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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

CIP Katalogizacija vo publikacija vo Narodna biblioteka


Goce Del~ev, [tip 811.11136 DIMITROVSKI, Vencislav Osnovna gramatika na angliskiot jazik / Vencislav Dimitrov. - [tip: Kliment, 2003 ([tip: Kliment). - 112 str. : ilustr. ; 20 sm. - (Leksikografija) Predgovor: str. 1

Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

Prof. Vencislav Dimitrovski

Basic English

Grammar
Osnovna angliska gramatika

[tip, 2003 god. 3

Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

PREDGOVOR Kaj nas se izdadeni pove}e razli~ni knigi vo koi {to na razli~en na~in e prezentirana gramatikata na angliskiot jazik. Pove}eto od niv se dosta op{irni i stru~no koncipirani, taka da za u~enici-te (osobeno vo po~etnite godini), kako i za site onie koi {to pomalku go poznava-at angliskiot jazik, tie prestavuvaat zna-~itelno opteretuvawe. Poradi tie pri~ini, vo ovaa prigoda nie se opredelivme za izdavawe na edna kratka, koncizna kniga vo koja {to na pristapen i jasen na~in }e bidat prika`a-ni osnovite na angliskata gramatika. Se nadevame deka na ovoj na~in }e uspe-eme da pomogneme na site u~enici od os-novnite i sredni u~ili{ta koi {to go i-zu~uvaat angliskiot jazik, kako i na site ostanati zaiteresirani. Poradi toa, se potrudivme da gi obrabotime sodr`inite od ovaa oblast koi {to se predvideni vo programite za osnovnite i sredni u~ili{-ta vo na{ata zemja, vo sklad so aktuelnite u~ebnici i trendovi. Do kolku kaj ~itatelite se javi `elba ili potreba za ponatamo{no usovr{uvawe na nivnite znaewa, toga{ ova na{e delo bi mo`elo da prestavuva solidna osnova za nivnoto ponatamo{no izu~uvawe na an-gliskiot jazik i literatura. Od Izdava~ot

Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

IMENKA / NOUN

DEFINICIJA Imenka e vid na zbor so koj {to se imenuvaat predmeti, su{-testva, poimi, odnosno zbor {to slu`i za poka`uvawe (imenuva-we) na ne{tata. VIDOVI IMENKI Vo Angliskiot jazik, spored zna~eweto gi razlikuvame slednite vidovi na imenki: op{ti imenki (Common nouns), sopstveni imenki (Proper nouns), zbirni imenki (Collective nouns), materijalni imenki (Material nouns) i apstraktni imenki (Abstract nouns). Op{ti imenki / Common nouns Op{tite imenki ozna~uvaat ili imenuvaat su{testva, pojavi ili predmeti so op{ti odnosno zaedni~ki osobini (analogno na op{tite poimi vo logikata). room = soba flower = cvet window = prozorec hand = raka cat = ma~ka house = ku}a

Sopstveni imenki /Proper nouns Sopstvenite imenki po pravilo imenuvaat ili ozna~uvaat imi-wa na su{testva, predmeti ili mesta koi {to po svojata priroda se ednistveni, odnosno nemaat oblik na mno`ina. Tie imenki oz-na~uvaat li~ni imiwa, imiwa na mesta, dr`avi, reki, planini, planeti, yvezdi i sli~no. John = Xon , Macedonia = Makedonija, Glasgow = Glazgov

Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

Zbirni imenki / Collective nouns Ozna~uvaat zbir, onosno mno`estva na pove}e ne{ta (predme-ti ili su{testva) koi {to pretstavuvaat celina po svojata pri-roda, iako obi~no taa celina ne e precizno opredelena : army, flock, crowd, herd, team, company, library Slo`eni imenki / Compound nouns Edna od karakteristikite na angliskiot jazik e da formira slo`eni imenki, odnosno imenki sostaveni od dva zbora. earring = obetka postcard = po{tenska karti~ka newspaper = vesnik housewife = doma}inka Materijalni imenki / Material nouns Materijalnite imenki kvalitativno opredeluvaat odredena materija bez ogled na nejzinata koli~estvo. Mno`ina od ovie imenki se upotrebuva vo izvesna prenosna smisla za ozna~uvawe na po-ve}e poimi koi {to se od ista materijalna priroda : gold = zlato, ice = mraz, milk = mleko, food = hrana, copper = bakar

Apstraktni imenki ili Misleni imenki / Abstract nouns Apstraktni ili misleni imenki ozna~uvaat ne{ta {to ne mo`at objektivno da se percipiraat odnosno opredelat, {to ne zna~i deka ne postojat. Mno`inata kaj ovie imenki se upotrebuva vo slu~aj na izrazuvawe na razlikite odnosno gradacijata na ne{tata {to gi opredeluva : joy = radost, sorrow = taga, thirst = `ed, health = zdravje, intelligence = intelegencija

Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

MNO@INA KAJ IMENKITE Mno`ina ili plural e gramati~ki oblik so koj se ozna~uvaat pove}e edinki odnosno osobini kaj istite. Ovoj oblik se javuva kaj imenkite, zamenkite, pridavkite, pridavskite zamenki i pridav-skite oblici kaj glagolite. Vo Angliskiot jazik mno`inata kaj imenkite voobi~aeno se pravi koga na edninskata forma se dodava nastavkata s. Ovaa nas-tavka, po zvu~ni soglaski i samoglaski se izgovara -z : chair window table = stol = prozorec = masa chairs windows tables

Dodeka po bezzvu~nite se izgovara c : shop street = prodavnica = ulica shops streets

Ako imenkata vo ednina zavr{uva na s, ss, sh, x, tch - se dodava nastavkata es, a ako imenkata vo edninska forma zavr{uva so zatvoreno -e se izgovara -iz : bus page match church box = avtobus = stranica = kibrit = crkva = kutija buses pages matches churches boxes

Imenkite {to zavr{uvaat na -o pravat mno`ina koga na edninskata forma i se dodava nastavkata es i se izgovara -z :

Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

potato volcano hero

= kompir = vulkan = heroj

potatoes volcanoes heroes

No, nekoi imenki {to zavr{uvaat na -o, mo`inata ja pravat na normalen na~in i nastavkata s se izgovara -s : piano photo radio studio disco kilo = pijano = fotografija = radio = studio = diskoteka = kilogram pianos photos radios studios discos kilos

Kaj imenkite {to zavr{uvaat na samoglaska -u, -u se menuva vo i i se dodava nastavkata es, a se izgovara -z : country lorry = zemja = kamion countries lorries

No, ako pred -u se nao|a samoglaska, mno`inata se pravi na pravilen na~in, se dodavawe na nastavkata s i se izgovara -z : toy bay monkey = igra~ka = zaliv = majmun toys bays monkeys

Golem broj imenki {to zavr{uvaat na f ili nafe, -f go menuvaat vo -v , se dodava nastavkata es koja se izgovara - z : leaf thief half = list = kradec = polovina leaves thieves halves

No, imenkite {to zavr{uvaat na oof, ief, -rf, i ff, mno`ina pravat so dodavawe na nastavkata s : roof chief dwarf = pokriv = {ef = xuxe roofs chiefs dwarfs

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cliff

= karpa

cliffs

Nekoi imenki pravat mno`ina na nepravilen na~in, - so promena na osnovnata samoglaska : man foot mouse = ma` = stopalo = glu{ec men feet mice = ma`i = stapala = gluvci

- so dodavawe na nastavkata en ili ren na edninskata forma: ox child = vol = dete oxen children = volovi = deca

Kaj nekoi imenki edninskata i mno`inskata forma se isti: sheep salmon trout = ovca = losos = pastrmka sheep salmon trout = ovci = lososi = pastrmki

Nekoi imenki imaat samo mno`inska forma (nemaat ednina) i glagolot {to gi sledi e vo mno`inska forma: trousers, shorts, pianos, glasses, scissors goods = stoka The goods have been damaged. trousers = pantaloni The trousers are dirty. Nekoi imenki, pak, imaat mno`inska forma, no ozna~uvaat ednina i glagolot {to gi sledi e vo edninska forma : news = vesti The news is very interesting. mathematics = matematika The mathematics is so boring.

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ROD KAJ IMENKITE / GENDER Vo angliskiot jazik imenkite imaat priroden rod : Ma{ki rod imaat onie imenki {to ozna~uvaat ma{ko su{testvo : boy, father, brother . @enski rod imaat onie imenki {to ozna~uvaat `ensko su{testvo : sister, aunt, girl, mother . Sreden rod imaat onie imenki {to ozna~uvaat predmeti : book, table, bag, shoe . Kaj nekoi imenki, koi {to se vo ma{ki rod, so dodavawe na nastavkata ess, se ozna~uva `enskiot rod : lion prince = lav = princ lioness princess = lavica = princeza

Vo slu~aj koga imenkata od ma{ki rod zavr{uva na er ili or, pri dodavawe na nastavkata za `enski rod ess, se isfrla sa-moglasnikot -e ili -o : tiger waiter = tigar = kelner tigress waitress = tigrica = kelnerka

Nekoi imenki vo ma{ki rod na nepravilen na~in pravat `en-ski rod : master = gospodar mistress = gospodarka

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Basic English Grammar

duke hero

= vojvoda = heroj

dutchess heroine

= vojvotka = heroina

Nekoga{, pred imenkata se dodava zbor {to go ozna~uva rodot : man-servant boyfriend = sluga = prijatel maid-servatnt girlfriend = sluginka = prijatelka

Ponekoga{, zborot {to go ozna~uva rodot doa|a zad imenkata : turkey-cock peacock = misir = paun turkey-hen peahen = misirka = paunka

Kaj nekoi imenki, formite za ma{ki i `enski rod sosema se razlikuvaat : man uncle gentlemen dog = ma` = tetin = gospodin = ku~e woman aunt lady bitch = = = = `ena tetka gospo|a ku~ka

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Basic English Grammar

ZAMENKA / PRONOUN

DEFINICIJA

Zamenki se zborovi koi {to gi zamenuvaat imenkite i slu`at za upatuvawe kon lica, ne{ta ili osobini VIDOVI ZAMENKI Postojat li~ni (Personal pronouns), prisvojni (Possesive pronouns) , pokazni (Demonstartive pronouns), povratni (Reflexsive pronouns) i relativni imenki (Relative pronouns). Li~ni zamenki / Personal pronouns Li~nite zamenki ozna~uvaat lice koe zboruva, na koe mu se ka`uva ne{to i lice za koe se zboruva. Tie se samojstojni zborovi kako i imenkite, odnosno ne zavisat od drugi zborovi, tuku ob-ratno, site drugi zborovi zavisat od niv. Li~nite zamenki mo`at da bidat vo subjektna i objektna forma. Li~nite zamenki (subjektna forma) imaat posebna forma za sekoe lice, osven za vtoro lice vo ednina i vo mno`ina :

I = jas I e li~na zamenka za prvo lice ednina i sekoga{ se pi{uva so go-lema bukva.

you = vie you e li~na zamenka za vtoro lice vo ednina i vo mno`ina.

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he = toj he e li~na zamenka za treto lice vo ednina i se upotrebuva samo za ma{ki rod. she = taa she e li~na zamenka za treto lice vo ednina i se upotrebuva samo za `enski rod.

it = toa it e li~na zamenka za treto lice vo ednina i se upotrebuva samo za :


predmeti i `ivotni : I like your tie. It is smart. Look at my puppy! Isnt it pretty? vo nekoi bezli~ni izrazi : It is raining. It is sunshine. vo izrazi {to ozna~uvaat vreme i oddale~enost : It was 6 oclock when he arrived.

we - nie we e li~na zamenka za prvo lice vo mno`ina. they - tie they e li~na zamenka za treto lice vo mno`ina.
Li~nite zamenki (vo objektna forma) se zamenki vo uloga na direkten objekt, po predlozi ili po than. * me - mene me/mi He called me. They gave me a book. Toj me povika. Tie mi dadoa kniga.

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you - tebe te/ti We saw you in the park. She told you the truth. him nego go/mu

Nie te vidovme vo parkot. Taa ti ja ka`a vistinata.

I spotted him at once. We told him to be nice. dobar. * her nea ja, nejze They visited her. I told her to come there. tamu.

Go zabele`av vedna{. Mu ka`avme da bide

Tie ja posetija nea. Nejze ka`av da dojde

Prisvojni zamenki / Possesive Pronouns Ovie zamenki ozna~uvaat prisvojnost, pripadnost ili sopstvenost. Prisvojnite zamenki ja zamenuvaat prisvojnata pridavka i imenka i stojat sami. Prisvojni zamenki vo angliskiot jazik se: mine yours his/here, its This is their house. This is my pen. It is our room. ours yours theirs It is theirs. It is mine. It is ours.

