nILIINL ADMINIS1kA1IVL LAW

8y
Car|o L Cruz


Chapter 1
Genera| Cons|derat|ons


Nature

Adm|n|strat|ve Law LhaL branch of modern law under whlch Lhe execuLlve deparLmenL of Lhe governmenL acLlng ln a quasl
leglslaLlve or quasl[udlclal capaclLy lnLerferes wlLh Lhe conducL of Lhe lndlvldual for Lhe purpose of promoLlng Lhe wellbelng of Lhe
communlLy

AdmlnlsLraLlve law ls a recenL developmenL belng a consequence of Lhe ever lncreaslng complexlLles of socleLy and Lhe
prollferaLlon of problems of governmenL LhaL cannoL readlly or effecLlvely be addressed by Lhe publlc agencles or solved by oLher
dlsclpllnes of publlc law

lL was felL LhaL LheleglslaLlve and [udlclal deparLmenLs no longer had elLher Lhe Llme or Lhe needed experLlse Lo aLLend Lo Lhese new
problems

1hus Lhe obvlous soluLlon was de/eqotion of power

1wo ma[or powers of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve agency

1 CuaslleglslaLlve auLhorlLy or rule maklng power

2 Cuasl[udlclal power or ad[udlcaLory funcLlon

Sources of Adm|n|strat|ve Law

AddmlnlsLraLlve law ls derlved from four sources or ls of four (4) klnds

1 Const|tut|on or statutory enactments eg Soclal SecurlLy AcL whlch esLabllshed Lhe Soclal SecurlLy Commlsslon

2 Dec|s|ons of courts |nterpret|ng the charters of adm|n|strat|ve bod|es

3 ku|es and regu|at|ons |ssued by the adm|n|strat|ve bod|es eg Cmnlbus 8ules lmplemenLlng Lhe Labor Code

4 Determ|nat|ons and orders of the adm|n|strat|ve bod|es |n the sett|ement of controvers|es

Adm|n|strat|on

AdmlnlsLraLlon ls undersLood ln Lwo senses

1 |nst|tut|on admlnlsLraLlon as Lhe aggregaLe of lndlvlduals ln whose hands Lhe relns of governmenL are for Lhe Llme belng

2 funct|on admlnlsLraLlon as Lhe acLual runnlng of Lhe governmenL by Lhe execuLlve auLhorlLles Lhrough Lhe enforcemenL of laws
and lmplemenLaLlon of pollcles

CovernmenL (as dlsLlngulshed from admlnlsLraLlon) ls Lhe agency or lnsLrumenLallLy Lhrough whlch Lhe wlll of Lhe SLaLe ls
formulaLed expressed and reallzed

Adm|n|strat|on D|st|ngu|shed from Law

Law ls lmpersonal command provlded wlLh sancLlons Lo be applled ln case of vlolaLlon whlle Adm|n|strat|on ls prevenLlve raLher
punlLlve and ls accepLed Lo be more personal Lhan law

Law malnLalns a waLchful eye on Lhose who would vlolaLe lLs order Whlle admlnlsLraLlon on Lhe oLher hand seeks Lo spare
lndlvlduals from punlshmenLs of Lhe law by persuadlng hlm Lo observe lLs commands



Chapter 2
Adm|n|strat|ve Agenc|es


Def|n|t|on

Adm|n|strat|ve agency a body endowed wlLh quaslleglslaLlve and quasl[udlclal powers for Lhe purpose of enabllng lL Lo carry ouL
Lhe laws enLrusLed Lo lL for enforcemenL or execuLlon

AdmlnlsLraLlve agency may be regarded as an arm of Lhe leglslaLure lnsofar as lL ls auLhorlze Lo promulgaLe rules lL may also be
loosely consldered a courL because lL performs funcLlons of a parLlcular [udlclal characLer as when lL decldes facLual and someLlmes
even legal quesLlons as an lncldenL of lLs general power of regulaLlon

Creat|on and Abo||t|on

1he admlnlsLraLlve body may be creaLed by Lhe Const|tut|on or by a Statute

lf creaLed by Lhe ConsLlLuLlon lLself Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body can be alLered or abollshed only by ConsLlLuLlon 8uL where Lhe body
was creaLed only by sLaLuLe Lhe leglslaLure LhaL breaLhed llfe lnLo lL can amend or even repeal lLs charLer Lhereby resulLlng ln lLs
abollLlon whlch ls [usLlfled lf made ln good falLh



