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(C6H7N ) (Microorganisms
.
H2S NH3
,

. .

CO 2 CH4 N O2 H2

.

- ):(Hydrogen Sulfide Generation



.


) (Amino Acids ) (Undigested
) (Unstable ) .(Urea Protein

.
) (Sulfate

)Sulfide

(Hydrogen

) (Sulfate Ions

) (Sulfide ) (Break

) pH (
) (-
H2S ) pH ( ,
) pH ( H2S
.

) :(-
) pH

) pH

)pH

)pH

H2S

H 2S

HS-

HS-

S-2

(Bacterial

Metabolism o
o .

(ODOR IDENTIFICATION AND


)MEASUREMENT

.
.


) (Lead-Acetate Strips
)
) (Olfactometer (

)Panel

) (Odor

(.

) (Threshold Odor
.

)Problem Analysis

(Systematic

-:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .

.
.
.
.
.
) (Anaerobic Conditions ) (Retarding
.

-
) (Chlorination

) (Reactive Chemical
-:

H2S + 4CL2 + 4H2O H2SO4 + 8HCL


NH3 + CL2 NHCL + HCL
NH2 + CL2 NHCL2 + HCL
NHCL2 + CL2 NCL3 + HCL



.


.
: )
(
.
) ( H2O2
.

.
) pH (
) (Biological Slime
) (HS- ) (S- ) pH
( , ) (NaOH

- )(Biological Odor Reduction Tower


) (Filter )

Deep Bed Trickling

Nitrifying Biological Zoogleal

(Mass


.

. - ,

BOD

// -,/
, // /
.:

-

- .

- .


- .H2S

- .

- .

- .

- .H2S

- .

- .

** . . - .

- .

- .H2S

. - .

- .

** . - .

- .

- .H2S

. . - - .

) H2O2 (.
** .
. . .)
) H2O2 CL2 NO(.
(.
.

- .

- .

- .

. - .

. - .

- .

. . . . . . .
: - .
- .
: - .
-
.
: -

.
-
.
- .

) (. . .

. . - .

.- .

- .

- .

- .

- .

- .

- .

- .

- .

- .

- .

. - .

-.

- .

. . . . .

. . . - .

* .
** .


)(Tests for Monitoring the Performance of Treatment Systems

.


:

:
)(Visual Indicators
-
- )(Analytical Indicators
- :
:
-

Color

Babbles

Odor

Foams

-
-

Algal Growth

-
-

Solids Accumulation

Aerator Spray Patterns

Floating Material

Effluent Calrity

- ""
-

Flow Patterns
Turbulences
Touch

-:
) (Mixed Liquor .
-

.
.

-:
" "
.
-:
.
. .
- :

.
- :

- :
.
-

-:

.
)(


.
- :
) ( ) (Scum


).(BOD



-/.
- :


.
.

) (BOD
.
- )(:

)Circuiting

(Short



.
.
- "":
.

.

-:

.

.
-
)(

:
. . . . - .

- :
:

) ( -

pH

Oil and Grease

Temperature

Microscopic Exam

Sludge Blanket Depth

Acidity and Alkalinity

Jar Test
Flow Rate
Detention Time

**Tank Levels and


Weights

** Chemical Feed Rate


)(Disinfection of Effluent

- :

) (Contact Time
) (Short Circuiting
. .
) (-


.

:-

-.
-.
-.

:
- ,/.
- .
- .
- .
- .
-- ):(Gas Chlorinator

) (Chlorinator .
)( ) (Vacum Chlorinator

) (- ).(Injector

:-


) (- ) (Diffuser
. ) (- .

:-

:
- .
- .

--
(Sodium



)Hypochlorite

.

.
) (Hypochlorinator

) (- .
-- ) ( ):(Solid- Tablet Chlorinators

) (

.



) (- .


:-

:-

- ):(Chlorine Residual Test

)) (Orthotolodine (
) (D P D

.

-
- .
- .
-
.
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .


)(Tertiary Treatment

) (Advanced Treatment

-
- ) (BOD
) (COD
.

.


) (Particulates
) (BOD ) (Coliforms
) (Microscreens
) (Gravity and Pressure Filters .

:
-

)(Coagulation
)(Flocculation

-
-

)(Liquid / Solids Separation



) (Particles ) .(Pin Point Floc
.

.
.
.


" " ) (Chemical Addition
. ) (
-:
- .
- .
- .
) (Filters .

.

)Equipment

(Upstream

) (Band -aid .


.

) (Alum
) (Ferric Chloride ) (Lime ) (Polyeletrolyles

) (Sodium Aluminate

)(Ferric Sulphate

).(Ferrous Sulphate

) (Chemical Feeds
-:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- )
(Test .

Jar



)(
) (Microfabric


.
) (Drum


.
) (Hopper


. -:
- .
.

-
- .
- .
- .
- .

.



) (Deep-bed Filtration )(Granular Media

) (-

:-

)Wash

(Back




.
Ca(OH)2
) (Aluminum Sulfate
) (OH
.


.


" "
.

) (

)(Fate of Pathogens and Biological Hazards in Treatment Plants

%

.