Li~ni zamenki Subject pronouns

Zamenski formi Object pronouns

Prisvojni zamenki Possessive adjectives

Prisvojni pridavki Possessive pronouns

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Basic English Grammar

I you he she it we you they

me you him her it us you them

my yours his her its our your their

mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs

Pokazni zamenki / Demonstrative Pronouns Pokazni zamenki se : this that these those

this / these upatuva na lice, predmet ili sli~no {to se nao|a blisku do govornikot. that / those upatuva na lice, predmet i sli~no {to e oddale~eno od govornikot. Povratni zamenki / Reflexive pronouns Povratnite zamenki se formiraat koga na prisvojnata pridav-ka }e se dodade nastavkata self za ednina i selves za mno`ina: myself yourself himself / herself / itself ourselves yourselves themselves

Relativni zamenki / Relative pronouns Relativnite zamenki se javuvaat pred imenkata, zamenkata ili pred imenskata fraza (grupa zborovi vo slu`ba na imenkata) i ja povrzuvaat zavisnata/relativna klauza so glavnata klauza. Rela-tivnata klauza u{te se imenuva kako

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pridavska klauza, bidej}i, kako i pridavkata, ja doobjasnuva imenkata na koja se odnesuva : This is the book that/which I bought. That is the man who spoke to me. That is the man whom I saw.

PRIDAVKA / ADJECTIVE

DEFINICIJA

Pridavki se nesamostojni zborovi koi {to slu`at za odredu-vawe (pojasnuvawe) na imenkite ili zamenkite i stojat pokraj niv poka`uvaj}i osobina, pripa|awe, gradba (kvalitet), go opredelu-vaat vremeto, mestoto, ili na drug na~in ja pojasnuvaat imenkata ili zamenkata. VIDOVI PRIDAVKI

Spored mestopolo`bata razlikuvame atributivni pridavki (Atributive adjectives) i predikativni pridavki (Predicative adjectives). atributivni pridavki / attributive adjectives Se javuvaat pred imenkata ili zamenkata : a beautiful girl; tall man; young lady

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predikativni pridavki / predicative adjectives Se javuvaat po imenkata ili zamenkata : The sea is deep.

SPOREDUVAWE NA PRIDAVKI Pridavkite, pokraj osnovnata forma, pozitiv (positive), imaat u{te dve formi: komparativ (comparative) i superlativ (superlative). Osven pravilnata forma na sporeduvawe vo Angliskiot jazik se pojavuva i t.n. nepravilna sporedba (Irregular comparison). Pozitiv e osnovnata prirodna forma na pridavkata Komparativ e vtor stepen na sporeduvawe

Kaj ednoslo`nite pridavki (monosyllabic adjectives), komparativot se pravi koga na osnovnata forma se dodava nastavkata er. I dvoslo`nite pridavki {to zavr{uvaat na y, -le, -ow, komparativot go pravat so dodavawe na er. Superlativ e tret stepen na sporeduvawe Superlativ se pravi so dodavawe na nastavkata -est na pridavkata : positive noble narrow lively comparative nobler narrower livelier superlative the noblest the narrowest the liveliest

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Vo angliskiot jazik se javuvaat dva karakteristi~ni slu~ai na obrazuvawe na komparativ i superlativ so pomo{ na pretstavkite more i the most. Kaj pove}eslo`nite pridavki superlativ se obrazuva so more i the most : beautiful interesting more beautiful more interesting komparativ i

the most beautiful the most interesting

one syllable one syllable ending in -e one syllable short vowel + one consonant two syllables consonant + y two or more syllables irregular

adjective young nice late wet thin big heavy sunny attractive interesting good bad far

comparative younger nicer later wetter thinner bigger heavier sunnier more attractive more interesting better worse further

superlative the youngest the nicest the latest the wettest the thinnest the biggest the heaviest the sunniest the most attractive the most interesting the best the worst the furthest

Isto taka dvoslo`nite pridavki {to zavr{uvaat na ed, - ful i ing, obrazuvaat komparativ i superlativ so more i the most : careful twisted more careful more twisted the most careful the most twisted

Nepravilna sporedba / Irregular Comparison

Nekoi mnogu ~esto koristeni pridavki imaat nepravilna spo-redba, odnosno pozitivot, komparativot i superlativot imaat raz-li~ni formi :

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Basic English Grammar

much/many little far old late

more less further farther older elder* later latter

the most the least the furthest the farthest the oldest the eldest* the latest the last

Pridavkata far pravi komparativ i superlativ na dva na~ina. Prvata forma se upotrebuva samo za oddale~enost, dodeka vtorata forma se koristi za oddale~enost i vo prenosna smisla. Pridavkata old pravi komparativ i superlativ na dva na~ina. Prvata forma e pravilna sporedba, odnosno, na osnovnata forma na pridavkata se dodavaat nastavkite za komparativ i superlativ - er, i est, a se koristi koga se sporeduva starost ili vozrast, do-deka vtorata forma se koristi atributivno, pokraj imenki {to gi ozna~uvaat ~lenovite na semejstvoto : The book is older than its owner. *The elder sister is Maria. Pridavkata late vo prvata forma ima pravilna sporedba i toga{ ima zna~ewe podocna, dodeka pak vtorata forma ima zna~e-we na vtor od dvajca (vo superlativ posleden od drugite). If she had a choice to choose between John and Tom, she would choose the latter. He was the last passenger in the train

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^LEN / ARTICLE

Vo angliskiot jazik ~lenot se javuva kako neopredelen (Inde-finite article) i opredelen (Definite article). Neopredelen ~len / Indefinite article Neopredeleniot ~len ima dve formi : a i an. A se javuva pred imenka {to zapo~nuva so soglaska: a woman, a leg, a house, a cat An se javuva pred imenka {to zapo~nuva so samoglaska: an apple, an ice-cream, an hour * neopredeleniot ~len a/an se javuva pred imenka vo ednina, koga imenkata za prvpat se spomenuva, a voedno i ne e opredelena so kontekstot :

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I bought a new car.

She brought an apple.

* ili pred imenka vo ednina za da ja izdvoi kako pretstavnik na vidot ili grupata: A cat is a domestic animal. A tiger is wild animal.

* pred imenka so zna~ewe na eden/edna/edno : Have a cup of tea! (Zemi eden filxan ~aj!) We earned a heap of money. (Zarabotivme eden kup pari.) * pred imenka vo ednina kako dopolnuvawe na subjektot i ozna~uva zanimawe ili nekoja osobina na subjektot : John is a pupil. She is a girl. Xon e u~enik. Taa e devojka.

Opredelen ~len / Definite atricle Opredeleniot ~len the stoi pred imenka {to ozna~uva odredeno lice, predmet ili grupa {to ve}e e spomnato vo kontek-sot ili liceto, predmetot ili grupata se prisutni vo momentot na zboruvaweto. Opredeleniot ~len stoi i pred rednite broevi. * The man I met was from the USA. ^ovekot {to go sretnav be{e od SAD. * The school belongs to a textile factory. U~ili{teto pripa|a na tekstilnata fabrika. * This is the third time she is aboard. Ova e tretpat kako taa e vo stranstvo.

Opredeleniot ~len the se izgovara (c) pred imenka {to zapo~nuva so soglaska, a (i) pred imenka {to vo izgovor zapo~nuva so samoglaska. Opredeleniot ~len ja ima istata forma, i se upotrebuva pred imenka vo ednina ili vo mno`ina :

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Basic English Grammar

the house the book

the houses the books

Opredeleniot ~len the ne se upotrebuva : * pred geografski imenki {to se vo ednina : France is a state in Europe. Vesuvius is a volcano in Italy. no, se upotrebuva pred geografska imenka vo mno`ina : the Netherlands * pred apstraktni i materijalni imenki koga za niv se zboruva voop{teno : Success is impossible without hard work. Coffee does not grow in Macedonia. * pred imenki {to ozna~uvaat obroci : Breakfast is very important for John. I always have a cup of coffee after lunch.

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GLAGOL / VERB

DEFINICIJA

Glagoli se nesamostoji zborovi so koi {to se iska`uva dejstvie, sostojba ili osobina. Tie se javuvaat kako predikativni ili del od predikativ so koi {to na imenkite ili zamenkite im se pripi{uva dejstvie, slu~uvawe, sostojba ili osobina. Vo anglis-kiot jazik glagolite se javuvaat vo pravilna i nepravilna forma.

PODELBA NA GLAGOLITE Spored svojata konstrukcija glagolite mo`at da bidat pravilni (regular) i nepravilni (irregular verbs). Spored svojata funkcija glagolite mo`at da bidat: pomo{ni glagoli (auxilary verbs) i modalni glagoli (modal verbs). Spored svojata forma glagolot mo`e da se javi vo infinitiv (infinitive), i t.n. ing-forma.

Pravilni glagoli / Regular verbs


Pravilnite glagoli pravat minato prosto vreme i minat par-ticip so dodavawe na nastavkata ed na glagolskata osnova (infinitiv bez to) :

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ask / asked

work / worked

arrive / arrived

Nepravilni glagoli / Irregular verbs


Nepravilnite glagoli pravat prosto minato vreme i minat particip na nepravilen na~in. Tie se menuvaat na slednite na~i-ni : 1) Prosto minato i minat particip imaat ista forma : think / thought / thought 2) Site tri formi se razli~ni : sing / sang / sung 3) Site tri formi se isti : put / put / put 4) Prvata i tretata forma se isti : come / came / come

Glagol Verb abide arise awake be bear beat become begin behold bend beseech

Prosto minato vreme Past Tense abode arose awoke was, were bore beat became began beheld bent besought

Minat particip Past Participle abode, abided arisen awoken been borne / born beaten become begun beheld bent besought

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bet bid bind bite bleed blow break breed bring build burn burst buy cast catch choose come cost creep cut deal dig do draw dream drink drive dwell eat fall feed feel fight find flee fly forbid forget

bet, betted bid bound bit bled blew broke bred brought built burnt, burned burst bought cast caught chose came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew dreamt, dreamed drank drove dwelt ate fell fed felt fought found fled flew forbade, firbad forgot

bet, betted bid bound bitten, bit bled blown broken bred brought built burnt, burned burst bought cast caught chosen come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt, dreamed drunk driven dwelt eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flown forbidden forgotten

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freeze get give go grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel know lay lead lean leap learn leave lend let lie light lose make mean pay read rid ride ring rise run say see seek

froze got gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knew laid led leant, leaned leapt, leaped learnt, learned left lent let lay lit, lighted lost made meant paid read rid rode rang rose ran said saw sought

frozen got, gotten given gone grown hung had heard hid, hidden hit held hurt kept knelt known laid led leant, leaned leapt, leaped learnt, learned left lent let lain lit, lighted lost made meant paid read rid ridden rung risen run said seen sought

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Basic English Grammar

sell send set shake shed shine shoot shrink shut sing sink sit sleep slide smell speak speed spell spend spill spin split spoil spread spring stand steal stick stink strike swear sweep swim swing take teach tear tell

sold sent set shook shed shone shot shrank shut sang sank sat slept slid smelt spoke sped, speeded spelt, spelled spent spilt, spilled spun split spoilt spread sprang stood stole stuck stank, stunk struck swore swept swam swung took taught tore told

sold sent set shaken shed shone shot shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept slid smelt spoken sped, speeded spelt, spelled spent spilt, spilled spun split spoilt spread sprung stood stolen stuck stunk struck, stricken sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

think throw thrust tread wake wear weep win wring write

thought threw thrust trod woke wore wept won wrung wrote

thought thrown thrust trodden woken worn wept won wrung written

Pomo{ni glagoli / Auxiliary verbs


Pomo{nite glagoli slu`at za formirawe slo`eni glagolski vremiwa, kako i za pretvorawe na potvrdnata re~enica vo pra-{alna ili odre~na forma. Pomo{ni glagoli se : be, have, do, shall, should, will would Na primer: Sega{no prosto vreme od glagolot to go e : I go to school every day from Monday till Friday. Dodeka minatoto prosto vreme od glagolot to go e : I went to school last week. No, sega{no nesvr{eno vreme / minatoto nesvr{eno vreme e slo`eno glagolsko vreme i go bara pomo{niot glagol to be : I am going to school now. I was going to school. Perfektnite vremiwa (Present Perfect Tense i Past Perfect Tense) se slo`eni glagolski vremiwa i go baraat pomo{niot glagol to have :

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

We have never read that book. We had played the piano once.

