Failure

19.03.
2008, Folie 1 Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria
Dirk Eberlein
dirk.eberlein@hbm.com
www.hbm.com
Failure Criteria
19.03.2008, Folie 2 Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH Dirk Eberlein
Failure Criteria
Can the workpiece stand the load?
Failure Criteria
The basics of experimental stress analysis
using strain gages is...
Measuring the strains on the surface of the test
object
Calculating the principal stresses and their
direction. Needed parameters: Youngs Modulus
and Poissons Ratio
Failure Criteria
Installation of the
strain gage rosette
The directions of the grids do
not have any effect on the
results!
The directions of the grids do
not have any effect on the
results!
Determining a biaxial stress state with
unknown directions
Failure Criteria
b
a
c
Strain measurement in three directions a,b,c
Measurement with a three element rosette (e.g.RY31)
unknown directions
Failure Criteria
Measuring grid a, b, c
Important:
Always use three independent -bridges
Spider8-30
unknown directions
Failure Criteria
( )
( ) ( )
2
b c
2
b a
c a
2 / 1
1 2
E
2 1
E
+
+
t
+

Only in connection with 0/45/90
degree rosettes!
1. Step: Evaluation of the principal stresses
using the following equation
unknown directions
Failure Criteria
Example: Bending Beam
Measured strain:
a
: -47,1 m/m
b
: +74,1 m/m
c
: +175,7 m/m
What is the reason for these values?
unknown directions
Failure Criteria
a (0): -47,1 m/m
c (90): +175,7 m/m
b (45):
+74,1 m/m
F (Force)
strain gage: RY91-6/120
unknown directions
Failure Criteria
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
1
2
6 6
2
6 6
2
6 6
2
2 / 1
2
b c
2
b a
c a
2 / 1
mm
N
7 , 0
mm
N
2 , 33
10 1 , 74 10 7 , 175 10 1 , 74 10 1 , 47
25 , 0 1 2
mm
N
000 190
2
10 7 , 175 10 1 , 47
25 , 0 1
mm
N
000 190
1 2
E
2 1
E

+
+
t
+

+
+
t
+

unknown directions
Failure Criteria
N
Z 2
arctan
c a
c a b

Problem: The tangent is
ambiguous
( )
( )
( )
( )
+
<
+
<

+ >
+
+ >
+
o
o
o
o
360
2
1
) ( 0 N
) ( 0 Z
180
2
1
) ( 0 N
) ( 0 Z
180
2
1
) ( 0 N
) ( 0 Z
0
2
1
) ( 0 N
) ( 0 Z
only for 0/45/90 degree rosettes
unknown directions
Failure Criteria
( )

+ >

03 , 5
) ( 0
) ( 0
10 8 , 222
10 6 , 19
arctan
10 7 , 175 10 1 , 47
10 7 , 175 10 1 , 47 10 1 , 74 2
arctan
2
arctan
6
6
6 6
6 6 6
c a
c a b
: auxiliary angle
unknown directions
Failure Criteria
( )
( )
( )
( )
+
<
+
<

+ >
+
+ >
+
o
o
o
o
360
2
1
) ( 0 N
) ( 0 Z
180
2
1
) ( 0 N
) ( 0 Z
180
2
1
) ( 0 N
) ( 0 Z
0
2
1
) ( 0 N
) ( 0 Z
unknown directions
Failure Criteria
( )
( )
o
o o
o
5 , 87
03 , 5 180
2
1
180
2
1

( )

+ > o
180
2
1
) ( 0 N
) ( 0 Z
unknown directions
Failure Criteria
Axis of reference for the
direction of principal
stress 1: Measuring
grid a
Direction of principal stress
2: + 90.
Direction of principal stress 1
Angle
= 87,5
unknown directions
Failure Criteria
Measurements using a 0/60/120 degree rosette
( )
2
c b
2
c b a c b a
2 / 1
3
1
3
2
1
E
3 1
E
+
,
_
+
t
+ +

( )
N
Z
2
3
arctan
c b a
c b

unknown directions
Failure Criteria
Hint for your installation:
Install measuring grid a
parallel to lines,
weldings, corners.....
unknown directions
Failure Criteria
Strain Gauge Rosette Chains: 5 Rosettes on
every carrier: Who has the time to calculate
this by using a sheet of paper and a pencil?
Strain Gauge Rosette Chains: 5 Rosettes on
every carrier: Who has the time to calculate
this by using a sheet of paper and a pencil?
Failure Criteria
Failure Criteria
X-Axis: Normal Stresses
Y-Axis: Shear Stresses
( )
( ) ( )
( )

