Sclerophyll

ous
Forests
Jarrah Forests
Sclerophyllous Forests
 The Jarrah forest is a diverse ecosystem which
contains many unique species of plants and
animals that are able to cope with a relatively dry
climate. A major feature of the vegetation is that
it is sclerophyllous. That is, plants possess hard,
leathery leaves that enable them to reduce
transpiration and therefore resist the drought
conditions of summer.
 The relationships of linkages that exist between
the biotic and abiotic components enable the
jarrah forest to function as a distinctive natural
environment.
Wet Sclerophyllous
 Wet schlerophyllous
include Karri,
Mountain Ash and
Blue Gum trees.
Dry Sclerophyllous
 Dry sclerophyllous
trees include jarrah,
marri, South
Australian red gum,
stringy bark, spotted
gum and box.
Sclerophyllous
Forest Region
Location
Climatic Data
 Characterised by:
 Cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers.
 Rainfall between 700-1000mm
 Winter maximum rainfall (80%), and
prolonged periods of low humidity and
high evaporation during summer.
 Rainfall decreases rapidly away from the
coastal zones and any forested areas give
way to woodlands and scrub.
Vegetation
 In Australia, the Mediterranean vegetation
types include the Mallee scrub as well as
dry and wet eucalyptus sclerophyllous
forests.
 Variety of drought resistant or
xerophytic adaptations.
 Prone to frequent fires, especially during
summer when the temperatures are high
and the winds are strong.
VEGETATION
 JARRAH
 KARRI/TINGLE
 Slow growing evergreen hard
wood with a long straight trunk  Occupies the same position in
and vertically grooved bark. the Wet Sclerophyllous as the
Grows to over 50 metres. Jarrah does in the Dry
Requires between 700 and 1100 Sclerophyllous
mm of rain. Wood is a red-brown  Similar general characteristics
colour. Grows in association with as the Jarrah forest
Marri
 Upper Storey- formed by the tops  TASK
of the Jarrah. Forms a 1. Diagram the structure of the
discontinuous canopy allowing Jarrah forest pg 36 World
plenty of sunlight through to Biomes
lower levels
2. Complete worksheet of
 Middle Storey- formed by Marri adaptations of sclerophyllous
and Blackbutt. Average 20m in vegetations
height
 Lower Storey- very complex layer
of shrubs wildflowers and
goundcovers
eg. Kangaroo Paw
ADAPTATIONS
 LEAF STRUCTURE REASONS FOR
 LIGNOTUBERS ADAPTATIONS:
 TRUNK 2. FREQUENT SUMMER
FIRES
 FACE DOWN LEAVES
3. SUMMER DROUGHT
 OILY
4. EXTREME SUMMER HEAT
 DEEP TAPROOTS
5. HIGH EVAPORATION
 EPICORMIC BUDS
RATES IN SUMMER
 THICK BARK
Vegetation Adaptations
 Mediterranean forests have developed in association with
the periodic fires that are generated by lightening strikes
during the dry summers.
 Leaf litter and leaves on most plants are high in oil content
and are volatile. Fires spread rapidly once started.
 Trees have features such as lingotubers and epicormic
shoots, which illustrate their adaptation to fire.
 Epiormic shoots are special branches that grow from
branches, trunks and roots after fire to allow
photosynthesis to be restarted.
 Lingotubers are large root crowns that produce shoots after
fire.
 Many plants also have seed cones that open after a fire
passes, allowing seeds to be deposited in the ash bed.
Back
Layers of a Jarrah Forest
 Like rainforests, the wet and dry
schlerophyllous forests have distinctive
layers of strata. Tall trees such as jarrah,
karri and marri form the canopy.
 The middle storey includes banksia,
acacia, melaleuca and casurina.
 The understorey includes grasstrees,
cycads (zamia palms), acacia, melaleuca
and hakea shrubs and a variety of
wildflowers.
Jarrah Forest