(Present Perfect Tense) (Past Perfect Tense)

Idnoto vreme (Future Tence) e slo`eno glagolsko vreme i go bara pomo{niot glagol shall/will : I shall go home. You will learn to sing. No, i prostite/svr{eni glagolski vremiwa, za pravewe negativna i pra{alna forma go baraat pomo{niot glagol to do : She visits her parents every Sundey. She does not visits her parents. Does she visit her parents? (Potvrdna forma) (Negativna forma) (Pra{alna forma)

Modalni glagoli / Modal verbs


Modalni / Modal ili defektni / Defective glagoli se : can, may, must, need, ought to, shall, will, should, would Ovie glagoli se razlikuvaat od site drugi glagoli bidej}i : Vo sega{no prosto vreme, vo 3 to lice ednina ne ja dobi-vaat nastavkata s : He can play; She must learn; He ought to go home. Pra{alnata forma ja pravat so inverzija : Can he? Must she? Negativnata forma ja gradat so dodavawe na negacijata not : I cannot I cant; I must not I mustnt; He may not. Nemaat infinitiv, sega{en patricip i gerund.

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

So isklu~ok na modalniot / defektniot glagol ought to, tie sekoga{ odat so infinitiv bez to.

can

Ovoj modalen / defekten glagol ima glagolska forma samo za se-ga{no i minato vreme. Za site drugi glagolski vremiwa se zame-nuva so to be able to : I can play football. I could play football. I will be able to play football. may, might (Sega{no prosto vreme) (Minato vreme) (Idno vreme)

Ovoj modelen/defekten glagol ima forma samo za sega{no vreme, dodeka za minato vreme se zamenuva so was/were alloved to ili was / were permitted to : She may go now. vreme) She was alloved to do. (Minato vreme) (Sega{no prosto-

Inaku, i may i might imaat isto zna~ewe, so toa {to might go zamenuva may samo vo indirektniot govor : You may learn English, she said. (Direkten govor) She said that I might learn English. (Indirekten govor) must

Ovoj modalen/defekten glagol ima ista forma za sega{no i za idno vreme : I must stop running. I must call her tonight. (Sega{no prosto vreme) (Idno vreme)

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

Za pravewe minato vreme se koristi negovata zamenka had to : She had to go home. need

Problemot kaj ovoj glagol e {to postojat vsu{nost dva glagola : need - kako polnozna~en/pravilen glagol i ima zna~ewe na glagolot want i need - kako modalen / defekten glagol. Modalniot glagol need nema infinitiv, nema particip, nema forma za minato vreme i ima zna~ewe na potrebno e. Kako i site modalni glagoli, pra{alnata forma ja pravi so inverzija, a nega-tivnata forma so prosto dodavawe na negacijata not, a vo treto li-ce ednina, sega{no vreme, ne dobiva nastavka s. Neobi~nosta kaj ovoj glagol e vo toa {to toj nikoga{ ne se koristi vo potvrdni re~enici, tuku samo vo negativnite izjavi ili pra{awa. Vo retki slu~ai , koga se koristi vo potvrdni re~e-nici, sekoga{ odi so hardy, scarcely {to delumno imaat negativno zna~ewe : I hardly need say how much I enjoyed my holiday. Kako i drugite modalni glagoli, i need mo`e da se upotrebuva vo pra{alni frazi : You neednt to go yet, need you? I neednt tell you the answer, need I? Mo`e da se upotrebuva kako kus negativen odgovor : Who neednt go before 11 oclock? I neednt. No, kaj kusite potvrdni odgovori, need sekoga{ se zamenuva so must :

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

Need you go before 11 oclock? Yes, I must. ought to

Ovoj modalen / defekten glagol ima forma samo za sega{no prosto vreme i nema nikakva zamena za drugi glagolski vremiwa. Ovoj glagol e poseben bidej}i pra{alnata forma ja pravi so inverzija, a negativnata forma ja pravi koga na nego se dodava negacijata not. Ovoj modalen glagol nema infinitiv, ima samo se-ga{no vreme, a vo treto lice ednina ne ja dobiva nastavkata s. Za da formira minato vreme, na ovoj modalen glagol se dodava glagolot HAVE + minat particip od glavniot glagol : I ought to go now. I ought to have gone yesterday. shall / will

Ovoj modalen / defekten glagol ja ima samo ovaa forma, so toa {to shall se upotrebuva za prvo lice vo ednina ili vo mno`ina, dodeka will se upotrebuva za site drugi lica vo ednina ili vo mno`ina. should

Ovoj modalen/defekten glagol naj~esto se upotrebuva za iska-`uvawe obvrska, sovet ili dol`nost : You should learn it better. She should be home at 10 pm. would glagol iska`uvame u~tivo

So ovoj modalen/defekten barawe ili pokana :

We would like to see Mrs. Grant. Would you like a cup of tea?

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

Infinitiv / Infinitive

Infinitiv ili neodredena forma na glagolot se upotrebuva so to , vo na{iot jazik to go preveduvame so DA, no ne so afirmativnoto / potvrdnoto zna~ewe : She wants to buy this book. Infinitiv so to doa|a zad glagolite : want, wish, desire order, command, ask tell, invite like, love, hate, dislike know, learn how Infinitiv so to doa|a pred pridavki {to iska`uvaat ~uvstva : happy, glad, sad, furious, delighted Infinitiv so to doa|a po zborovite too i enough : I have enough money to buy the house. ing forma - glagoli {to izrazuvaat `elba - glagoli {to izrazuvaat naredba - glagoli {to izrazuvaat iska`uvawe - glagoli {to izrazuvaat ~uvstvo - so toa {to pred infinitivot doa|a -

Formite {to se pravat od infinitiv i so dodavawe na nastavkata - ing mo`at da bidat : glagolska imenka / gerund - glagolska forma {to gi ima osobinite na glagol, a e imenka : Smoking is forbidden. The swimming is a summer sport.

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

Glagolskata imenka naj~esto se upotrebuva posle glagolite {to ozna~uvaat po~etok, kraj ili prodol`uvawe na nekoe dejstvie: begin; start; end; finish; stop; continue; go on He began writing his homework. They stopped drinking tea. Glagolskata imenka se upotrebuva i posle glagoli {to ozna~u-vaat nekoe ~uvstvo : like; love; enjoy; dislike; detest; resent I like travelling with my parents. We enjoy dancing. Glagolskata imenka se upotrebuva posle site predlozi : No one can enter the arena without paying the fee. He prevented her from seeing her son. sega{en particip - glagolska forma {to ima osobina na pridavka : This is an interesting book. This was a very exciting day.

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

GLAGOLSKI VREMIWA / VERB TENSES

DEFINICIJA

Glagolskoto vreme go ozna~uva ili go precizira vremeto na izvr{uvawe na dejstvieto koe {to go iska`uva glagolot. Vo angliskiot jazik postojat Present Tense (sega{no vreme), Past Tense (minato vreme), Perfect Tense (perfekt), Future Tense (idno vreme). Sega{no vreme se javuva vo slednite oblici: Present Simple Tense (sega{no prosto vreme), Present Coutinuous Tense (sega{no trajno vreme). Minato vreme se javuva vo slednite oblici: Past Simple Tense (minato prosto vreme), Past Continuous Tense (minato trajno vreme). Perfektot se javuva vo slednive oblici: Present Perfect Tense (sega{en perfekt), Past Perfect Tense (minat perfekt), Future Perfect Tense (iden perfekt) i Future Perfect-in the-past Tense (idenminat perfekt). Idno vreme se javuva vo slednite oblici: Future Simple Tense (idno prosto vreme), Future Continuous Tense (idno trajno vreme) i Future-in the-past Tense (idno-minato vreme).

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

I. SEGA[NO VREME / PRESENT TENSE Vo angliskiot jazik postojat sega{no prosto i sega{no trajno vreme. SEGA[NO PROSTO VREME / PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE Sega{no prosto vreme se pravi na sledniot na~in : Za site lica vo ednina i vo mno`ina, osven za treto lice vo edni-na, glagolot vo infinitiv bez to ostanuva nepromenet, a vo treto lice ednina na glagolot vo infinitiv bez to mu se dodava nastav-kata s ili es : Sega{no prosto vreme od glagolot to ask : I ask you ask he/she/it asks Sega{no prosto vreme od glagolot to do : I do you do he/she/it does we do you do they do we ask you ask they ask

Pra{alnata forma se pravi so pomo{niot glagol to do vo sega{no prosto vreme i infinitiv na glavniot glagol bez to : I know English. He speaks German. Do you know English? Does he speak German?

Negativnata forma se pravi so pomo{niot glagol to do vo sega{no prosto vreme, negacijata not i glavniot glagol vo infinitiv bez to : I know English. He speaks German. I do not (dont) know English. He does not (doesnt) speak German.

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

Sega{noto prosto vreme se upotrebuva koga sakame da iska`e-me : dejstvie {to redovno se slu~uva, {to se povtoruva, a naj-~esto so prilozite : always; every day/week/night/year; often; seldom; frequently; sometimes; from time to time They always visit their parents. She gets up at six every day. (op{ta) vistina : A year has 365 days. After rain comes sunshine. The sun rises in the east. idnina, odnapred planirano dejstvie : We leave Skopje at 8 pm. The school holidays begin next month.

SEGA[NO TRAJNO VREME / PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE Sega{no trajno vreme se pravi so pomo{niot glagol to be vo sega{no prosto vreme i sega{en particip na glagolot. Sega{no trajno vreme od glagolot to ask : I am asking you are asking he/she/it asking we are asking you are asking they are asking

Pra{alnata forma se pravi so pomo{niot glagol to be vo sega{no prosto vreme, no so negova inverzija (doa|a pred podmetot) : I am asking him about the school.

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

Am I asking him about the school? Negativnata forma se pravi so pomo{niot glagol to be vo sega{no prosto vreme i po nego doa|a negacijata not : I am asking him about the school. I am not asking him about the school. Sega{no trajno vreme se upotrebuva koga sakame da iska`eme : dejstvie {to se odviva vo momentot na zboruvaweto, naj-~esto so prilozite: now, at the moment I am writing a homework now. The wind is blowing. planirano dejstvie vo bliska idnina, naj~esto so prilozi za idno vreme: They are leaving Bitola tomorrow morning. She is singing in the opera next Sunday. dejstvie {to ne se slu~uva vo ovoj mig, no se odviva: She is translating a novel by Hemingway. dejstvie {to se povtoruva, naj~esto so prilozi za za~es-tenost: always, never They are always asking questions. She is complaining of the heat. Postojat glagoli {to ne se upotrebuvaat vo sega{no trajno vreme: hear, see, taste, smell, remember, understand, wish, want, know

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

II MINATO VREME / PAST TENSE Vo angliskiot jazik postojat minato prosto i minato trajno vreme. MINATO PROSTO VREME / PAST SIMPLE TENSE Minato posto vreme se pravi koga na infinitivot na glagolot mu se dodava nastavkata ed. Ova pravilo va`i samo za pravilnite glagoli: open opened; ask asked; smoke smoked Minato prosto vreme kaj nepravilnite glagoli ne se pravi so dodavawe na nastavkata ed , tuku sekoj nepravilen glagol ima svo-ja forma i mora da se u~i na pamet: go / went keep / kept bring / brought

Spisokot na nepravilnite glagoli, so nivni formi za minato prosto vreme i za minat particip se nao|a vo oddelot za glagoli. Negativnata forma za minato prosto vreme se pravi so pomo{-niot glagol to do vo minato prosto vreme i glavniot glagol vo infinitiv bez to : She opened the book. I went to the cinema. She did not (didnt) open the book. I did not (didnt) go the cinema.

Pra{alnata forma za minato prosto vreme se pravi so pomo{-niot glagol to do vo minato prosto vreme, so toa {to toj stoi pred podmetot: She opened the book. I went to the cinema. Did she open the book? Did I go to the cinema?

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

Minato prosto vreme se upotrebuva za iska`uvawe na : dejstvie {to zavr{ilo vo minatoto, a naj~esto se koristat prilozite za minato vreme: yesterday, the day before yesterday, a week ago, in 1975, last week/month/year kako i vo pra{awa {to zapo~nuvaat so when : There was a strong wind last weekend. When did you see the film? voobi~aeno minato dejstvie: She went to church every Sunday. nekoj pominat nastan, iako ne se spomenuva koga toa dejstvie se izvr{ilo: Thet met in London. She left her purse in the train. vo izrazi kako {to se: I wish; if only; it is high time; as if I wish I had a new friend. If only you were kinder to her. He behaves as if he were my chief. It is high time they were nice with me. Va`no: po ovie izrazi, minatoto prosto vreme od glagolot to be vo prvo i vo treto lice ednina ja nema pravilnata forma was, tuku were.

MINATO TRAJNO VREME / PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE Minato trajno vreme se pravi so pomo{niot glagol to be vo minato prosto vreme i sega{en particip od glavniot glagol. Minato trajno vreme od glagolot to go :

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

I was going you were going he/she/it was going

we were going you were going the were going

Odre~nata forma za minato trajno vreme se pravi koga na po-mo{niot glagol to be vo prosto minato vreme mu se dodava negacijata not : I was going home They were travelling. I was not going home. They were not travelling.

