, ap suat cao, en tuy ngan cao ap, en huynh quang ap suat thap, en huynh quang ap suat cao, en huynh quang cai tien va cac en phong ien khac. Trong o thng dung va quan trong nhat la en thuy ngan sieu cao ap, no co anh sang gan giong nh anh sang ban ngay, dung e lam en chieu sang ni cong cong va en huynh quang ap suat thap dung trong san xuat va i song hang ngay cua chung ta. 3.Thiet b chieu sang Thiet b chieu sang co nhng nhiem vu sau : Phan bo anh sang phu hp vi muc ch chieu sang . Bao ve cho mat trong khi lam viec khong b qua choi do o choi qua cao cua nguon sang. Bao ve nguon sang tranh va cham, b gio, ma, bui e co nh va a ien vao nguon sang. Chao, chup en co the thay oi quang pho cua en khi can thiet. Thiet b chieu sang co nhieu loai, hnh dang va cong dung khac nhau, tuy theo nhiem vu ma moi loai trang b mot hay nhieu bo phan sau: Bo phan phan xa e phan chieu cac luong sang cua en phat ra vao nhng hng nhat nh lam tang hieu qua chieu sang cua en. Bo phan khuyech tan co nhiem vu lam giam o choi cua nguon sang, bien anh sang trc tiep cua en thanh anh sang khuyech tan co cng o nho hn e han che kha nang gay loa cua en. Bo phan khuc xa nham phan bo lai anh sang cua en, bo phan che toi ngan anh sang e mat khong b loa

W w

40 4. Phan loai en (gom nhieu nguon chieu sang va dung cu chieu sang) a. Theo ac trng phan bo anh sang cua en: Co bon loai sau: - Phan bo anh sang trc tiep, hn 90% quang thong roi trc tiep xuong mat lam viec. - Chieu sang ban trc tiep, co khoang 60 en 90 % anh sang trc tiep roi xuong mat lam viec - Phan bo anh sang hon hp, khoang 40 en 60 % anh sang trc tiep roi xuong mat lam viec. - Phan bo anh sang gian tiep, hn 90% quang thong hng len tren, hoan canh anh sang tao nen trong phong do s phan xa cua be mat gii han. Theo kieu dang cau tao dung cu chieu sang : co the chia lam 5 loai en h, chup den co mieng h en kn, chup en la mot qua cau tron bang thuy tinh xuyen sang en chong am, vat lieu va cau tao am bao chong c am t en chong bui en chong chay no, am bao khong xuat hien tia la ien, neu co no ch xay ra trong noi bo en, hoac khong xay ra chay no, loai nay thng c s dung trong cac mo khai thac than, ni de xay ra chay no, b. Theo muc ch chieu sang Co hai loai chieu sang: chieu sang chung va chieu sang cuc bo - en chieu sang trong nha en chieu sang trong nha co hai loai thong dung la en nung sang va en huynh quang. -en nung sang Co ba loai :en thong dung, en chong no, en s dung trong moi trng ac biet (am t, nhieu bui, moi trng hoa hoc hoat tnh). -en huynh quang: Hien nay en huyynh quang rat a dang t hnh dang en cong suat tieu thu. Dung cu chieu sang rat thc dung en loai dung trong trang tr.

41 Hnh 3.30. n chiu sng

a v b n trn dy tc bng thy tinh trong sut v trng sa. c: C hai n hunh quang.

Hnh 3.31. Thit b chiu sng a ) Lai vn nng thng thng. b ) Loi vn nng bo v bi c ) Lai n chp su. d ) Loi chiu sng bn trc tip.

Hnh 3.32 Thit b chiu sng nh sng tn x

42

Hnh 3.33 Thit b chiu sng i vi n hunh quang a ) Loi nh sng trc tip b ) v c) Loi bn trc tip. d) Loi nh sng tn x. en chieu sang ngoai nha: Yeu cau c ban oi vi en chieu sang ngoai nha la quang thong phan bo rong va tng oi xa v chieu cao at en ln. Cau tao am bao chong c ma gio, nc khong lot vao en, cach ien an toan cao. 3.8.5. Thiet ke chieu sang ien co 3 phng thc c ban: - Phng thc chieu sang chung: Trong toan bo phong co mot he thong chieu sang t tren xuong gay ra mot o choi khong gian nhat nh tren toan bo mat phang lao ong. -Phng thc chieu sang cuc bo: Chia khong gian ln cua phong ra nhieu khong gian nho, moi khong gian nho cua phong co mot che o chieu sang khac nhau. - Phng thc chieu sang hon hp: la phng thc chieu sang chung c bo sung them nhng en can thiet e am bao o roi ln tai nhng cho lam viec cua con ngi. 3.8.6. Tnh toan chieu sang ien Phng phap cong suat n v la phng phap tnh da vao tnh chat lao ong va cac thong so cua en e chieu sang,
K w EZ W 2 = m

43 xac nh cong suat can thiet cho mot n v dien tch 1 m2 cua gian nha Trong o: E- o roi nho nhat theo tieu chuan nha nc. K- He so d tr cua en phu thuoc vao ac iem cua gian phong (nhieu hay t bui), K= 1,5 1,7. Eb z = t Em La ty so o roi trung bnh va o roi nho nhat, Z= 1 1,25 - Hieu suat phat quang cua en , lm/w - He so chieu sang hu ch cua en, phu thuoc vao loai en e chieu sang. T cong suat n v w, tnh c cong suat ca phong P Phng phap he so s dung c dung e tnh toan chieu sang chung. Phng phap chieu sang iem: Khi khoang cach bo tr en qua ln, hoac khi chieu sang ngoai nha khong the tnh chieu sang theo phng phap he so s dung quang thong ma phai tnh bang phng phap iem. Phng phap iem con ap dung e tnh o roi tai mot iem bat ky tren mat lam viec phc tap, co the la nam ngang, phang, thang ng hoac nghieng.

44 Chng IV

AN TOAN IEN
4.1. NHNG KHAI NIEM C BAN VE AN TOAN IEN 4.1.1. Tac ong cua dong ien oi vi c the ngi Khi va cham vat co ien ap ngi b tai nan hay khong la do co dong ien i qua than ngi. Dong ien i qua than the con ngi gay nen phan ng sinh ly phc tap nh lam huy hoai bo phan than kinh ieu khien cac giac quan ben trong cua ngi lam te liet c tht, sng mang phoi, huy hoai c quan ho hap va tuan hoan mau. S tn thng do dong ien gay nen co the chia lam 3 loai sau ay: - Tn thng do cham phai vat ien dan ien co mang ien ap. - Tn thng do cham phai nhng bo phan bang kim loai hay vo thiet b ien co mang ien ap v thiet b b hong. - Ton thng do ien ap bc xuat hien cho b h hong cach ien hay cho dong ien i vao at. 1. ien tr cua c the ngi Lp da co ien tr ln nhat ma ien tr cua da lai do ien tr cua lp sng tren da quyet nh. ien tr cua ngi la mot ai lng rat khong on nh va khong ch phu thuoc vao trang thai sc khoe cua c the tng luc ma con phu thuoc vao moi trng xung quanh, ieu kien ton thng... ien tr cua ngi co the thay oi t vai chuc k en 600 . ien tr da ngi luon luon thay oi trong mot gii han rat ln. Khi da am hoac do tiep xuc trc tiep vi nc ben ngoai do mo hoi thoat ra eu lam cho ien tr giam xuong. ien ap at vao rat anh hng en ien tr cua ngi v ngoai hien tng ien phan noi tren con co hien tng choc thung. Vi lp da mong hien tng choc thung a co the xuat hien ien ap 10-30V. Anh hng cua ien ap the hien r ret nhat la ng vi tr so ap t 250V tr len, luc nay ien tr ngi co the xem nh tng ng b boc het lp da ngoai. 2. Anh hng cua tr so dong ien giat Dong ien la nhan to vat ly trc tiep gay ra ton thng khi b ien giat. ien tr cua than ngi, ien ap at vao ngi ch la nhng ai lng lam bien oi tr so dong ien noi tren ma thoi.

45 Vi tr so dong ien nhat nh, s tac dung cua no vao c the con ngi hau nh khong thay oi. Tac ong cua dong ien len c the ngi phu thuoc vao tr so cua no (bang
Bang 4.1 : Tac ong cua dong ien len c the ngi Dong ien (mA) Tac dung cua dong ien Dong ien mot chieu xoay chie 50-60Hz 0,6-1,5 Bat au thay ngon tay te Khong co cam giac g 2-3 Ngon tay te rat manh Khong co cam giac g 5-7 Bap tht co lai va rung au nh kim am, cam thay nong 8-10 Tay a kho ri khoi vat co ien Nong tang len nhng van ri c 20-25 Tay khong ri c vat co ien, Nong cang tang len, tht au, kho th co quap lai nhng cha manh .50-80 Th b te liet. Tim bat au Cam giac nong manh. Bap 3. Anh hng cua thi gian ien giat

Thi gian tac dung cua dong ien anh hng en ien tr cua ngi. Thi gian tac dung cang lau ien tr ngi cang b giam Khi dong ien tac ong trong thi gian ngan th tnh chat nguy hiem phu thuoc vao nhp ap cua tim. 4. ng i cua dong ien giat Phan ln cac nha nghien cu eu cho rang ng i cua dong ien giat qua c the co tam quan trong ln. Qua th nghiem nhieu lan va co cac ket qua sau: Dong ien i t tay sang tay se co 3,3 % cua dong ien tong i qua tim. Dong ien i t tay phai sang chan se co 6,7 % cua dong ien tong i qua tim. Dong ien i t chan sang chan se co 0,4 % cua dong ien tong i qua tim. Chung ta co ket luan sau: a) ng i cua dong ien co y ngha quan trong v lng dong ien qua tim hay qua c quan ho hap phu thuoc cach tiep xuc cua ngi vi mach ien. b) Dong ien phan bo tng oi eu tren cac c long ngc.

46 c) Dong ien i t tay phai en chan co phan lng qua tim nhieu nhat v phan ln dong ien qua tim theo truc doc ma truc nay nam tren ng t tay phai en chan. Anh hng cua tan so dong ien Tong tr cua c the ngi giam xuong luc tan so tang len. ieu nay de hieu v ien khang cua da ngi do ien dung tao nen x= fc se giam xuong luc tan so tang. Thc te ket qua se khong nh vay, ngha la khi tang tan so len cang cao mc o nguy hiem cang giam i. oi vi ngi th cac nha nghien cu cho rang tan so 5060 Hz nguy hiem nhat. Khi tr so cua tan so be hoac ln hn tr so noi tren mc o nguy hiem se giam xuong. 5. Mi Trng xung quanh Nhit v c bt l m cng c nh hng n in tr ca con ngi v cc vt cch in do cng lm thay i dng in qua ngi. 6. in p cho php Vic d an tr s dng in qua ngi trong nhiu trng hp l khng lm c. Phn trn xt in tr ca ngi l mt hm s ca nhiu bin s m mi bin s ny ph thuc vo cc hon cnh khc nhau. Vy xc nh gii hn an ton cho ngi khng ph thuc vo dng in an ton m phi theoin p cho php. Dng in p cho php rt thun li v mi mng in c mt in p tng i n nh 4.1.2. Cac dang tai nan ien 1. Cac chan thng do ien: Chan thng do ien la s pha huy cuc bo cac mo cua c the do dong ien hoac ho quang ien. Chan thng do ien se anh hng en sc khoe va kha nang lao ong, mot so trng hp co the dan en t vong. Cac ac trng cua chan thng ien la: + Bong ien: Bong gay nen do dong ien i qua c the ngi hoac do tac ong cua ho quang ien. + Dau vet ien: Khi dong ien chay qua se tao nen cac dau vet tren be mat da tai iem tiep xuc vi ien cc. + Kim loai hoa mat da do cac hat kim loai nho ban vi toc o ln tham sau vao trong da, gay bong. + Co giat c: Khi co dong ien i qua ngi cac c b co giat. + Viem mat do tac dung cua tia cc tm hoac tia hong ngoai cua ho quang ien. 2. ien giat Dong ien qua c the se gay kch thch cac mo kem theo co giat c cac mc o khac nhau: - C b co giat nhng ngi khong b ngat. - C b co giat, ngi b ngat nhng van duy tr c ho hap va tuan hoan.