Chapter 3
owers of Adm|n|strat|ve Agenc|es


uas|Leg|s|at|ve ower Lhe auLhorlLy delegaLed by Lhe lawmaklng body Lo Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body Lo adopL rules and regulaLlons
lnLended Lo carry ouL Lhe provlslons of a law and lmplemenL leglslaLlve pollcy

uas|Iud|c|a| ower Lhe power of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve auLhorlLles Lo make deLermlnaLlons of facLs ln Lhe performance of Lhelr
offlclal duLles and Lo apply Lhe law as Lhey consLrue lL Lo Lhe facLs so found


Chapter 4
1he uas|Leg|s|at|ve ower


lL has already been remarked LhaL Lhe rulemaklng power of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body ls lnLended Lo enable lL Lo lmplemenL Lhe pollcy
of Lhe law and Lo provlde for Lhe more effecLlve enforcemenL of lLs provlslons

1hrough Lhe exerclse of Lhls power of subordlnaLe leglslaLlon lL ls posslble for Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body Lo LransmlL Lhe acLlve power
of Lhe sLaLe from lLs source Lo Lhe polnL of appllcaLlon" LhaL ls apply Lhe law and so fulflll Lhe mandaLe of Lhe leglslaLure

k|nds of Adm|n|strat|ve kegu|at|ons

(a) Leg|s|at|ve Lhe admlnlsLraLlve agency ls acLlng ln a leglslaLlve capaclLy supplemenLlng Lhe sLaLuLe fllllng ln Lhe deLalls or
maklng Lhe law" and usually acLlng pursuanL Lo a speclflc delegaLlon of leglslaLlve power

(b) Interpretat|ve are Lhose whlch purporL Lo do no more Lhan lnLerpreL Lhe sLaLuLe belng admlnlsLered Lo say whaL lL means
1hey consLlLuLe Lhe admlnlsLraLors consLrucLlon of a sLaLuLe

1he lnLerpreLaLlve regulaLlon ls lssued by Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body as an lncldenL Lo lLs power Lo enforce Lhe law and ls lnLended
merely Lo clarlfy lLs provlslons for proper observance by Lhe people

lL ls an elemenLary rule ln admlnlsLraLlve law LhaL adm|n|strat|ve regu|at|ons and po||c|es enacted by adm|n|strat|ve bod|es to
|nterpret wh|ch they are entrusted to enforce have Lhe force of law are enLlLled Lo greaL respecL and have ln Lhelr favor a
presumppLlon of legallLy

8y conLrasL Lhe |eg|s|at|ve regu|at|on |s |ssued by the adm|n|strat|ve body pursuant to a va||d de|egat|on of |eg|s|at|ve power and
|s |ntended to have the b|nd|ng the force and effect of a |aw enacted by the |eg|s|ature |tse|f

C|ass|f|cat|on of Leg|s|at|ve kegu|at|on

(a) Supp|ementary lnLended Lo flll ln Lhe deLalls of Lhe law and Lo make expllclL whaL ls only general"

(b) Cont|ngent lssued upon Lhe happenlng of a cerLaln conLlngency whlch Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body ls glven Lhe dlscreLlon Lo
deLermlne or Lo ascerLaln some clrcumsLances and on Lhe basls Lhereof may enforce or suspend Lhe operaLlon of a law

kequ|s|tes of Adm|n|strat|ve kegu|at|on

(a) lLs promulgaLlon musL be auLhorlzed by Lhe leglslaLure

(b) lL musL be wlLhln Lhe scope of Lhe auLhorlLy glven by Lhe leglslaLure

(c) lL musL be promulgaLed ln accordance wlLh Lhe prescrlbed procedure

(d) lL musL be reasonable

I|rst kequ|s|te romu|gat|on Must 8e Author|zed by the Leg|s|ature

AuLhorlLy Lo promulgaLe Lhe regulaLlon ls usually conferred by Lhe CharLer lLself of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body or by Lhe law lL ls
supposed Lo enforce

When Congress auLhorlzes promulgaLlon of admlnlsLraLlve rules and regulaLlons Lo lmplemenL glven leglslaLlon all LhaL ls requlred ls
LhaL Lhe regulaLlon be noL ln conLravenLlon wlLh lL buL Lo conform Lo Lhe sLandards LhaL Lhe law prescrlbes