Pra{alnata forma za minato trajno vreme se pravi so inver-zija na pomo{niot glagol to be {to e vo minato prosto vreme: I was going home. They were travelling. Was I going home? Were they travelling?

Minato trajno vreme se upotrebuva za iska`uvawe na: Dejstvie {to se odvivalo podolg vremenski period vo da-den moment vo minatoto: Tom was training all day yesterday. As I was walking along Piccadilly a car ran into a bus. I was reading a book when he knocked at my door. I was cleaning all day yesterday. Ednovremeno odvivawe na dve ili pove}e dejstvija vo mi-natoto: I was playing the piano while she was singing. Povtorlivi dejstvija vo minatoto: She was always smiling at me.

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

III PERFEKT / PERFECT Vo angliskiot jazik perfektot se javuva vo slednite formi : sega{en perfekt - Present Perfect Tense, minat perfekt Past Perfect Tense, iden perfekt Future Perfect Tense i iden-minat perfekt Future Perfect in-the-past Tense.

SEGA[EN PERFEKT / PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Sega{en perfekt se pravi so pomo{niot glagol to have vo sega{no prosto vreme i minat particip (Past Particip) na glavniot glagol. Minatiot particip se pravi, kaj pravilnite glagoli, so dodavawe na nastavkata ed na infinitivot na pravilniot glagol, dodeka kaj nepravilnite glagoli ima posebna forma za se-koj nepravilen glagol i mora da se u~i na pamet: I have talken a day off. He has forgotten my birthday. Negativnata forma za sega{en patricip se pravi koga posle po-mo{niot glagol to have vo sega{no prosto vreme doa|a negacijata not : I have taken a day off. He has forgotten me. I have not taken a day off. He has not forgotten me.

Pra{alnata forma za sega{en perfekt se pravi so inverzija na pomo{niot glagol to have vo sega{no vreme: I have taken a day off. He has forgotten me. Have I taken day off? Has he forgotten me?

Sega{niot perfekt se upotrebuva za iska`uvawe na : Dejstvie {to zapo~nalo vo minatoto i se u{te trae: She has been ill since January.

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

Ovoj primer: Taa e bolna od januari poka`uva deka taa se razbolela vo januari i s u{te e bolna do migot koga ova se izja-vuva : They have lived here for three years. Dejstvie za koe ne sakame da ka`eme koga se slu~ilo vo minatoto, tuku samo sakame da go istakneme faktot deka toa se slu~ilo : I have been to London. She has bought a new dress. Dejstvie {to odi so prilozi za vreme {to ozna~uvaat vremenski period {to s u{te ne zavr{il. Takvi prilozi za vreme se : today, now, this morning/month/year, never, always, lately, recently I have learnt hard today. She has always been fond of children. Dejstvija {to se povtoruvaat od minatoto pa s do sega, a naj~esto so zborovite : once, twice, three times, many times, several times I have visited her several times. They have been in London many times. So just za dejstvie {to zavr{ilo vo momentot na zboruva-weto : He has just finished his homework. So since, bidej}i ovoj zbor ozna~uva vremenski period od nekoja odredena vremenska to~ka vo minatoto pa s do sega: I have lived here since 1979. She has not seen nim since his stay in England.

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

So for, bidej}i ovoj zbor ozna~uva dol`ina na vremenskiot period od koga zapo~nalo dejstvieto vo minatoto, pa s do sega: I have lived here for 20 years. She has not seen him for five months.

So vremenski re~enici, po svrznicite: after, as soon as, till, until, before, when : She will visit you as soon as she has finished her work. I will buy a car after I have earned money.

SEGA[EN TRAEN PERFEKT / PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Sega{en traen perfekt se pravi vo sega{no prosto vreme od pomo{niot glagol to have (have, has) + minat particip od pomo{niot glagol to be (been) + sega{en particip od glavniot glagol (ing) : They have been walking. I have been reading a book. Odre~nata forma se pravi koga posle pomo{niot glagol to have doa|a negacijata not : They have been walking. The have not been walking. I have been reading a book. I have not been reading a book. Pra{alnata forma se pravi so inverzija na pomo{niot glagol to have : They have been walking. Have they been walking? I have been reading a book. Have I been reading a book?

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

Sega{niot traen perfekt se upotrebuva za iska`uvawe na : Dejstvie {to zapo~nalo vo minatoto, naglaseno e vreme-traeweto i trae do momentot na ka`uvaweto: He has been travellng for three months. I have been speaking to you for two hours. Dejstvie {to trae nekoe odredeno vreme, zapo~nalo vo mi-natoto, trae vo migot na ka`uvaweto, a postoi mo`nost da prodol`i : She has been working all day. Glagolite: sit, stand, lie, rest, wait (glagoli {to ozna~uvaat sostojba), skoro sekoga{ se upotrebuvaat vo sega{en per-ekt : She has been waiting for him since 4 oclock. He has been standing in the corridor for half an hour.

IV MINAT PERFEKT / PAST PERFEKT

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

Vo agliskiot jazik postojat minat perfekt i minat traen perfekt. MINAT PERFEKT / PAST PERFECT TENSE Minat perfekt se pravi so pomo{niot glagol to have vo minato prosto vreme (had) i minat prticip od glavniot glagol : I gave her the flower that I had bought for her. There was an oil painting that I had not seen before. I had bought a box of chocolates for Mary. Odre~nata forma se pravi koga po pomo{niot glagol to have vo minato prosto vreme se dodava negacijata not : I had worked. They had gone. I had not worked. They had not gone.

Pra{alnata forma se pravi so inverzija na pomo{niot glagol to have {to e vo minato vreme: I had worked. They had gone. Had I worked? Had they gone?

Minat perfekt se upotrebuva za iska`uvawe na : Dejstvie {to zavr{ilo pred drugo dejstvie vo minatoto : He showed her a picture he had bought in Italy. She found that she had lost her bag. Pedro had learnt English before he came to England.

Dejstvie vo zavisni klauzi {to po~nuvaat na after :

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

After he had reached the top, he began to feel tired. Dejstvie {to ne e ostvareno vo minatoto, a re~enicata zapo~nuva so frazite:I wish, if only, as if : I wish I had know him better. If only I had been more careful. He pronounced English as if he had never heard anybody speak English before.

MINAT TRAEN PERFEKT / PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Minat traen perfekt se pravi so minat perfekt od pomo{niot glagol to be ( had been) i sega{en particip (Present Participle) od glavniot glagol : I had been reading. Tom had been jogging. Odre~nata forma se pravi koga po pomo{niot glagol to have vo minato vreme (had) se dodava negacijata not : I had been reading. I had not been reading. Tom had been jogging. Tom had not been jogging. Pra{alnata forma se pravi so inverzija na pomo{niot glagol to have vo minato vreme (had) : I had been reading. Tom had been jogging. Had I been reading? Had Tom been jogging?

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

Minat traen perfekt se upotrebuva za iska`uvawe na dej-stvie vo minatoto {to traelo podolg vremenski period pred da zapo~ne nekoe drugo dejstvie vo minatoto i vero-jatno prodol`ilo da trae i po zavr{uvaweto na dejst-vieto vo minatoto: He talked about the novel he had been writing. She showed me the pullover she had been knitting.

V. IDEN PERFEKT / FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

Iden perfekt se pravi so pomo{nite glagoli shall/will i per-fekten infinitiv (have + Past Pariciple) na glavniot glagol: I shall have taken we shall have taken you will have taken you will have taken he/she/it will have taken they will have taken Iden perfekt se upotrebuva za iska`uvawe na : Dejstvie {to }e bide izvr{eno do nekoe odredeno vreme vo idninata. Ova glagolsko vreme mnogu retko se koristi vo Angliskiot jazik, a osobeno retko se koristi vo govorniot jazik : He will have sold all the tickets by Saturday By the time you get this letter, they will have begun the course. Za izrazuvawe na idninata, se koristat u{te nekolku glagol-ski formi : going to

So pomo{ na sega{noto trajno vreme od glagolot to go se izrazuva namera vo idnina: I am going to build a garage. He is going to buy a new ball. So ovaa forma mo`e da se izrazi namera deka nekoe dejstvie vo idnina sigurno }e se slu~i : It is going to be a lovely day tomorrow. It is cold outside, you are going to be cold.

VI. IDEN MINAT PERFEKT /

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Osnovna angliska gramatika

Basic English Grammar

FUTURE PERFECT-IN-THE-PAST TENSE Iden-minat perfekt se pravi so pomo{nite glagoli should/wo-uld i infinitiv na perfektot od glavniot glagol (have + Past Parti-ciple) : I should/would have asked you would have asked he/she/it would have asked we should/would have asked you would have asked they would have asked

Odre~nata forma se pravi koga posle pomo{nite glagoli should/would doa|a negacijata not : You would have asked. You would not have asked.

Pra{alnata forma se pravi so inverzija na pomo{nite glagoli should / would : You would have asked. Would you have asked?

Iden - minat perfekt se upotrebuva : Vo uslovni re~enici od III tip I would have come if they had asked me to. (]e dojdev ako tie me povikaa.) Vo zavisna klauza namesto iden perfekt koga glagolot vo glavnata klauza e vo minato prosto vreme: It would be nice, she said. She said (that) it would have been nice. (*) * Vo ovoj slu~aj, ova glagolsko vreme se preveduva so ]E + Lforma na glavniot glagol ili ]E+IMA+glaven glagol.

VII. IDNO VREME / FUTURE TENSE

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Vo angliskiot jazik postojat idno vreme, idno trajno vreme i idno - minato vreme. IDNO PROSTO VREME / FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE Idnoto vreme se pravi so pomo{niot glagol shall (za prvo lice vo ednina i vo mno`ina) ili will (za site drugi lica vo ednina i vo mno`ina) i infinitiv na glavniot glagol bez to : I shall (will) take. you will take he/she/it will take we shall (will) take you will take they will take

Vo sovremeniot Angliski jazik dozvoleno e i za prvite lica vo ednina i vo mno`ina da se koristi will namesto shall. Odre~nata forma se pravi so dodavawe na negacijata not po pomo{niot glagol shall / will : You will take. You will not (wont) take.

Pra{alnata forma se pravi so inverzija na pomo{niot glagol shall / will : You will take. Will you take?

Idnoto vreme se upotrebuva za iska`uvawe na : Dejstvie vo idnina: They will come to visit us next year.

vetuvawe, re{enie, zakana :

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Vo ovoj slu~aj, will se upotrebuva samo za prvo lice vo ednina i vo mno`ina, dodeka shall se koristi za site drugi lica vo ednina i vo mno`ina: I will help him.(re{enie vo momentot) You shall have a new hat as soon as I get my salary.(vetuvawe) You shall not go fishing with me tomorrow.(zakana)

IDNO TRAJNO VREME / FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE Idnoto trajno vreme se pravi so idno vreme od pomo{niot glagol to be i sega{en particip na glavniot glagol: He will be reading a book. Tom will be playing football. Odre~nata forma se pravi koga po shall/will se dodava negaci-jata no : He will be reading a book. He will not be reading a book.

Pra{alnata forma se pravi so inverzija na pomo{niot glagol shall / will : He will be reading a book. Will he be reading a book?

Idnoto trajno vreme se upotrebuva za iska`uvawe na: Dejstvie vo idnina {to }e trae izvesno vreme: He will be playing in our team next Sunday.

Dejstvie vo idnina {to }e trae i po nekoe drugo dejstvie vo idnina:

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They will be listening to the radio at 8 oclock after supper. Dejstvie vo idnina {to se odviva spored odnapred utvrden plan: They will be taking off in several minutes.

MINATO IDNO VREME / FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST TENSE Minato-idno vreme se pravi so pomo{nite should/wou-ld i infinitiv na glavniot glagol bez to : I should/would ask you would ask he/she/it would ask Odre~nata se pravi koga should/would doa|a negacijata not : You would ask me. we should/would ask you would ask they would ask posle pomo{nite glagoli glagoli

You would not ask me.

Pra{alnata forma se pravi so inverzija na pomo{nite glagoli should / would : You would ask me. Would you ask me?

Minato - idno vreme se upotrebuva za pravewe na: Uslovni re~enici od II tip kade se preveduva so BI + L-forma na glavniot glagol: If I had enough money I would buy a new apartment. (Ako imav dovolno pari, bi kupil nov stan.) Vo zavisna klauza namesto idno vreme koga glagolot vo glavnata re~enica e vo minato prosto vreme: It will be nice, he said.

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He said (that) it would be nice.(*) * Vo ovoj slu~aj, vo direktnata re~enica dejstvieto e iska`ano so idno prosto vreme i se preveduva so ]E BIDE, dodeka vo indirek-tna re~enica dejstvieto e iska`ano so minato-idno vreme, a se preveduva povtorno so ]E BIDE.