47 - Ngi b ngat, hoat ong cua tim va he ho hap b roi loan. - Chet lam sang Phan loai ni at thiet b ien theo mc nguy hiem Mc nguy hiem oi vi ngi lam viec thiet b ien do dong ien gay nen phu thuoc vao ieu kien moi trng. a. Ni nguy hiem la ni co mot trong nhng yeu to sau: - Am trong thi gian dai hoac co bui dan ien - Nen nha dan ien. - Nhiet o cao - Nhng ni ngi co the ong thi tiep xuc mot ben vi cac ket cau kim loai cua nha, cac thiet b cong nghe, may moc a noi at va mot ben vi vo kim loai cua thiet b ien. b. Ni ac biet nguy hiem la ni co mot trong cac yeu to sau: - Rat am. - Moi trng co hoat tnh hoa hoc. - ong thi co hai yeu to tr len cua ni nguy hiem neu muc a. c. Ni t nguy hiem(bnh thng) la ni khong thuoc hai loai tren. Mat khac neu da ngi b d manh tren cac cc ien ien tr cua da cung giam i. Vi ien ap be 50 60V co the xem ien tr t le nghch vi dien tch tiep xuc. Mc o tiep xuc hay ap lc cac au tiep xuc cua cac cc ien vao da ngi lam ien tr da thay oi theo. S thay oi nay rat de nhn thay trong vung ap lc be hn 1 kg/cm2.(hnh 4.1)
4.2. PHAN TCH AN TOAN TRONG MANG IEN

4.2.1. Trng hp mat an toan trong mang ien n gian. Mang ien n gian la mang ien mot chieu va mang ien xoay chieu mot pha. mang ien nay nguon ien co hai cc noi qua cac day dan en cac thiet b tieu thu. Day dan co the phan nhanh. Mang co the co mot cc tiep at: Trng hp mat an toan xay ra khi cham vao mot cc hoac hai cc cua li ien. S nguy hiem phu thuoc vao cac tnh huong xay ra: Trong loai mang nay, trng hp nguy hiem nhat la cham vao hai cc khi o dong ien i qua ngi la ln nhat va bang: U

I ng =

Rng

48

ie a av n p t Dog ie ch n n
I ng = U ng Rng = U '1 r Rng ( r '1 +r2 )

I ng =

Ur 1 Rng ( r1 + r2 ) + r1r2

I ng =

U 2 Rng + rcd

Ing =

Ur 1 ( Ry + Rn )( r1 + r2 ) + r1r2
I ng =

Ur1 2( Rng + Rn ) + rcd

2 Ma gie . n n Thay tr a. Ma g ie n n Ma g ie n n ho cha a thie y Gia

I ng = U .r1 ( Rng + rn )( r1 + r0 ) + r1r0

49

50

4.3.3. Cap cu ngi b ien giat: Khi s cu ngi b nan can thc hien hai bc c ban sau: + Tach nan nhan ra khoi nguon ien. + Lam ho hap nhan tao va xoa bop tim ngoai long ngc. Tach nan nhan ra khoi nguon ien. Neu nan nhan cham vao ien ha ap can: nhanh chong cat nguon ien (cau dao, aptomat, cau ch,...); neu khong the cat nhanh nguon ien th phai dung cac vat cach ien kho nh sao, gay tre, go kho e gat day ien ra khoi nan nhan, neu nan nhan nam chat vao day ien phai ng tren cac vat cach ien kho (be go) e keo nan nhan ra hoac i ung hay dung gang tay cach ien e g nan nhan ra; cung nh co the dung ru, dao vi can go kho, km cach ien e chat hoac cat t day ien. Neu nan nhan b cham hoac b phong ien t thiet b co ien ap cao th khong the cu ngay trc tiep ma can phai i ung, dung gay, sao cach ien e tach ngi b nan ra khoi

4.3 CA B C 4.3.1Cac q e mba a o 1. Phai xu ba c t 2. Phai thiet b

51 pham vi co ien. ong thi bao cho ngi quan ly en cat ien tren ng day. Neu ngi b nan ang lam viec ng day tren cao dung day dan noi at, lam ngan mach ng day. Khi lam ngan mach va noi at can tien hanh noi at trc, sau o nem day len lam ngan mach ng day. Dung cac bien phap e chong ri, nga neu ngi b nan tren cao. 4.4. BIN PHAP CAN THIET E AM BAO AN TOAN IEN 4.4.1. Cac qui tac chung e am bao an toan ien e am bao an toan ien can phai thc hien ung cac quy nh: 1. Phai che chan cac thiet b va bo phan cua mang ien e tranh nguy hiem khi tiep xuc bat ng vao vat dan ien. 2. Phai chon ung ien ap s dung va thc hien noi at hoac noi day trung tnh cac thiet b ien cung nh thap sang theo ung quy chuan. 3. Nghiem chnh s dung cac thiet b, dung cu an toan va bao ve khi lam viec. 4. To chc kiem tra, van hanh theo ung qui tac an toan. 5. Phai thng xuyen kiem tra d phong cach ien cua thiet b cung nh cua he thong ien. 4.4.2. Cac bien phap ky thuat an toan ien e phong nga, han che tac hai do tai nan ien, can ap dung cac bien phap ky thuat an toan ien sau ay: a. Bien phap chu ong e phong xuat hien tnh trang nguy hiem co the gay ra tai nan: + am bao tot cach ien cua thiet b ien (TB). + am bao khoang cach an toan, bao che, rao chan cac bo phan mang ien. + S dung ien ap thap, may bien ap cach ly. + S dung tn hieu, bien bao, khoa lien ong. b. Cac bien phap ngan nga, han che tai nan ien khi xuat hien tnh trang nguy hiem: + Thc hien noi khong bao ve + Thc hien noi at bao ve, can bang the. + S dung may cat ien an toan. + S dung cac phng tien bao ve dung cu phong ho.

52

1. Ma gie n
r '1 = Rng r1 Rng + r1

53 Lam ho hap nhan tao: Thc hien ngay sau khi tach ngi b nan ra khoi bo phan mang ien. at nan nhan cho thoang kh, ci cac phan quan ao bo than (cuc co, that lng,...), lau sach mau, nc bot va cac chat ban. Thao tac theo trnh t: + at nan nhan nga, ke gay bang vat mem e au nga ve pha sau. Kiem tra kh quan co thong suot khong va lay cac d vat ra. Neu ham b co cng phai m mieng bang cach e tay ap vao pha di cua goc ham di, ty ngon cai vao mep ham e ay ham di ra. + Keo nga mat nan nhan ve pha sau sao cho cam va co tren mot ng thang am bao cho khong kh vao c de dang. ay ham di ve pha trc e phong li ri xuong ong thanh quan. + M mieng va bt mui nan nhan. Ngi cap cu ht hi va thoi manh vao mieng nan nhan (at khau trang hoac khan sach vao mieng nan nhan). Neu khong the thoi vao mieng c th co the bt kn mieng nan nhan va thoi vao mui. + Lap lai cac thao tac tren nhieu lan. Viec thoi kh can lam nhp nhang va lien tuc 10-12 lan trong mot phut vi ngi ln, 20 lan trong mot phut vi tre em. c. Xoa bop tim ngoai long ngc Neu co hai ngi cap cu th mot ngi thoi ngat con mot ngi xoa bop tim. Ngi xoa bop tim at hai tay chong len nhau va at 1/3 phan di xng c cua nan nhan, an khoang 4-6 lan th dng lai 2 giay e ngi th nhat thoi khong kh vao phoi nan nhan. Khi an ep manh long ngc xuong khoang 4-6 cm, sau o gi tay lai khoang 1/3 giay roi mi ri tay khoi long ngc cho tr ve v tr cu. Neu co mot ngi cap cu th c sau hai ba lan thoi ngat an vao long ngc nan nhan nh tren t 4-6 lan. Cac thao tac phai c lam lien tuc cho en khi nan nhan xuat hien dau hieu song tr lai, he ho hap co the t hoat ong on nh. e kiem tra nhp tim nen ngng xoa bop khoang 2-3 giay. Sau khi thay sac mat tr lai hong hao, ong t co gian, tim phoi bat au hoat ong nhe... can tiep tuc cap cu khoang 5-10 phut na e tiep sc them cho nan nhan. Sau o can kp thi chuyen nan nhan ti benh vien. Trong qua trnh van chuyen van phai tiep tuc tien hanh cong viec cap cu lien tuc.

54

55

AN TOAN HOA CHAT

5.1. PHAN LOAI OC TNH VA TAC HAI CUA HOA CHAT

Chng V

5.1.1. Phan loai thong dung 1. Phan loai: theo oi tng s dung, nguon goc, trang thai va ac iem nhan biet: Theo oi tng s dung hoa chat nh: Theo nguon goc hoa chat Theo trang thai pha cua hoa chat nh: hoa chat dang ran ,hoa chat dang long va kh Theo ac iem nhan biet nh trc giac tc thi cua con ngi (qua mau sac, mui, v) hay phan tch bang may. Theo tac hai nhan biet cua chat oc lam giam sut sc khoe cua ngi lao ong khi tiep xuc vi hoa chat thi gian ngan gay ra nhiem oc cap tnh (hoac chan thng do oc) con thi gian dai gay ra nhiem oc man tnh. 2. Phan loai theo tac hai chu yeu cua hoa chat en c the ngi a. Kch thch va gay bong Tac ong kch thch cua hoa chat lam hai chc nang hoat ong cua cac bo phan c the tiep xuc vi hoa chat nh da, mat, ng ho hap... b. D ng Hien tng d ng hoa chat thng xay ra vi da va ng ho hap sau khi c the ngi lao ong tiep xuc trc tiep vi hoa chat. c. Gay ngat th (do oxy khong u cho nhu cau hoat ong cua cac to chc trong c the) Co hai dang la ngat th n thuan va ngat th hoa hoc thng do tac ong cua d. Gay me va gay te Cac hoa chat gay me va gay te nh etalnol C2H5OH, propanol...(ancol beo), axeton, axetylen, hydrocacbua, etyl isopropul ete, H2S, CS2, xang,... Khi tiep xuc thng xuyen vi mot trong cac hoa chat gay me va gay te tren, neu nong o thap se gay nghien, con neu nong o cao co the lam suy yeu he than kinh trung ng, gay ngat, tham ch dan ti t vong. e. Gay tac hai en he thong cac c quan chc nang Tac hai cua hoa chat lam can tr hay gay ton thng en mot hay nhieu c quan chc nang, co quan he mat thiet vi nhau nh gan, than, he than kinh, he sinh duc lam anh hng lien i toan bo c the, goi la nhiem oc he thong. Mc o nhiem oc he thong tuy thuoc loai, lieu lng, thi gian tiep xuc vi hoa chat...

56 g. Ung th Sau khi tiep xuc vi mot so hoa chat thng sau khoang 4-40 nam se dan ti khoi u ung th do s phat trien t do cua te bao. V tr ung th nghe nghiep thng khong gii han v tr tiep xuc. h. H thai ( quai thai) Cac hoa chat nh thuy ngan Hg, kh gay me, cac dung moi hu c co the can tr qua trnh phat trien cua bao thai nhat la trong 3 thang au, ac biet la cac to chc quan trong nh nao, tim, gan, tay va chan se gay ra bien dang bao thai lam h thai (gay quai thai). i. Anh hng en cac the he tng lai Cac hoa chat tac ong en c the ngi gay ot bien gen, tao nen nhng bien oi khong bnh thng cho the he tng lai, nh hau qua cua chat oc ioxin mot hoa chat cc oc, mot ham lng tap nho co trong chat diet co 2,4,5T (ch can 80g ioxin u giet chet hang trieu ngi cua thanh pho). Benh bui phoi Benh bui phoi la benh do lang ong lau ngay cac hat bui nho (thng nho di 1/7000mm) thay vung trao oi kh cua phoi, gay cho benh nhan hien tng ho d ng keo dai, th ngan va gap trong nhng hoat ong dung nhieu sc lc. 5.2 MOT SO CHAT OC THNG GAP VA TAC HAI CUA NO 5.2.1. Ch va hp chat cua ch a. Ch (pb) + Ch co the vao c the qua ng ho hap, tieu hoa va qua da, lam suy nhc than kinh, roi loan tieu hoa, nhiem oc mau. + Khi nhiem ch cap tnh: thng la au bung d doi, ot ngot, kem theo huyet ap cao, mach cham. + Khi nhiem oc man tnh: gay suy nhc than kinh, roi loan cam giac, te liet, bach cau giam, viem da day, viem ruot. Nen kham sc khoe nh ky, qua xet nghiem mau va nc tieu e phat hien benh co bien phap cha tr sm. b. Tetraetin ch Pb(C2H5)4 va Tetrametin ch Pb(CH3)4 Vi nong o 0,182 mg/lt khong kh se gay chet suc vat sau 18 gi. oi vi ngi gay hng phan manh, roi loan giac ngu, thay ghe s... Tetraetin ch Pb(C2H5)4 tac hai gap 5 lan Tetrametin ch Pb(CH3)4. 5.2.2. Thuy ngan (Hg)

57 La kim loai nang trang thai long, soi 37 0C va boc hi nhiet o bnh thng. Hi thuy ngan xam nhap vao c the qua ho hap, tieu hoa va da. Thng la nhiem oc man tnh, co tac hai en he than kinh giam tr nh, roi loan tieu hoa, roi loan chc nang gan. Hi thuy ngan xam nhap vao c the co the tch tu lai gan, la lach, than lam tac hai lau dai cho c the. Vi phu n con co tac hai xau hn (gay roi loan kinh nguyet, au bung, de say thai,). Nong o cho phep cua hi thuy ngan trong khu vc san xuat 0,01 mg/m3 khong kh. 5.2.3. Cacbon oxit (CO): Nhiem oc cap tnh thng gay ra au au, u tai, chong mat, buon non, met moi, sut can, 5.3.4. Benzen (C6H6) Hi cua benzen oc, co the gay chet ngi. Nong o oc t 0,3 mg/lt khong kh (100 cm3/m3). Hi benzen xam nhap vao ng ho hap lam giam hong cau. Neu nong o len en 64 mg / lt se gay chet ot ngot. Ngo oc man tnh benzen the hien nh thieu mau, non ma, chay mau cam va xuat huyet trong. Ngo oc benzen con anh hng ti tuy, gan, la lach. 5.3. BIEN PHAP PHONG CHONG NHIEM OC NGHE NGHIEP 1. Bien phap ky thuat Loai tr nguyen lieu oc trong san xuat hoac dung chat t oc. Cam dung ch trong san xuat sn mau, thay the ch trang bang kem hay Titan. Dung xang, con thay benzen. San xuat hoa chat nen c gii hoa, t ong hoa. Thiet b cha chat oc can bao kn, chong ro r, boc hi. To chc hp ly hoa qua trnh san xuat. Ni co chat oc bo tr rieng, cuoi chieu gio. He thong thong gio tot. Thng xuyen kiem tra an toan cac thiet b, phat hien cac h hong va kp thi sa cha. Huan luyen cong nhan biet cach phong chong nhiem oc. 2. Dung cu phong ho ca nhan: Mat ma phong oc. - Loai mat na bnh loc: loai nay c dung cho ni co oxy tren 16% khong kh vao bo phan loc en cung cap cho cong nhan. - Loai mat na cach ly co bnh o xi: loai nay dung cho ni co di 16% oxy khong kh bnh oxy cung cap cho cong nhan.