Second kequ|s|te kegu|at|on Must 8e W|th|n the Scope of the Author|ty G|ven by the Leg|s|ature

Assumlng a valld auLhorlzaLlon lL ls sLlll necessary LhaL Lhe regulaLlon promulgaLed musL noL be ulLra vlres or beyond Lhe auLhorlLy
conferred

1h|rd kequ|s|te kegu|at|on Must 8e romu|gated |n Accordance w|th the rescr|bed rocedure

As ln Lhe enacLmenL of laws Lhe promulgaLlon of admlnlsLraLlve regulaLlons of general appllcaLlon does noL requlre prevlous noLlce
and hearlng Lhe only excepLlon belng where Lhe leglslaLure lLself requlres lL ln Lhe absence of such a requlremenL Lhe
admlnlsLraLlve body can promulgaLe Lhe regulaLlon ln lLs excluslve dlscreLlon

8uL where Lhe regulaLlon ls ln effecL a seLLlemenL of a conLroversy beLween speclflc parLles lL ls consldered an admlnlsLraLlve
ad[udlcaLlon and so wlll requlre noLlce and hearlng

As for publlcaLlon Lhe appllcable rule ls now found ln LxecuLlve Crder no 200 whlch provldes LhaL laws shall Lake effecL afLer
flfLeen (13) days followlng Lhe compleLlon of Lhelr publlcaLlon elLher ln Lhe Cfflclal CazeLLe or ln a newspaper of general clrculaLlon
ln Lhe hlllpplnes unless lL ls oLherwlse provlded"

lnLerpreLaLlve regulaLlons and Lhose merely lnLernal ln naLure LhaL ls regulaLlng only Lhe personnel of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve agency
and noL Lhe publlc need noL be publlshed

ubllcaLlon musL be ln full or lL ls no publlcaLlon aL all slnce lLs purpose ls Lo lnform Lhe publlc of Lhe conLenLs of Lhe law

1he Supreme CourL lL would seem requlres publlcaLlon of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve regulaLlon only lf lL ls of general appllcaLlon and penal
ln naLure

Iourth kequ|s|te kegu|at|on Must 8e keasonab|e

Llke sLaLuLes admlnlsLraLlve regulaLlons promulgaLed Lhereunder musL noL be unreasonable or arblLrary as Lo vlolaLe due process

ena| kegu|at|ons

1he power Lo deflne and punlsh crlme ls excluslvely leglslaLlve and may noL be delegaLed Lo Lhe admlnlsLraLlve auLhorlLles Whlle
admlnlsLraLlve regulaLlons may have Lhe force and effecL of law Lhelr vlolaLlon cannoL glve rlse Lo crlmlnal prosecuLlon unless Lhe
leglslaLure makes such vlolaLlon punlshable and lmposes Lhe correspondlng sancLlons

pecio/ requisites of o vo/id odministrotive requ/otion with o peno/ sonction

(a) 1he law lLself musL make vlolaLlon of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve regulaLlon punlshable

(b) 1he law lLself musL lmpose and speclfy Lhe penalLy for Lhe vlolaLlon of Lhe regulaLlon

(c) 1he regulaLlon musL be publlshed

Construct|on and Interpretat|on

8egulaLlon should be read ln harmony wlLh Lhe sLaLuLe and noL ln vlolaLlon of Lhe auLhorlLy conferred on Lhe admlnlsLraLlve
auLhorlLles

1he admlnlsLraLlve regulaLlon LhaL conLravenes Lhe sLaLuLe ls of course lnvalld

Lnforcement

lL ls esLabllshed LhaL Lhe power Lo promulgaLe admlnlsLraLlve regulaLlons carrles wlLh lL Lhe lmplled power Lo enforce Lhem 1hls
may be effecLed Lhrough [udlclal acLlon or Lhrough sancLlons LhaL Lhe sLaLuLe lLself may allow Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body Lo lmpose

Amendment or kepea|

Llke Lhe sLaLuLe Lhe admlnlsLraLlve regulaLlon promulgaLed Lhereunder ls sub[ecL Lo amendmenL or repeal by Lhe auLhorlLles LhaL
promulgaLed Lhem ln Lhe flrsL place Cf course lL may be changed dlrecLly by Lhe leglslaLure