IMPERATIV - ZAPOVEDEN NA^IN / THE IMPERATIVE

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DEFINICIJA Imperativ ili zapoveden na~in e sistem na glagolski formi so koi se iska`uva naredba, zabrana ili molba. Imperativot / zapovedniot na~in se formira na sledniot na~in : Za vtoro lice vo ednina i vo mno`ina se zema infinitivot na glagolot bez to, a subjektot you naj~esto se ispu{ta: Give me that book! Show her the garden! Open the door! Shut the windows!

Ako pred glagolot vo infinitiv bez to se dodade pomo{niot glagol do, naredbata ili molbata e posilno naglasena: Do take another cake! Do stop here!

Odre~nata forma za vtoro lice vo ednina i vo mno`ina se pravi koga pred glagolot doa|a do i negacijata not (dont) : Do not (Dont) jump from the train! Vo neli pra{awata, se javuva glagolot will i zamenkata you : Wait here, will you? Stop here, will you?

Za prvo i treto lice vo ednina i vo mno`ina pred infinitivot na glagolot bez to doa|a glagolot let : Let him do as he pleases! Let me go! Let us (Lets) go! Let them go!

Odre~nata forma za prvo i treto lice vo ednina i vo mno`ina se pravi so pomo{ na glagolot do i negacijata not :

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Dont let him do as he pleases! Do not let him go out!

UPOTREBA NA IMPERATIVOT Imperativot se upotrebuva za iska`uvawe na : naredba / command Open the book! Stop talking! Shut the door! Turn on the radio!

Come here! Speak out!

molba / reqest Show them the city, please!

Help me, please!

dozvola / permission

Take it if you like it. pokana / invitation

Come with me! No, mo`e da se koristi i dvoen imperativ: Go and see whats going on!

KONJUKTIV / THE SUBJUNCTIVE

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DEFINICIJA Konjuktiv e eden od glagolskite na~ini, modusi za ka`uvawe na subjektivniot (li~niot) stav na govornoto lice; so nego se iska-`uva volja, pretpostavka, `elba, mo`nost ili nekoj drug li~en stav na toj {to zboruva. Konjuktivot (sega{en) se obrazuva taka {to za site lica vo ed-nina i vo mno`ina ja ima istata glagolska forma, odnosno infi-nitiv bez to, {to podrazbira deka vo treto lice ednina ne ja dobi-va nastavkata es/s : I ask I be he ask he be she ask she be

Konjuktivot (minat) se upotrebuva so glagolot to be, so toa {to se koristi were za site lica vo ednina i mno`ina : I were he were she were they were

UPOTREBA NA KONJUKTIVOT Konjuktivot mnogu retko se upotrebuva vo sovremeniot angliski jazik. Naj~esto se upotrebuva: Sega{en konjuktiv vo nekoi izrazi kako: Good forgive you! Damn you!

Long live the king!

Minat konjuktiv: I would sooner/rather, as if

I wish, if only, it is high time

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I wish she were here.

If only he recovered.

Poglednete vo to~kata za Minato prosto vreme / Past Simple Tense, vo poslednata to~ka za negova upotreba }e najdete u{te vak-vi primeri!

INDIREKTEN GOVOR / INDIRECT SPEECH

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Vo direktniot govor gi imame to~nite zborovi na govornikot, na primer: I live in Ohrid. Vo indirektniot govor go davame istoto zna~ewe =, vo drug oblik, a zborovite se venseni vo glavnata re~enica, na primer: He says that he lives in Ohrid. Ako glagolot vo glavnata re~enica e vo nekoe od sega{nite ili vo idno vreme glagolot vo zavisnata re~enica }e ostane nepromenet. Na primer: He says that he lives in Ohrid. He is saying that he lives in Ohrid. He has said that he lives in Ohrid. He will say that he lives in Ohrid. Ako glagolot vo glavnata re~enica e vo mibnato vreme toga{ glagolot vo zavisnata re~enica mora da se ka`e vo minato vreme. He said the he lived in Ohrid. Ova slo`uvawe na vremiwata odnosno menuvawe na edno vreme pogore mo`e da se vidi na slednava tabela: Direkten govor Indirekten govor Present Simple/Continuous Past/Simple/Continuous Past Simple/Continuous Past Perfect Simple/Continuous Present Perfect Simple/Cont. Past Perfect Simple/Continuous Past Perfect Simple/Continuous Past Perfect Simple/Continuous Future Simple/Continuous Future-in-the-past Future Perfect Future Perfect-in-the-past Imperative Imperative + to 1 Sega{noto vreme / Present Tense (prosto ili trajno) pominuva vo minato vreme / Past Tense (prosto ili trajno) : She said: I study music. (Taa ka`a: Studiram muzika.)

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She said that she studied music. (Taa ka`a deka studira muzika.) Zabele`uvate deka minatoto na glagolot vo zavisnata re~enica kaj nas se preveduva so sega{no vreme, odnosno se preveduva so glagolskoto vreme {to e vo zavisnata re~enica vo direktniot govor. Zabele`uvate deka i subjektot, odnosno zamenkata, si go menuva liceto vo indirekten govor. 1. Minatoto vreme / Past Tense (prosto ili trajno) pominuva vo minat perfekt / Past Perfect ( prost ili traen): She said: I studied music. She said that she had studied music. 2. Sega{en perfekt / Present Perfect Tense (prost ili traen) pominuva vo minat perfekt / Past Perfect Tense (prost ili traen): She said: I have studied music. She said that she had studied music. 3. Minat perfekt / Past perfect Tense (prost ili traen) ostanuva nepromenet : She said: I had studied music. She said that she had studied music. 4. Idnoto vreme / Future Tense (prosto ili trajno) pominuva vo minato idno vreme / Futurein-the-past (prosto ili traj-no):

She said: I will study music. She said that she would study music. Koga preraska`uvame tu|i ili sopstveni izjavi, se slu`ime so:

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Direkten govor / Direct Speech gi prenesuvame izjavite tak-vi kakvi {to sme gi slu{nale: She said:I bought it last year. They said:We are students. Indirekten govor / Indirect Speech prenesuvame tu|ite ne gi ili sopstvenite izjavi kako {to sme gi slu{nale, tuku gi preraska`uvame, upotrebuvaj}i sopstveni zborovi i vnesuvaj}i dopolnitelni izmeni : 1. She said: I bought it last year. She said that she had bought that last year. 2. They said: We are students. They said that they were students. PROMENI VO INDIREKTNIOT GOVOR

Se voveduva svrznikot that koj mo`e, no ne mora da se upotrebuva : She said: I bought it last year. She said (that) she had bought that last year.

Li~nite i prisvojnite zamenki se menuvaat ako pre-raska`uvame tu|i izjavi, no ne se menuvaat ako preraska`uvame sopstveni izjavi : She said: I bought it last year. She said (that) she had bought that last year. I said: I will be here. I said that I would be here.

Prilozite za vreme i prostor se menuvaat vo indirektniot go-vor, i toa :

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Direkten govor this these this here yesterday today tomorrow now ago thus

Indirekten govor that those that there the day before yesterday / the previous day that day the following / next day then before so

UPOTREBA NA GLAGOLITE to say i to tell: * to say se upotrebuva : Vo direkten govor He said : I am your friend. Vo indirekten govor (ako sopstvenata ili ne~ija izjava ne e upatena kon nekoe odredeno lice, tuku e samo sopstvena dadena izjava) : He said that he was my friend. * to tell se upotrebuva:

Vo indirekten govor koga se napomnuva kon kogo e upatena sopst-venata ili tu|ata izjava: He told me that he was my friend.

PRA[AWA VO INDIREKTEN GOVOR

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Koga pra{aweto od direktniot govor se menuva vo indirekten govor, glagolot mora da bide vo potvrdna forma. Ako pra{aweto zapo~nuva so pra{alen zbor, vo indirektniot govor pra{alniot zbor ostanuva nepromenet, dodeka pak, ako pra{aweto vo direkten govor zapo~nuva so pomo{en glagol, toga{ pra{aweto vo indirektniot govor se pravi so pomo{ na svrznikot if ili whether: She asked me: Where have you bought it? She asked me where I had bought that. He asked us: Do you like modern poetry? He asked us if we liked modern poetry.

ZAPOVEDEN NA^IN / IMPERATIVE VO INDIREKTEN GOVOR Imperativot ili zapovedniot na~in na glagolot vo indirektniot govor se zamenuva so infinitiv so to. Pred vakviot infini-tiv sekoga{ se upotrebuva glagolot to tell ili glagol {to ozna~uva naredba ili zabrana (order, command, want, advise, beg, remind, reco-mmend, urge, warn) : She said: Give me a cup of tea, please. She told me/ She asked me to give her a cup of tea.

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DEFINICIJA Pasiv e glagolska forma vo koja {to subjektot vo re~enicata kade {to e upotreben glagolot se javuva kako pasiven prima~ (objekt), {to zna~i deka iska`anoto dejstvie se izvr{uva vrz nego odnosno vo ovoj slu~aj subjektot ne go izvr{uva dejstvieto na preodniot glagol: The bridge was built by on workers. Our workers built that bridge. Vo re~enicata, {to se vika aktivna, our workers e subjekt {to izvr{il dejstvie (built, minato prosto vreme od glagolot to built) vrz objektot this bridge. Vo pasivnata re~enica, objektot od aktivnata re~enica this bridge stanuva subjekt na pasivnata re~enica vrz kogo se izvr{uva dejstvie (was built, minat pasiv / Past Passive), dodeka subjektot vo aktivnata re~enica our workers preminuva vo objekt vo pasiv-nata re~enica, a pred nego stoi predlogot by : This bridge was built by our workers. The tickets were collected by Tom.

PRAVEWE NA PASIV Vo site pasivni re~enici se upotrebuva pasivna glagolska forma od preodnite glagoli zad koi mo`e da stoi objekt. Pasivna glagolska forma se pravi so pomo{niot glagol to be vo glagolsko vreme {to e upotrebeno vo aktivnata re~enica i minat particip od glavniot glagol: Tom writes his homework. His homework is written by Tom. She has read the book. The book has been read by her. Fred repaired the car. The car was repaired by Fred.

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They had built the bridge. We will buy the dress.

The bridge has been built. The dress will be bought.

Ako subjektot vo aktivnata re~enica ne e odreden: we, they, one, someone, somebody, nobody, everybody, all, people, a man, a boy i taka natamu, toga{ toj ne se spomnuva i ne preminuva vo objekt vo pa-sivnata re~enica. Koga vo glavnata re~enica se javuvaat dva objekta (direkten i indirekten), mo`e da se napravat dve pasivni re~enici : Aktivna re~enica : Pasivna re~enica I : Pasivna re~enica II : He sent my sister a box of chocolate.
(direkten) (indirekten objekt)

My sister was sent a box of chocolate.


(direkten objekt)

A box of chocolate was sent to my sister.


(indirekten objekt)

Zna~i vo angliskiot, (no i vo makedonskiot jazik), direktniot objekt od aktivnata re~enica mo`e da stane subjekt vo pasivnata re~enica.

UPOTREBA NA PASIVOT Vo angliskiot jazik pasivot naj~esto se upotrebuva: ako subjektot vo aktivnata re~enica ne e poznat ili ne e va`en: They will take the boy to the hospital. The boy will be taken to hospital. (bez by them) Somebody stole our neighbours car last night. Our neighbours car was stolen last night. (bez by somebody) ako ne sakame da go spomneme vr{itelot na dejstvieto, tuku pova`no e da istakneme vrz kogo e izvr{eno dejstvieto vo aktivnata re~enica:

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They asked me to start playing. I was asked to start playing (by them).

PRILOG / ADVERB

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DEFINICIJA Prilozite slu`at za da se odredi na~inot, vremeto, ili mes-toto (kako, koga, kade) na izvr{uvawe na glagolskoto dejstvie: He ran quickly. I spoke to you yesterday. They lived there. Po sostav razlikuvame: prilozi sostaveni od eden zbor / adverbs : very, too, enough, quite, almost, fairly, hardly, much, far i taka natamu. Ovie prilozi sekoga{ stojat pred pridavkata ili prilogot {to gi objasnuvaat: It is too hot to go outside. prilo{ki izrazi / adverbial phrases : a lot, quite a/an/the, a little, a little bit, very, very much, so, such a/an, in the morning, at the hospital i taka natamu. Prilo{ki izraz e grupa na zborovi, naj~esto po~nuvaj}i so predlog {to funkcionira kako prilog. re~eni~ki prilozi / adverbial clauses : actually, as a result, at least, besides, frankly, however, in fact, luckily, maybe, nevertheless, obviously, of course, perhaps, possibly, really, still, therefore, thus, well, yet i taka natamu. Ovie re~eni~ki prilozi ili se odnesuvaat na celata re~enica ili slu`at za da se vospostavi smislovna vrska so prethodnata re~enica. Naj~esto se pojavuvaat na po~etokot od re~enicata, no mo`at da se najdat vo sredinata i na krajot od kusata re~enica:

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Obviously she will not be on time.

