Steady Load Failure Theories

(Distortion Energy Theory)

Lecture 6

Engineering 473
Machine Design
 Distortion-Energy Theory

Postulate: Yielding will occur when the distortion-

energy per unit volume equals the distortion-
energy per unit volume in a uniaxial tension
specimen stressed to its yield strength.
 Strain Energy
Strain Energy σ
The strain energy per unit
volume is given by the equation σi

1 1 1
U = σ1ε1 + σ 2 ε 2 + σ 3ε 3 U
2 2 2
εi ε
Units
The strain energy in a tensile
[ ] [
[U ] = lb in 2 ⋅ [in in ] = lb − in in 3 ] test specimen is the area under
the stress-strain curve.
 Strain Energy
(Elastic Stress-Strain Relationship)

An expression for the strain energy per unit

volume in terms of stress only can be obtained
by making use of the stress-strain relationship

Algebraic Format Matrix Format

1
ε1 = (σ1 − νσ 2 − νσ3 )
E ì ε1 ü é 1 − ν − ν ù ì σ1 ü
ï ï 1ê ú ï ï
1
ε 2 = (σ 2 − νσ1 − νσ 3 ) íε 2 ý = ê− ν 1 − ν ú íσ 2 ý
E ïε ï E ê − ν − ν 1 ú ïσ ï
î 3þ ë ûî 3 þ
1
ε 3 = (σ 3 − νσ1 − νσ 2 )
E
 Strain Energy
(Stress Form of Equation)

1 1 1
U = σ1ε1 + σ 2ε 2 + σ 3ε 3
2 2 2
1 ì1 ü
= σ1 í (σ1 − νσ 2 − νσ3 )ý
2 îE þ
1 ì1 ü
+ σ 2 í (σ 2 − νσ1 − νσ3 )ý
2 îE þ
1 ì1 ü
+ σ3 í (σ 3 − νσ1 − νσ 2 )ý
2 îE þ

U=
1 2
2E
[ ]
σ1 + σ 22 + σ32 − 2ν(σ1σ 2 + σ 2σ3 + σ3σ1 )
 Distortion and Hydrostatic
Contributions to Stress State
σ2 σh σ2 − σh

σ1 σh σ1 − σ h
= +
σ3 σh σ3 − σ h
σ1 + σ 2 + σ 3
Principal Stresses σh = Distortional Stresses
Acting on Principal 3
Planes Hydrostatic Stress
The distortional stress components are often called the
deviatoric stress components.
 Physical Significance
(Hydrostatic Component)

σh The hydrostatic stress causes a

change in the volume.

σh The cube gets bigger in tension,

smaller in compression.

σh σ h = Ke
K ≡ Bulk Modulus
σ1 + σ 2 + σ 3
σh = e ≡ volumetric strain
3
 Physical Significance
(Distortional Stresses)

These unequal stresses act to

σ2 − σh deform or distort the material
element.

σ1 − σ h There is no change in volume,

but there is a change in shape.

σ3 − σ h These stresses try to elongate

or compress the material more
in one direction than in
another.
 Strain Energy Associated with the
Hydrostatic Stress

U=
1 2
2E
[
σ1 + σ2 + σ3 − 2ν(σ1σ 2 + σ 2σ3 + σ3σ1 )
2 2
]
Uh =
1 2
2E
[ ]
σ h + σ 2h + σ2h − 2ν(σ h σ h + σ h σ h + σ h σ h )

=
1
2E
[ ]
3σ 2h − 6ν ⋅ σ 2h
This term is equal to the strain
3 (1 - 2ν ) 2 energy per unit volume from the
Uh = σh
2 E hydrostatic stress components.
 Distortional Strain Energy
The distortional strain energy is equal to the difference between
the total strain energy and the hydrostatic strain energy.

