Soil map

Ru1 B6 Ru4 B6 Ru4 B6 Ru1

Ru1

Christchurch 2010

Future Christchuch

Ru1

Strength vS duCtility

Christchurch 2010

Future Christchuch

earthquakeS eFFeCt
F6 F6

Christchurch 2010

Future Christchuch

Ru1

Destroyed

Structural damaged

Minor damage

Destroyed

Structural damaged

Minor damage

Destroyed

Structural damaged

Minor damage

Ru1 Ru1

Ru1

F6

Ru4 Ru3 Ru3 Ru4 Ru4 Ru1 Ru4 Ru4 B1 B2 Ru3 Ru4 Ru4 Ru4 Ru4 L1 L3 Ru3 L3 Ru4 Ru4 Ru3 L1 L1 L3 Ru3 L1 L1 L1 B1 L3 Ru3 L1 B4 Ru3 L1 L1 B4 B4 L1 B4 B5 Ru3 B5 B4 Ru3 Cu3 Ru1 Ru3

Seismic Force

Permanent deformation, need repair Elastic range, no damage occur

F5

F5

F5

L1

B1

Ru3

F4

F4

F4

L1

B4

B1

Ru3

Ru5

RU3

Ru1

Ru1

L1 Ru5 L1 L1 L1L1 Ru3 RU3 SP Ru5 B6 Ru5 L1 B4 B1 L1 L1 CU3 CU3 RU3 RU3 L1 Ru5 CU3 RU3 L1 B1 Ru6 Ru6 B1 Ru5 Living 1 (L1) Ru5 SP L1 CU3 Ru6 L1 B2 Business B4 Ru5 B4 CU3 PS CU3 PS B1 L5 L5 Ru6 Ru6 Ru2 Ru5 Ru5 Ru2 CU3 CU3 L1 CU3 B2 CU3 CU3 SP (Hosp) CU3 L1 L1 L1 CU3 CU3 Ru5 Ru5 Ru2 Ru5 Ru2 B1 L1 CU3 Ru5 L1 CU3 Ru5 Ru2 SP (Hos) Ru5 B4 B4 B1 CU3 B4 B5 B5 B4 B4 L1 B4 B5 B5 L1 B4 B4 B5 B1 CU3 L1 Ru5 B4 B5 B5 B7 L1 L1 Ru2 B4 L1 L1 L3 L3 B1 CU3 B1 CU3 L3 L1 L1 CU3 B1 L1 CU3 B1 L1 L1 L1 B1 SP (Hosp) B1 L1 Ru2 L1 CU3 LH LH SP (Hosp) CU3 L1 B1 L1 LH B1 CU3 B1 SP (Hosp) L1 B1 B1 CU3 L2 B2 B1 B2 B1 B1 CU3 CU3 L1 L1 L1 L2 B1 B1 L3 B4 L5 L3 B4 B1 B4 L1 CU3 CU3 L1 CU3 L2 B2 B1 CU3 CU3 CU3 SP (Hosp) L1 CU3 B5 B5 B4 B5 L1 Ru2 B4 B4 L1 L2 CU3 Ru5 B4 Ru2 CU3 L1 B1 L1 A B1 B4 B2 CU3 B5 B4 B4 L3 B4 B3 B4 B1 B2 L3 CU3 B3 B3 CU3 L1 SP (Hosp) L2 L1 B1 CU3 B4 L2 CU3 CU3 B2 B1 CU3 B1 LH CU3 LH L1 LH B1 B4 B1 L3 B4 L2 L3 L2 CU3 B1 L1 B4 B5 CU3 B4 L1 B5 B4 B4 B4 B4 B4 B5 B4 B4 LH L1 CU3 CU3 LH LH CU3 LH LH B4 SP LH L1 LH RuH L1 CU3 LH RuH Ru7 LHA CU3 RuH RuH RuH L1 RuH LH Ru2 Ru2 L1 CU3 Ru2 RuH LHA RuH SP LHA RuH LHA RuH LHA RuH LH RuH RuH RuH RuH Ru2 RuH RuH RuH RuH RuH LHA RuH LH RuH LHA RuH CU3 LH B1 RuH LHA Ru7 L1 LH LHA LHB LHA LHA CU3 LH LH LH CU3 LH B4 B5 B1 B4 LH L1 LH B1 B2 L1 LH CU3 L1 L3 L2 B4 B4 L5 L1 L1 CU4 L1 CU4 B1 CU3 SP (Hosp) CU3 B1 L1 L1 B1 B2 L3 SP (Hosp) L5 B4 L5 L4 L3 L1 CU3 L1 CU3 L2 L3 B3 L4 L3 B1 B2 L2 CU3 L1 L2 B1 SP (Hosp) L5 L2 B2 B1 CU3 PS L1 L3 B1 CU3 L1 L1 CU3 L4 L4 L3 B1 L3 B3 L4 L4 L3 L5 L2 L2 CU3 L1 SP (Hosp) SP (Hosp) B2 B1 B1 B2 L2 L3 CU3 B1 CU3 L5 B1 B1 B1 CU3 CU3 B2 L3 CU4 C2 B1 CU3 B4 B2 L3 CU3 B1 CU2 B1 CU3 CU3 L1 L1 L2 L1 SP (Hosp) L1 CU3 CU3 CU3 B1 CU3 L1 B1 Ru5 L5 B1 CU3 B1 CU3 B2 PS CU3 L3 L2 SP (Hosp) L1 L1 B4 CU3 B1 B1 CU3 L1 CU3 B4 CU3 SP CU3 (Hosp) CU3 B4 B1 CU3 CU3 L1 L1 B2 L5 CU3 L1 CU3 L1 CU3 B1 B4 B1 SP (Hosp) B1 L1 B4 B4 CU3 L1 L1 CU3 B4 L1 B1 SP Hosp CU3 CU3 B4 B4 CU3 CU3 L1 CU3 B2 B2 L3 L1 B4 L1 B4 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L3 CU3 L1 CU3 B1 B1 B1 CU3 B1 CU3 L1 L1 B1 L5 CU3 L3 L1 L1 B1 CU3 B1 B4 CU3 B1 RU3 Ru3 L1 CU3 L1 RU3 Ru3 L1 SP L1 B1 Ru1 Ru3 L1 Ru1 L1