Chapter S
1he uas|Iud|c|a| ower


uas|[ud|c|a| power ls Lhe power of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve agency Lo deLermlne quesLlons of facL Lo whlch Lhe leglslaLlve pollcy ls Lo
apply ln accordance wlLh Lhe sLandards lald down by Lhe law lLself

1he proper exerclse of Lhe quasl[udlclal power requlres compllance wlLh Lwo condlLlons Lo wlL

(1) !urlsdlcLlon musL be properly acqulred by Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body

(2) uue process musL be observed ln Lhe conducL of Lhe proceedlngs


A Iur|sd|ct|on

urisdiction may be slmply deflned as Lhe compeLence of an offlce or body Lo acL on a glven maLLer or declde a cerLaln quesLlon

WlLhouL [urlsdlcLlon Lhe deLermlnaLlon made by Lhe admlnlsLraLlve bodles are absoluLely null and wlLhouL any legal effecL
whaLsoever

lL ls Lhe leglslaLure LhaL has Lhe power Lo confer [urlsdlcLlon upon Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body and so llmlL or expand lLs auLhorlLy

lL can be sald LhaL each admlnlsLraLlve body has lLs own pecullar [urlsdlcLlon as conferred upon lL by Lhe speclflc provlslons of lLs
charLer

1he law may allow some admlnlsLraLlve bodles Lo award cerLaln klnds of damages whlle denylng Lhe same power for no apparenL
reason Lo oLher admlnlsLraLlve bodles

lor example Lhe SLC and nL8C are allowed Lo award damages vlrLually Lo Lhe same exLenL as a courL of [usLlce ?eL slmllar auLhorlLy
has noL been conferred by lLs charLer Lo n1C

lL ls a wellseLLled prlnclple LhaL unless expressly empowered admlnlsLraLlve agencles are berefL of quasl[udlclal power

ku/es of Procedure

Where an admlnlsLraLlve body ls expressly granLed Lhe power of ad[udlcaLlon lL ls deemed also vesLed wlLh Lhe lmplled power Lo
precrlbe Lhe rules Lo be observed ln Lhe conducL of lLs proceedlngs

8uL Lo be valld Lhe rules musL noL vlolaLe fundamenLal rlghLs or encroach upon consLlLuLlonal prerogaLlves

2 1he ubpoeno Power

1he power Lo lssue subpoena and subpoena duces Lecum ls noL lnherenL ln admlnlsLraLlve bodles

lL ls seLLled LhaL admlnlsLraLlve bodles may summon wlLnesses and requlre Lhe producLlon of evldence only when duly allowed by
law and always only ln connecLlon wlLh Lhe maLLer Lhey are auLhorlzed Lo lnvesLlgaLe unless oLherwlse provlded by law Lhe agency
may ln case of dlsobedlence lnvoke Lhe ald or 8eglonal 1rlal CourL wlLhln whose [urlsdlcLlon Lhe conLesLed case falls 1he CourL
may punlsh cusLomacy or refusal as conLempL

1he Supreme CourL dlsLlngulshed beLween Lhe power Lo lnvesLlgaLe" and Lhe power Lo ad[udlcaLe"

1he purpose of lnvesLlgaLlon of course ls Lo dlscover Lo flnnd ouL Lo learn obLaln lnformaLlon nowhere lncluded or lnLlmaLed ls
Lhe noLlon of seLLllng decldlng or resolvlng a conLroversy lnvolve ln Lhe facLs lnqulred lnLo by appllcaLlon of Lhe law x x

ln Lhe legal sense ad[udlcaLe" means Lo seLLle ln Lhe exerclse of [udlclal auLhorlLy x x Ad[udge" x x lmplles a [udlclal deLermlnaLlon
of a facL and Lhe enLry of [udgmenL"

l 1he contempt Power

Llke Lhe subpoena power Lhe power Lo punlsh for conLempL ls essenLlally [udlclal and cannoL be clalmed as an lnherenL rlghL by Lhe
admlnlsLraLlve body

1o be valldly exerclsed lL musL be expressly conferred upon Lhe body and addlLlonally musL be used only ln connecLlon wlLh lLs
quasl[udlclal as dlsLlngulshed from lLs purely admlnlsLraLlve or rouLlnary funcLlons

As a rule where say a subpoena of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body ls dlsregarded Lhe person summoned may noL be dlrecLly dlsclpllne by
LhaL body 1he proper remedy ld for Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body Lo seek asslsLance of Lhe courLs of [usLlce for Lhe enforcemenL of lLs
order