58 Quan ao bao ve chong hi, bui chat long oc can phai che kn co, tay, chan, ngc. Neu can con trang b gang tay, ung cao su. 3. Bien phap y te Cong nhan tiep xuc vi chat oc can nh ky 3-6-12 thang kham benh e kiem tra sc khoe. Neu thay co nhiem oc nghe nghiep phai kp thi ieu tr, tien hanh giam nh kha nang lao ong va bo tr ni lam viec thch hp. oi vi cong nhan thng xuyen tiep xuc chat oc can co che o boi dng hien vat, an nhieu am, tht, ca, trng, rau qua xanh nhieu sinh to.

59 Chng VI

AN TOAN TRONG C KH , THIET B CHU AP LC VA THIET B NANG

6.1. MOT SO VAN E AN TOAN TRONG C KH 6.1.1. Nhng nguyen nhan gay ra tai nan lao ong khi s may moc thiet b 1. nh ngha ve nhng moi nguy hiem trong c kh Moi nguy hiem trong c kh la ni va nguon phat sinh nguy hiem do hnh dang, kch thc, chuyen ong cua cac phng tien lam viec, phng tien tr giup, phng tien van chuyen cung nh chi tiet b ton thng trong qua trnh lao ong, nh kep chat, cat xuyen thung, va ap... gay ra s co ton thng cac mc o khac nhau. Mc o ton thng (hay tac hai) cua moi nguy hiem c kh tuy thuoc vao nang lng cua he thong tac ong (Nh cua may, thiet b...) va nang lng tac ong cua con ngi (chuyen ong cua tay c the) va cung t o anh gia tac ong cua moi nguy hiem 2. Cac ai lng ac trng Nhng yeu to co the anh hng en moi nguy hiem trong c kh la: - Tnh trang cua bo phan tac ong (v du: rat nhon, rat sac...) Nhng t the lao ong oi hoi phai thc hien, nhng nhng t the o de sinh ra nguy hiem. - Ap lc ep co the ; - Loai va hnh dang be mat - Nhng nguon nang lng d tr, v du lo xo ang dang nen hay mot khong gian chan khong. 3. anh gia moi nguy hiem trong c kh Theo NOHL ngi ta dung phng phapPhng phap phan tch o an toan (Hnh 6.2) 6.1.2. Cac giai phap an toan trong c kh. 1. Bien phap u tien Xoa moi nguy hiem nguon xuat hien cung nh giam toi thieu nguon nang lng cua he thong thong qua: + S dung cac phng tien lam viec khac (v du: dung cu cat) hay phng phap gia cong. + Thc hiec cac bien phap an toan theo DIN EN 292,294, 349 va 881 + S dung cac phng tien lam viec co c cau an toan. + Trang b va au t kiem tra nh ky cac phng tien lam viec. 2. Bien phap tc thi.

60 Han che cac moi nguy hiem thong qua cac phng tien an toan. Chc nang an toan: F Chc nang an toan tac dung trc tiep la chc nang cua mot cai may, ma s thieu sot chc nang cua no trc tiep lam tang s rui ro gay ra ton thng hay lam anh hng en sc khoe. Chc nang an toan tac dung trc tiep bao gom chc nang an toan ac biet va chc nang an toan qui nh Chc nang an toan ac biet co muc tieu an toan ro rang. Chc nang an toan tac ong gian tiep, la nhng chc nang ma sai lam cua no khong trc tiep gay ra moi nguy hiem, tuy nhien no se lam tang mc o an toan Giam sat t ong: la mot chc nang an toan gian tiep, no han che kha nang cua mot bo phan trong mot gii han khi thc hien chc nang cua no hoac nhng ieu kien cua phng phap thay oi ma co the gay ra moi nguy hiem. Ngan chan nhng sai sot Tnh chat cua mot he thong, lam giam nhng ton that chc nang cua no en mc toi thieu. S xuat hien nhng ton that can c phat hien sm va khac phuc ngay. iem chu yeu ng dung cua d an nay phan ln la khi phat trien san pham. Phoi hp nguyen tac Co the ng dung ca nguyen tac giai quyet va nguyen tac tac ong trong mot s thong nhat vi muc ch lam bien oi kha nang chong lai trong s thong nhat o. Trang b cac phng tien ham Cac phng tien ham la cac phng tien an toan e ngan chan va s co xay ra tiep theo trc khi co s thay oi chc nang cua cac thanh phan trong mot day chuyen phu thuoc vao nhau. Cac bien phap bao ve ky thuat + Trang b bao ve tach biet: la mot bo phan cua may, thiet b ngan khong cho c the tiep xuc vi cho nguy hiem, V du: boc ngoai, nap ay, o, ca, che phu,... + Trang b bao ve khong tach biet: la nhng trang b loai tr hay han che moi nguy hiem. Trang b bao ve khong tiep can: s ngan can con ngi dan en cho nguy hiem bang cach phong toa (ngan chan) con ngi i vao khu vc o, co the bang phng phap chu ong hay b ong.

61 F Phng tien tac ong va s la chon cac trang thiet b bao ve ky thuat. + S dung cac thiet b an toan phai biet c muc ch cua no, hay noi cach khac la phai biet c nguyen nhan gay ra mat an toan. + Khi la chon trang b an toan can c quan tam chung trong ca he thong, vi s la chon trang b an toan o han che en mc toi a cac moi nguy hiem co the xay ra +Mot ieu can chu y na la khi s dung cac trang b an toan anh hng t nhat en qua trnh lam viec cac giai oan khac nhau (theo thi gian) cua tuoi tho cua may. 3. Bien phap to chc ieu chnh ve to chc trong x nghiep, e xac nh, kiem tra va duy tr nh ky kiem tra thiet b. Bo tr ke hoach e giang day va hng dan ve an toan lao ong cho cac oi tng can thiet. Lien he thc te ve nhng trng hp mat an toan trong x nghiep va co thong bao vi tat ca cac oi tng can thiet. S la chon thch hp cho cac trang b an toan cho ca nhan (Hnh 6.6) Bien bao hay tn hieu cap cu: Hnh 6.7 ch ra kha nang nhan biet cua mat vi cac mau khac nhau. Nhng yeu cau oi vi cac tn hieu an toan trong x nghiep Ch dan ni de thay. Ro va de nhan biet loai ky hieu nao Co the nhan biet t xa Tranh dung mau sai Cac tn hieu ve am thanh Nghe ro, cng o toi thieu 15dB (A) Tn hieu khong nham lan Duy tr tn hieu cap cu theo chu ky Tranh e tn hieu anh hng en ni khong can thiet Trong thc te co khi ngi ta phoi hp tn hieu am thanh va quang hoc se co the nhan biet nhanh ni xay ra nguy hiem e kp thi khac phuc

62

63 6.2. AN TOAN TREN MOT SO MAY THNG GAP 6.2.1. An toan tren may tien: Trang b phong ho ca nhan gon gang. Che kn cac bo phan chuyen ong. o ga thiet ke sao cho be ngoai trn nhan, can bang, lc kep on nh, am bao khong ni long trong qua trnh lam viec. Khi tien vat lieu deo: phoi dai (day) hnh rang ca rat sac co the t tay chan. No co the cuon vao chi tiet gia cong lam giam o bong be mat va gay kho khan cho viec quan sat dung dao be phoi. Khi tien vat lieu gion: phoi tien ban lung tung de gay bong va vao mat gay tai nan. Tien toc o cao, nhiet o phoi co the len en 700-800 0C va ban en cong nhan cung con nong 400- 500 0C dung knh eo mat hay c cau bao ve trang b tren may tien Khi gia cong cac chi tiet dai va yeu, di tac dung cua lc li tam, phoi co the vang ra hoac uon cong, quay tt. Neu chieu dai chi tiet 10 lan ng knh (L 10d) phai dung luy net .Phoi thanh dung tren may Rvonre hoac may tien t ong co chieu dai ti 3 m th nhat thiet phai co ong che phoi. Tren may tien thng, khong co ong che phoi th chieu dai phoi thanh cho phep tho ra khoi truc chnh pha sau khong qua 0,5m.

Dao cat qua dai, ga phoi khong tron hoac kem cng vng gay rung ong dao de b v, troc moi han vang ra gay nguy hiem. Khong c dung dua e ra canh sac cua chi tiet ang tien v co the b trt, mat a cham vao chi tiet ang chuyen ong gay tai nan.

64 Kp thi phat hien cac h hong ve ien nh cham mat, ro ien e x ly. Kiem tra may chay th t phut roi mi lam viec. 2. An toan tren may mai: Vien a mai can bao quan ni kho rao, tranh xep chong len nhau, khong e va cham, nt v. Khong e a mai trong moi trng co axit. Kiem tra a mai trc khi s dung Khi lap a mai can am bao khe h gia truc va lo t 2 5% ng knh lo e phong truc gian n v nhiet trong qua trnh lam viec. Th lanh nghe mi c lap a mai. Khi lap a mai, phai am bao can bang tnh va can bang ong. Khong dung bua e go a mai. Khi lap a mai, phai co hai bch sat kep eu nhau va co em ba cac tong gia a va bch kep. Khi ng knh a mai s dung va khoang cach a vi bch < 3 mm th phai thay a mi. Mep a va be t khong c ln hn 3 mm va chieu cao cua be t can c ieu chnh e khi at vat gia cong len, chieu cao iem tiep xuc vi a khong cao qua tam a 10mm. Vo a mai u ben e e phong khi a v khong gay tai nan cho ngi s dung (chon chieu day vo theo ng knh, van toc a mai). Be t phai lap cao hn hoac ngang tam a. Neu lap thap hn tam a th gia a va be t se tao thanh mot khe chem nguy hiem, co the ket vo a. Khoang h gia a va vo t 10 15 mm. Goc m cua a mai nho e e phong a v, han che tai nan (65-1250).

65

3. An toan oi vi han ien va han hi: Phai lam sach chi tiet trc khi han Trong khi han ien, han hi cac thung kn va nha kn, phai thong gio tot. Phai co ngi canh chng e x ly khi cong nhan chang may b trung oc hi han. Cac cong nhan co benh tim, phoi khong c lam trong thung kn. Tuyet oi khong c han cac vat ang cha cac chat co ap lc nh hi nen, chat long cao ap... oi vi bnh cha cac chat de chay no, trc khi han phai m nap e e phong chay no. Khi han tren cao, cong nhan phai eo day bao hiem. Khi cat cac xa dam phai rang buoc phan cat e tranh cac vat ri xuong gay tai nan. Khu vc han ien nen co dien tch toi thieu 3 m2/l CN va cach li cac khu vc san xuat khac. Nen nha phai bang phang, dan ien, dan nhiet kem. Tng mau toi e han che s phan xa anh sang lam choi mat cac cong nhan khu vc khac. May han nen at gan nguon ien va tranh ni am t. Day dan can c boc cach ien tot va may han di ong day dan dai toi a 10 m, day dan ve (day am) phai dung day rieng, khong c au vi cac thiet b cong nghe hay li ien noi at e lam day dan ve. Cong nhan han ien, han hi phai c trang b phong ho ca nhan bao am nh knh han, day ai, gang tay va quan ao bao ho lao ong.

66 Khi han hi co the xay ra trng hp chay ngc. e e phong trng hp nay ngi ta trang b van nc.

An toan oi vi thiet b ren dap: Cac e can at go th doc va chac, c chon sau 0,5 m. Cac e cach nhau 2,5 m, mat e nhan, o nghieng khong qua 2 %. Khoang cach t lo nung en e toi thieu 1,5 m. Gia lo va e khong c bo tr ng van chuyen. Lo phai co ong khoi cao hn nhng cong trnh kien truc xung quanh va phai co thiet b chong set, co chup che ma va khong gan vi cau truc nha xng de bat la. Khi thao tac bua may can lu y khong e au bua anh trc tiep len mat e va neu mot lan ieu khien ma bua anh lien hai lan la co s co, can ngng may e kiem tra, sa cha. Phai nh ky kiem tra cac c cau, he thong an toan cua bua may. Cac khuon dap phai bat chat tren ban may. oi vi may ot dap t ong, khong c dung tay e cap phoi. 5. Ky thuat an toan oi vi khau uc: Khuon e rot kim loai phai kho rao. Khi rot kim loai phai ke sat mo rot vao mieng khuon. Ngi khong phan s ng cach xa 10 m. Cong nhan khieng nc gang phai i giay da, ao bo ngoai quan, ong quan phu co giay. Khong c i dep hoac chan khong, loi i khieng nc gang phai rong 2m, loi i gia hai hang khuon rong t nhat 1m.