 Upper Storey

 Middle Storey

 Understorey
Location of wet/dry
Sclerophyllous
 Sclerophyllous forests and woodlands are located
almost entirely along the western coastal margins
of continents.
 The Jarrah forest is located in the South West of
Western Australia.
 The forest extends from just north of Perth
southwards to Manjimup, and from there south
eastwards to Albany.
 The forest lies on the Darling Scarp/Plateau in
areas receiving over 700mm of rainfall.
Animals of a Jarrah
Forest
 The sclerophyllous forests of Australia contain
animals such as the grey kangaroo, as well as
possums, bandicoots, numbats, pademelons and
wallabies. Bird life includes parrots, honeyeaters,
owls and hawks.
 Significant communities of arboreal and ground
dwelling animals can be found in the
sclerophyllous forest.
 In Australia a significant number of tree dwellers
can be seen in forests and woodlands.
ANIMAL LIFE IN THE
JARRAH FOREST
 ANIMALS
 Native species
 Numbat, echidna,
kangaroo, emu, chuditch,
possum, numerous bird
species
 Introduced species
 Rabbit, fox, cat, dog, rat,
mouse, sheep, goats, ant
species
 Animal adaptations to
the environment
 Nocturnality
 Control their own breeding
 Short gestation to take
advantage of a good
season
 Low water needs or get
their water from their food
Introduction of foreign animal
species
 This has had a significant impact on the jarrah
forest ecosystem, creating an unbalances
ecosystem and producing endangered species.
 European settlers introduced large predators such
as foxes, feral cats and pigs, and birds of prey
such as the kookaburra.
 These animals have been able to multiply greatly
in an ecosystem which originally had no large
predators.
 This has reduced the populations of many small
native mammals such as the numbat.
Back
Numbat (Myrmecobius
fasciatus),
Long-nosed Potoroo
Topography – Darling
scarp/plateau
 The Jarrah Forest sits on the western edge
of the Darling Plateau. The plateau surface
is approx. 400m high and is gently
undulating with broad shallow valleys and
gentle rises.
 The western edge of the plateau consists
of the north-south aligned escarpment,
the Darling Scarp (Darling Ranges). This
steep slope separated the plateau from
the Swan Coastal Plain.
Topography of the South
west
 DARLING SCARP  DARLING PLATEAU
 Technically is the western  A gently sloped plateau
edge of the Darling east of the Darling Scarp
Plateau. Is an escarpment decreasing in height from
with a steep western 400 m to 100m at
facing slope rising to a Merredin
total of 580 metres at Mt  Flat land largely clearly for
Cooke wheat sheep agriculture
 Dissected by westward  95% of Wandoo forest has
flowing streams like the been cut down in the
Avon, Serpentine, Murray process
and Canning  Irregular intermittent
 Known for Granite drainage of dry streams
outcrops called Tors and salt lakes
TOPOGRAPHY cont.
 Swan Coastal plain
 Coastal Lowlands consisting of sand plains dissected
by rivers flowing from the Darling Scarp. Some rivers
have formed large fertile valleys covered by rich
alluvial soils and wetlands. Best example is the Swan
Valley which is a famous wine region and fruit and
vegetable production.
 WA’s large growing coastal cities are located in this
area eg. Perth, Joondalup, Mandurah, Bunbury and
Busselton.
 Urban development and agricultural landuses has led
to the loss of 90% of the Tuart forest.
 TASK Draw a sketch map identifying the location
of the Jarrah forest
Drainage - Darling
Scarp/Plateau
 The drainage of the area consists of a
series of westwards flowing streams.
 Examples include the Helena, Canning,
Serpentine, Murray and Blackwood Rivers.
 These rivers have severely dissected the
face of the scarp, carving out deep valleys,
the sides of which contain many rock
outcrops.
Drainage on
Bibbulmun map
Soils – Laterite soils
 In Australia, wet and dry sclerophyllous forests
are located mainly on the red clay lateritic and
terra rossa soils that have weathered from
granite rock. They often contain nodules of gravel
associated with aluminium and iron concentration
and may have a deep layer of white kaolin clay.
 Generally slow breakdown of humus results in a
build-up of dry leaves and a wood with the
nutrients being released only after fire. The
absence of phosphate in Australian soils is a
dominant characteristic of nutrient cycles within
the forests.
 The laterites have been formed by the deep
weathering of the granite rock of the plateau.
SOILS OF THE SOUTH
WEST
 Jarrah will grow in a variety of
 TASK
soils including sand but it
prefers the soil found in the Diagram the Laterite soil profile
found on pg. 38 World Biomes
Darling Scarp the Laterite
gravel.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION
 Laterites are the deep reddish
Describe the topography, climate,
infertile gravels found in the
vegetation and soil characteristics
Scarp. They are a relic from a of the Jarrah forest.
wetter time when weathering (In an exam this would be worth 4
was greater millions of years marks)
ago. The granite bedrock of
the Scarp weathered into a
deep layer of gravel on top of
a lateritic caprock layer.
Underneath this is a layer of
Bauxite which contains
Alumina
 We use this gravel on our
gardens around our trees
Profile of the Lateritic Soils
of the Jarrah Forest.
Litter layer
(slowly decomposing)
2-5cm Topsoil
50cm Gravelly sand

A Laterite caprock (rich in Bauxite)

50cm

B Bauxite Layer (weathered

gravel stone.)