Lateral deflection High cost, not economical

L1

Small cracks
Steel reinforcement is still in the elastic range

Cracks widen
Steel reinforcement is in inelastic range

Cracks even wider

Steel reinforcement fail Damage occur at the plastic hinge

F3

F3

F3

Lateral force vs defelction for elastic structures

F2

F2

F2

Ru5 Ru6

F_elastic is the maximum force the building could resist without strength lost 1.0 Future Christchurch seismic coefficient needs to change, therefore increase buildings strength Seismic Force Seismic Force

CU3 B2 L1

F1

F1

F1

CU3 Sch B4 B4 B5

L1

B1

L1

=1 0.8 Permanent deformation, need repair Seismic Coefficient (%g) Collapse point Seismic Force
L2 B2 CU3 B1 L2 L3

L1

L2 SP B4 (Hosp)

L1 L1

L2

L1

1.25 2 3 5 4 F3 F3 F3 Current code (may be lower), building failed safe and demolished at post - quake

B1

0.6

(Bull and Brunsdon, 2011)

CU3

B1

Future Christchuch, required more strength and less ductility

CU3 PS B1 L1

CU3 PS

B2

Ru2

2 1

Ductility range Fail safe,demolished High cost to repair if possible Elastic range, no damage occur

0.4

Current Christchurch buildings strength

L1

0.2 8 0 1.0

Plastic hinge region Foundation Foundation

B1

B3

B3

B1 L1 CU3 B3 L3 CU3 B5 B1 CU3 B4 CU3 B4 B5 B1 L1

Lateral deflection

2.0 Period (seconds)

3.0

CU3 L3 L4B B3 B3 B3 B3 B3 B2

4.0

F2

F2

F2

B3

CU3 B3

L2 L1 B4

L1 B5

B1 CU3

B4 B4 B4 B4 B1

L3

SP (Hos)

B1 CU3 L2

CU3 L1

Lateral force vs defelction for ductile structures (Charleson, 2008)

The current structural requirement for Christchurch allows for building design to fail safe
L1

Elastic displacement

B3

B3 B3

B3

CU3 B1 B4 B2 B1 L3 CU3 L2 B4 B4 B2 L1

Current ductility allows for Christchurch construction

Ductility ( ) : Sesismic Coefficient (%g)