67 Khi trong lng nc gang, ke ca thung, gau cha nang qua 60 kg th khong c khieng bang tay ma phai c gii hoa. Khi uc li tam phai am bao khong e nc gang ban ra khi khuon quay. Cac khuon gan vao ban quay phai can bang. Khi nau gang, neu thay ay lo b chay xem hoac vo lo b nung o phai ngng thoi gio, e lo nguoi t nhien va ch tien hanh sa cha khi trong lo co nhiet o thap hn 400C. Dung kh nen lam nguoi lo. Tuyet oi khong c dung nc lam nguoi. 6.3. KY THUAT AN TOAN OI VI THIET B CHU AP LC 6.3.1 Nhng nguyen nhan gay ra s co cua thiet b chu ap lc va bien phap phong nga. 1. Nhng nguyen nhan gay ra s co cua thiet b chu ap lc a. Nguyen nhan ky thuat -Thiet b c thiet ke va che tao khong am bao qui cach, tieu chuan ky thuat va ket cau khong phu hp, dung sai vat lieu, tnh toan sai -Thiet b qua cu, h hong nang. Khong c sa cha kp thi, chat lng sa cha kem. -Khong co thiet b kiem tra o lng hoac thiet b kiem tra o lng khong u o tin cay. -Khong co c cau an toan, hoac c cau an toan khong lam viec theo chc nang yeu cau. -ng ong va thiet b phu tr khong am bao ung qui nh. -Tnh trang nha xng, he thong chieu sang, thong tin khong am bao kha nang kiem tra theo doi, van hanh, x ly s co mot cach kp thi. b. Nguyen nhan to chc La nguyen nhan lien quan en hoat ong, trnh o hieu biet cua con ngi trong qua trnh to chc khai thac s dung thiet b.. Nhng nguyen nhan to chc bao gom: + Ngi quan ly thieu quan tam en van e an toan trong khai thac, s dung thiet b chu ap lc, ac biet la thiet b lam viec vi ap lc thap, cong suat va dung tch nho, dan ti tnh trang quan ly long leo, nhieu khi khong ang kiem van a vao hoat ong. + Trnh o van hanh cua cong nhan yeu, thao tac sai, nham lan.

68 2. Nhng bien phap phong nga s co thiet b chu ap lc a. Bien phap to chc: Quan ly thiet b chu ap lc theo cac qui nh trong tai lieu chuan, qui pham (nh ang kiem, trach nhiem gia ngi quan ly va ngi van hanh...) ao tao, huan luyen, Xay dng cac tai lieu ky thuat b. Bien phap ky thuat Thiet ke che tao: Cac giai phap ky thuat nham ngan nga s co noi hi va thiet b ap lc thong thng c xem xet ngay t nhng khau au tien: Thiet ke- che tao. Kiem nghiem d phong: + Cong tac kiem nghiem ky thuat thiet b bao gom viec kiem tra, xem xet ben trong va ben ngoai thiet b (bao gom cac bo phan chu ap lc, cac dung cu kiem tra, o lng, phu tung ng ong...) e xac nh tnh trang ky thuat, phat hien nhng h hong, khuyet tat... + Th nghiem o ben bang ap lc chat long (thong thng la nc), e xac nh kha nang chu lc cua thiet b. + Th nghiem o kn cua thiet b bang kh nen. + Kiem tra xac nh chieu day thanh thiet b, khuyet tat, moi han. Sa cha phong nga: Cong tac sa cha thiet b ap lc bao gom cac dang: + Sa cha s co: e khac phuc nhng h hong nho xay ra trong qua trnh van hanh, s dung thiet b. + Sa cha nh ky: sa cha va hoac sa cha ln nham thay the tng phan hoac thay the toan bo thiet b khong con kha nang lam viec an toan. 6.4. AN TOAN OI VI THIET B NANG HA 6.4.1. Nhng khai niem c ban 6.4.1.1. Phan loai thiet b nang 1. May truc: la nhng thiet b nang hoat ong theo chu ky dung e nang, chuyen tai (c gi bang moc hoac cac bo phan mang tai khac) trong khong gian. a. May truc kieu can: la may truc co bo phan mang tai treo can hoac xe con di chuyen theo can. b. May truc kieu cau: la may truc co bo phan mang tai tren cau cua xe con hoac palang di chuyen theo yeu cau chuyen ong. c. May truc kieu ng cap: la may truc co bo phan mang tai treo tren xe con di chuyen theo cap co nh tren cac tru .

69 2. Xe ti chay tren ng ray tren cao 3. Palang la thiet b nang c treo vao ket cau co nh hoac treo vao xe con, palang co dan ong bang ong c ien goi la palang ien, palang co dan ong bang tay goi la palang thu cong. 4. Ti la thiet b nang c dung e nang, ha va keo tai. Ti co the hoat ong nh mot thiet b hoan chnh rieng va co the ong vai tro mot bo phan cua thiet b nang phc tap khac. Ti dan ong bang ong c ien goi la ti ien, ti dan ong bang tay goi la ti thu cong. 5. May nang: la may co bo phan mang tai c nang, ha theo khung dan hng. May nang dung e nang nhng vat co khoi lng ln, cong kenh nen de gay nguy hiem. 6.4.2. Nhng s co, tai nan thng xay ra cua thiet b nang 1. Ri tai trong: chu yeu la do nang qua tai lam t cap nang tai, nang can, moc buoc tai, do cong nhan lai khi nang hoac khi quay can tai b vng vao cac vat xung quanh; phanh cua c cau nang b hong, ma phanh b mon qua mc qui nh, momen phanh qua be, day cap b mon hoac b t, moi noi cap khong am bao... 2. Sap can: la s co thng xay ra va gay chet ngi, do noi cap khong ung ky thuat, khoa cap mat , hong phanh, co the do cau qua tai tam vi xa nhat lam t cap. 3. o cau: do vung at mat bang lam viec khong on nh, at b lun hoac mat bang co goc nghieng qua qui nh. Cau qua tai hoac tai vng vao vat xung quanh. Trng hp dung cau e nho cay hay cac ket cau chon di at cung de gay nguy hiem o cau. 4. Tai nan ve ien: tai nan ve ien co the xay ra cac trng hp sau: Thiet b ien cham vo. Can cau cham vao ng day mang ien hay b phong ien ho quang do vi pham khoang cach an toan oi vi ien cao ap. Thiet b nang e len day cap mang ien. 6.4.3. Cac bien phap ky thuat an toan 1. Yeu cau an toan oi vi mot so chi tiet, c cau quan trong cua thiet b nang a) Cap: * Chon cap: + Cap s dung phai co kha nang chu lc phu hp vi lc tac dung len cap.

P S

70

Trong o : P lc keo t cap S lc ln nhat tac dung len day cap trong qua trnh lam viec. K la he so an toan + Cap co cau tao phu hp vi tnh nang s dung cua no. + Cap co u chieu dai can thiet. oi vi cap dung e buoc th phai am bao goc tao thanh gia cac nhanh cap khong ln hn 900.

Loai bo cap: sau mo thi gian s dung, cap se b mon do ma sat, r va de b gay, t cac si do b cuon vao tang va qua rong roc, hien tng o phat trien dan en mot luc nao o th cap mi b t hoan toan. Ngoai ra cap con b hong do that nut, b kep... b) Xch : Cac loai xch c s dung la xch han va xch la - Xch han: cac mat xch co hnh o van, hai au c han noi vi nhau mat nay long vao mat kia. - Xch la: cac mat xch c dap theo mau va noi vi nhau bang cac truc quay. - Chon xch: xch s dung phai co kha nang chu lc phu hp vi lc tac dung len xch Trong o: P la lc keo t xch. S la lc ln nhat tac ong len day xch trong qua trnh lam viec. K he so an toan

71 - Loai bo xch: khi mat xch a mon qua 10 % kch thc ban au th khong s dung c na. c) Tang va rong roc - Tang: tang dung cuon cap hay cuon xch, yeu cau cua tang: + Bao am ng knh theo yeu cau. + Cau tao tang phai am bao vi yeu cau lam viec. + Tang phai loai bo khi ran nt. Rong roc: dung thay oi hng chuyen ong cua cap hay xch e lam li ve lc hay toc o; yeu cau cua rong roc: + am bao ng knh puli theo yeu cau. + Cau tao phu hp vi che o lam viec. + Rong roc phai loai bo khi ran, nt hay mon sau qua 0,5 mm ng knh cap. - ng knh cua tang va puli cuon cap xac nh theo cong thc: D d(e 1) Trong o: D la ng knh cua tang, puli (o cho cap tiep xuc) d la ng knh cua cap. e he so phu thuoc vao dang truyen ong va che o lam viec cua may ng knh cua tang, puli co ranh nh hnh cuon xch han D 20d vi truyen ong thu cong D 30d vi truyen ong bang c kh Trong o: D la ng knh cua tang, puli d la ng knh cua si day thep lam xch d) Phanh: Phanh c s dung tat ca cac loai may truc va hau het cac c cau cua chung. Tac dung cua phanh la dung e ngng chuyen ong cua mot c cau nao o hoac thay oi toc o cua no. - Chon phanh:
Mp Mt Kp

Mp : momen do phanh sinh ra. Mt : momen o truc truyen ong. Kp: he so d tr cua phanh, he so nay phu thuoc vao dang truyen ong va che o lam viec cua may Loai bo phanh: Phanh c loai bo trong cac trng hp sau: + oi vi ma phanh phai loai bo khi mon khong eu, ma phanh khong m eu, ma mon ti inh vt gia ma phanh,

Trong o:

72 Banh phanh b mon sau qua 1mm, phanh co vet ran nt, khi phanh lam viec ma phanh ch tiep xuc vi banh mot goc nho hn 80 % goc qui nh, o h cua ma phanh va banh phanh ln hn 0,5mm khi ng knh bang phanh 150-200mm va ln hn 1-2 mm khi ng knh banh phanh 300 mm, Banh phanh b mon t 30% o day ban au tr len, o day cua ma phanh mon qua 50%. + oi vi phanh ai, phai loai bo khi co vet nt tren ai phanh, Khi o h gia ai phanh va banh phanh nho hn 2 mm va ln hn 4 mm, Khi banh phanh b mon hn 30 % chieu day ban au cua thanh banh phanh, Khi ai phanh b mon qua 50% chieu day ban au, Khi phanh lam viec ai phanh ch tiep xuc vi banh phanh mot goc nho hn 80% goc tnh toan, Khi ai phanh va banh phanh mon khong eu.

6.5. NHNG NGUYEN NHAN GAY RA CHAN THNG KHI S DUNG MAY MOC THIET B

6.5.1. Cac nguyen nhan do thiet b: Ngi thiet ke phai co mot cach nhn toan dien, phng phap tnh toan chnh xac mi am bao an toan cho ngi cong nhan khi s dung thiet b may moc. Khi thiet ke may moc thiet b phai chu y am bao cac ieu kien: o cng, o ben, o on nh va tien li cho cong nhan. Chu an mon (c hoc va hoa hoc). Kha nang chu nhiet, chu chan ong. He thong an toan phai am bao. Khong am bao ung mc cac ieu kien tren de xay ra tai nan cho cong nhan khi s may moc thiet b. * i vi cc chi tit my v c cu chu lc quan trng nh mc, cp ca cn trc, v cc bnh chu p lc, trc, bnh rng, nu thiu bn c hc c th lm ri vt nng, v bnh, gy trc, v bnh rng. 6.5.2. Cac nguyen nhan do che tao lap rap: Neu ngi thiet ke tnh toan chnh xac, chu ao nhng ngi che tao khong am bao cung lam cho may moc thiet b, thieu an toan. Thieu sot trong che tao, lap rap thng cac dang sau: - Dung vat lieu khong ung - Che tao khong am bao chat lng

73 - Che tao thieu chnh xac - Lap rap khong am bao theo qui trnh, khong am bao khoang cach, khe h, khong theo cac hng dan can thiet 6.5.3. Cac nguyen nhan do bao quan, s dung: Ngi ta thng noi: cua ben tai ngi. ung vay! Ngi biet bao quan, s dung ung mc theo qui trnh chat che may moc thiet b rat lau h. Cho nen tuy theo loai may ma nha che tao co qui nh cach bao quan va che o s dung. Phai thng xuyen kiem tra, ieu chnh cac c cau an toan cho phu hp vi che o s dung cua may. Neu vi pham qui trnh cong nghe, khong thng xuyen bao dng va duy tr che o lam viec hp ly cua thiet b, chac chan se dan en tai nan 6.6 NHNG BIEN PHAP AN TOAN CHU YEU 6.6.1. Yeu cau chung (thiet ke may) Thiet ke may hp ly phai thoa man hang loat yeu cau. o la tnh kinh te, lam viec co nang suat cao, ben, ep, de che tao, de bao dng va s dung... nhng ac biet quan trong la phai an toan cho ngi s dung. Yeu cau ngi thiet ke phai co mot cach nhn toan dien, tnh toan chnh xac va thoa man cac yeu cau at ra. e bao am may moc lam viec an toan, ngi thiet ke can lu y: Quan tam en the lc, than kinh, thoi quen cua con ngi. C cau ieu khien phai n gian, de nhan biet, nam trong pham vi hoat ong thuan li cua tay, chan, tam quan sat cua mat. Lc ieu khien phai nho, phu hp vi sc khoe cua con ngi. Can ac biet e phong trng hp ieu khien nham lan do: C cau ieu khien qua phc tap. C cau ieu khien bo tr lon xon. C cau ieu khien kho quan sat Hnh dang ben ngoai cua may cung co y ngha ve an toan lao ong va lam giam nhe sc lao ong. Cac bo phan truyen ong nen che chan en mc toi a Mau sn cua may, c cau ieu khien ngoai y ngha bao ve con co y ngha s dung. ac biet, c cau ieu khien, cac chi tiet chuyen ong can co mau sac de phan biet. He thong an toan phai am bao: An toan khi qua tai (c kh + ien)