5-10m

C Kaolin (White Clay)

Deeply weathered parent rock Granite Rock

 Relationships in
the Jarrah Forest
Climate – Vegetation – Animal
Climate – Soil – Vegetation
Soil – Vegetation – Topography
Climate – Landforms – Soil
Climate – Vegetation -
Animal
 Climate determines boundaries by vegetation type.
 Distribution of vegetation to the north and east is limited by
rainfall.
 Vegetation structure is a response to the climate.
 Open nature, with three distinct storeys
 Canopy of the tall trees has created a shadier micro-climate in
the lower layers (understorey)
 Features of plants a result to climate
 Tall Jarrah tree result of high water availability
 Sclerophyllous plants – they possess tough, slender leathery
leaves to reduce moisture loss.
 Xeromorphic – able to withstand long dry periods
 Strong ‘sinker’ root system – penetrate cracks and gaps in the
soil’s hard caprock in order to locate water.
 Adapted to survive fires (thick bark, regeneration, seeds pods,
buds, swollen root (lingo-tuber) which stores food.)
 Animals adapted to the climatic conditions.
 Tammar wallabies are well adapted to surviving on dry foods
and a low water intake.
 Reptiles use the summer heat to regulate body temperature.
 Frogs can burrow into soil to stay cool.
 Dunnart shelters by day in logs and come out at night to feed
on insects, spiders and lizards.
 Animals and their habitats also rely on fire.
 Tammar wallaby relies on thickets of the heart-leaf plant for
shelter. This plant relies on fire to keep it young and bushy
and therefore creates shelter for the wallaby.
 Grey kangaroo likes to feed on lush new grasses that spring up
after an area has been subject to fire.
 The mardo is commonly found in areas that have been
unburned for a long period of time as it lives on small
invertebrates that dwell in the leaf litter on the forest floor.
Climate – Soil –
Vegetation
 Soils are a product of the granite rocks of the Darling
Plateau, and of the interaction between climate and
vegetation.
 Climate is particularly important in producing laterites.
 They were formed in the past when the climate was hotter
and wetter than it is now.
 Under these tropical conditions the granite rock quickly
weathered to provide the mineral content of the soils
 The climate was also responsible for the concentrations of
iron and aluminium being left near the surface to form a
hard layer, the lateritic caprock.
 This has weathered to form the sand and gravel soils that
are characteristic of the jarrah forest.
 The tropical climate was responsible for the lack of
nutrients in the soils as they were washed out to the
deeper levels by the high rainfall.
 This heavy leaching of nutrients has left behind the
concentrations of iron and aluminium that form the caprock
layer.
 There has been no renewal of nutrients in recent times
because the land surface has been stable for so long. – no
uplifting of land which might have otherwise have provides
new minerals as a result of the weathering of new surface
rock.
 The topsoils layer of the laterite is relatively shallow
because of the general lack of organic material.
 The leaves of the litter are hard and dry, and therefore
decompose very slowly under the dryer conditions of
today’s climate.
 Vegetation stabilises soils, root systems prevent mass
movement.
Soil – Vegetation -
Topography
 Strong relationship between soil and vegetation.
 Because infertile soil, only specialised plants are
able to grow on the harsh gravelly soils. Eg
Jarrah, Marri, Karri (strong sinker roots- to reach
the water table. Important especially in summer
drought)
 Sclerophyllous leaves response to the lack of
nutrients in the lateritic soils.
 Decomposition of leaves occurs slowly in the
jarrah forest, so fires are largely responsible for
releasing the nutrients locked up in the litter
layer and making them available for plants. Ash is
a natural fertiliser for plants.
 Vegetation controls water movement in the soil.
 Some rainfall intercepted by the vegetation canopy,
stems and branches and is either held and subsequently
evaporated or it drips from the canopy.
 Remainder falls through the canopy to the soil surface
where most of it infiltrates to become part of the soil
water.
 The soil water is either stored, absorbed by roots and
transpired back into the atmosphere, evaporated at the
soil surface or is used to recharge groundwater.
 It is returned eventually, via streams and rivers, the the
ocean.
 Topography and soils also have an impact on the
vegetation.
 Jarrah is abundant on the top ridges and upper slopes of
valleys where the thickest laterite occurs.
 Jarrah is confined to areas with deeper soils.
 Marri tends to dominate the moister valley slopes and
floors and is common near the bottom of valleys and
around granite outcrops, which act as water catchment
areas.
 Blackbutt, bullich and flooded gum are found on the
valley floors where fertile soil has built up from stream
deposition.
 Plants of the understorey vary according to variations in
soil moisture requirements.
 Sheoaks prefer poorer sandier soils that are well drained
whereas banksias are found on more gravelly soil.
Climate – Landforms -
Soil
 Temperatures and rainfall have both been responsible for
affecting landforms as they have influenced rates of
weathering and erosion.
 The granite rocks of which the plateau is made are
continually being weathered and eroded by rivers,
especially during and after the wetter months. Swollen
rivers during winter have carved the narrow and steep river
valleys in the western part of the ecosystem.
 The shape of the land surface does influence climate. The
sharp change in altitude from the low coastal plain to the
top of the plateau is responsible for increasing the rainfall
immediately east of the scarp.
 Onshore moisture-laden westerly winds in winter are forced
to rise, producing orographic rainfall. Also temperatures are
lower at higher altitudes.
Vegetation – Animal
relationships
 As in all ecosystems plants and animals of the
jarrah forest are related in a number of ways,
primarily through food chains.
 The vegetation is the ultimate source of
nutrients for all food chains that support life.
 It also provides habitats for animals.
 Trees provide homes for birds, insects and
possums.
 Provide various nesting sites, and their crowns
provide shelter and camoflarge.
 Animals affect vegetation in a number of ways
 Spread seeds, pollinate plants and help control pests.
 Animals can also provide homes for other animals.
 Termites hollow out tree trunks and branches creating shelters
for other animals such as parrots and possums.
 Some introduced species disrupt the natural food chain
systems of the forest.
 Kookaburra lacks natural predators to keep numbers down.
 Foxes are not fussy and eat many animals. It too has no
natural predator in the ecosystem.
 The type, availability and seasonal distribution of food also
play an important part in the relationship between plants
and animals.
 Many primary, secondary and tertiary consumers have varied
diets and their ability to switch food as supplies change with
the seasons is important.
Food Chains in
Jarrah Forests
Solar Energy Energy Losses