VIDOVI PRILOZI Prilozite gi delime spored nivnoto zna~ewe i sostav. Spored zna~eweto postojat : Prilozi za na~in (Adverbs of manner), Prilozi za mesto (Adverbs of place), Prilozi za vreme (Adverbs of time), Prilozi za za~estenost (Adverbs of frequency) i Prilozi za stepen (Adverbs of degree).

PRILOZI ZA NA^IN / ADVERBS OF MANNER Prilozite za na~in odgovaraat na pra{aweto kako / how, a se pravat koga na pridavkata i se dodava nastavkata ly :

Pridavka quick stupid useful quiet

Prilog quickly stupidly usefully quietly

Ako pridavkata zavr{uva na soglaska y, y pominuva vo i, a ako pridavkata zavr{uva na samoglaska i y, toga{ y ne se menuva:

Pridavka Prilog happy happily pretty prettily easy easily coy coyly Pridavkite {to zavr{uvaat na -e, osven true, whole, i due, ja zadr`uvaat poslednata samoglaska e:

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Pridavka sincere mere true due

Prilog sincerely merely truly duly

Pridavkite {to zavr{uvaat na samoglaska i l, ja udvojuvaat soglaskata - l : Pridavka beautiful pitiful Prilog beautifully pitifully

Pridavkite {to ve}e zavr{uvaat na ly ne se upotrebuvaat kako prilozi: brotherly, likely, ugly, friendly, lonely. Postojat pridavki {to mo`at vo istata forma da se koristat i kako prilozi: fast, early, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly Pridavka This is a fast car. Times is a weekly newspaper. I dont like early buses. Prilog It runs fast. Times is published weekly. I dont like getting up early.

Postojat prilozi {to imaat dve formi: ednata e identi~na na pridavkata, a vtorata forma se dobiva so nastavkata ly, no pri-logot so nastavkata ly, ima poinakvo zna~ewe od prilogot {to e identi~en so pridavkata :

Pridavka

Prilog

Prilog so -ly

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deep / dlabok short / kratok hard / tvrd, vreden near/ blizok most/najgolem,najmnogu late / docen high / visok

deep / dlaboko short / nenadejno hard / silno near / blizu most / najmnogu late / docna high / visoko

deeply/silno,dlaboko shortly / naskoro hardly / edvaj nearly/skoro,re~isi mostly / glavno lately/voposlednovreme highly / mnogu, visoko

Prilozite mo`at da se javat na po~etokot, vo sredinata i na krajot na re~enicata. Prilozite za na~in nikoga{ ne se javuvaat me|u glagolot i direktniot objekt, a naj~esto se javuvaat po direktniot objekt odnosno po glagolot ako objektot go nema: She thinks highly of her position. They havent seen Tom lately.

PRILOZI ZA MESTO / ADVERBS OF PLACE Prilozite za mesto odgovaraat na pra{aweto kade/where/-where to, a nivnata mestopolo`ba e ista kako kaj prilozite za na~in. Naj~esto se javuvaat po glagolot ili na krajot od re~eni-cata, (here, everywhere, up, down) : We went home but they were not in. Tom went home. She went to Bitola. She is in Ohrid. Ako se pojavat dva priloga za mesto vo edna re~enica, edniot se stava na po~etokot na re~enicata, a vtoriot na krajot od re~enicata: In many countries the people live in urban centers.

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Ako sakame da naglasime, prilogot za mesto mo`e da se stavi i na samiot po~etok na re~enicata. Naj~esto prilozi {to se koristat za naglasuvawe se: here, there, back, down, off, up, a se koristat so glagoli {to ozna~uvaat dvi`ewe. Vo ovoj slu~aj, podmetot i glagolot si ja menuvaat mestopolo`bata vo re~enicata: Here comes the train! Down came the old bridge. PRILOZI ZA VREME / ADVERBS OF TIME Prilozite za vreme odgovaraat na pra{aweto koga/when, i so niv mo`e da se ozna~i opredeleno vreme, vremetraewe i neop-redeleno vreme (today, now, sometimes, always). So prilozite za opredeleno vreme precizno se odreduva vreme-to: today, tomorrow, yesterday, in August, this year, last month. Prilozite za opredeleno vreme naj~esto se javuvaat na krajot od re~enicata, no ako sakame posebno da gi naglasime, toga{ se ja-vuvaat na po~etokot na re~enicata, no ne e isklu~eno, iako retko, da se najdat i sred re~enicata (po pomo{niot glagol vo slo`enite glagolski vremiwa ili po glagolot vo prostite glagolski vre-miwa): He bought the book yesterday. Yesterday he bought the book. I dont always drive to work. Vremetraeweto go iska`uvaat prilozite: ago, all day long, any more, any longer, no more, no longer

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Prilozite za vremetraewe naj~esto se pojavuvaat na krajot od re~enicata, no ako sakame da naglasime, toga{ mo`at da se pojavat i na po~etokot od re~enicata: They were working hard all day long. All day long they were working hard. Prilozite any longer, any more sekoga{ se javuvaat na krajot od re~enicata: We will not wait any longer. They wont be there any more. Prilozite no longer, no more mo`at da se pojavat na krajot, no i vo sredinata na re~enicata: Tom lives here no more. Tom no more lives here. Prilogot ago se javuva na krajot od re~enicata, odnosno po glagolot i imenkata {to go ozna~uva vremeto: I moved a month ago. I prilo{kite frazi {to zapo~nuvaat so for i since naj~esto se pojavuvaat na krajot na re~enicata: She has lived in Skopje for ten years. She has lived in Skopje since 1989. I have been in England for two years. I have been in England since 1997. Prilozite za neopredeleno vreme: already, always, at last, early, eventually, formerly, immediately, just, late, lately, now, nowadays, once, one day, recently, some day, soon, still, suddenly, then, yet, naj~esto se pojavuvaat pred glagolot vo prostite glagolski formi ili po pomo{niot glagol vo slo`enite glagolski formi, a mo`at da se pojavat i na krajot od re~enicata. Ako sakame da gi naglasime

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prilozite za neopredeleno vreme, toga{ tie mo`at da se pojavat vo sredinata ili na po~etokot na re~enicata: She found him soon. Soon she found him. She soon found him. They often go to the country. Tom has always been a bad player. Prilozite za neopredeleno vreme sekoga{ stojat po glagolot to be: Our buses are always crowded. Tom was never at home. early i late se upotrebuvaat na krajot nare~enicata: We were late / early.

PRILOZI ZA ZA^ESTENOST / ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY Prilozi za neopredelena za~estenost: always, ever, never, now and then, occasionally, often, rarely, repeatedly, seldom, frequently, generally, hardly i taka natamu. Ovie prilozi naj~esto se pojavuvaat pred glagolot vo re~enicata (ako e prosto glagolsko vreme): She always goes to the theatre. No, vo slo`enite glagolski vremiwa, prilogot za za~estenost doa|a po pomo{niot glagol, a pred glavniot glagol vo re~enicata: I have always wanted that book. Postojat i isklu~oci :

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Za naglasuvawe na dejstvoto izrazeno so glagolot. Toga{ prilogot za za~estenost se stava pred pomo{niot ili modalniot glagol: I have always wanted that book. Za negacija na glagolot. Toga{ prilogot doa|a vedna{ po negacijata not : I do not usually read a book in the evenings. Za osobeno naglasuvawe na re~enicite. Toga{ prilozite never, rarely, seldom, litlle doa|aat na po~etokot na re~enicata, predizvikuvaj}i inverzija na ostanatite elementi vo re~enicata : Rarely have there been so many rainy days. often e prilog za neopredelena za~estenost {to se javuva na krajot od pra{alnite i odre~nite re~enici: They dont visit us often. Does she visit her uncle often? always i never naj~esto se javuvaat vo sredinata na re~enicata. always ponekoga{ mo`e da se pojavi i na krajot na re~enicata, dodeka never ne mo`e da se pojavi na krajot od re~enicata : She has always visited her mother at the hospital. She has never visited her mother at the hospital. Ako never se pojavi na po~etokot na re~enicata, predizvikuva inverzija na ostanatite elementi vo re~enicata: Never has she visited her mother at the hospital. Prilozi za opredelena za~estenost :

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once a day, every day, once a month, twice a day, daily, monthly, annually i taka natamu. Prilozite za opredelena za~estenost se pojavuvaat na krajot od re~enicata : I visit my uncle in Bitola once a month. They go to Ohrid on weekdays.

PRILOZI ZA STEPEN / ADVERBS OF DEGREE Prilozite za stepen poblisku gi objasnuvaat pridavkite ili prilozite, a retko glagolit: too, rather, enough, much, far, too i taka natamu. Prilozite za stepen se javuvaat pred zborot {to go pojasnuvaat : However, he is the best football player. She is really a pupil. enough se upotrebuva kako pridavka, no i kako prilog. Koga ja ima ulogata na prilog, stoi zad pridavkata ili prilogot {to gi objasnuva: He is not strong enough. They know this town well enough. Koga too go ima zna~eweto isto taka ili i, sekoga{ doa|a posle zborot za koj se odnesuva ili na krajot od re~enicata koga mo`e da se zameni so as well : We arrived at home, too (as well). Namesto too i as well, vo negativna re~enica se upotrebuva predlogot either : She doesnt like him and she doesnt like his friend, either.

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also se pojavuva na po~etokot na re~enicata, pred glagolot vo prosto glagolsko vreme ili po pomo{niot glagol vo slo`enoto glagolsko vreme: Also I played the horn. I also played the horn. I can also play the horn. I was also playing the horn. very se pojavuva pred pridavkite i prilozite: She is very ill.

MESTOPOLO@BA NA DVA ILI POVE]E PRILOGA Koga vo edna re~enica ima potreba da se pojavat dva ili pove}e prilozi, voobi~aeniot red na prilozite e: 1. 2. 3. Prilog za NA^IN Potoa prilog za MESTO, A na krajot doa|a prilogot za VREME:

Tom has been playing the radio aloud in his home all day. Koga vo re~enicata ima potreba da se pojavat pove}e prilozi za MESTO, prvo doa|aat tie {to ozna~uvaat pomali mesta: We live in a small building, in a big town. Koga vo re~enicata ima potreba da se pojavat pove}e prilozi za VREME, prvo doa|aat tie {to ozna~uvaat pomali vremenski edinici: I was born in November, 1964.

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SPOREDUVAWE NA PRILOZI Najgolem broj na prilozite se sporeduvaat isto kako i pridavkite: - er za komparativ - est (more, most) za superlativ. Me|utoa, pred superlativot nikoga{ ne stoi opredeleniot ~len THE. Ednoslo`nite prilozi i prilogot early dobivaat er, -est : early fast hard near earlier faster harder nearer earliest fastest hardest nearest

Dvoslo`nite i pove}eslo`nite prilozi (skoro site prilozi {to zavr{uvaat ly), komparativot go pravat so more, a superlativot so most: slowly bravely polietly more slowly more bravely more politely most slowly most bravely most politely

Nekoi prilozi, isto kako i pridavkite, imaat nepravilna sporedba:

well badly little much far

better worse less more farther,further

best worst least most farthest, furthest

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PREDLOG / PREPOSITION
DEFINICIJA Predlozi se pomo{ni zborovi koi {to stojat pred odredeni oblici na samostojni zborovi i slu`at za ozna~uvawe na nivniot odnos sprema drugi zborovi i re~enici i za poblisku odreduvawe, precizirawe na toj odnos. Tie odnosi mo`at da bidat razli~ni : prostorni odnosi (odnos po mesto) vremenski odnosi (odnos po vreme) pri~inski odnosi (odnos po pri~ina) odnosi za cel, namena i namera odnosi za na~in odnosi za sporeduvawe zaedni~ki odnosi The ball went through the window. The dog sat under the table. He came here with me.

UPOTREBA NA PREDLOZI Predlozite se javuvaat pred zborot / zborovite {to slu`at ka-ko niven objekt. Predlozite se koristat so imenki ili zamenki i sozdavaat fraza. Ovaa predlo{ka fraza / Prepositional phrase ponekoga{ ja odig-ruva ulogata na prilog: He stood behind me. (predlog za mesto)

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I saw him at six oclock. (predlog za vreme) (predlog za na~in) He came on foot. (predlog za pri~ina) She died of a fever. Golem broj predlozi se koristat kako prilozi : She put the book in the bookcase. Come in and rest. She walked round the garden. Go and look round. (predlog) (prilog) (predlog) (prilog)

Koga zborot ja ima ulogata na predlog, se koristi so imenka ili zamenka i formira predlo{ka fraza, a koga ja ima ulogata na prilog se koristi so glagol i po nego ne sledi imenka. Predlozite mo`at da ja vr{at ulogata na pridavki, odnosno da ni dadat pove}e informacii za imenkata: He bought a coat with a silk collar. The girl with black hair is Mary. She wore a dress of silk.