74 An toan khi sut ap (ien) An toan khi mat nang lng: cac c cau nang hang dung ien. An toan khi co s co An toan khi cong nhan ieu khien nham lan. Hay t ong an toan khi cong nhan thao tac nham 6.6.2. C cau che chan va bao ve phong nga a. C cau che chan bao ve Co nhiem vu cach ly ngi cong nhan ra khoi vung nguy hiem. No co mot tac dung rat quan trong: tuy theo mc o bao ve, ieu kien lam viec cua may moc ma c cau che chan bao ve co cau tao khac nhau. Co the chia c cau che chan ra hai loai: Co nh Thao lap. b. C cau phong nga La c cau e phong s co cua thiet b co lien quan en ieu kien an toan cua cong nhan. S dung may moc, thiet b xay ra s co thng do cac nguyen nhan ky thuat khac nhau:Qua tai, Sut ap, Bo phan di ong vt qua gii han qui nh,Toc o chuyen ong qua ln,Ap suat, nhiet o qua gii han qui nh. Theo kha nang phuc hoi s lam viec cua thiet b, c cau phong nga c chia ra ba loai: Cac he thong co the t ong phuc hoi lai kha nang lam viec Cac he thong phuc hoi bang tay Cac he thong phuc hoi bang cach thay bang cac cai mi 6.6.3 C cau ieu khien va phanh ham: Nhng yeu cau cua c cau ieu khien: C cau ieu khien phai bo tr sao cho cong nhan khong nam trong vung nguy hiem cua may, co t the lam viec phu hp: khong cao qua, thap qua, xa qua, tranh tnh trang cong nhan phai cui gap, vi cao, mat thang bang,... C cau ieu khien phai thch ng vi thoi quen va phan xa t nhien cua con ngi. C cau ieu khien thng xuyen s dung bo tr pha tay phai, chan phai, gan hay trc mat ngi ieu khien (ung tam vi e de thao tac). C cau ieu khien t s dung, yeu cau lc nhe bo tr xa hn va pha chan trai, tay trai ... Nut ieu khien, tay cam: can de phan biet, de cam nam, gon va co lc ieu khien nho.

75 6.6.4 Tn hieu an toan: Tn hien an toan la tn hieu bao hieu tnh trang lam viec cua may a. Tn hieu anh sang: La mot bien phap rat an toan, c s dung rong rai trong cac x nghiep, trong giao thong Tieu chuan quoc te ve tn hieu anh sang a c qui nh nh sau: Anh sang o: tn hieu cam, bieu th s nguy hiem trc tiep "dng may, bat au,.. Anh sang vang: tn hieu e phong, bieu th s can thiet phai chu y. Anh sang xanh: tn hieu cho phep, bieu th s an toan. b. Tn hieu mau sac: Mau o: theo sinh hoc, lam tang huyet ap va kch thch s hoat ong cua con ngi, lam cho con ngi nh ti la va mau gay phan xa co ieu kien hng con ngi t bao ve dung e e phong cac nguy hiem trc tiep: yeu cau co phan ng tc thi. Mau vang: kch thch th giac nhng khong co tac dung kch thch manh nh mau o, co kha nang tap trung chu y bi vay c dung e bao hieu s e phong. Mau xanh la cay: lam ha huyet ap bieu th s yen tnh va khong nguy hiem c s dung lam tn hieu an toan. c. Tn hieu am thanh: ay la mot tn hieu an toan kha quan trong trong viec s dung cac thiet b may moc va no c ng dung rat rong rai. Tn hieu am thanh t ong: nh van an toan, noi hi... Co may o o nhiem moi trng lam viec khi o o nhiem vt qua gii han qui nh co coi bao ong e moi ngi biet ra khoi vung nguy hiem hay s dung phong ho ca nhan. Tn hieu am thanh ieu khien.

KY THUAT PHONG CHAY VA CHA CHAY

7.1. NHNG VAN E C BAN VE CHAY VA NO

Chng VII

7.1.1. Khai niem ve chay - no 1. nh ngha chay: - Chay la phan ng hoa hoc xay ra nhanh chong, phat nhiet va phat quang. - a chay co phat nhiet. Nhng phat nhiet cha han a chay.

76 2. nh ngha no: Co nhieu hien tng no, nhng can c vao tnh chat no ngi ta chia ra hai loai no chnh: No ly hoc: la nhng trng hp no do ap suat trong mot the tch tang len qua cao, vo the tch khong chu noi ap lc nen b pha v no. No hoa hoc: la hien tng no do chay qua nhanh gay ra. Cac loai thuoc no, bom, an... khi no eu la hien tng no hoa hoc. 3. Nhiet o chp chay, nhiet o boc chay, nhiet o t boc chay Nhiet o chp chay: la nhiet o toi thieu cua nhien lieu long tai o hi cua no tao c vi khong kh mot hon hp va bat chay khi a ngon la ti gan. Nhiet o boc chay: La nhiet o toi thieu tai o mau th c ot nong trong nhng ieu kien qui c bat chay khi a ngoc la ti gan va chay trong hti gian khong di 5 giay. Nhiet o t boc chay: la nhiet o toi thieu, tai o ngon la xuat hien tren mau th va khong b dap tat. 4. Ap suat t boc chay: Ap suat t boc chay cua hon hp kh la ap suat toi thieu, tai o qua trnh t boc chay xay ra. 7.1.2. Nhng ieu kien xay ra qua trnh chay Co ba ieu kien: 1. Chat chay: ba the: ran, long, kh. Chat ran: go, cui, vai, cao su,... Chat long: xang, dau, con,... Chat kh: C2H2 (axetylen), CO (oxyt dicacbon). CH4 (metan), H2,... Kha nang boc chay va toc o chay cua chung khac nhau.. 2. O xy giup cho s chay Trong khong kh co 21 % oxy (tnh theo the tch). Ban than oxy khong chay c nhng khong co oxy cung khong chay c. Cung cap oxy mc can thiet mi tao s chay tot. Co khi cung cap oxy doi dao qua lai khong chay c. 3. Nguon nhiet Nguon nhiet phai u nang lng va tiep xuc trong thi gian nhat nh mi chay c Tuy nhien khong phai bat c trng hp nao co u ba ieu kien tren eu co the chay c. Chat chay loang

77 qua, t qua,oxy thieu, ngon la yeu va thi gian chuan b chay khong u eu khong the chay c. 7.1.3. ac iem chay cua cac vat lieu khac nhau Qua trnh chay cua cac chat the: ran long- kh eu trai qua ba giai oan: CHUAN B BAT CHAY CHAY, Tuy nhien nhiet o dien bien cac giai oan moi chat co khac nhau. 1. Chay no cua hon hp hi, kh vi khong kh S chay cua hon hp thong thng bat au t mot iem sau o lan truyen ra toan bo the tch cha hon hp chay. Tuy thuoc toc o lan truyen ngon la ma phan thanh: qua trnh chay va qua trnh no. Chay on nh (bnh thng): toc o lan truyen cua ngon la t vai mm en vai cm/giay, t=14000C. Chay gay no: toc o lan truyen ngon la ti hang chuc, hang tram m/giay. Chay kch no (chay nen ap): toc o lan truyen cua ngon la t 1-4 km/s. Chay kch no rat nguy hiem. Ap suat co the len en 8 at; Nhiet o co the len en 20000C. Chay kch no thng gay thiet hai ln cho thiet b va ngi. Cho nen phai co bien phap phong no bao am. e phong kh chay, hi tch tu mot khu vc nao o khi gap moi la chay. 2. Chay cua chat long Phan ln cac chat chay the long nguy hiem hn cac chat chay the ran v: De bat chay hn. Chay nhanh hn. Hi cua chung trong khong kh de tao thanh hon hp no kho dap tat bang nc. Dien am chay de lan rong (nhien lieu the long chay loang chay rong). e anh gia mc o nguy hiem cua chat chay the long, ngi ta da vao nhiet o bung chay. nh ngha: Nhiet o bung chay la nhiet o thap nhat cua chat chay khi hon hp kh (hi) thoat ra tren be mat chat chay vi khong kh co the chay neu nguon nhiet a vao va tat neu a nguon nhiet ra. Chat long de chay chia lam ba loai: - Loai cc ky nguy hiem: co nhiet o bung chay di 130C,

78 - Loai thng xuyen nguy hiem: loai co nhiet o bung chay t 13 0C 27 0C - Loai co nguy hiem khi nhiet o khong kh cao: - Loai co nhiet o bung chay t 270C 660C . ac iem cua am chay the long (xang, dau) co hien tng trao va phut chat chay ra khoi gii han cha. Hien tng o la co s nung nong chat chay. Trong chat long co lan nc b nung nong boc hi bay ra ngoai. Cac chat chay long eu nhe hn va khong tan trong nc, khi phun nc th noi len tren. Cho nen phai cha chay bang bot, cac hp chat hoa hoc ac biet va cung co the cha chay bang tia bui nc. 3. Chay cua chat ran nh ngha: Nhiet o bat chay la nhiet o cua chat chay ma nhiet o o hi va kh chay thoat ra t chat chay vi toc o am bao cho s chay on nh. Chat chay the ran bao gom cac chat hu c ma thanh phan chu yeu la cacbon, hydro, oxy, nit va cac chat vo c nh Kali, Natri, Magie, nhom, Titan, lu huynh, phot pho va cac hp chat cua chung. Ngi ta phan ra ba nhom vat lieu: khong chay, kho chay va de chay. Vat lieu khong chay. Vat lieu kho chay Vat lieu de chay Chat ran co hai kieu chay: Chay co ngon la: vat lieu la cac chat hu c co ham lng cacbon > 60%. Chay khong co ngon la: vat lieu la coc, than go, kim loai kiem, kim loai kiem tho. Cac chat co thanh phan hoa hoc phc tap, khi chay tao ra ngon la, sinh khoi Toc o chay phu thuoc nhieu yeu to: -Ban chat cua chat chay. -S cung cap oxy ti vung chay. -Nhiet o va ap suat. -Dien tch tiep xuc cua vat chay vi khong kh. 7.2. PHONG CHAY TRONG CONG NGHIEP 7.2.1. Cac bien phap phong chay no Cac bien phap phong chay va no: -Bien phap ky thuat. -To chc va huan luyen. -Tuyen truyen va giao duc. -Phap che nha nc.

79 Quan trong nhat la bien phap ky thuat: Thay the cac khau san xuat nguy hiem bang cac khau san xuat t nguy hiem hn. C kh hoa, t ong hoa, lien tuc hoa cac qua trnh san xuat co tnh chat nguy hiem, cac qua trnh quan trong hoac toan bo neu xet thay can thiet e am bao an toan. Thiet b phai am bao kn. Tai cac cho noi, thao rut, nap vao cua thiet b phai kn e han che thoat hi, kh chay ra khu vc san xuat. Neu qua trnh san xuat oi hoi phai dung dung moi, trong ieu kien co the, nen chon dung moi kho bay hi, kho chay thay cho dung moi de bay hi, de chay. Cach li hoac at cac thiet b hay cong oan de chay no ra mot khu vc xa cac thiet b, cong oan khac. at chung nhng ni thoang gio hoac at ra ngoai tri Loai tr moi kha nang phat sinh ra moi la tai nhng cho san xuat co lien quan en cac chat de chay no. Tranh moi kha nang tao ra nong o no nguy hiem cua chat chay trong cac thiet b, ong dan kh hay trong he thong thong gio. Trc khi ngng thiet b e sa cha, trc khi a vao hoat ong tr lai can thiet thoi hi nc, kh tr vao thiet b o. Giam ti mc thap nhat lng chat chay no trong khu vc san xuat. Tat ca cac bien phap tren can c giai quyet tot ngay t khi chon phng an thiet ke mot cong trnh, mot nha may. 7.2.2. Cac nguyen nhan va bien phap e phong chay do ien 1. Chay do chap mach: Chap mach la hien tong cac pha chap vao nhau, day nong cham vao day nguoi, day nong cham at lam ien tr mach ngoai rat nho, dong ien trong mach tang rat ln lam chay chat cach ien cua day dan, lam chay thiet b tieu thu ien. 2. Chay do dung ien qua tai: Qua tai la hien tng tieu thu ien qua mc tai cua day dan. 3. Chay do day khong tot (long, h). Dong ien chay bnh thng vi mot tiet dien day dan nhat nh, nhng khi i qua cho noi, lam cho iem noi nong o chay cac chat cach ien va vat ke ben.