1he power Lo hold ln conLempL musL be exerclsed noL on Lhe vlndlcLlve buL on Lhe preservaLlve prlnclple


8 Not|ce and near|ng

1he rlghL Lo noLlce and hearlng ls essenLlal Lo due process and lLs nonobservance wlll as a rule lnvalldaLe Lhe admlnlsLraLlve
proceedlngs ersons are enLlLled Lo be noLlfled of any pendlng case affecLlng Lhelr lnLeresLs so LhaL lf Lhey are mlnded Lhey may
clalm Lhe rlghL Lo appear Lhereln and presenL Lhelr slde or refuLe Lhe poslLlon of opposlng parLles

neverLheless Lhere are lnsLances when noLlce and hearlng can valldly be omlLLed Among Lhe [usLlflcaLlons for such omlsslons are
Lhe urgency of lmmedlaLe acLlon (whlch does noL preclude Lhe en[oymenL of Lhe rlghL aL a laLer Llme wlLhouL pre[udlce Lo Lhe person
affecLed) and Lhe facL LhaL Lhe rlghL had prevlously been offered buL noL clalmed

4dministrotive uue Process

Whlle admlnlsLraLlve deLermlnaLlons of conLesLed case are by Lhelr naLure [udlclal Lhere ls no requlremenL for sLrlcL adherence Lo
Lechnlcal rules as are observed ln Lruly [udlclal proceedlngs

lL ls a general rule LhaL Lhey are unresLrlcLed by Lhe Lechnlcal or formal rules of procedure whlch govern Lrlals before a courL 1hls
rule ls applled Lo quesLlons of evldence pleadlng and oLher maLLers

neverLheless lL ls essenLlal LhaL due process musL be observed for Lhe requlremenLs of falr play are noL appllcable Lo [udlclal
proceedlngs only

Cardlnal rlghLs or prlnclples Lo be observed ln admlnlsLraLlve proceedlngs

a Lhe flrsL of Lhese rlghLs ls Lhe rlghL Lo a hearlng

b Lhe Lrlbunal musL conslder Lhe evldence presenLed

c Lhe Lrlbunal musL have someLhlng Lo supporL lLs declslon

d evldence musL be subsLanLlal evldence relevanL evldence LhaL a reasonable mlnd may accepL as adequaLe Lo
supporL a concluslon

e Lhe declslon musL be rendered on Lhe evldence presenLed aL Lhe hearlng or aL leasL conLalned ln Lhe record and
dlsclosed Lo Lhe parLles

f Lhe courL musL acL on lLs or Lhelr own lndependenL conslderaLlon of Lhe law and facLs of conLroversy and noL
slmply accepL Lhe vlews of a subordlnaLe ln arrlvlng aL a declslon

g Lhe courL should render lLs declslon ln such a manner LhaL Lhe parLles Lo Lhe proceedlng can know Lhe varlous
lssues lnvolved and Lhe reasons for Lhe declslons rendered

lL ls baslc Lo due process LhaL Lhe Lrlbunal conslderlng Lhe admlnlsLraLlve quesLlon be lmparLlal Lo ensure a falr declslon

1he law does noL requlre anoLher noLlce and hearlng for a revlew of Lhe declslon of Lhe board

ln Ml vlolago Cller 1ank 1rucks vs nL8C Lhere was no denlal of due process where Lhe peLlLloners recelved noLlce of Lhe
scheduled lnvesLlgaLlon Lhe day before sald daLe of Lhe hearlng or lnvesLlgaLlon buL falled Lo presenL evldence Cn Lhe oLher hand
Lhere was clearly such a denlal where lL appears LhaL a declslon rendered agalnsL a person who was noL a parLy Lo or even noLlfled
of Lhe proceedlngs Laken before a labor arblLer


C Adm|n|strat|ve Appea|s and rev|ew

unless oLherwlse provlded by law or execuLlve order an appeal from a flnal declslon of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve agency may be Laken Lo
Lhe deparLmenL head whose declslon may furLher be broughL Lo Lhe regular courLs of [usLlce ln accordance wlLh Lhe procedure
speclfled by law


