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T h e w o r d ma n d e s ce n d s f r o m t h e In d o E u r o p e a n ( I E ) ma n- 1 w hi c h m e a n s ma n . I t s p a r on y m s i n c l ud e m a n i kin ,
m a n n eq u in , me n s ch , a n d M an u . 1 T h e ro o t
wi - ro me a n s ma n . 2 A m o n g i t s d e r i v a t i v e s a r e t h e w o r d s vi ri l e , vi rt ue ,
wo rl d , a n d vi rt u o so , a n d we re wo l f .
T h e w o r d b ri ngi ng i s t h e a d v e r b i a l f o rm o f t h e a dj e c t i v e f u rt i ve w h i c h d e s c e n d s f r o m t he I E r o o t b he r-1 , t o c a r r y ; a l s o t o b e a r c h i l d r e n . 3 I t s p a r o n y m s i n c l u d e a m p h o r , a na p h o ra , b e a r, ba rro w , bi rth , b o re , b u rde n ,
b u ri a l, b u rl y , c o n f er , de f e r , di f f e r , e u ph o ri a , fe rre t , f o rb ea r , f o rt u ne , f u rt i ve , i n f e r, m et ap h o r , o f f e r, p re f e r, p ro f f e r , re f e r , s u f f e r , a n d t ra ns f e r .
T h e w o r d d ow n ha s t h r e e d i s t i n c t me a n i n g s de s c e n d i n g f r o m t w o d i f f e r e n t r o ot s . T h e f i r s t d e fi n i t i o n me a n s f r o m a hi g h e r t o a l o w e r p l a c e o r p o si t i o n 4 a n d i t d e s c e n d s f r om t h e I E r o ot dh eue - , t o c l o se , f i n i s h, c o m e f u l l c i r c l e . 5 A s e c o n d d e fi n i t i o n d e s c e n di n g f r o m t h e s a me r o o t i s dow n a s a n e x p a n s e o f r o l li n g , g r a s s y , t r e e l e ss up l a n d u se d f o r grazing.6 T h e w o r d n ew d e s ce n d s f r o m t h e IE ro o t n ewo - w h i c h m e a n s n e w . P a r o n y m s i n c l u d e in n o va te , n e on , n e ot e ri c , n o va, no ve l , n o vi c e , a n d
re n o va t e . 7
T h e w o r d l aw d e s ce n d s f r o m t h e IE ro o t l e gh - w h i c h m e a n s t o li e , l a y . 8 I t s p a r o n y m s a r e l a y ( t o ca u s e t o l i e d o w n ) , le dge , l e dge r , l ai r ,
l e a gu e r , la ge r , s t a la g , l ee s , c o ve rl e t , li t t e r, wa go n - li t ( a s l e e p i n g ca r o n a
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Watkins, C. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo European Watkins, C. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo European Watkins, C. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo European http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/down Watkins, C. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo European http://education.yahoo.com /reference/dictionary/entry/down_3 Watkins, C. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo European Watkins, C. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo -European
E u r o p e a n r a i l r o a d c a r ) , l a w , b yl a w , ou t l a w , l a ga n ( c a r g o o r e q u i p m e n t t h r o w n i n t o t h e s e a b u t a t t a c h e d t o a f l o a t ) , a n d l o c h ia . T h e w o r d S i n ai r e fe r s t o M o u n t S i n a i w h i c h m a y b e n a me d a f t e r S i n , a m o o n g o d d e s s w o r s h i p p e d b y t h e S um e r i a n s, A k k a d i a n s , a n d a n ci e n t Arabs.
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9 http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Sinai 10 h t t p : / / e d u c a t i o n . y a h o o . c o m / r e f e r e n c e / d i c t i o n a r y / e n t r y / M a n u