80 Mat khac, moi noi long co hien tng phong ien qua khong kh. Tia la ien co nhiet o 1500 20000C neu gap chat de chay nh kh xang, dau, bui bong, vai, si,.. co the b chay. Bien phap e phong: cac iem noi day phai ung ky thuat. Khi thay moi noi bang keo b kho, chay xem, phai kiem tra va noi chat lai. Khong c co keo day ien hay phi quan ao tren day. ng day dan, cau ch, cau dao khong c e g, neu e g th ni g la ni phat nhiet ln. 4. Chay do tia la tnh ien Tnh ien phat sinh do ma sat gia cac vat cach ien vi nhau hay gia cac vat cach ien vi day dan, do va ap cua cac chat long cach ien (xang, dau) khi chuyen rot, loai va ap cua cac chat long cach ien vi kim loai. Bien phap e phong tnh ien: Truyen ien tch tnh ien i bang cach tiep at cho cac thiet b may moc, cac be cha cac ong dan. Tang o am tng oi cua khong kh trong cac phan xng co nguy hiem tnh ien len 70% Day ai truyen ong tot nhat phai tiep at cac phan kim loai, con nhiet o day ai th boi lp dau dan ien ac biet nh graphit len be mat ngoai trong luc may ngh. 4. Ho quang ien va s truyen nhiet cua vat tieu thu ien Ho quang ien la mot dang phong ien trong khong kh, sc nong cua ho quang ien rat ln, co the en 6000 0C, ho quang ien thng xuat hien trong khi han ien, cac cau dao Bien phap e phong: Dung nhng bo phan ac biet e tranh ho quang ien nh: cau dao dau, may bien the dau. Tuyet oi cam dung ban ui, bep ien ma khong co ngi trong nom. Cam dung chat de chay lam chao en. Khong dung bong en ien e say quan ao. Nhng vat tieu thu ien nh ban ui, en ien, bep ien,... phai e xa vat de chay t nhat 0,5 m. 5. Trng hp may b chay: ong c ien la may bien ien nang thanh c nang. Nguon ien cung cap vao ong c khong phai hoan toan bien thanh c nang ma mot phan sinh nhiet nang. 7.2.3. Cac hien tng va nguyen nhan pho bien chay no xang dau: 1. S nguy hiem cua chay no xang dau:

81 Xang dau la chat long rat de chay no. Nhng tnh chat nguy hiem c ban cua chay no xang dau: De bay hi nhat la x nong nh nc ta. Hi xang dau khuyech tan trong khong kh, nang hn khong kh 5,5 lan bay la la tren mat at tch tu ni trung hoa lan vi khong kh tao hon hp no 0,7 8% ve the tch gap tia la ien se no. Hi xang dau boc chay nhiet o thap. Xang dau nhe hn nc (t trong 0,7 0,9) khong hoa tan trong nc noi tren mat nc, khi gap la chay dien rong. Xang dau chay toa nhieu nhiet. Toc o chay cua xang dau nhanh, neu khong kp thi cu cha lan rong, kho dap tat. Khi van chuyen xang dau phat sinh tnh ien. Tnh chat sinh sunfua sat 2. Cac hien tng va nguyen nhan chay pho bien cua xang dau: Trong san xuat: e xang dau ro r, vng vai khong thu don, xang bay hi trong khu vc e xang. e hi xang tch tu trong phong khong co thong gio co tia la ien chay. Bm rot xang dau tran ra ngoai gap tia la bung chay. ot la si gan may moc chay bang xang dau rat de chay. M nap thung phi xang bang bua sat, lay a ghe. Trong sinh hoat: Dung xang e thap en, nau bep dau chay no. Lay xang cho vao bat la th tai cho chay. ng xang vao chau e gan la hay bng qua khu vc co la chay. Xe gan may: xe khong no may keo day phin th la. Do xang chay loang tren than may gap tia la bung chay. 3. Bien phap e phong chay xang dau: Xang dau rat de chay nen ta can lu y cac bien phap sau ay: - Ni cha xang dau d tr phai co khoa, xa ng i lai, nha va kho tang khac. - Xang dau phai c cha trong cac dung cu tot, kn, e ni ram mat. - Khong dung ngon la tren ni co xang dau. - Khong dung xang thap en, un bep.

82 - He thong ien trong khu vc cha xang dau phai am bao an toan, khong e sinh tia la ien. - M nap thung ng xang dau phai dung dung cu kim loai mau khong phat tia la. - Ong thai o to ch xang, may bm xang phai bao am khong co tan la phut ra gay chay. - Oto, tau hoa, xa lan,... ch xang khong au ni ong ngi, gan khu vc co tia la.. - Be cha xang dau nen at ngam hay na ngam, xung quanh be nen co e ngan cach. - Nhng kho xang dau bo tr ven song phai at pha di dong nc va cac cong trnh xay dng, kho tang, khu dan c,... - Khong cha xang dau lan vi hoa chat, vat lieu de phat sinh tia la ien. Xang dau cha trong phng tien ong nhat la 90-95 dung tch vat cha 7.3. CHA CHAY VA PHNG TIEN CHA CHAY 7.3.1. Nguyen ly cha chay - S chy s c chm rt khi gim tc pht nhit t vng chy v khi tng tc truyn nhit t vng chy ra mi trng xung quanh. - Gim tc pht nhit hoc ngng pht nhit trong vng chy c th t c bng cch c ch phn ng chy bng phng php ha hc, pha long cht chy bng cht khng chy hoc cch ly cht phn ng chy ra khi vng chy. - Tng tc truyn nhit t vng chy ra mi trng xung quanh c th t c bng cch lm lnh nhanh chng vng chy v cht phn ng chy. - thc hin cc qu trnh ngi ta dng cc phng php khc nhau gi l phng php cha chy. - Phng php cha chy l hot ng lin tc chnh xc ca con ngi theo mt trnh t nht nh hng vo gc m chy, nhm to iu kin dp tt m chy. Da trn nguyn l nh vy ta c nhng loi phng php cha chy sau: Lam loang chat tham gia phan ng bang cach a vao vung chay nhng chat khong tham gia phan ng chay nh CO2, N2,... c che phan ng chay bang cach a vao vung chay nhng chat co tham gia phan ng nhng co kha nang bien chieu cua phan ng t phat nhiet thanh thu nhiet nh Brometye (C2H5Br), Brommetye,... Ngan cach khong cho o xy tham nhap vao vung chay nh dung bot, cat, chan phu,... Lam lnh vung chay cho en di nhiet o bat chay cua cac chat chay. Phng phap tong hp: v du: au tien cha chay bang phng phap lam lnh, sau o bang phng phap cach li.

83 Trong thc t cc phng php cha chy khng ch da trn mt nguyn l dp tt c m chy m kt hp nhiu nguyn l. 7.3.2. Cac chat cha chay Cht cha chy phi c cc yu cu c bn sau: C hiu qu cha chy co, tm kim d, r tin, khng gy c hi, khng lm h hng cc thit b cu cha 1. Nc: Nc la chat cha chay c s dung rong rai nhat khi cu cha cac am chay. Nc co the c s dung mot cach rieng biet hay ket hp vi cac hoa chat khac nh tao thanh bot e cha chay. Hieu suat cha chay cua nc hu hieu chnh tac dung lam lanh. Nc hap thu nhiet cua am chay, lam nhiet o cua chat chay giam xuong thap hn nhiet o bat chay va ong thi tao ra hi nc co tac dung lam ngat va cach li s chay. Nc chu s tac ong cua nhiet am chay ln hn so vi cac chat cha chay khac (ch b phan huy 17000C). Nc con co kha nang tao mot so chat lam giam kha nang chay cua chat chy. ong thi, ap lc cua tia nc manh lam cho tan ra va tach nguon chay (ngon la) ra khoi s chay. S dung rong rai, gia thanh re, van chuyen de dang, thuan tien khi phun va cu cha khong oc hai. Tuy nhien khi dung nc e cha chay, ta can chu y cac iem sau: - Nc co kha nang tac dung vi mot so chat gay ra phan ng nguy hiem, cho nen can than trong trong khi cha chay. Nhng hoa chat o la: Na, K, Mg, Al, CaCl2,... - Mg va Al chay phan ng vi nc giai phong nhieu hydro chay cang manh. - Khi phun nc vao sat ang nong chay hay than ang chay phan ng xay ra cung toa nhieu H2 la chat de chay, no. - CaCl2 hoa hp vi nc axetylen la chat chay, no. 2. Bot cha chy - Bot cha chay c tao ra bang cach hon hp dung dch chat tao bot vi khong kh va kh cacbonic. - Bot cha chay co hai loai:Bot hoa hoc, Bot hoa khong kh. - Tac dung: Cach li vung chay, Lam lnh vung chay. - Bot co nhng tnh chat ac trng nh: o n, o ben, tnh chat lam lanh va cach li. - o n cua bot hoa hoc t 5 7 lan - o n cua bot hoa khong kh la 10 lan. Bot co o n cao en 100 200 lan.

84 - o ben cua bot hoa hoc khoang 30 60 phut, cua bot khong kh trung bnh la 15 20 phut. - Bot co kha nang dan ien va an mon kim loai, nhat la oi vi bot hoa hoc, cho nen khong c dung cha cac am chay thiet b ien, radio, ien t, ong c ien. - ong thi khong c dung bot e cha cac am chay nh kim loai, at en, ru con, thc an. - Bot chu yeu c dung e cha cac am chay xang dau, go, kho hang hoa, phng tien giao thong van tai, cao su, giay, chat deo, nha,... 3. Kh cacbonic (CO2) Tac dung cha chay la CO2 lam loang oxy co trong khong kh lam ngng s chay CO2 ba the: ran, long va kh. Mot kg the long nhiet o thng co the chuyen thanh 500 lt kh CO2, co the dap am chay the tch 1 m3. CO2 c nen di ap suat 36 kg/cm2 0 0C se bien thanh trang thai long, cha trong cac bnh thep chui ap suat ln dung e cha chay. M van, hng loa phun vao am chay (0,5m) e dap chay. Lu y khi cha chay dung bnh CO2: + Khong dung bnh CO2 cha chay vi cac hoa chat K,Mg, H2, cacbon v tham gia phan ng toa nhiet vi cac chat nay. + Khong cha chay cac thiet b ien t, vo tuyen truyen hnh, radio. + CO2 khong duy tr s song. Vi nong o tren 10% the tch co the gay t vong nen khi cha chay bang CO2 cac buong kn het sc lu y. 7.3.3. Phng tien bao chay va cha chay t ong 1. Phng tien bao chay t ong Phng tien bao chay t ong dung e phat hien chay t au va bao ngay ve cho trung tam nhan tn hieu co chay e to chc cu cha kp thi. Phng tien bao chay con ket hp vi thong tin lien lac hai chieu gia am chay va trung tam ieu khien cha chay, gia am chay va may tnh ien t e co nhng thong so ky thuat ve am chay nh chon ng e i en am chay, so lng phng tien, hoa chat can dung va la chon phng an cha chay toi u. 2.Phng tien cha chay t ong Phng tien cha chay t ong la phng tien t ong a chat cha chay vao am chay, dap tat ngon la. Phng tien cha chay t ong c trang b nhng ni co hang hoa, may moc, tai lieu qu, at tien lai de chay.

85 Phng tien cha chay t ong co the cha chay bang nc, bang bot, bang cac kh khong chay (CO2, N2) Phng tien cha chay t ong co the hoat ong nh nguon ien, bang he thong kh nen, bang he thong day cap Chng VIII

KY THUAT S CU VA THOAT HIEM TREN BIEN

8.1. KHAI NIEM CHUNG S lc ve cong c quoc te ve an toan sinh mang tren bien. e giam thiet hai ve tai san va sinh mang thuyen vien toan the gii a va ang ap dung cong c SOLAS74 va SAR79. Hai cong c nay qui nh cu the ve trang thiet b cu sinh nh xuong cu sinh, sc ch cua xuong cu sinh, be cu sinh, phao cu sinh cung nh nhng thiet b khac phuc vu cho cong tac cu sinh va tm cu. Cong c cung qui nh ro cac yeu cau oi vi cac loai tau, tng loai trang b cu sinh, vat dung trong cac trang thiet b cu sinh, che o kiem tra, theo doi thay the va tap luyen cu sinh nham am bao an toan cao nhat ve sinh mang cho thuyen vien khi tau gap tai nan. 8.1.2. S cu. S cu la cong viec au tien oi vi benh nhan b tai nan. S cu rat quan trong bi no anh hng trc tiep en viec cap cu tiep sau, tham ch con anh hng ngay ti tnh mang cua ngi c cap cu. S cu can chnh xac va nhanh chong, thi gian s cu phai c tnh bang giay. Muc ch cua s cu la giup cho nan nhan thoat khoi tnh trang nguy hiem en tnh mang, ngan nga kha nang t vong hoac ngan can, han che nhng ton thng xay ra tiep theo cho nan nhan. S cu nham lam giam bt nhng au n cho benh nhan. Qua trnh s cu can het sc chu y ngan nga hien tng nan nhan mach nhanh, huyet ap tut, au ngon tay chan tm (con goi la soc). 8.1.3. Thoat hiem Thoat hiem la ky thuat giup cho ngi thuy thu trong luc lam nguy, gia bien khi vi xuong cu sinh, be cu sinh