)
( ) .(Pathogens
) (
.
) (
.

)( .

-:
-
)(Bacteria
- )(Viruses
-
-

)(Parasites
)(Fungi



) pH
( .
.


.

:
:

(Bacteria Caused Diseases):

Sallmonellosis

Shigellosis
Cholera
Typhoid Fever
Paratyphoid
Bacillary Dysentery

) (

(Virus Caused Diseases):


Poliomyelitis
Infectious Hepatitis

(Intestinal Parasitic Diseases):


Amoebic Dysentery

)(

)Ascaris (giant round worm


Balharziasis

Giardias

) (
) (- .
)(-
) (*

(
-

)<100(<20

)<120(<50

)<100(<20

)<60(<15

Fecal
Coliform

)<90(<50

)<60(<30

)<70(<20

)<30(<15

)<60(<30

)<60(<30

)<70(<20

)<30(<15

)<30(<10

)<30(<10

)<10(<5

)<30(<15

)<30(<15

)<20(<10

)<10(<2

)<60(<30

* .

:
- .
- .
- .

.

) (-

Fine Screens

-
-

Grit Chamber

Plain Sedimentation

-
-

Coarse Screens

Chemical Precipitation
Trickling Filters
Activated Sludge
Waste Stabilization

-
-
,

) (
-:
- )(
)(Chlorination
)(Ozonization

-
-

)(Ultra Viollet
)(Heating

-
-
-

)(Iodine or Bromine Addition

)(Ultra Sonic Wave

)(Lime Addition


) (Chlorine Dose .

) (- .
)(-

-

Untreated Waste water


Primary Sedimentation

Chemical Precipitation Plant

Trikling Filter
Activated Sludge Plant

Multimedia Filter Following


-
-
-
-
-
-

Activated Sludge
Waste Stabilization Ponds

-:
- (Hydrogen Ion Cocentration) :
.
- :
.
- )( (Contact Time) :
.
- (Alkalinity and Acidity) :
.
- :
.
- :
.
:
:
- .
H2O + CL2 HCL + HOCL
HOCL HCL + O

- .
- .

) ( :
- :





.
:

-: .
- :

)
(.

.

.
-:




..
.

.

.
- :


.

.




.
-:

) (
.


(Operation and Maintenance of Mechanical and Electrical
)Equipment

-:
:
. .
-:
-

)(Design

)(Construction

)(Operation

- :

:
- .
- ) (Regular Maintenance .
- .
- .

- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .

- :

- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
-- :
:
- .
- .
-- :
- .
- .
- .
- .

- :

)(An Equipment Service Card


) (

* .

)(Service Record Card


) (

//
//
//

- :

:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .

- :
.
:
- ) (.
- .
- .
- ) (.

- :

- .
- .
- .
- .
-.
- .
- ).(Useful Life

- :

- :

)(Preventive
)(Corrective

-
- :
-- .
-- .
-- .
-- .
-- .
-- .
--.

--:

:
-.
-.
-.
-.

-- :
:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
--:
.
.

-:
:
.
-
-
-

.
.

.
-
- .

-- :
.

).(-

:-

-- :
- .
- .
- . .
- .
-
.
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
-- :
- " "
,.
- .
- ...
.
.
- .
- )
(.

-- :
:
- .
- .
- .
- /
.
- .



(Problems Caused By The Discharge of Uncontrolled
)Industrial Effluents

- :

) (Shock Load
:
- .
- .
-
.

- :
- .
- .

- ).(Washout
- ) (BOD
.
- .
- .
- ) (Scum .
- .
-
.
- .
- )(.

- :
.


) .(
.

:
-
.
- )
(BOD ) pH (.

- .
- - .
-
.
- .

-
:
- .
- .
:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- :
-- .
-- .
-- .

-
--
:
- ) ( .

- .
- .
--
.

--

- -
.
-
.
.
- .
- .

-
.
-
.
--

- .

- .

- .

- .
- .
-
.
-
.

- .

--

- .

--

- .

--

- .
- .
- . - .
- - .
.

-


.

--
) (

--

- .

- .

- .

- .

- .

- .

- :
) ( .
) (
.
) ( .
-
.

- ) - .
(.
- .
- .

- - .

.
-
) (
.
) (

- .
) ( .
) ( .

.
) ( () .
.
-- ) - - .
.
(.
-

- .

.
- -

)(
.
.


-
-
.

.
- .
- .

-- - - .
.
- .

)
(.

.
-
.
-


.
-- - -
.
.
.
-
.
-
) ( .
) ( .

-
) ( .
) ( .

- - .
--
.
.
-- - . - .
.
) ( .
) ( .
- .
- -
.


) :(

24C

24C

I
E
E

3/W

2/W

M-

R-
Mn-

D-

W-

-
I-

E-

S-

WS-

RS-
-
=24C

G- R-

Mn-
-

3/W

24C

1/D

NH3-NI

24C

1/W

24C

1/D

24C

1/D

TOTAL-PI

24C

1/D

ORTHO-PI

WS
RS
S

3/D

1/W

H-

ORG-N
NO3- P

H-

I
E
S

1/D

P-
- -1 :
.

