GOOD AFTERNOON

UNIT:5 FUELS

 MAIN HEADINGS
1. INTRODUCTION & STRUCTURE OF PETROLEUM. 2. REFINING PROCESS & PRODUCTS OF REFINING PROCESS. 3. FUELS OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINES & KNOCK RATING OF SI ENGINE FUELS. 4. LPG AS SI ENGINE FUEL & NON PETROLEUM FUELS. 5. ADDITIVES,FUELS FOR GAS TURBINES & JET ENGINES. 6. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.

LPG AS SI ENGINE FUEL

LPG CONSISTS OF HYDROCARBONS OF SUCH VOLATILITY THAT THEY EXIST AS GASES IN ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS, BUT CAN BE LIQUIDIFIED UNDER PRESSURE. SINCE PARAFFIN HYDROCARBONS LIKE METHANE & ETHANE ARE TOO VOLATILE,LPG CONTAINS PROPANE AND TO SOME EXTENT BUTANE.

DOMESTIC PURPOUSE LPG CYLINDERS

PRORANE HEATING TANK

TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF LPG

% BY WEIGHT I II III ETHANE 1.8 4.4 1.7 PROPANE 93.1 64.4 34.4 PROPYLENE 2.8 28.7 62.1 BUTANE 2.3 2.9 2.1 LPG IS HIGHLY USED AS DOMESTIC & INDUSTRIAL FUEL RECENT TREND IS ITS USAGE AS MOTOR FUEL. CONSTITUENTS

ADVANTAGES OF LPG
CHEAPER THAN GASOLINE. HIGHLY KNOCK RESISTANT,DOESNT PRE IGNITE EASILY. BURNS CLEANLY AND COMPLETELY WUTHOUT ANY RESIDUE. SINCE CRANK CASE DILUTION IS SMALL,ENGINE LIFE INCREASES. IT MIXES EASILY WIT AIR TO GIVE BETTER MANIFOLD DISTRIBUTION.

 CAN ONLY BE USED IN ENGINES OF HIGHER COMPRESSION RATIO. REDUCES VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY DUE TO HIGH HEAT OF VAPOURISATION. HANDLING HAS TO BE DONE UNDER PRESSURE OF 18BAR. LEAKAGE CANT BE DETECTED AS ITS ODOUR FAINTS/SPREADS. RESPONSE TO BLENDING IS VERY POOR.

DISADVANTAGES OF LPG

 RECENT TREND IS EVLOVING TO USE LPG AS A MAIN FUEL IN DUAL-FUEL DIESEL ENGINES. BUT PROPANE IS NOT VISCOUS ENOUGH TO MAINTAIN LUBRICATION OF INJECTION PUMP SO AUXILIARY LUBRICATION IS NEEDED. LPG LEADED WITH TML CAN BE USED AS THE MAIN CONSTITUENT OF DIESEL FUEL EOR RAILWAY DIESEL LOCMOTIVES.

NON PETROLEUM FUELS

USED WHEN: PETROLEUM FUELS ARE SCARCE OR COSTLY. FOR BLENDING PURPOSES FOR IMPROVING QUQLITY OF PETROLEUM FUELS. EXAMPLES
BENZOL. ALCOHOL. GASEOUS FUELS. AMMONIA.

1.BENZOL
ITS A MIXTURE OF 10% BENZENE+20% TOULENE+10% XYLENE +LITTLE SULPHUR COMPONENTS. HAS VERY HIGH KNOCK RESISTIVITY. FREEZING POINT IS 5.5 DEGREE CELCIUS SO IT CANT BE USED IN COLD CLIMATIC REGION. HAR HEATING VALUE LOWER THAN GASOLINE SO USED AS BLENDING AGENT WITH GASOLINE.

2. ALCOHOL
METHANOL & ETHANOL ARE USED AS FUELS DUE TO ITS HIGH HEAT OF VAPOURISATION. ACETINE & DIETHYL-ETHER IS USED FOR BLENDING GASOLINE. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE OILS ARE USED FOR DUAL FUEL AND LOW SPEED DIESEL ENGINES.

3.GASEOUS FUELS
NATURAL GAS,LPG PRODECURE GAS,BLAST FURNACE GAS & COKE OVEN GAS ARE USED AS MAIN GASEOUS FUELS IN IC ENGINES. AMONG THESE LPG AND NATURAL GAS ARE VERY IMPORTANT. TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF NATURAL GAS
CONSTITUENTS METHANE ETHANE PROPANE ISOBUTANE BUTANE PENTANE + VAPOURS 3

% BY VOLUME

80

1.5

2.5

4.AMMONIA
A FEW RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTAL WORKS CAN BE USED AS A FUEL IN IC ENGINES. BUT ITS STILL IN EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION BECAUSE OF LESS POWED DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMICAL FACTORS. FYRTHER RESEARCH IS GOING ON IN THIS FIELD STILL TO GIVE CONSISTENT RESULTS

OIL EXTRACTION UNITS

.THANK YOU.