+
2 cos
2 2
2 1 2 1
y
( ) ( )

2 sin
2
2 1
( )
( ) ( )
( )

+
+
2 cos
2 2
2 1 2 1
x
2
2
2 1
+
y
Mohrs stress circle
Failure Criteria
1
2
1
2
= 0
x
,
y
do exist in every direction,
with exception of =0.
Mohrs Stress Circle
Example: Uniaxial stress state
Failure Criteria
1
= -
2
The shear stresses have the
same value as the normal
stresses
1
= -
2
y
= -
x
Example: Torque only
Mohrs stress circle
Failure Criteria
The principal stresses and
their direction as the result of
the strain gage measurement
Material characteristics,
took from books
What do we know?
Failure Criteria
Material Characteristics.....
... are the result of tests using an uniaxial stress state
(for example: tensile test)
The kind of stressing in practise.....
... Is normally biaxial!
(for example: bending + torque).
It is not allowed to compare the material characteristics
directly with the results of a measurement!
Apart from our measurement results....
Failure Criteria
The Target of Failure Criteria....
... is to calculate equivalent stresses, which allow to
compare the stress state on our testing object with
the material characteristics, took from an uniaxial
stress state on the same material.
In other words: The Failure Criteria gives us the
value of an uniaxial stress state which has the
same effect on the workpiece compared to the one
that was measured
Failure Criteria
V
M
t
M
t
M
b
M
b
F
N
F
N
K
K
Conditions for the construction:
K ... Material
design values
V
... Equivalent stresses
Normalized test sample
2
Failure Criteria
V K
K
Conditions for a safe construction:
S
K
zul V

Compared
K ... Material characteristic
V
... Equivalent stresses
S = Safety factor
Failure Criteria
Elastic limit R
p0,2
(0,2%-strain limit)
R
e
(elastic limit)
Breaking strength R
m
Fatigue limit
sch
Fatigue strain
W
Fatigue live
D
Important material design values are ...
Failure Criteria
Attention: Material characteristics are given for room
temperature!
R
m
R
eH
R
eL
With a wide range of elastic limit
Material design values
With 0,2% limit
R
m
R
p0,2
0,2%
Failure Criteria
Material characteristics
Took from: Dubbel
R
m
breaking strength
R
p0,2
elastic limit
dF
,
b0,2
Liquid Flow limit (In case of bending)
F
,
0,4
Liquid Flow limit (In case of torsion)
Failure Criteria
Failure Criteria
Maximum Principle Stress Criterion
Maximum Shear Stress Criterion (Tresca)
Maximum Shear Strain Energy Criterion (van Mises)
Mohrs Criterion
Bachs Criterions Factor
Failure Criteria
Which theory in which case?
Important: The kind of possible failure!
Different kinds of failure do exist:
Brittle failure: Failure of brittle materials (e.g. casted iron)
Slide fracture: Failure of ductile materials (e.g. aluminium)
Failure Criteria
Maximum Principle Stress Criterion
Used in case of:
brittle failure: Object breakes perpendicular to the
direction of the principle stress
Stress state does not allow deformation of the
stress object
V
=
max
=
1
V
=
max
=
1

1
... Principle Stress
Failure Criteria
Maximum Shear Stress Criterion (Tresca)
Used in case of:
ductile materials
failure caused by: slide fracture because of high
shear stresses
in case of brittle materials: pressure stresses will
cause slide fracture
V
= 2
max
V
= 2
max
max
... Highest value of shear stress
2 1 max 2 1
1 max 2 1
2 0 ; 0 : . 2
2 0 ; 0 : . 1

v
v
Case
Case
Failure Criteria
Maximum Shear Strain Energy Criterion (Mises)
Used in case of:
ductile materials
the energy needed for the deformation compared
with the one in case of an uniaxial stress state is:
2 1
2
2
2
1
+
V
Failure Criteria
Mostly used is:
Maximum Principle Stress Criterion Maximum
Principle Stress Criterion
Failure Criteria
Which material characteristic has to be used
in case of different kind of load?
Depending on the kind of stress:
static stress
pulsating stress
alternating stress
S
K
zul V

S ... Safety factor against failure ?
Failure Criteria
Static Stress
Failure Criteria
Pulsating Stress
Failure Criteria
Alternating Stress
Failure Criteria
Matrial Characteristics
Took from: Dubbel
Failure Criteria
Thank you
... For your attention
Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH
Im Tiefen See 45
D-64293 Darmstadt
www.hbm.com
Dirk Eberlein
Tel. 06151/803-763
dirk.eberlein@hbm.com

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19.03.

2008, Folie 1 Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH Dirk Eberlein

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