86 hay ch vi phao ao cu sinh, co the keo dai nhat s song con cua mnh e ch ngi en cu. 8.2 KY THUAT S CU TREN BIEN: Nguyen tac c ban cua cap cu ban au tren bien. Trong ieu kien tren bien, dung cu y te, y bac s cung nh kha nang chuyen mon ve y te cua moi ngi khong phai bao gi cung ay u nh tren b. Moi tai nan du nho, neu khong cap cu x ly kp thi co the dan ti nhng ton thng tiep sau rat nguy hiem. e cap cu ban au trc het phai tm moi cach a nan nhan khoi khu vc ang b tai nan hoac tac nhan gay ra tai nan cang nhanh cang tot. Can het sc chu y en viec an toan cho ban than ngi cu. ac biet la trng hp nan nhan b trung oc. Tien hanh khoi phuc ngay hoat ong cua he tuan hoan va he ho hap. Sau o mi x ly cac hien tng khac. Neu nan nhan b chay mau phai tien hanh cam mau, neu trung oc phai loai bo hoac han che oc. Bat mach va em nhp th cho benh nhan. Neu co hien tng soc (mach nhanh yeu, da tai, lanh) can tien hanh chong soc ngay. Chu y at nan nhan theo mat phang e mau de len nao. Cac trng hp nghi ng nan nhan ton thng cot song tuyet oi khong c di chuyen nan nhan tc th, can at nan nhan len van cng, buoc co nh nan nhan chat vao van roi mi di chuyen. Nan nhan b gay xng khac phai co nh trc xng gay roi mi di chuyen. Co trng hp can ci bo quan ao nan nhan e lo vet thng ra ngoai. a nan nhan en ni thoang mat, khong cho uong ru trng hp mat nhieu mau han che ca uong nc. Khi cap cu nan nhan phai chu y canh giac cac ton thng lam nan nhan bat tnh, chay mau trong, cac vet thng am thau, vet thng vung khp va cac vet thng vung mat. ng voi cho rang nan nhan a chet mac du mnh va moi ngi xung quanh thay tim nan nhan a ngng ap, phoi ngng th, mat khong c ong, ong t gian va c the lanh dan i. Cong viec cuoi cung cua s cu la mi s quan phu trach y te tren tau en anh gia ton thng cua nan nhan, bao cho tram y te b gan nhat e xin y kien x ly tiep theo 8.2.2. Mot so phng phap y te trong s cu tren bien 1. Ho hap nhan tao

87 Trc khi ho hap nhan tao can nhanh chong ci ao, that lng, khan quang, mu... e nan nhan de th. M mieng nan nhan va chong tac nghen ng thong kh (hnh 8.1). at nan nhan t the hi nang cao, e au nga het c ve ang sau, m ham di e li khong che kh quan, lau sach m, dai, moc het d vat trong mieng mui nan nhan. Ho hap nhan tao co nhieu phng phap. Thong thng dung phng phap ho hap nhan tao trc tiep mieng mieng (Hnh 8.2).

at nan nhan nga, mat nga len tri, au nga ra sau, on vai di vai nan nhan. Ngi cu qu ben nan nhan, mot tay an vao tran nan nhan, mot tay nang cam. at moi len moi nan nhan that kn sao cho kh khong thoat ra, ma ap kn mui nan nhan. Thoi manh vao mom nan nhan cho ti khi ngc n len bnh thng, bo mieng ra cho nan nhan t th ra. Lap lai ong tac vi nhp o khoang 15 lan trong mot phut. Tiep tuc ong tac nay en khi nan nhan co ve phan ng va bat au th bnh thng. Phng phap nay de ap dung va hieu nghiem nhat, song mot so trng hp can phai ho hap gian tiep nh trng hp nan nhan trung oc, nan nhan b thng au mat. Ho hap nhan tao gian tiep: at nan nhan nam sap xuong, mat nghieng ve mot pha cho de th, tay phai e au goi len, tay trai e ve pha trc. Ngi cu qu goi sat hai ben sn e hai ban tay tren sn. Luc bop sn ngi nga ve pha trc, ng len mot chut e co sc e xuong, tha tay ra va em bon, nam, sau (Hnh 8.3)

88 Ngoai ra con mot so phng phap khac. Ho hap nhan tao trc tiep mieng mui, ho hap nhan tao gian tiep khi co 3 ngi... 2. Xoa bop tim Khi thay nan nhan ngng tim, khong thay mach tim can tien hanh xoa bop hoi tim ngay. Tien hanh at nan nhan nga, dam manh vao ngc nan nhan. at tay sat len xng c, lay tay kia e len va sau moi lan long ngc dan ra, an manh xuong sao cho long ngc lun xuong 4-5 cm. An nhp nhang khoang 60 lan trong mot phut (hnh 8.4).

Cam mau Khi nan nhan chay mau can tien hanh cam mau cho ho. Vet thng nho co the cam mau bang chen bt cac ong mach pha tren vet thng: dung tay an manh vao ong mach. Vi cac vet thng t dong mach tng oi ln phai tien hanh ga ro e cam mau. Can chu y neu duy tr ga ro qua lau mau khong u chay, benh hoai th se phat trien. Khi at ga ro xoan 15 phut nen ni ra mot phut roi lai xoan vao. 4. Bang bo vet thng mem: Cac vet thng thong thng ben ngoai trc khi bang bo can dung thuoc ra va bang dan, dan lai. Vet thng can gac, chon mieng gac u ln e phu roi bang lai. Khong ung tay vao vet thng. Khi bang bo nhng vet thng co dien tch ln, dai, tuy theo co the bang kieu tron oc, cheo hoac so tam. 5. Bang bo gay xng

89 Tuy theo cac trng hp cu the ni xng gay ma chon cach co nh xng thch hp e bang. Co nh xng co the dung nep hi, nep go. ieu kien tren tau co the dung ba cng, sach v hoac bat c vat g co the thay c nep e co nh xng gay roi bang lai ( Hnh 8.6) 8.2.3. Ky thuat cap cu mot so trng hp cu the. 1. Nan nhan chan thng phan mem chay mau: Ch can cam mau bang cach ke cao phan chay mau, tranh xe dch nan nhan, sau o ra vet thng, dung bong bang bang bo lai. Vet thng mot so phan chay mau manh chung ta co an vao ong manh pha tren vet thng e giam dan s chay mau, can thiet th s dung bien phap ga ro. Chu y khi mau ngng chay ra bang dung dch sat trung gap cac vat la ra khoi vet thng roi bang lai. Tuyet oi cam ra vao gia vet thng va ong mau. Khong gap cac cuc mau ong hay khau va cac vet thng. 2. Nan nhan chay mau trong: Khi nan nhan chay mau trong se co hien tng soc (da tai, choang ngat toat mo hoi, mach nhanh nho huyet ap tut). Can at nan nhan v tr doc, au thap, chan nang len va nghieng ve mot ben. Tiem moc phin neu soc. Theo doi mach huyet ap khoang 5 phut 1 lan. Neu tr lai bnh thng th khong con chay mau na. Trng hp nan nhan b au, giay dua nhieu th phai nhanh chong tiem mooc phin ngay. 3. Nan nhan gay xng sai khp: a nan nhan vao ni yen tnh, at t the thoai mai. Neu sai khp th a ngi biet lay khp nan lai. Gay xng kn, xng gay khong h ra ngoai da, th can bang bo co nh xng gay bang nep, cham soc cho nan nhan khong b au nang hn. Cac nan nhan gay xng h, xng am ra ngoai da phai co nh xng ong thi vi cam mau. Neu cac xng gay chech ra ngoai phai nan keo nhe nhang sau khi tiem mooc phin t 5 10 phut. Khong nam keo khi gay xng cac khp khuyu tranh tu mau kho bo bot va gay viem nhiem hong khp. Cac vet thng ln can canh giac chong soc do au n cho nan nhan. X ly tiep theo la a nan nhan ti cang gan nhat cham soc. 4. Nan nhan b ien giat: ien giat co the gay kho chu choc lat.

90 ien giat manh, nan nhan co the bat tnh, b co giat, ngng th, ngng tim va co the chet. Nhng trng hp nay ieu quan trong la phai tien hanh ho hap nhan tao ngay ong thi vi xoa bop tim. Neu co mot ngi th va xoa bop tim va ho hap nhan tao. Co hai ngi th mot ho hap nhan tao, mot xoa bop tim. Trc khi cu ngi b nan phai ngat ien e am bao an toan cho ngi cu. ieu nay khong the lam c th ngi cu phai s dung trang b, dung cu cach ien e cu nan nhan. Trng hp nan nhan con tnh ch can a ngay ho ti ni yen tnh, thoang mat. Neu nan nhan bat tnh kem vi gay tay hoac chan phai at nan nhan nghieng ve ben kia va tien hanh ho hap nhan tao ngay. Neu nan nhan b bong lng trc khi at phai lot vao nhng vet thng, nhng em mem nh chan, goi, vai. Nan nhan b ri xuong bien: Khi phat hien thay nan nhan ri xuong bien phai nem ngay cac vong phao xuong khu vc co ngi ri xuong ong thi bao ong cho toan tau hoac t nhat bao cho ngi th hai biet, sau o mi xuong nc. Trc khi xuong phai ci bo quan ao, giay dep, mu. Neu nan nhan con khoe th du ve tau, nan nhan yeu hoac bat tnh phai than trong nam toc hoac chan sao cho nan nhan nam nga roi t t keo ve tau. Trong khi cu nan nhan ri xuong bien phai kheo leo, than trong tranh trng hp ngi b nan om chat, dm ngi cu. Neu b dm, om chat, ngi cu phai nhanh chong tm cach thoat ra khoi ho va tiep can lai t sau lng, bnh tnh tm cach nam lay ho roi keo ve tau. Nan nhan uong nc bat tnh phai doc ngc cho nc chay ra roi tien hanh ho hap nhan tao ngay. 6. Nan nhan b bong: Trong thc te co the coi chay bong nh mot vet thng tng t. Ngoai nhng dau hieu cho b thng da o, phong rop da va h hai tren da, nan nhan con b cn soc nang hoac nhe. S nghiem trong cua vet thng bong tuy thuoc vao phan b bong va o sau vet bong. Khi chay bong tren mat da, nen che ch vet bong khoi khong kh bang cach bang che, dung bong gon va bang cho au.

91 Chay bong nghiem trong co the dung mooc phin chong soc, phu bong gon va bang lai. Lam nh vay khong ch giam au, chong nhiem trung vet thng ma con bao ve, ngan s mat nc cua c the. Cap cu nan nhan bong phai tranh b bong da, khong dung kim e choc cac vet phong rop ma phai d nguyen. Co the boi len vet bong phong rop cac loai thuoc m chong lai s kho mieng, cang da nhng cho b bong. Khi ci bo quan ao e lo ra vet bong phai lam nhe nhang, can than tranh lot da; nhng cho dnh chat vao quan ao co the cat vai e gi lp da bong a chet, chong au n, nhiem trung. 7. Nan nhan b ngo oc: Ngi b ngo oc se b ton thng he tieu hoa, ho hap dan en ton thng he tuan hoan, than kinh. Khi co nan nhan b ngo oc phai tien hanh cap cu ngay. Cac nan nhan b ngo oc nhe can phai a en cho yen tnh, thoang mat, cho uong nc ng nong hoac thuoc giai oc. Nan nhan ngo oc nang, bat tnh phai tien hanh ho hap nhan tao va xoa bop tim (chu y nen ho hap gian tiep). Nan nhan b ngo oc thc an, can tm moi cach a thc an ra ngoai. Khi phat hien nan nhan bat tnh tai mot ni nao o ma nghi ng co chat oc trc het phai ngh ti s an toan cho ngi cu, nhat thiet phai bao cho nhieu ngi biet e ho tr va khong c vao cu mot mnh. Neu co the nen mang mat na phong oc. Nan nhan b ret cong: Nan nhan b ret cong, tien hanh xoa bop khap toan than ngi b nan bang khan mem va a nan nhan vao ni am cham soc. S dung cac loai dau nong e xoa bop nhng ch c dung lng t, t t tang dan. Trong qua trnh cap cu, xoa bop nan nhan ret cong cam be gap cac khp tranh gay xng, sai khp nan nhan. 9. Nan nhan b say nang, say nong: Mc o nhe thng cam thay met moi, hoa mat, chong mat, nong au. Nang hn co the gay ngat. Khi gap nan nhan say nang, say nong phai a ngay ho vao ni thoang mat, dung khan t e lau khap ngi.