 Grass -> Wallaby -> Dugite -> Eagle -> Bacteria

Producer Primary Secondary Tertiary Decomposer

Consumer Consumer Consumer
Ecological Pyramid
Feeding Levels
Eagle 5
Goanna 4

Numbat 3

Termites 2

Producers (tree trunks, logs) 1

Producers, Consumers and
Decomposers
Primary Primary Secondary Decomposers
Producers Consumers Consumers

Jarrah Tree Parrot Numbat Earthworm

Marri Tree Possum Bird Fungus
Banksia Wallaby Echidna Bacteria
Wattle Waylie Dugite Millipede
Zamia Kangaroo Frog Mite
Bracken Fern Caterpillar Skink Springtail
Poison Pea Goanna Slater
Annual Grasses Termite
Human Impact – usage of
the Jarrah Forests.
Uses of the Jarrah Forest
 The jarrah forest is used today for
agriculture, forestry, mining, water
catchment, urban and transport uses and
as a recreational resource
(for activities such as hiking, rock
climbing, picnicking, sightseeing,
canoeing, fishing and camping).
 Most if the jarrah forest ecosystem is
reserved as state forest.
Uses of the Jarrah
Forest.
National
Parks
Water
Mining Catchment

Jarrah
Forests

Urban/ Timber
transport production

Agriculture
What changes have
occurred as a result of
human activity?
 Altered the vegetation of the ecosystem
 Introduced weeds
 Altered vegetation layers
 Clearing increasing salinity problems
 Greater through-flow of water in soil and over soil
as a result of clearing
 Logging and mining (clearing) reduces
transpiration and effects natural water cycle.
 Dieback disease. Fungal soil-borne. Attacks at
roots and causes jarrah and banksia trees to die.
Spreads most rapidly when soil is moist and
warm.
 Introduction of foreign animal species.
WHY KEEP THEM?
 Values of the old growth forest include:
 Ecological and scientific value: WA forests are known the world
over for the unique species which live in their ecosystems. Many
of the species are only found in Western Australia (endemic
species). For example, karri, jarrah and marri trees don't naturally
grow anywhere else in the world. There are about 50 species of
birds and mammals, such as the forest red-tailed black cockatoo
and the brush-tailed possum, which depend on hollows in these
big old growth trees to live and nest in. There are also unknown
numbers of insects and fungi species yet to be named or even
discovered by scientists. When the forest undergoes a massive
disturbance like logging and burning we may be
losing species forever that we didn't even know we had.
 Economic value: Old growth forests are important for industries
other than logging, such as tourism, wildflower picking, fine wood-
craft and beekeeping. These industries are more
ecologically sustainable than logging or mining in old growth
forest because they don't disturb the natural life cycle of the
ecosystems. We need more old growth forest put into
national parks and nature reserves for the increasing numbers of
people wanting to appreciate our unique natural heritage.
BIO DIVERSITY
 BiodiversityOld growth forests have a high level of biodiversity,
which means there are lots of different species of plants and
animals found there. The South West Botanical Province (from
Geraldton to Albany) is one of the world's richest areas of
flowering plants, with approximately 9000 species of which over
70 % are endemic (CALM, A Nature Conservation Strategy for
Western Australia, draft for public comment, 1992). Scientists are
still discovering previously unknown species. For example, in a
study of 20 marri trees, an average of 443 species of insect were
discovered living on each tree. Many of these had never been
recorded by scientists before. (H.F. Recher, J. D. Majer & S.
Garnesh - 'Eucalypts, arthropods and birds; on the relation
between foliar nutrients and species richness.' Published in Forest
Ecology and Management, 85 (1996) p177-195.)Old growth
forests are made up of trees of many different ages, sizes and
shapes, and their understorey. This is known as
structural diversity. For example, big old trees, living and dead,