Uniform distribution over the height of the structure

Inelastic displacement

Deformation at the plastic hinge region

F1

F1

F1

CU3

CU4

B4

B4

B1

B1

Comparison between elastic and inelastic displacemement (Charleson, 2008)

B7

L1

L3

Ru2 L1 Ru2

L3

B1

B1 CU3

B1

LHA

CU3 L1 B1 Ru2

LH

Horizontal Seismic Shear

V_base = F1 + F2 + F3

Distributed of Seismic Force in Floors & Walls

L1

Ru2

Ru2

Forces Act at Centre of Mass (COM) at Each Level

Simplification of Forces Act at Each Level

Mode of Displacement I

Mode of Displacement II

Ru2

V_base is the force at the base of the building Force (F) = Mass (m) x Acceleration (A) The shorter and lighter the building is the less of the V_base forces.

LHB

LHA RuH

Ru2 Ru2 LHB Ru2 RuH

RuH

Ru2

RuH

RuH

Soil types: good soil reasonable soil moderate liquefaction high liquefaction Severe liquefaction

Soil map 1:50,000 0 0.5km 1km 1.5km

1 Foundation typeS and earthquake ForCeS

Seismic Force Shear wall Shear wall

2a StruCtural option to mitigate earthquake ForCeS

F6 F6 F6 F6 F5 F5 F5 F5 F4 F4 F4 F4

Gravity Force

Shear wall Gravity Force Tension Force Shear Force at Base Raft foundation Soils friction & cohesion stop the foundation slide Horizontal soil pressure Compression force transmits to the raft foundation Soil bearing capacity stops the shear wall turn over Compression Force Tension Force

Gravity Force

F3

F3

F3

F3

Compression Force Tension Force Shear Force at Base Foundation

Compression Force Shear Force at Base Horizontal soil pressure Compression force transmits to pile Soil bearing capacity stop the shear wall turn over

F2

F2

F2

F2

Foundation

F1

F1

F1

F1

Soils weight, friction & cohesion stop the pile uplift

Moment frame

Shear wall

Frame + Shear wall

Moment frame

Damper

Moment frame + Damper

Earthquake forces on shear wall

Raft foundation

Earthquake forces transmit from the shear wall to the raft foundation

Piles

Seismic forces transmit from the shear wall to piles

Shear wall

Shear wall

F6

F6

Future Christchurch - building envelope

Build area

F5

F5

F4 Gravity Force Gravity Force F3 Building envelope: 6+ level - living inner city, living central city, medium density, business district centre, 3 - 5 level - general industrial, school, special purpose,hospital, living inner suburban 3 - 5 level - inner city industrial, business local centre 1 - 2 level - school, hospital, sub urban industrial, general industrial 1 - 2 level - business local centre, school, hospital, living inner city 1 level - living inner city, living suburban, business local centre, business district centre Single storey - school, hospital, general industrial Single storey - school, hospital, business local centre, living inner city, living inner suburban, general industrial Tension Force Cellular raft foundation Large soils friction & cohesion area stops the foundation lift up or settle down Void space to reduce soils overburden pressure Soils friction & cohesion stop the foundation slide Shear Force at Base Horizontal soil pressure Compression force transmits to the cellular raft Large soils bearing capacity area stops the shear wall turn over Compression Force Tension Force Cellular raft foundation Large soils friction & cohesion area stops the foundation lift up or settle down Soils friction & cohesion stop the foundation slide Soils weight, friction & cohesion stop the pile uplift Compression Force Shear Force at Base Horizontal soil pressure Void space to reduce soils overburden pressure Horizontal soil pressure Compression force transmits to pile Soil bearing capacity stop the shear wall turn over F1 F2

F4

F3

F2

F1

Frame

Base isolation systems

Steel - Concentrically Braced Frame (CBF)

Moment frame + CBF Base isolation systems

Seismic forces transmit from the shear wall to the cellular raft

Cellular raft

Raft + Piles

Seismic forces transmit from the shear wall to the cellular raft + Piles

2B BaSe iSolation BeneFitS

F6 F5

2C BaSe iSolation typeS

F6 Vertical force F5 Horizontal Force Steel Lead F4

F4 Normal damping Acceleration response

Steel Rubber InternalRubber

F3 Gravity Force F2

F3 Increased damping from isolation 25% Reduction response from increased damping F2 Gravity Force

