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Finite Element Method:

One-Dimensional Heat
Conduction II

Engineering 471
Heat Transfer
Boundary Conditions

x

x=L

T(L ) = TR
î or
n̂ k
∂T
î ⋅ n̂ + h (T − T∞ ) = 0
∂x
x=0
T(0 ) = TL
or
Each end can have either a
∂T
k î ⋅ n̂ + h (T − T∞ ) = 0 specified temperature or
∂x convection boundary condition.
Galerkin Finite Element Process
(Simplified Integral Equation)

Governing Integral Equation


L L L L
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ
ò0 θCA ∂t dx − ò0 q gen Aθ ⋅ dx − ò0 ∂x KA ∂x dx + ò0 θhP (θ − T∞ )dx


+ θ (0 )hA (θ (0 ) − T∞ ) − θ (L )hA (θ (L ) − T∞ ) = 0

We seek a solution Θ(x,t) to this integral equation. Θ(x,t) will


be an approximation to the solution of the governing
differential equation and boundary conditions.
Governing
∂T ∂T2
CA = Aq gen + kA 2 − hP(T − T∞ ) Differential

∂t ∂x Equation
∂T
k î ⋅ n̂ + h (T − T∞ ) = 0 Convection Boundary
∂x Condition
Integration
Governing Integral Equation
L L L L
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ
ò0 θCA ∂t dx − ò0 q gen Aθ ⋅ dx − ò0 ∂x KA ∂x dx + ò0 θhP (θ − T∞ )dx
+ θ (0 )hA (θ (0 ) − T∞ ) − θ (L )hA (θ (L ) − T∞ ) = 0

Nodes k
j
2 i
3 L xj
1
1
2
Elements ò F(x )dx = å ò F(x )dx
0 elem x i
Element Geometry
x

k
j
2 i
3 L xj
1
1
2
ò F(x )dx = å ò F(x )dx
0 elem x i
k
ξ ξ = x − xi
xj l
j
i
å ò F(x )dx = å ò f (ξ )dx
l elem x i elem 0
Interpolation Functions
θ(ξ ) = N i (ξ )θi + N j (ξ )θ j
æ ξö Ni (ξ ) and N j (ξ )are
N i (ξ ) = ç1 − ÷
è lø called interpolation
ξ
N j (ξ ) = functions.
l
They can be used to find
N(ξ ) Ni (ξ ) N j (ξ ) the value of θ at any ξ
if the values of θ at the
1.0
node points are known.

l ξ
Thermal Conductivity Integral
L L L L
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ
ò0 θCA ∂t dx − ò0 q gen Aθ ⋅ dx − ò0 ∂x KA ∂x dx + ò0 θhP (θ − T∞ )dx


+ θ (0 )hA (θ (0 ) − T∞ ) − θ (L )hA (θ (L ) − T∞ ) = 0

L l
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ ∂θ
å ò ∂ξ KA ∂ξ dξ
ò0 ∂x KA ∂x dx = elem 0

l l
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ ∂θ
ò0 ∂ξ KA ∂ξ dξ = KA ò0 ∂ξ ∂ξ dξ
Thermal Conductivity Integral
(Continued)

θ(ξ ) = N i (ξ )θi + N j (ξ )θ j ∂θ 1 1
= − θi + θ j
æ ξö ∂ξ l l
N i (ξ ) = ç1 − ÷
è lø 1 1 ìθi ü
= − í ý
ξ l l îθ j þ
N j (ξ ) =
l

ì 1ü
l
∂θ ∂θ
l
ï− l ï 1 1 ìθ i ü
KA ò dξ = KA ò θ i θj í ý − í ýdξ
∂ξ ∂ξ 1 l îθ j þ
0 0 ï ï l
î l þ
Thermal Conductivity Integral
(Continued)

ì 1ü
l
ï − l ï 1 1 ìθ i ü
KA ò θ i θ j í ý − í ý dξ
1
0 ï ï l l îθ j þ
î l þ
é 1 1ù
l
ê l2 − 2 ú ìθ ü
= KA ò θ i θ j ê l i
1 1 ú íθ ý
0 ê− 2 ú î jþ
ë l l2 û
é 1 1ù
ê l − ú ìθ ü
= KA θ i θ j ê l i
1 1 ú íîθ j ýþ
ê− ú
ë l l û
Convection Integral

L L L L
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ
ò0 θCA ∂t dx − ò0 q gen Aθ ⋅ dx − ò0 ∂x KA ∂x dx + ò0 θhP (θ − T∞ )dx


+ θ (0 )hA (θ (0 ) − T∞ ) − θ (L )hA (θ (L ) − T∞ ) = 0

L l

ò θhP (θ − T )dx = å ò θhP (θ − T )dξ


0

elem 0

l l
= å ò θhPθdξ − å ò θhPT dξ
elem 0 elem 0

First Integral Second Integral


Convection Integral
(First Integral)

θ(ξ ) = N i (ξ )θi + N j (ξ )θ j
æ ξö
N i (ξ ) = ç1 − ÷
è lø
ξ
N j (ξ ) =
l

ξ ξ ìθi ü
θ(ξ ) = 1 − í ý
l l îθ j þ
Convection Integral
(First Integral)

ì ξü
l l
ï1 - l ï ξ ξ ìθ i ü
ò θhPθdξ = hP ò θi θj í
ξ ý 1-
l
í ýdξ
l îθ j þ
0 0 ï ï
î l þ
é æ ξ ö2 æ ξöξù
l ê ç1 − ÷ ç 1 − ÷ ú ìθ ü
ê è lø è l ø l ú i dξ
= hP ò θ i θj 2 í ý
êæ ξ ö ξ æ ξ ö ú îθ j þ
êç 1 − ÷
0
ç ÷ ú
ëè l ø l èlø û
Convection Integral
(First Integral)

él lù
l
ê3 6 ú ì θ i ü
ò θhPθdξ = hP θi θj ê
l l ú íîθ j ýþ
0 ê ú
ë6 3û
Second Integral

ìl ü
l
ï2ï
ò θhPT dξ = hPT
∞ ∞ θi θj í ý
l
0 ï ï
î2þ
Heat Capacity Integral

L L L L
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ
ò0 θCA ∂t dx − ò0 q gen Aθ ⋅ dx − ò0 ∂x KA ∂x dx + ò0 θhP (θ − T∞ )dx
+ θ (0 )hA (θ (0 ) − T∞ ) − θ (L )hA (θ (L ) − T∞ ) = 0

él lù
L
∂θ ê3 ú ì
ï & üï
θ
6
å CA θ i
ò0 θCA ∂t dx = elem θj ê
l
i
l ú íïθ& j ýï
ê úî þ
ë6 3û
Internal Heat Generation Integral
L L L L
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ
ò0 θCA ∂t dx − ò0 q gen Aθ ⋅ dx − ò0 ∂x KA ∂x dx + ò0 θhP (θ − T∞ )dx
+ θ (0 )hA (θ (0 ) − T∞ ) − θ (L )hA (θ (L ) − T∞ ) = 0

ìl ü
l
ï2ï
å ò θq& gen Adξ = å q& gen A θi θj í ý
l
elems 0 elems ï ï
î2þ

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