1/D

PH

CP

24C

1/W

) :(

M-

R-
Mn-

H-

24C

I1
I2

2/W

24C

E2

5/W

E2

5/W

5/W

DO

I2
E
I2
E
I. R1
R2
RS

5/W

Ph

D-

W-

-
I1-

I2-

E-

RS-

R1-
-
=24C

G- R-

Mn-

H- P-

C-

- -1:

24C

24C

I1
E
E

3/W

24C

3/W

.
-2 .

2/W

Glossary
Primary Tanks
Secondary Tanks
Detention Period
Surface Loading
Return Activated Sludge
Scour Velocity
Flocculated
Coagulated
Flow
Municipal Waste Water
Overflow Rates
Sedimentation
Weir Overflow Loading
Baffle
Critical Flow
Threshold Velocity
Slotted Pipe
Central - Feed Tank
Rim - Feed Tank
Microorganisms
Continuous - Flow Stirred Tank
Reactor with Recycle
Mixed Liquor
Recycled Activated Sludge
Contact Time
Pseudomonas Bacteria
Zoogloea
Nitrobacter
Filamentcous Bacteria
Protozoa
Rotifers
Cell Residence Time
Fungi
Combined Networks












)(





BOD5
COD
TDS
TSS
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
Tertiary Treatment
Mosses
Crustaceans
Ferns
Seed Plants
Slime Molds
Chemosynthetic
Photopynthetic
Hetrotrophic
Autotrophic
Adaptation Phase
Growth Phase
Stationary Phase
Endegenous Phase
V-notch Weir
Venturi Meters
Marshal Flume
Rack
Screen
Hand Cleaned
Mechanically Cleaned
Grid Chambers
Aerated Grid Chamber
Density Current
Scum
Traveling Flights
Column Test
Clarification Zone
Pilot Plants
Rising Sludge
Balking Sludge

Denitrification
Nitrification
Short Circuiting
Hydraulic Loading
Organic Loading
Plug Flow
Diffused Aerator
Tapered Aeration
Conventional Activated Sludge
System
Continuous Flow and Stirred
Tank
Step Aeration
Modified Aeration
Contact Stabilization
Assimilated Metabolicolly
Endegenous Respiration
Extended Aeration
Oxiditation Ditch
Aerobic Attached Growth
Roughing Filters
Slime
Shear Velocity
Dosing Siphon
Filtration Media
Under Drain








-



( )





) ( Oxidation Ponds

-


-

).(-

:-

-

-
) (Free Board
) (Rip - Rap .

-

.


.

.

- ):(Outlet Manhole

).(-

:-


).(-

:-

-
) (
.

:
)(Aerobic Ponds
)(Anaerobic Ponds
- )( )(Facultative Ponds

: ) (.

:
-
- )(

.

) (Protoplasm
.
.

).(-



.

:-

-


.




) pH (.

- -


) (Protoplasm


:
- ):(Acid Bacteria

- :


) (CO2 ) (NH4 ) (H2S ).(CH4


) .(-

:-
) (

- :



.

-
)
(
) (.
)
(


) (Tertiary or Polishing .

-
.
) (


.
) (
)( .

).(-

:-

.
:
-
-

.
) (- .

:-

- :

.
.
-
/ .

- :

:


=
/
:

=
=

-
)
(BOD5 :
=
/ BOD/

:

/
) ( ) BOD ( /

= //

:
- .
- .
:
- .
- .
- .
- .

) pH (
.
)PH ( -

.
.

.
) (
) (.

- :
- .
- ) (BOD
.
- .
- .
- ) pH (
.

- :
:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
:

-.

-




.

.
.

- .

- .

- .

- .

- .

- .

- .
.

.

-.

- ..

- .

- . .

- .

- )(.

-


.


References
1.

S.J. Arceivala; Wastewater Treatment and Disposal 1981,


Marcel Dekker, INC., New York and Basel,

2. Duncan Mara; Sewage Treatment in Hot Climates, John Wiley & Sons,
Chichester 1982,
3. EPA; Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plant 1986,
4. EPA; Process Design Manual EPA-625/2/77/009,
5. EPA; Inspector Guide for Evaluation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Plants EPA/43019-79/010,
6. EPA; Package Treatment Plants Operations Manual 1977,
7. EPA; Operation Manual Stabilization Ponds, EPA 430/9-77-012,
8. Mark J. Hammer, Water and Wastewater Technology, John Wiley & Sons
Inc.,
9. New York State Department of Health,
Manual of Instruction for Sewage Treatment Plant Operators, Health
Education Service,
10. WPCF; Wastewater Treatment Plant Operator,
Training Program, International Course,
11. WPCF; Operation of Extended Aeration Package Plants, Manual of
Practice OM 7 1984,
12. WPCF; Wastewater Treatment Plant Design, 1982,
13. WPCF; Wastewater Treatment Process Control Laboratory Course 1982,

14. WPCF; Wastewater Treatment Skill Training Package,

Wastewater Stabilization Ponds,


15. WPCF; Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants, Manual of
Practice No. 1, 1985,

.


.
:

.

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