Vertical force Horizontal Force

F1

Compression Force Shear Force at Base Horizontal soil pressure Void space to reduce soils overburden pressure Horizontal soil pressure Compression force transmits to pile Soil bearing capacity stop the shear wall turn over

Build area

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5 F1 Compression Force Shear Force at Base

Piston Cylinder

Cut away - Lead rubber bearing (Robinson seismic, 2011)

Natural period of vibration T (secs)

Single Storey
1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Raft 1. Raft 1. Raft 1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 2F. Timber shearwall 2F. Timber shearwall 2F. Timber shearwall Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing

1. Foundation 2. Structure 3. Cladding 4. Building gap

Benefit of using the seismic isolation system (Charleson, 2008)

Horizontal soil pressure Compression force transmits to pile Cantilevered pile placed in oversized casing to allow for movement Soil bearing capacity stop the shear wall turn over Acceleration response A Fixed base building F6 Lead

Isolation bearing undergoing a shear displacement (Robinson seismic, 2011)

Isolation bearing of the Christchurchs Women Hospital (Pampanin, 2011)

Christchurchs Women Hospital (OPUS, 2011)

1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall

1. Raft 1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 2F. Timber shearwall

1. Piles 2E. Steel - CBF

2F. Timber shearwall Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing

1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF Strengthening 2F. Timber shearwall

1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall

1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall

1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall

1. Raft 1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 2F. Timber shearwall

Cross section - Lead extrusion damper (Charleson, 2008)

Lead extrusion damper - Wellington central police station ( Robinson seismic, 2011)
F4

Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast conc claddings conc claddings conc claddings conc claddings conc claddings conc claddings 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF Strengthening 2F. Timber shearwall 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 1. Raft 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Raft 2F. Timber shearwall

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast conc claddings conc claddings conc claddings conc claddings conc claddings conc claddings conc claddings conc claddings conc claddings conc claddings 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 1. Raft 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 1. Raft 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Raft 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Raft 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 1. Piles 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Piles 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall

F5 Seismic isolation F4 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

F3 Gravity Force F2

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 1.Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 1.Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF Strengthening 2F. Timber shearwall 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap

Natural period of vibration T (secs) Period shift

F3

Gravity Force

Slider Highly polished staninless steel surface

Fluid Chamber Piston head containing orifices Cylinder Piston rod

F1

Compression Force Shear Force at Base Horizontal soil pressure

F2

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF

Introduce base isolation reduces the acceleration and increases the period of vibration, which changes the impact of the forces by the spread it over time

F1

Compression Force Shear Force at Base Horizontal soil pressure Void space to reduce soils overburden pressure Horizontal soil pressure Compression force transmits to pile Soil bearing capacity stop the shear wall turn over

Cross section - Friction pendulum bearing at centre position (Charleson, 2008)

Void space to reduce soils overburden pressure Horizontal soil pressure Compression force transmits to pile Soil bearing capacity stop the shear wall turn over

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 1.Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 1.Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 1.Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF Strengthening 2F. Timber shearwall 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall

Displaced position

Friction of pendulum of the San Francisco international airport

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF

Cross section - Viscous damper (Charleson, 2008)

Viscous damper (Damptek, 2011)

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 1.Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 1.Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF Strengthening 2F. Timber shearwall 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 4. 88 mm Gap 1.Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF

2D SeiSmiC gap
F6

2E Steel BraCing typeS

F6 F6 F6 F5 F5 F5 Tension Compression F4 F4 F4 Tension F2 Compression Compression F1 F1 F1 Tension F1 F3 Structural fuse region e e

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap 4. 88 mm Gap

B3-Inner City Industrial

L3-Inner City, Medium Density

SP-Special Purpose( Hosp)

Ru2-Templeton - Halswell

B4-Sub urban Industrial

B2- Business District Centre

Cu1- Cultural City Heritage

Ru4 - Waimakariri

B5-General Industrial

B1-Business Local Centre

Soil Types

L2-Inner Suburban

L4-Central City

L1-Living Suburban

Cu3, Cu4 School

LH-Hills

Ru1, Ru3

Ru5, Ru6

F5 Beam F4 Column Infill panel F3 F2 Separated panel Diagonal Crack Compression strut Beam and column region likely to be damaged Moment frame with out infill panel