D Lnforcement of Dec|s|on

ln Lhe absence of any sLaLuLe provldlng for Lhe enforcemenL of an admlnlsLraLlve deLermlnaLlon Lhe same cannoL be enforced
excepL posslbly by appeal Lo Lhe force of publlc oplnlon

usually however Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body ls allowed cerLaln sancLlons LhaL lL may lmpose dlrecLly for Lhe enforcemenL of lLs own
declslons le revocaLlon of or refusal Lo renew llcenses desLrucLlon of unlawful arLlcles summary closure of sLores refusal Lo granL
clearances lssuance of cease and deslsL orders deLenLlon and deporLaLlon of allens and lmposlLlon of flnes

SlgnlflcanLly many admlnlsLraLlve bodles such as Lhe SLC and Lhe nL8C have been vesLed wlLh auLhorlLy Lo granL provlslonal rellefs
such as wrlLs of prellmlnary aLLachmenL or ln[uncLlon lnLended Lo ensure Lhe enforcemenL of Lhelr ad[udlcaLlons

lL ls esLabllshed LhaL admlnlsLraLlve agencles who have noL been conferred Lhe power Lo enforce Lhelr quasl[udlclal declslons may
lnvoke courL acLlon for Lhe purpose


L kes Iud|cata

1he general rule ls LhaL an admlnlsLraLlve declslon ls noL consldered res [udlcaLa so as Lo preclude lLs subsequenL reconslderaLlon or
revocaLlon ueclslons of Lhe prevlous lncumbenLs of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body may be modlfled or reversed by Lhelr successors ln Lhe
exerclse of Lhelr own powers of ad[udlcaLlon

Where Lhe admlnlsLraLlve declslon has been afflrmed by a courL declslon Lhe docLrlne of res [udlcaLa ls appllcable 1he effecL of res
[udlcaLa aLLaches Lo Lhe [udgmenL of Lhe revlewlng courL raLher Lhan Lo Lhe admlnlsLraLlve [udgmenL

1hls rule has however been modlfled ln Lhls [urlsdlcLlon

lL ls now wellseLLled ln our [urlsprudence LhaL Lhe declslons and orders of admlnlsLraLlve agencles rendered pursuanL Lo Lhelr quasl
[udlclal auLhorlLy have upon Lhelr flnallLy Lhe force and blndlng effecL of a flnal [udgmenL wlLhln Lhe purvlew of Lhe docLrlne of res
[udlcaLa

1hls prlnclple ls however noL appllcable Lo all admlnlsLraLlve proceedlngs such proceedlngs LhaL are nonllLlglous and summary ln
naLure wlLhouL regard Lo legal LechnlcallLles obLalnlng ln courLs of law




Chapter 6
Iud|c|a| kev|ew


Genera| ku|es

An admlnlsLraLlve declslon may be appealed Lo Lhe courLs of [usLlce only lf Lhe ConsLlLuLlon or Lhe law permlLs lL or lf Lhe quesLlon Lo
be revlewed ls a quesLlon of law

Powever [urlsprudence ls repleLe wlLh cases where Lhe Supreme CourL has applled Lhe excepLlons raLher Lhan Lhe rule

ln Lhe case of Lhe consLlLuLlonal commlsslon le Lhe Commlsslon on LlecLlons Lhe Commlsslon on AudlL and Lhe Clvll Servlce
Commlsslon lL ls provlded LhaL any declslon order or rullng of each Commlsslon may be broughL Lo Lhe Supreme CourL on cerLlorarl
by Lhe aggrleved parLy wlLhln 30 days from recelpL of a copy Lhereof"

Cn Lhe basls of Sec 16 of Lhe lnLerlm 8ules and Culdellne lmplemenLlng Sec 9 (3) of 8 8lg 129 Lhe CourL of Appeals may revlew
flnal declslons orders awards or resoluLlons or reglonal Lrlal courLs and of all quasl[udlclal bodles excepL Lhe Commlsslon on
LlecLlons Lhe Commlsslon on AudlL Lhe Sandlganbayan and declslons lssued under Lhe Labor Code of Lhe hlllpplnes and by Lhe
CenLral 8oard of AssessmenL Appeals"

CLher appeals are prescrlbed by speclal laws such as 8A no 1123 provldlng for appeal Lo Lhe CourL of 1ax Appeals of any declslon
rendered by Lhe Commlssloner of lnLernal 8evenue Lhe Commlssloner of CusLoms or any provlnclal or clLy board of assessmenL
appeals