standing or fallen, with hollows of all different shapes and sizes,
provide homes (habitat) for a wide variety of species, from
cockatoos and possums to mosses and fungi. Regrowth forests are
made up of trees that are nearly all the same age, and do not
have the structural diversity or variety of habitat found in old
growth forest.
Threats to biodiversity
 Habitat clearing (e.g. clearing for farming or
vineyards)
 Habitat modification (e.g. prescribed burning,
clearfelling)
 Pollution (e.g. chemical run-off from agriculture)
 Introduced flora and fauna (e.g. watsonia, bridal
creeper, blackberry, foxes, cats and wild pigs)
 Diseases (e.g. dieback in the jarrah forest)
 Global climate change (e.g. greenhouse effect
and ozone depletion)
 Size and distribution of the human population and
the level of consumption of natural resources
What does the Jarrah
Forest do for us?
 Ecological services of old growth forest
 Old growth forest provides many important services which
ensure the ongoing health and stability of the environment.
Humans are part of the environment and our well-being
depends on having a healthy environment. These services
are:
 Maintenance of hydrological (water) cycles
 Climate regulation
 Soil production and fertility and protection from erosion
 Nutrient storage and cycling
 Pollutant breakdown and absorption
 Potential source for genetic material for new drugs and food
crops
WHY KEEP THEM?
 Values of the old growth forest include:
 Ecological and scientific value: WA forests are known the world
over for the unique species which live in their ecosystems. Many
of the species are only found in Western Australia (endemic
species). For example, karri, jarrah and marri trees don't naturally
grow anywhere else in the world. There are about 50 species of
birds and mammals, such as the forest red-tailed black cockatoo
and the brush-tailed possum, which depend on hollows in these
big old growth trees to live and nest in. There are also unknown
numbers of insects and fungi species yet to be named or even
discovered by scientists. When the forest undergoes a massive
disturbance like logging and burning we may be
losing species forever that we didn't even know we had.
 Economic value: Old growth forests are important for industries
other than logging, such as tourism, wildflower picking, fine wood-
craft and beekeeping. These industries are more
ecologically sustainable than logging or mining in old growth
forest because they don't disturb the natural life cycle of the
ecosystems. We need more old growth forest put into
national parks and nature reserves for the increasing numbers of
people wanting to appreciate our unique natural heritage.
WHY KEEP THEM? 2
 Aesthetic value: The old growth forest is amazing and
beautiful. Logging, clearing and mining are changing that
original landscape forever. Small isolated pockets of old
growth forest and road side reserves which we all see from
the car on our way down south do not compare with an
area that you can walk through for hours. Cultural and
spiritual values: Old growth forests are part of the
heritage and living environment of all Australians. As recent
community protest over the continued logging of old
growth forests has shown these forests have important
cultural and spiritual significance for many different people.
Aboriginal people have a deep connection with the land of
the South West as it is the place where the Nyoongar
culture and spiritual understanding come from. Their
knowledge base and cultural identity are closely intertwined
with the land and its life forms. "
We are of this land, and this land is of us".
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
 Major towns in the
Jarrah forest: Collie,
Bridgetown,
Pemberton, Manjimup
LOGGING FOR
WOODCHIPS
 Marri is logged after
the Jarrah has been
logged for paper
production. This is the
 Woodchip pile waiting
to be exported in
Bunbury
BAUXITE MINING
 Alcoa mines the Jarrah forest
for Bauxite the raw material
behind Aluminium