Beam and column region likely to be damaged X Crack Compression strut

F3

F3

F3

F2

F2

F2

F1

1 level
1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall Steel reinforcing 1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall Steel reinforcing 1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall Steel reinforcing 1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall Steel reinforcing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 176 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast conc claddings conc claddings conc claddings 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft

1. Foundation 2. Structure 3. Cladding 4. Building gap

Beam - column joint failure (Kam, 2011)

1. Raft

1. Raft

1. Raft

1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall Steel reinforcing

1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall Steel reinforcing

Piles 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall Steel reinforcing

1. Raft

1. Raft

1. Raft

1. Raft

1. Raft

1. Raft

Moment frame deflection

2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber 2F. Timber 2F. Timber shearwall shearwall shearwall Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 176 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast conc claddings conc claddings 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 1. Raft 1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF Strengthening 2F. Timber 2F. Timber shearwall shearwall Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast conc claddings conc claddings 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF Strengthening 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Cellular raft

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber 2F. Timber 2F. Timber 2F. Timber shearwall shearwall shearwall shearwall Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast conc claddings conc claddings conc claddings 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 1. Raft 1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 176 mm Gap 1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall

Seismic drift reverses and forms X crack

Moment frame + V CFB + Base isolation systems

Moment frame + X CFB + Base isolation systems

Moment frame + Z CFB + Base isolation systems

Truss action forces

V Eccentrically Braced Frame

Typical eccentrically braced frame (Dowrick, 2009)

Kinematics of deformation

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast conc claddings conc claddings conc claddings 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 1. Raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall Piles 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings 4. 176 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft Piles

e F3 Structural fuse region

A 20 mm Min 50 mm Min

Beam

Column Sealant
F2

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 2F. Timber shearwall

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 2F. Timber shearwall 2F. Timber shearwall

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 2F. Timber shearwall

Recess form in beam 200 mm @ 2m spacing Steel dowell or flat plate cast into wall

Backing rod Infill panel

F1

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Cellular raft

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft Strengthening 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall

Separated infill panel

Seismic gap

B Separated infill panel

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 2F. Timber shearwall

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall

K Eccentrically Braced Frame

Kinematics of deformation

Evidence of EBF link yielding (Bruneau, 2011)

Evidence of inelastic deformation (Bruneau, 2011)

Cracking of partition (Bruneau, 2011)

Solution to inelastic deformation: Viscous damper within a stiff bracing (Caravasilis, 2011)

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Cellular raft 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 4. 176 mm Gap

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF Strengthening 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft

Moment frame

Seismic gap

Structural detail that resist out of plane force, while allow for the movement between infill panel and moment resisting frame (Charleson, 2008)

Section A - A

Section B - B
Compression failure of reinforced wall (Kam, 2011)

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 2F. Timber shearwall

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 2F. Timber shearwall

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF Strengthening 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 1. Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall

2f timBer Shear wall

2G hyBrid lvl SyStem

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 2F. Timber shearwall

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 2F. Timber shearwall

2E. Steel - CBF 2E. Steel - CBF 2F. Timber shearwall 2F. Timber shearwall

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap 4. 176 mm Gap

SP-Special Purpose( Hosp)

B3-Inner City Industrial

L3-Inner City, Medium Density

Ru2-Templeton - Halswell

B4-Sub urban Industrial

B2- Business District Centre

Cu1- Cultural City Heritage

Ru4 - Waimakariri

B5-General Industrial

Soil Types

B1-Business Local Centre

L2-Inner Suburban

L4-Central City

Cu3, Cu4 School

L1-Living Suburban

LH-Hills

Ru1, Ru3

Ru5, Ru6

U-shape plate Connection Wall

Shear distortion Building under construction (ACA, 2011)

Cross section of typical standard shear wall and Midply wall (Varoglu and karacabeyli et al, 2006) Contrast between nails working in single shear and double shear (Varoglu and karacabeyli et al, 2006)
The nail length penetrates through a sandwich of studs, which plywood sheathing in the center. This prevents the nail pull through the plywood sheathing. It changes the forces each nail work in single shear in the standard shear wall to double shear

Flexual distortion

2 level
1. Piles 1. Piles 1. Piles 1. Piles 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 264 mm Gap 2H. PRESSS 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 264 mm Gap 2H. PRESSS 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 264 mm Gap 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 264 mm Gap Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing

1. Foundation 2. Structure 3. Cladding 4. Building gap

1. Piles 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft

Comparison of performance of Midply and standard shearwalls ( Ni, Popovski, and Karacabeyli et al, 2010)
The Midply walls have the average lateral load capacity three times stronger than the standard shear wall

Installation of LVL post-tensioned wall (NZWOOD, 2011)

Installation of LVL post-tensioned and coupled shear panels (Pampanin et al., 2005)

U-shape plates (Pampanin et al., 2005)

Effects of seismic force on U-shape plate (Newcombe, 2011)

Internal dissipation devices

2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2E. Steel - CBF 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper Strengthening 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 264 mm Gap 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 264 mm Gap 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 264 mm Gap 2H. PRESSS 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 264 mm Gap 2H. PRESSS 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 264 mm Gap 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 264 mm Gap 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 264 mm Gap Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing

1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS

1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 2E. Steel - CBF 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper Strengthening 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS

Unbonded post tensioned tendon

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft

Components of typical timber shear wall (Aghayere and Vigil, 2007)

Controlled rocking system (Pampanin et al., 2005)

Construction details

Deformed bar with 50mm unbonded length

Hybrid LVL frame

2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2E. Steel - CBF 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL Strengthening 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft

2h preCaSt SeiSmiC StruCtural SyStem (preSSS)

Tension force in mild steel Tension force in prestressing steel Unbonded post-tensioned tendon Partially unbonded mild steel Grouted mild steel

3 Cladding typeS

2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2E. Steel - CBF 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL Strengthening 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 2G. Hybrid LVL

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft 4. 264 mm Gap 1. Cellular raft

External mild steel dissipaters Imposed Rotation

Soil Types

2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS

2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2E. Steel - CBF 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL Strengthening 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL

Compression force in concrete and mild steel

Imposed Rotation Diagonal strut and bond tress transfer joint shear

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 264 mm Gap 4. 264 mm Gap 4. 264 mm Gap 4. 264 mm Gap 4. 264 mm Gap

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 264 mm Gap 4. 264 mm Gap 4. 264 mm Gap

3.Timber/Glazing 3.Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 264 mm Gap 4. 264 mm Gap

Controlled rocking mechamism (CCANZ, 2011)

The Southern Cross hospital uses PRESSS technology and passed the test of the recent earthquakes in Christchurch with cosmetic damage

Construction of multi-storey PRESS building (Pampanin et al., 2004)

Frame joint with unbonded post-tensioned cables through concrete members (CCANZ, 2011)

Internal vs external replaceable mild steel dissipaters at the base connections (CCANZ, 2011) Cladding meterials
Light weight cladding material suggests to use in poor ground condition. The lighter cladding material is the better

Soil Types

L3-Inner City, Medium Density

SP-Special Purpose( Hosp)

B3-Inner City Industrial

B5-General Industrial

B4-Sub urban Industrial

B2- Business District Centre

Cu1- Cultural City Heritage

L2-Inner Suburban

B1-Business Local Centre

L4-Central City

L1-Living Suburban

Cu3, Cu4 School

Post-tensioned tendons

Metal
U-shape steel plate 4.3 kg/ m2

Metal
4.3 kg/ m2

Timber
6.6 kg/ m2

Glazing
31.2 kg/ m2

Light weight precast concrete panel

1250 kg/ m3

Wall systems (CCANZ, 2011)

Post - tension coupled walls (CCANZ, 2011)

U-shape steel plate External replaceable mild steel dissipaters at the base connections (Pampanin, 2011)

3 - 5 level
2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 2.5% x Height 1. Cellular raft 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 2.5% x Height 1. Cellular raft 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast conc claddings conc claddings conc claddings 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft

1. Foundation 2. Structure 3. Cladding 4. Building gap

1. Piles 1. Piles 1. Piles 1. Piles 1. Piles 1. Piles 1. Piles 1. Piles 1. Piles 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing Steel reinforcing 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing

6 - 10 level
1. Piles 1. Piles 1. Piles 1. Piles 1. Piles 1. Piles 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2C. Base Isolation 2C. Base Isolation 2C. Base Isolation 2C. Base Isolation 2C. Base Isolation2C. Base Isolation 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 2.5% x Height 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 2.5% x Height 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 2.5% x Height 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 2.5% x Height 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 2.5% x Height 2H. PRESSS Steel reinforcing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast conc claddings 4. 2.5% x Height