Methods of rev|ew

1he meLhods of [udlclal revlew are prescrlbed by Lhe ConsLlLuLlon sLaLuLes or Lhe 8ules of Lhe CourL 1hese meLhods may be
speclflc or general

lL ls provlded ln 8A no 3434 LhaL an appeal from a flnal award order or declslons of Lhe aLenL Cfflce shall be Laken by flllng wlLh
sald body and wlLh Lhe CourL of Appeals a noLlce of appeal wlLhln 13 days from noLlce of such award order or rullng coples belng
served on all lnLeresLed parLles

1he AdmlnlsLraLlve Code generally provldes LhaL an appeal from an agency declslon shall be perfecLed by flllng wlLh Lhe agency
wlLhln 13 days from recelpL of a copy Lhereof a noLlce of appeal and wlLh Lhe revlewlng courL a peLlLlon for revlew of Lhe order
Coples of Lhe peLlLlon shall be served upon Lhe agency and all parLles of record

1he peLlLlon shall conLaln a conclse sLaLemenL of Lhe lssues lnvolved and Lhe grounds relled upon for Lhe revlew and shall be
accompanled wlLh a Lrue copy of Lhe order appealed from LogeLher wlLh coples of such maLerlal porLlons of Lhe records as are
referred Lo Lhereln and oLher supporLlng papers

1he Supreme CourL lnsLrucLed cerLaln unlversally accepLed axloms governlng [udlclal revlew Lhrough Lhe exLraordlnary acLlons of
cerLlorarl or prohlblLlon of deLermlnaLlons of admlnlsLraLlve offlcers or agencles

llrsL before sald acLlons may be enLerLalned lL musL be shown LhaL all Lhe admlnlsLraLlve remedles prescrlbed by law or ordlnance
have been exhausLed and

Second LhaL Lhe admlnlsLraLlve declslon may properly be annulled or seL aslde only upon a clear showlng LhaL Lhe admlnlsLraLlve
offlclal or Lrlbunal has acLed wlLhouL or ln excess of [urlsdlcLlon or wlLh a grave abuse of dlscreLlon

Doctr|ne of r|mary Iur|sd|ct|on or r|or kesort

1here are Lwo docLrlnes LhaL musL be consldered ln connecLlon wlLh Lhe [udlclal revlew of admlnlsLraLlve declslons(1) docLrlne of
prlmary [urlsdlcLlon or prlor resorL and (2) Lhe docLrlne of exhausLlon of admlnlsLraLlve remedles

1he doctr|ne of pr|mary [ur|sd|ct|on simp/y co//s for the determinotion of odministrotive questions which ordinori/y questions of
foct by odministrotive oqencies rother courts of justice

lf Lhe case ls such LhaL lLs deLermlnaLlon requlres Lhe experLlse speclallzed skllls and knowledge of Lhe proper admlnlsLraLlve bodles
because Lechnlcal maLLers or lnLrlcaLe quesLlons of facLs are lnvolved Lhen rellef musL flrsL be obLalned ln an admlnlsLraLlve
proceedlng before a remedy wlll be supplled by Lhe courLs even Lhough Lhe maLLer ls wlLhln Lhe proper [urlsdlcLlon of Lhe courL

Doctr|ne of Lxhaust|on of Adm|n|strat|ve kemed|es

under Lhe doctr|ne of exhaust|on of adm|n|strat|ve remed|es on odministrotive decision must first be oppeo/ed to the
odministrotive superior up to the hiqhest /eve/ before it moy be e/evoted to o court of justice for review

A keasons

(1) 1he admlnlsLraLlve superlors lf glven Lhe opporLunlLy can correcL Lhe errors commlLLed by Lhelr subordlnaLes

(2) CourLs should as much as posslble refraln from dlsLurblng Lhe flndlngs of admlnlsLraLlve bodles ln deference Lo Lhe docLrlne
of separaLlon of powers

(3) Cn pracLlcal grounds lL ls besL LhaL Lhe courLs should noL be saddled wlLh Lhe revlew of admlnlsLraLlve cases

(4) !udlclal revlew of admlnlsLraLlve cases ls usually effecLed Lhrough Lhe speclal clvll acLlons of cerLlorarl mandamus and
prohlblLlon whlch are avallable only lf Lhere ls no oLher plaln speedy and adequaLe remedy

8 Lxcept|ons

(1) When Lhe quesLlon ralsed ls purely legal (quesLlon of law ls lnvolved)