92 Nan nhan ngng th phai tien hanh ho hap nhan tao, co the cho nan nhan uong nc ng hoac tiem thuoc tr lc cho nan nhan. 9. Van chuyen nan nhan: Qua trnh van chuyen can co cang hoac bang ca, nhng cho qua chat hep khong the dung cang, bang ca c phai tuy theo ieu kien ma quyet nh x ly thch hp, sao cho t anh hng en sc khoe nan nhan nhat. Khi nang len, ha xuong can phai e nan nhan t the thoai mai nhat, van chuyen nhe nhang, chong b soc cho nan nhan. Suot qua trnh van chuyen can theo doi dien bien sc khoe nan nhan va x ly kp thi. Can thiet phai thong bao, xin y kien x ly cua tram y te b quoc te gan nhat
8.3. KY THUAT AN TOAN KHI S DUNG THIET B CU SINH

8.3.1 Gii thieu mot so thiet b cu sinh tren tau 1. Phao cu sinh:(Hnh 8.7) Phao ao cu sinh phai u cho moi ngi mot chiec theo luat nh, ngoai ra phai co them mot so phao ao d tr. Cac phao ao co mat trc va mat sau. Phao ao co kha nang nang noi mat ngi a uoi sc hoac ngat len khoi mat nc. Co kha nang t lat noi ve ung v tr t mot v tr bat ky khi xuong nc. Cac phao nay khong b hong v dau. Phao ao co mau da cam, tren no co mot coi va c ghi ro ten tau, cang ang ky Phao co mot en pin va pin nc co kha nang chieu sang c 12 gi ong ho. Khi mac phao phai chu y mac ung tranh mac ngc khi phao noi lat up mat ngi xuong nc. Phao tron cu sinh: Tren cac tau bien co bo tr nhieu phao tron cu sinh (Hnh 8.8) So lng phao nay c tnh theo chieu dai cua tau. Trong o co t nhat 2 phao co en pin t sang. Phao bo tr cho de lay va co kha nang t tach khoi gia khi tau chm. Phao bo tr hai ben man tau va moi man co t nhat mot phao day cu sinh dai 27,5 m. Moi phao co kha nang nang c 14,5 kg trong 24 gi, khong b hong v dau, co mau de thay va ghi ro ten tau, cang ang ky. Cac phao eu co ca day vn xung quanh. Hnh 8.8 Phao tron cu sinh

93

2. Be cu sinh t thoi: Be cu sinh t thoi (Hnh 8-9) la loai be cu sinh c trang b rong rai nhat cho cac tau nho hn 500 tan ang ky hien nay. Be c thiet ke co mui che tren, on nh tren song bien va bo tr nhieu trang thiet b tren be. Thiet ke cua be cho phep nem be t o cao 18 m xuong bien, cac trang thiet b trong be khong b hong. Be co mai che t ong nang cao len khi c thoi kh, am bao bao ve c ngi trong be va hng c nc ma. Xung quanh be co day e bam va co day e nem. Be thiet ke sao cho mot ngi cung co the lat lai be khi ang up sap. Tai loi ra vao cua be co trang b phng tien hieu qua e ngi co the treo vao. Be c ng trong vo cng, sam cua be co lp chong lanh. Tong khoi lng cua be ke ca hi khong qua 180 kg. Be c t thoi bang kh khong oc khi tung be lam m chot giat chai kh nen san. Xuong cu sinh: Cac tau ln tren 500 tan ang ky, ngoai phao ao va phao tron cu sinh, tren tau thng co trang b xuong cu sinh (Hnh 8.10). Xuong cu sinh bo tr at hai ben man tau, thng la 2 hoac 4 chiec. C moi ben man tau xuong cu sinh co kha nang u e ch toan bo ngi tren tau. Theo qui nh cua SOLAR74 xuong cu sinh phai c trang b ong c ot trong co nhien lieu t chay va luon trang thai san sang hoat ong. Nhien lieu tren xuong am bao cho ong c hoat ong c 24 gi lien tuc vi toc o qui nh. ong c va cac thiet b lien quan en may cua xuong phai c bao ve thch ang e co the hoat ong c trong moi thi tiet.

94 May phai co so lui. Van toc cua xuong vi nc lang va u ngi, u trang b oi vi tau khach, tau dau la 6 hai ly/gi, oi vi tau khac la 4 hai ly /gi. 8.3.2. Ky thuat an toan khi s dung thiet b cu sinh: Tat ca thuyen vien phai nam vng bang phan cong nhiem vu, tn hieu cap cu. Bang nay phai c chuan b trc khi tau khi hanh, neu co s thay oi thuyen vien hoac thuy thu buoc phai thay mi. Bang phan cong nhiem vu, cac tn hieu phai niem yet ni de thay tren buong lai, buong may, buong an ngu cua thuyen vien. Thng xuyen cho thuyen vien thc tap xuong cu sinh e thanh thao cac thao tac, nh ro cac nhiem vu e hanh ong bnh tnh, nhanh nhen dt khoat va chnh xac khi ri tau. Khi co bao ong khan cap va bo tau tat ca thuyen vien phai nhanh chong tap hp ay u, ung v tr c phan cong ma mang ay u trang b. Tat ca thuyen vien phai mac ao phao. oi vi tau khach, bo phan phuc vu phai tap hp hng dan hanh khach mac ao phao va chuan b xuong xuong, be. Nhom chuan b nhanh chong lam cac ong tac chuan b va ha xuong. Khi xuong xuong phai xuong t t tranh mat can bang cho xuong. Ngi ch huy cua xuong nao phai co trach nhiem on oc s xuong xuong cua thuy thu trong xuong ay. Xuong xuong, thuyen vien phai ngoi tranh mat can bang cho xuong. Trc khi ha xuong phai chu y nut cac lo thoat nc lai. Khi xuong cham nc phai nhanh chong ong thi thao cac moc treo xuong luc xuong ang gia nh song; khong thao moc luc xuong gia hai nh song. Neu thao c mot moc phai nhanh chong thao hoac chat t not moc kia. Moi ngi a xuong xuong xong xuoi phai mau chong ri cang xa tau cang tot.` S dung xuong cu sinh, be cu sinh e ri tau can chu y khong c xuong xuong qua so ngi qui nh. Khong c xuong xuong bang day chong lac cua tau hoac cac day khong ung quy nh. Khong ngoi tren mep xuong va ngoi gan khu vc tay lai. Khong i lai, chuyen dch cac vat nang tren xuong. Moi trang b tren xuong be cu sinh phai c buoc chat vao xuong e khong gay tr ngai khi xuong chay va an toan cho moi ngi khi xuong xuong.

95 Can kiem tra xuong, be cu sinh, kiem tra toan bo he thong tn hieu bao ong, thiet b nang ha xuong, kiem tra thc an, nc uong, cac trang b cua xuong am bao tot va luon san sang khi co s co phai ri tau. Tren tau co u moi ngi mot phao ao cu sinh ung qui nh, am bao chat lng. Khi s dung xuong, be cu sinh, nhat thiet moi ngi phai tin tng va chap hanh menh lenh cua ngi ch huy cac xuong, be.
8.4. TO CHC THOAT HIEM VA KY THUAT THOAT HIEM TREN BIEN

1. To chc thoat hiem Viec to chc thoat hiem tot bat au t khi hng dan tap luyen cho thuyen vien thc tap s dung cac thiet b cu sinh. To chc tap luyen thng xuyen, thanh thao giup cho moi ngi x ly, thao tac chnh xac khi ri tau. Thanh thao k thuat s dung trang thiet b cu sinh can ren luyen cho thuyen vien tnh bnh tnh, lac quan, luon luon tin tng vao ngi ch huy, chap hanh ay u, chnh xac cac menh lenh phat ra. To chc thoat hiem phu thuoc rat ln vao s dt khoat nhanh nhen va menh lenh chnh xac cua cac ch huy. Khi tren xuong, be cu sinh can to chc cat c ngi canh gii, quan sat, ngi nao viec nay; Phan chia lng thc, nc uong cong bang; Quyet nh khau phan cung nh thi gian s dung lng thc, nc uongtot, chnh la to chc tot viec thoat hiem. Trng hp troi dat tren phao ao hoac phao tron can phai ket hp lai vi nhau, hoat ong theo mot ngi ch huy e ngi tm cu de thay nhat. Viec s dung thuoc men, tn hieu cap cu cung phai c ngi ch huy quyet nh e tiet kiem dung c lau dai va e ngi cu co the phat hien c. Ngoai to chc nhng ieu noi tren to chc thoat hiem con phu thuoc khong nho vao s hieu biet cua nhng ngi lam nan tren bien. Hieu ro nen lam ieu g va khong nen lam ieu g. o chnh la k thuat thoat hiem. 2. K thuat thoat hiem e thoat hiem tren bien tot, moi thanh vien phai nam vng k thuat thoat hiem. K thuat thoat hiem bao gom nhng bien phap nham gi nang lng, giam bt s mat nang lng e keo dai s song cho ban than.

96 Khi buoc phai ri tau, ac biet la luc ang troi dat tren bien phai het sc bnh tnh, t tin va hy vong vao cuoc song, khong c t ti dan en qua kch ong lam nhng ieu ngu xuan nh keu gao, khoc loc hoac t van. Tinh than la yeu to quan trong nhat trong k thuat thoat hiem. Yeu to th hai trong k thuat thoat hem la hien tng ha nhiet o cua c the do mat nhiet cho moi trng trong qua trnh trao oi nhiet e can bang nhiet cho c the; Neu troi dat vi phao ao cu sinh, nen gi t the noi vi phao. t c ong nhat va co ngi lai (Hnh 8-11) cac vung lanh phai co gang gi nhiet bang moi vat xung quanh. Neu tren xuong, be th tha khong mac quan ao con hn la mac quan t. Quan ao, xuong be phai gi sach se va kho rao. vung nong phai lu y bc xa nhiet mat tri. Tot nhat la tm cach che phu au, mat mui, tranh bong hoac nhng tac hai khac cua bc xa mat tri. tren xuong be phai keo mai che phu nang ma. Het sc tiet kiem o an, thc uong. Trong vong 24 gi ong ho sau khi ri tau khong c s dung thc an, nc uong (tr trng hp om nang hoac b tai nan). Sau o phai that tiet kiem va theo ch ao hng dan cua ngi ch huy, an uong ung khau phan. Bao quan tot lng thc d tr tranh h hong. Tren xuong be phai cat c nhau quan sat, phat hien ngi tm cu va phat tn hieu cap cu, khan cap kp thi, chnh xac, khong luc nao c l la, bo quan sat. Khi troi dat nhieu ngi, tot nhat nen ket hp vi nhau thanh tng nhom nhng chu y khong c buoc chat vi nhau gay nguy hiem. Trng hp co hoac nghi ng co ca map, khong the ngan nga s xuat hien cua chung c, ieu duy nhat tranh thu hut chung la noi khe, tranh cau ca, khong tha thc an tha xuong nc va tranh khua ong nc. Trong ky thuat thoat hiem tuyet oi cam uong ru va cac o uong co men, khong uong nc bien, nc tieu, cam uong bat c mau cua loai chim nao ma ta bat c. oi vi nhng ngi nghien thuoc tren xuong be, nen han che hut va khi hut phai ng ra xa pha ngoai tranh anh hng en ngi khac. Tren be cu sinh t thoi khong c mang dep, guoc cng tranh lam thung be. Ngoai ra e cho thuy thu ri tau chu t thi gian troi dat nhat tren bien va co the sm c cu nguy, ieu quan

97 trong la trc khi ri tau phai thong bao v tr cua mnh (cang chnh xac cang tot).
8.5. MOT SO TN HIEU S DUNG TRONG CU SINH TREN BIEN

1. Tn hieu nguy cap bao ri tau Tn hieu bao ong nguy cap toan tau c phat tren he thong bao ong khan cap gom 7 hay nhieu hn 7 hoi chuong hoac coi ngan cong mot hoi chuong dai. He thong bao ong nay c lap at sao cho khi phat ra toan tau co the nghe thay c. Co the s dung he thong chuong tau, tu va hay he thong tng t khac. 2. Tn hieu can cap cu. Nhng tn hieu sau ay phat ra hay nhn thay cung luc hoac rieng le eu ch ro s nguy cap can cu giup. Mot tn hieu khoi mau da cam. Mot uoc cam tay co anh sang mau o rc. C ong cham lap i lai lai thang len roi a xuong cua canh tay. Cac tau, n v cu sinh khi thay tn hieu nay can nhanh chong en cu ngi b nan. 3. Tn hieu n v cu ho hoac tram cu sinh tra li. Khi nhan c tn hieu bao nguy cap can cu giup, n v cu sinh, cu ho can phat tn hieu tra li ngay cho ngi b nan yen tam. Ngi b nan neu thay tn hieu sau: Ban ngay: Mot tn hieu mau da cam hay ket hp phao sang va tieng ong (sam chp) gom ba tn hieu rieng le c ban cach nhau mot phut. Ban em: phao sang trang gom 3 tn hieu le ban cach nhau khoang mot phut, tc chung toi a trong thay ban se en cu nguy ngay. 4. Tn hieu ch dan ngi gap nan cap b. Nhng tn hieu sau ay bao ro cho ngi lam nan: ay la cho tot nhat e len b. em: Mot phao sang tn hieu xanh c ban len, ong tac len xuong co anh sang hoac uoc sang trang a goc 40 o so vi canh tay ngang. Ngay: ong tac len xuong co c trang hoac bang tay ra lech vi phng ngang pha tren va di 40 o hay mot tn hieu phao sang xanh ban len. Tn hieu sau ch ro len b cho nay kha nguy hiem: Ngay: ong tac dang ngang hai tay co hoac khong co c trang hoac ban mot phat phao sang o.

98 em: Dang thang ngang hai tay co anh sang hoac uoc sang o hay ban mot phat phao sang o.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Trn c Ba (1981) S tay k thut an ton my lnh. NXB. CNKT.HN Trn c Ba (1986) K thut lnh i cng ( tp2). NXB. HQG. TPHCM Nguyn c Li ( 2007) K thut an ton h thng lnh. NXB DG, HN inh Vn Thun (2006) H thnga my v thit b lnh. NXB KH& KT, HN TCVN 4206-86.( 1986) H thng lnh K thut an ton, HN.