4 Building gap
Current code Maximum seismic drift =2.5% * Height (NZS 1170.5 2004) height Property boundary

Stair Failed

3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast Metal/ Precast conc claddings conc claddings conc claddings conc claddings 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft

2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS

2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS

1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2H. PRESSS

1. Cellular raft 1. Cellular raft 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS

2C. Base Isolation 2C. Base Isolation 2C. Base Isolation 2C. Base Isolation 2C. Base Isolation2C. Base Isolation 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS

Sliding in pocket is not big enough

Sliding in side pocket need to be increased

Cover

3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 1. Cellular raft+ piles 1. Cellular raft+ piles 1. Cellular raft+ piles 1. Cellular raft+ piles 1. Cellular raft+ piles 1. Cellular raft+ 1. Cellular raft+ piles piles

3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 1. Cellular raft+ 1. Cellular raft+ piles piles

3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 1. Cellular raft + piles 1. Cellular raft + piles 2C. Base Isolation 2H. PRESSS 2H. PRESSS 1. Cellular raft + piles 1. Cellular raft + piles

3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 1. Cellular raft + piles 1. Cellular raft + piles

The precast stair case landing details in Grand Chancellor Hotel (Kam, 2011)
Seismic drift Seismic gap

2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS 2G. Hybrid LVL 2H. PRESSS

2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2C. Base Isolation2C. Base Isolation

3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings

3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings

Required gap in elevation to avoid pounding

Building at maximum seismic drift

Old buildings havent got enough sufficient gap, which are why Buildings were damaged

4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 1. Cellular raft+ piles 1. Cellular raft+ piles 1. Cellular raft+ piles 1. Cellular raft+ piles 1. Cellular raft+ piles 1. Cellular raft+ 1. Cellular raft+ piles piles 1. Cellular raft+ 1. Cellular raft+ piles piles

3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 1. Cellular raft + piles 1. Cellular raft + 1. Cellular raft + 1. Cellular raft + 1. Cellular raft + piles piles piles piles 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2C. Base Isolation 2C. Base Isolation2C. Base Isolation 1. Cellular raft + piles

Pounding damage between insufficiently separated buildings (Chouw, 2011)

Separated buildings lateral deflection

Stair is compressed and permanent shortened Jammed Seismic drift reverses and pull stair off landing

or lower end is sliding over the landing area (Bull and Brunsdon, 2011)

2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL

3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 1. Cellular raft+ 1. Cellular raft+ 1. Cellular raft+ 1. Cellular raft+ 1. Cellular raft+ 1. Cellular raft+ 1. Cellular raft+ 1. Cellular raft+ 1. Cellular raft+ piles piles piles piles piles piles piles piles piles 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL 2G. Hybrid LVL

3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 1. Cellular raft + 1. Cellular raft + 1. Cellular raft + 1. Cellular raft + 1. Cellular raft + 1. Cellular raft + piles piles piles piles piles piles 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2B. CBF+Damper 2C. Base Isolation 2C. Base Isolation2C. Base Isolation

Add shear walls or Conncentrically braced frames

3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height

3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing 3. Timber/Glazing Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings Metal claddings 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height 4. 2.5% x Height

B3-Inner City Industrial

B5-General Industrial

L3-Inner City, Medium Density

SP-Special Purpose( Hosp)

B1-Business Local Centre

B4-Sub urban Industria

L3-Inner City, Medium Density

SP-Special Purpose( Hosp)

Cu3, Cu4 School

B2- Business District Centre

B1-Business Local Centre

Soil Types

Soil Types

B2- Business District Centre

L4-Central City

L4-Central City

Cu3, Cu4 School

L shape buildings lateral

Comparison between complex structures shape and simple shapes

Hotel Grand Chancellor building (Kam, 2011)

Beam - column damaged at the level where the tower and the structure are connected (Kam, 2011)

Solutions to L shaped building (Naeim, 2001)

Forsyth Barr building (Kam, 2011)

The collapse of internal staircase of the Forsyth Barr building (Kam, 2011)

Stair failed during vibration (Bull and Brunsdon, 2011)

Stairs of the Forsyth Barr building (Young, 2011)