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PREGLED NA POVA@NITE PREDLOZI VO ANGLISKIOT JAZIK -

ABOUT - ima zna~ewe na:

vo vrska so I want you to tell me about your work. okolu, Ill see you at about six oclock. vo razli~ni nasoki ili mesta I go about the country a good deal. so glagolot COME ozna~uva se slu~ilo George has broken his leg. How did that come about? ABOVE ovoj predlog ima zna~ewe na:

nad i negova sprotivnost e BELOW - pod We flew above the clouds. porano spomnato, In the above examples. nad s#: Think about Ive told you. But above all, dont say anyting to him. ACROSS so zna~ewe:

preku, The child ran across the road. a so glagolot RUN zna~i se sretnuva neo~ekuvano I ran across our friend Smith yesterday. AFTER so zna~ewe:

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po - posle Ill see you after dinner. zaedno so glagolot LOOK zna~i se gri`i za She looked after her children. a so ALL zna~i i pokraj s# You can see I was right after all. AGAINST so zna~ewe:

protiv Who is not for us is against us. My house is insured against fire.

na He rested his bicycle against the wall. ALONG se preveduva so KRAJ, DOL@, POKRAJ i ima zna~ewe na dvi`ewe po dol`ina na ne{to: We walked along the avenue. AMONG / AMONGS so zna~ewe:

me|u (mnogu ne{ta) You can see my house among the trees. vklu~uvaj}i Shelly is among one of the worlds greatest poets. AS se preveduva so KAKO: I work as a teacher. AT naj~esto se koristi za:

ozna~uvawe na mesto ili vremenska to~ka/so ~asovi Ill see you at the station at four oclock.

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so delovi od denot Ill see you at noon. so praznici I meet her at Christmas. so zna~ewe vo se koristi za mali gradovi, IN za golemi gradovi, oblasti ili dr`avi I live in Skopje, but my friend lives at the village of Novo Selo. BEFORE ozna~uva vreme i se koristi so zna~ewe na:

pred Come and see me tomorrow before five oclock. pozicija, red so zna~ewepred She sang before a large audience. You go in before me. BEHIND so zn~ewe:

zad/odzadi The garage is behind the house. so zborot TIME ozna~uva docni ili staromoden The train is behind time. He is behind the times. BELOW - so zna~ewe pod : The temerature is below the freezing point. BENEATH se preveduva so pod i ozna~uva polo`ba neposredno pod ne{to: They were sitting beneath the tree. BESIDE so zna~ewe:

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do / pokraj: Sit beside Richard. The school is beside the river. idiomatski izrazi so BESIDE He was beside himself with anger. Toj be{e von sebe od lutina. BESIDES so zna~ewe pokraj / osven There are many others besides me who disagree with you. BETWEEN se preveduva so me|u, pome|u i ima zna~ewe na polo`ba ili dvi`ewe me|u dve lica ili predmeti: She was between me and my son. BEYOND so zna~ewe: na drugata, podale~nata strana The woods go for about two miles beyond the river. idiomatska upotreba beyond me nesvatlivo za mene beyond ones means tro{i nad mo`nostite beyond doubt bez somenine BY so zna~ewe na:

kraj, pokraj, do (polo`ba ili dvi`ewe vo blizina na nekoj/ ne{to) Come and sit by me. za (kaj izmerena vrednost vo odnos na dadena skala) Interest rates has gone up by 5 per cent. preku, po (za vreme) We arrived at the village by night.

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od (vo pasiv) Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. so (kaj prevoznite sredstva) We travelled by bus. na (kaj merni edinici) Ice cream is sold by the kilo. do, pred (vremenska to~ka do koja treba ne{to da se slu~i) I will finish it by next Monday. idiomatski izrazi by and by = before long: I will see him by and by. by heart = Learn this by heart. (na pamet) by way of = I mention this by way of illustration. (kako) by any means=Tom is not a fool by any means(daleku od toa DURING - se preveduva so za vreme na, vo tekot na i se upotrebuva za da iska`e neprekinat vre-menski period vo koj treba da se slu~i ne{to : She will visit us during the weekend. FOR se preveduva so za, a se upotrebuva za oz-na~uvawe na:

da)

dol`ina na nekoj nastan: They waited for ten hours. brojot na povtoruvawe na ne{to He failed the exam for the third time. odreduvawe na nasoka This is the train for Skopje. namera Lets go for a walk.

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pri~ina ili rezultat She got 50 $ for her work. zna~ewe mesto/ namestoso I will do it for you. FROM se preveduva so od i ima zna~ewe na:

poteklo Tom is from London. vo navodi / citati This is from The Economist. IN ima zna~ewe vo i poka`uva pozicija ili mi-ruvawe :

odi so zborovi {to ozna~uvaat vreme so zna~ewe vo (me-sec, godina, godi{no vreme) I began work here in January in 1970. I saw him in the spring. so zna~ewe vo so zborovi za (vnatre{nost na ne{to) There are twenty students in this room. Put the book in the bookshelf. mestopolo`ba

so zna~ewe vo so zborovi za mesta {to ne se pomali od grad He arrived in Skopje. They will go to Macedonia. so zna~ewe vo na zborovi za okolnosti ili sostojbi He found himself in prison. I am afraid to be alone in the dark. Ian is in love with Susan.

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INTO ima zna~ewe vo i poka`uva dvi`ewe, dej-stvie ili promena: He walked into the room in which we were sitting. The tree was sawn into logs.

INSIDE ima isto zna~ewe kako IN so toa {to so nego ozna~uvame deka prostorot e zatvoren i se preveduva so vo: There was nobody inside the house.

LIKE se preveduva so kako, a ozna~uva: sporedba There is no one like you. na primer In lakes, like Ohrid, one can easily learn to swim. NEAR se preveduva so pokraj, kraj, blisku do I live near the river. NEXT TO se preveduva so do i ozna~uva polo`ba na ne{to vedna{ do nekoj ili ne{to : My house is next to the cinema. OF ima zna~ewe od i ozna~uva:

poteklo Elena of Strumica. He was a child of poor parents. nasoka I lake Ohrid is south of Bitola. vozrast (starost) Tom is a man of thirty.

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prisvojnost The tail of the dog The love of god The Tower of London pri~ina He died of a stroke. merka ili koli~ina a yard of cloth. a pound of sugar a packet of cigarettes some of the cake OFF ima zna~ewe od i ozna~uva:

izleguvawe od zatvoren prostor ili povr{ina, naj~esto od vozilo He got off the bus. They got off the train. odvojuvawe od povr{ina ili linija She took the stain off the skirt. The airplane took off the ground. so zna~ewe isklu~uvawe She turned the lights off. idiomatski frazi well off = bogat He is very well off. off and on = povremeno They visit me off and on. off hand = vedna{, bez razmisluvawe I cant answer the question off hand. ON so nego se ozna~uva vreme i mesto :

denovi vo nedelata / mesecot, i vo na{iot jazik ima zna~e-we na vo

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He came here on Thursday. They will meet him on May 22. za pozicija, i vo na{iot jazik ima zna~ewe na na She left her book on the table. London is on the Thames. so zna~ewe za He gave a speech on India. This is a book on Roman coins. mestopolo`ba vo nekoe prevozno sredstvo i vo na{iot jazik ima zna~ewe na vo The passengers came on board at Gibraltar. vo idiomatski frazi on the whole = vsu{nost Tom is not a bad fellow on the whole. on the contrary = sprotivno na toa I dont dislike him; on the contrary, I like him. on purpose = namerno He damaged the book on purpose. on fire = zapalen The house is on fire. on sale = se prodava The books will be on sale tomorrow. on duty = na dol`nost The policeman is not allowed to smoke on duty. OPPOSITE se preveduva so od sprotiva, kar{i i ima zna~ewe na vedna{ nasproti nekoj ili ne{to: My home is opposite my school.

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OUT se preveduva so nadvor i ima zna~ewe na:

polo`ba I will go out for a dinner. The Moon came out. na ~ist prostor Come out and play with us. epidemija The desease broke out. glasnost Speak out or leave the room. OUTSIDE se preveduva so pred i ima zna~ewe na polo`ba ili na dvi`ewe kon nadvor: He parked his car outside the garage. OVER so zna~ewe nad i ozna~uva:

polo`ba ili dvi`ewe nad nekoja to~ka There was a mirror over the fireplace. Clouds came over the sky. dvi`ewe od edna na druga strana The horse jumped over the fence. dvi`ewe, dodeka zna~eweto mu zavisi od glagolot {to mu prethoduva: to fall over; to knock over; to bend over; to hand over; to turn over; so zna~ewe gotovo The game is over. so zna~ewe preostanuva I paid the bill and have three pounds over.

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so zna~ewe premnogu, pove}e od dovolno The meat is over-cooked. I was over-charged for these goods. He is over-worked. PAST ima zna~ewe pokraj: It is past six oclock. It is half past three. The old horse is past work. She walked past my door. na po, pominato,

ROUND ima zna~ewe na okolu, niz i ozna~uva:

kru`no dvi`ewe ili polo`ba There was a rope round the tree. He walked round the house. dvi`ewe vo razni nasoki He travelled round the world. SINCE ima zna~ewe na od (odredena vremenska to~ka vo minatoto do sega): I have been here since 4 oclock.

SINCE naj~esto se upotrebuva so sega{en perfekt / Present Perfect Tense (vidi vo delot za sega{en perfekt). THROUGH so zna~ewe niz i ozna~uva:

dvi`ewe ili polo`ba od edna do druga strana He knocked a nail through the wood. Will you please read through my essay? vreme He talked about it all through dinner.

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The railway line was repaired through the night. posredstvo He bought the house through the house agency. He got the job through his uncle. -

TO ima zna~ewe na do i ozna~uva:

vreme na zavr{uvawe na nekoj nastan Classes are from 9 oclock to 5 ocolock. He was faithful to the end. dvi`ewe kon odredena cel I am going to London. Come to me. sporeduvawe i ima zna~ewe na na The car is superior to that one. What he said to you is nothing to what he said to me. TOWARDS / TOWARD se preveduva so kon i ima sli~no zna~ewe kako TO, no ne sozdava pretstava dali }e se stigne do celta:

dvi`ewe kon Go towards the window. Their house faces towards the south. so zna~ewe kon (vremensko zna~ewe) Shakespeares best comedies were written towards the end of the 16 th century. UNDER se preveduva so pod i ozna~uva polo`ba neposredno pod ne{to : Children under the age of twelve are not admitted. His income is under $1.000 a year. The book is hidden under the blanket.

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so zna~ewe pomalku od i se koristi za ozna~uvawe vreme We went from our house to Cambridge in under an hour. so zna~ewe upotrebuvan od, za{titen od In 1890 that country was under British rule and its soldiers served under British flag. se koristi za iska`uvawe na odredeni sostojbi He is under treatment for rheumatism The prisioner is under guard. se koristi za iska`uvawe na pod/sokrivawe Samuel Clements wrote under the name of Mark Twen. UNDERNEATH iska`uva polo`ba neposredno pod ne{to i se preveduva so pod: Put something underneath that dog dish. UNTIL / TILL ozna~uva vreme na zavr{uvawe na nekoj nastan i se preveduva so do :

TILL e po~esto upotrebuvan vo sovremeniot Angliski jazik: We will work till / until eight. UP so zna~ewe gore: He walked up the hill. They put up the flag. UPON se preveduva so na i se upotrebuva samo vo formalniot Angliski jazik. Negova zamena vo govorniot jazik e predlogot ON : She was upon a strong pressure.

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WITH se preveduva so so i ima zna~ewe na:

vo dru{tvo na I went to the cinema with my girlfriend. He came with all his family. so sredstvo, so pomo{ na He cut the tree with the axe. She hit the dog with a stick. ima, poseduva I saw a girl with golden hair. They have a house with a large garden. so za odnesuvawe He fought with bravery. She stood with her hands on the table. so za sodr`ina His pocket was filled with money. WITHIN se preveduva so vo i ima zna~ewe na: vnatre Is anybody within? za (vremensko zna~ewe) Ill be there within an hour. vo frazite to live within ones income to be within hearing within the law WITHOUT :

zna~i bez, vo smisla nema : Tom travelled without a ticket because he left home without money.