(2) When Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body ls esLoppel

(3) When Lhe acL complalned of ls paLenLly lllegal

(4) When Lhere ls urgenL need for [udlclal lnLervenLlon

(3) When Lhe clalm lnvolved ls small

(6) When lrreparable damage wlll be suffered

(7) When Lhere ls no oLher plaln speedy and adequaLe remedy

(8) When sLrong publlc lnLeresL ls lnvolved

(9) When Lhe sub[ecL of Lhe conLroversy ls prlvaLe land

(10)ln quo warranLo proceedlngs

C Appea| to the res|dent

Cf speclal lnLeresL ls Lhe quesLlon of wheLher or noL a declslon of Lhe cablneL member has Lo be appealed flrsL Lo Lhe resldenL
before lL may be broughL Lo a courL of [usLlce !urlsprudence on Lhls maLLer ls raLher lndeclslve

ln Lhe early case of demalslp vs CourL of Appeals Lhe CourL held LhaL appeal Lo Lhe resldenL was noL necessary because Lhe
CablneL member was afLer all hls alLer ego and under Lhe docLrlne of quallfled pollLlcal agency Lhe acLs of Lhe secreLary were Lhe
acLs of Lhe resldenL

1hls vlew was abandoned ln Calo vs luerLes where lL was held LhaL appeal Lo Lhe resldenL was Lhe flnal sLep ln Lhe admlnlsLraLlve
process and Lherefore a condlLlon precedenL Lo appeal Lo Lhe courLs

ln 8arLulaLa vs eralLa however Lhe courL relnsLaLed Lhe uemalslp docLrlne agaln on Lhe basls of oltet eqo [usLlflcaLlon

1an vs ulrecLor of loresLry LhereafLer revlved Calo andagaln requlred appeal Lo Lhe resldenL as a prerequlslLe Lo an appeal of a
CablneL members declslon Lo Lhe courLs of !usLlce

D Lffect of Noncomp||ance

1he fallure Lo exhausL admlnlsLraLlve remedles does noL affecL Lhe [urlsdlcLlon of Lhe courL and merely resulLs ln Lhe lack of a cause
of acLlon whlch may be lnvoked ln a moLlon Lo dlsmlss

lf Lhls ground Lo dlsmlss Lhe courL acLlon ls noL properly or reasonably lnvoked Lhe courL may proceed Lo hear Lhe case

As prevlously noLed Lhe courL has Lhe dlscreLlon Lo requlre Lhe observance of Lhe docLrlne of exhausLlon of admlnlsLraLlve remedles
and may lf lL sees flL dlspense wlLh lL and proceed wlLh Lhe dlsposlLlon of Lhe case

uest|ons kev|ewab|e

1wo klnds of quesLlons are revlewable by Lhe courLs of [usLlce Lo wlL Lhe question of foct and Lhe question of /ow

Cn Lhe estloo of foct revlew of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve declslon lles ln Lhe dlscreLlon of Lhe leglslaLure whlch may or may noL permlL lL
as lL sees flL

8uL when lL comes Lo Lhe estloo of low Lhe admlnlsLraLlve declslon may be appealed Lo Lhe courLs of [usLlce lndependenLly of
leglslaLlve permlsslon or even agalnsL leglslaLlve prohlblLlon 1he reason ls LhaL Lhe [udlclary cannoL be deprlved of lLs lnherenL
power Lo revlew all declslons on quesLlons of law wheLher made lnlLlally by lower courLs and more so by an admlnlsLraLlve body

A uest|ons of fact

Lven lf allowed Lo revlew admlnlsLraLlve declslons on quesLlons of facL courLs of [usLlce generally defer Lo such declslons and wlll
decllne Lo dlsLurb Lhem excepL only where Lhere ls a clear showlng of arblLrarlness or grave abuse of dlscreLlon

1he Supreme CourL ruled ln Cslas Academy vs uCLL LhaL #findinqs of odministrotive oqencies which hove ocquired expertise
becouse their jurisdiction is confined to specific motters ore qenero//y occorded not on/y respect but fino/ity#

8 uest|ons of Law

AdmlnlsLraLlve bodles may be allowed Lo resolve quesLlons of law ln Lhe exerclse of Lhelr quasl[udlclal funcLlon as an lncldenL of
Lhelr prlmary power of regulaLlon


Powever as a rule it is on/y the judicio/ tribuno/ thot con interpret ond decide the question of /ow with fino/ity