 TASK
 Describe the process of
bauxite mining in the Jarrah
Forest and diagram the
impact of the mining on the
forest
 Figure 3.12 Page 48
SALINITY
 Salinity becomes a problem after the forest is cleared. The
deep rooted vegetation is no longer there to draw out water
from the water table. The water rises through the soil
dissolving salt as it does, the salty water kills the roots of
plants, killing the plant. If this water reachs the surface, it
evaporates leaving the salt behind on the surface as a salt
scald
 Copy Figure 3.10 into your notebook
 Short Answer Task
 Describe the uses of the Jarrah forest and the impact of
two of these uses on the Jarrah forest
(Worth 6 -8 marks in an exam)
DIEBACK
 Technical name Phytophora
 It is an import from Europe
and Asia. It is a fungus that
attacks the roots of plants in
spring.
 It moves in the soil after
rainfall
 It kills plants by stopping its
roots from absorbing
nutrients and the plant rots
from the roots up
 The only cure is quarantining
off the uneffected from the
effected forest
Dieback Disease
 Has had such an impact on the forest that it is now
considered to be a major factor in jarrah forest ecology and
management.
 Dieback fungus grown in the roots of certain susceptible
plants like jarrah and banksia, causing them to rot.
 The plant dies because it is starved of nutrients.
 The fungus spreads most rapidly during spring and autumn
when soil conditions are moist and warm.
 Animals and humans can spread the disease.
 Infected soil can be transported during logging and mining
operations, road making and activities that might disturb
drainage patterns.
 Dieback disease has a great impact on the environment,
animal habitats and on human economic activities.
Dieback
 The ‘graveyard look of dead trees in the forest creates an
unattractive, depressing environment.
 Dieback affects incomes from economic activities such as
logging and beekeeping enterprises.
 It also has a possible effect on salinity by reducing the
number of plants available to take up water, and therefore
increasing water supply.
 As well, it reduces the extent of animal’s habitats.
 As a result of the seriousness of the problem a variety of
hygiene and quarantine procedures have been developed in
an attempt to minimise the transmission of disease.
Back
CLEAR FELLING
 The Process of Logging
 1.An area of forest called a Block is selected by CALM and given to the
logging company
 2.Seed is collected in the Block for regeneration later
 3.Good Jarrah logs are harvested and Marri logs are woodchipped
 4.Scrap timber and ground plants are burnt
 5.The Block is re-seeded
REGENERATION
 After mining Alcoa replaces
the top soil and re plants
the forest. The replanted
forest is often much
denser than the old growth
forest it replaces
South west of Manjimup
(Jarrah marri)
Dombakup State Forest -
near Northcliffe. Now
replanted as a karri
plantation
Easter State Forest - south
of Nannup. (Jarrah,
blackbutt, marri)
Karri Forest
Karri Forest South West
W.A.
Eucalyptus Diversicolor
Eucalypt
us
Diversico
lor
Location
Acacia
Eucalyptus
Eucalypt
us
Kondinin
ensis
Location
Eucalyptus Staeri
Eucalypt
us
Staeri
Location

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 Bibliography
 Planet Earth – Environment and People. By
Norman J Snell 2005
 World Biomes – Diane Guy – Geographical
Association of Western Australia. 1997
 Our Wonderful World – Second Edition.
Colin Sale. 1994
 Burgo and Bec