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se koristi pred glagolskata imenka za da se postigne negativno zna~ewe He left without saying (=and did not say) good-bye. Tom travelled without buying (=and did not buy) a ticket.

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RE^ENICA / THE SENTENCE

DEFINICIJA Re~enica e logi~ki smislen (osmislen) gramati~ki oblik pretstaven vo forma na niza od zborovi koi {to ovozmo`uvaat ne{to da se iska`e na pomalku ili pove}e razbirliv na~in. So pomo{ na re~enicata mo`e da iska`uvame, nareduvame, pobaruvame, iska`uvame, opi{uvame, molime i.t.n. Re~enicata se sostoi od dva me|usebe zavisni dela : 1. SUBJEKT ili PODMET, del {to go najavuva predmetot ili liceto na koe se odnesuva re~enicata i 2. PREDIKAT ili PRIROK, del vo koj se iska`uva ne{to za subjektot SUBJEKT / PODMET / SUBJECT Subjektot / podmetot e najva`en del od re~enicata i vo Angliskiot jazik nikoga{ ne se ispu{ta, kako {to mo`e da se ispu{-ti vo na{iot jazik. Vo uloga na subjekt / podmet se javuva imenka. Vo potvrdnite / iskazni re~enici, subjektot, odnosno podmetot stoi pred glagolot / predikatot, a vo pra{alnite re~enici stanu-va del od glagolot / predikatot : Tom is learning. Is Tom learning? Pokraj imenkata, vo uloga na subjekt / podmet mo`e da se javi: imenska forma The hotel is closed. The house is empty.

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zamenka It is closed. He is learning.

ing - forma Learning is important for the pupils. Smoking is bad for our healt.

infinitiv To live is a gift of the God. To have money is the most important thing in the world. klauza That she is a beautiful girl is obvious.

PREDIKAT / PRIROK Predikatot / prirokot se sostoi od glagol vo li~na forma,objekt (direkten ili indirekten) i dopolnenie : He sings. He sings a song. He sings a song for us. Direkten objekt / Direct Object Objektot e del od predikatot/prirokot i se javuva samo vo preodnite glagoli ({to iska`uvaat dejstvo {to pominuva na drug predmet). Vo uloga na objekt mo`e da se javi : imenka ili imenska forma She likes dogs. Tom asked for the book. zamenka She likes them. Mary kissed him.

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infinitiv We want to come. She wanted to see the picture.

ing forma They like swimming in the pool. The pupils like learning.

klauza

Ovie klauzi naj~esto zapo~nuvaat so: that, when, what, where, why, who, how, if, whether We know where Tom lives. I saw that he escaped the class. Indirekten prirok / Dopolnenie na subjektot/ Complement Imenskiot prirok e nezamenliv del od predikatot / prirokot {to go doobjasnuva zna~eweto na glagolot i ni soop{tuva u{te ne{to za subjektot/podmetot ili objektot. Imenskiot prirok naj-~esto se javuva so glagolite: be, seem, appear, become, grow, sound, feel, look, taste, smell, come, turn, fall. Vo uloga na dopolneneie na subjektot mo`e da se javi : imenka ili imenska forma My father is a professor. She is a doctor. zamenka The car is theirs. The house is mine. pridavka She is a beautiful. Tom is sad.

infinitiv She seems to know everybody.

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I lloked to find her. predlog ili predlo{ka faza Mary is out. The lights are off.

Dopolnenie na objektot / Object complement Dopolnenieto na objektot go doobjasnuva objektot i naj~esto e sostaven od imenka. She called him a coward. The pronounced her Mis the Universe.

VIDOVI RE^ENICI

Re~enicite, sopored nivnoto zna~ewe i vo zavisnost {to so niv iska`uvame, gi delime na : iskazni / Declarative / Statements Tom wrote a homework. I am teaching you English. pra{alni / Questions Did Tom write a homework? Do you understand that? zapovedni / Imperative Write a homework! Bring your book here! izvi~ni / Exclamatory What a nice homework Tome wrote! What a beautiful girl! How kind of you to bring them!

Spored sostavot, re~enicite gi delime na :

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- prosti / Simple Re~enicata vo koja postoi samo eden glagol se vika prosta / Simple re~enica. She sings. They run. nezavisno-slo`eni / Compound

Dve ili pove}e prosti re~enici mo`at da se sostavat so pomo{ na svrznik/svrznici (conjunction/conjunctions) i toga{ takvite re~enici se vikaat nezavisno-slo`eni/Compound re~enici. No, sekoja sostavna re~enica vo edna vakva nezavisno-slo`ena re~enica si ima svoja smisla i sekoja od sostavnite re~enici se so podednakva va`nost: She sings and Tom listens. They learn English and the teacher reads the book. Do you understand that or are the matter still not clear? zavisno-slo`eni / Complex

Zavisno-slo`enite re~enici se sostojat od dve ili pove}e prosti klauzi kade ednata prosta klauza ne mo`e da stoi soodvetno ili samostojno bidej}i bara pojasnuvawe od nekoja druga prosta klauza {to e sostaven del od vakvata zavisno-slo`ena re~enica: While she was singing her song, Tom was listening to the radio. That is the book which I want. The thief ran away when he saw a policeman. Klauzi / Clauses

Klauzata e spoj od zborovi (subjekt i glagol vo li~na forma) i po sostav ne se razlikuva od prostite re~enici. Vsu{nost, klauza-ta e re~enica koja ne mo`e da stoi sama. Klauzata ima subjekt/pod-met i predikat/prirok. No, razlikata me|u klauzata i prostata re-~enica e vo upotrebata:

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Prostata re~enica mo`e da stoi samostojno i da ima celosno zna~ewe i smisla Klauzata vleguva vo sostav so drugi klauzi i obrazuva slo`eni re~enici. Kaj klauzite razlikuvame: nezavisna ili glavna / Independent or Main Clause

Nezavisna ili glavna klauza iska`uva zaokru`ena ideja, taa mo`e da stoi sama za sebe, odnosno, mo`e da se javi kako samos-tojna re~enica. zavisna ili sporedna / Dependent or Subordinate Clause Zavisnata ili sporednata klauza ne iska`uva celosna misla i zatoa taa ne mo`e da stoi sama za sebe kako samostojna re~enica. Naj~esto zapo~nuva so zvrznicite: that, when, what, where, why, who, how, if, whether. Zna~eweto na zavisnata ili sporednata klauza se zasnova vrz glavnata klauza i zavisi od zna~eweto na glavnata klauza: She was ill when she got up in the morning. Kaj zavisnite ili sporedni klauzi razlikuvame: Zavisna imenska klauza

Imenskata klauza mo`e da bide: subjekt/podmet That there is the air on Mars is impossible to prove. direkten objekt We hear that Tom is not coming. dopolnenie na subjektot It is very important what he did. Zavisna prilo{ka klauza

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Ovaa zavisna klauza go zavzema mestoto na prilogot i naj~esto mo`eme da ja pronajdeme ako na postavenoto pra{awe: koga, kako, kade, zo{to i taka natamu, najdeme zadovolitelen odgovor vo delot od re~enicata. Razlikuvame nekolku vida zavisni prilo{ki kla-uzi: - za vreme Ovie re~enici zapo~nuvaat so vremenskite svrznici: after, when, as soon, as long as, before, during, the moment (that), never, once, since, till, until Tie mo`at da se javat pred i po glavnata klauza: She will tell us about Tom when he leave the room. Mary is going to buy a new car after she raises the money. - za mesto Ovie re~enici zapo~nuvaat so svrznicite: where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere She cant sleep where/wherever she likes. - za na~in Ovie re~enici zapo~nuvaat so svrznicite: as, asas, as if, as through, how, however, like, that, (in) that way, in the same way She was singing as good as she could. - za pri~ina Ovie re~enici zapo~nuvaat so svrznicite: as, because, since, seeing (that) He did not wrote his homework because he forgot about it. - za namera Ovie re~enici zapo~nuvaat so svrznicite: so that, in order that, in case, for fear (that), least i naj~esto doa|aat vo glavnata klauza. She left the book on the desk in order that Tom could take it with him. The thief hid behind the tree so that the policeman would not see him.

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Zavisna dopusna klauza Ovie re~enici zapo~nuvaat so svrznicite: although, though, even though, considering (that), even if, however, whereas, no matter how Tom did not finish his homework on time although he worked hard.

Zavisna relativna klauza Ovie klauzi, kako i pridavkite, stojat pokraj imenkite, imen-skite frazi ili zamenkite, a zapo~nuvaat so relativni zamenki. Pove}e za ovie re~enici mo`ete da najdete vo delot za relativ-nite zamenki. Uslovni prilo{ki klauzi / Adverb clauses of condition Ovie klauzi se del od zavisno-slo`enite re~enici i zapo~nu-vaat so: if, assuming (that), on condition (that), provided (that), providing (that), so/as long as, unless. Uslovnite prilo{ki klauzi mo`at da dojdat po i pred glavnata klauza. Zna~i, re~enicata e sostavena od dve klauzi : - uslovna / if-clause So ovaa klauza se iska`uva uslov za vr{ewe na nekoe dejstvie. - glavna / main clause So ovaa klauza se iska`uva samo uslovenoto dejstvie. Uslovnite re~enici gi delime na : _ Prv tip / Open conditional Sentence Vo prviot tip, uslovot mo`e da se ispolni. Ovoj tip uslovni re~enici se realni. Realnite uslovni re~enici se sostojat od glavna klauza i ifklauza. Realnite uslovni re~enici mo`at da zapo~nat so glavnata klauza, no ne e voop{to pogre{no ako zapo~nat i so ifklauzata. Vo glavnata re~enica sekoga{ e idno vreme / Future Tense, dodeka vo if-klauzata e sega{no vreme / Present Tense. I will come if I finish my job.

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She will buy the book if her parents give her money. If I have time enough, I will visit you tomorrow. Namesto idno vreme vo glavnata klauza, mo`e da dojde imperativ / Imperative : If you are a good buy, follow the rules. Stop shouting if you are a polite young man. Namesto sega{no vreme / Present Tense vo if-klauzata, mo`e da se upotrebi Present Perfect Tense : Tom will ring you if he arrived. If they have come they will phone you. Vtor tip / Improbable Conditional Sentence

Vo vtoriot tip se somnevame vo ispolnuvawe na uslovot, postojat malku ili ne postojat mo`nosti uslovot da se ispolni. Ovoj tip na uslovni re~enici se potencijalni. Vtoriot tip na us-lovnite re~enici se gradi na sledniov na~in : vo glavnata klauza sekoga{ e minato vreme/mo`en na~in (would/should + glagol vo infinitiv bez to) a vo if-klauzata sekoga{ e minato vreme / Past Tense. I would come if I finished my job. If her parents gave her money, she would buy the book. I would visit you if I had time enough. Tret tip / Unreal Conidional Sentence

Vo tretiot tip ne postojat nikakvi mo`nosti za ispolnuvawe na uslovot. Ovoj tip uslovni re~enici se nerealni. Tretiot tip na uslovni re~enici se pravi na sledniov na~in: vo glavnata klauza sekoga{ e minato-idno vreme / Future-In-the-Past

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a vo if-klauzata sekoga{ e minat perfekt / Past Perfect Tense. I would have come if I had finished my job. If her parents had given her money she would have bought the book. I would have visited you if I had enough time.

SODR@INA

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1. Predgovor . ...5 2. Imenka / Noun ..7 3.Zamenka / Pronoun ... 14 4. Pridavka / Adjective .. .18 5. ^len / Article ...22 6. Glagol / Verb ..25 7. Glagolski vremiwa / Verb Tenses . .. ..37 I Sega{no vreme / Present Tense ..38 II Minato vreme / Past Tense .41 III Perfekt / Perfect ...44 IV Minat perfekt / Past Perfect Tense.....48 V Iden Perfekt / Future Perfect Tense.......51 VI Iden minat perfekt / Future Perfect-in-the-past Tense... ...52 VII Idno vreme / Future Tense.......53 8. Imperativ / Zapoveden na~in / The future tense 57 9. Konjuktiv / The subjunctive 59 10. Indirekten govor / Indirect speech ...61 11. Pasiv / Passive voice ..66 12. Prilog / Adverb . ... 69 13. Predlog / Preposition ... .80 14. Pregled na pova`nite predlozi vo angliskiot jazik .82 15. Re~enica / The sintence ... ..97

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Prof. Vencislav Dimitrovski

OSNOVNA GRAMATIKA NA ANGLISKIOT JAZIK BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR


Izdava~ : Izdava~ki sistem

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Za izdava~ot : Jordan Kliment

Kompjuterska podgotovka i likovno grafi~ka oprema : Men~e Kostadinova Lektura i korektura prof. Vangel Karagunov Pe~at: Izdava~ki sistem

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