Ud = U − Uh

=
1 2
2E
[ ]
σ1 + σ 22 + σ32 − 2ν(σ1σ 2 + σ 2σ3 + σ3σ1 )

3 (1 − 2ν ) (σ1 + σ 2 + σ3 )
2
−
2 E 9
=
1 2
2E
[ ]
σ1 + σ 22 + σ32 − 2ν(σ1σ 2 + σ 2σ3 + σ3σ1 )

æ σ12 + σ1σ 2 + σ1σ3 ö

1 (1 − 2ν ) ç 2 ÷
− ç + σ 2 + σ1σ 2 + σ 2σ3 ÷
2 3E ç 2 ÷
ç + σ3 + σ1σ 3 + σ 2σ3 ÷
è ø
 Distortional Strain Energy
(Continued)
Ud = U − Uh

=
1 2
2E
[ ]
σ1 + σ 22 + σ 32 − 2ν(σ1σ 2 + σ 2σ3 + σ3σ1 )

1 (1 − 2ν ) 2
−
2 3E
( )
σ1 + σ 22 + σ32 + 2(σ1σ 2 + σ 2σ3 + σ3σ1 )

Ud =
1+ ν 2
3E
[
σ1 + σ 22 + σ 32 − σ1σ 2 − σ 2 σ 3 − σ 3σ1 ]
Distortional Strain Energy in Tension
Test Specimen
Postulate: Yielding will occur when the distortion-
energy per unit volume equals the distortion-
energy per unit volume in a uniaxial tension
specimen stressed to its yield strength.

Ud =
1+ ν 2
3E
[
σ1 + σ 22 + σ 32 − σ1σ 2 − σ 2 σ 3 − σ 3σ1 ]
1+ ν 2
Ud = Sy
3E

Hamrock, Fig. 3.1

 Distortion Energy Failure Theory
Equating the distortional strain energy at the point under
consideration to the distortional strain energy in the tensile
test specimen at the yield point yields

Ud =
1+ ν 2
3E
[
σ1 + σ 22 + σ 32 − σ1σ 2 − σ 2 σ 3 − σ 3σ1 ]
1+ ν 2
= Sy
3E

S2y = σ12 + σ 22 + σ 32 − σ1σ 2 − σ 2 σ 3 − σ 3σ1

σ eff = Sy

σ eff = σ12 + σ 22 + σ 32 − σ1σ 2 − σ 2 σ 3 − σ 3σ1

Alternate Forms of Effective Stress

σ eff = σ12 + σ 22 + σ 32 − σ1σ 2 − σ 2 σ 3 − σ 3σ1 Form 1

σ eff =
(σ1 − σ 2 )2 + (σ 2 − σ 3 )2 + (σ 3 − σ1 )2 Form 2
2

The effective stress is commonly referred

to as the von Mises stress, after Dr. R. von Mises
who contributed to the theory.
 Plane Stress Condition

σ3 = 0 σ2
Sy
σ eff = σ12 + σ 22 − σ1σ 2
- Sy

σ eff =
(σ1 − σ 2 )2 + σ 22 + σ12 Sy σ1
2
- Sy

• As long as the stress state falls within the shaded area,

the material will not yield.

• The surface, blue line, at which the material just begins

to yield is called the yield surface.
 Pure Shear Condition
σ 3 = −σ1
σ3
τ1,3 Sy

σ2 - Sy
σ3 σ1
45° S σ1
y

- Sy
Mohr’s Circle
σ eff = σ12 + σ 32 − σ1σ 3
for Pure Shear
= 3σ12 = 3τ 2max = Sy

This is an important result. τ max = 0.577 ⋅ Sy = Sys

Yield Surface in 3-D Stress State

Hamrock, Fig. 6.9

 Other Names for Distortion
Energy Theory

σ eff =
(σ1 − σ 2 )2 + (σ 2 − σ 3 )2 + (σ 3 − σ1 )2
2
τ
τ1/3
People came up with the same τ1/2
equation using different starting τ 2/3
points.
σ3 σ2 σ1 σ
•Shear Energy Theory
•Von Mises-Hencky Theory
•Octahedral-Shear-Stress Theory
σ1 > σ 2 > σ 3
 Assignment
• Show that the two forms of the equation for the effective stress
are equal.
• Show that the effective stress for a hydrostatic stress state is
zero.
• Compute the effective stress at the critical location in the
stepped shaft loaded in tension (previous assignment). The
yield strength of the material is 30 ksi. Will the material yield
at the critical location?

σ eff = σ12 + σ 22 + σ 32 − σ1σ 2 − σ 2 σ 3 − σ 3σ1

σ eff =
(σ1 − σ 2 )2 + (σ 2 − σ 3 )2 + (σ 3 − σ1 )2
2
 Assignment
(Continued)
In the rear wheel suspension of the Volkswagen “Beetle” the spring motion was
provided by a torsion bar fastened to an arm on which the wheel was mounted.
See the figure for more details. The torque in the torsion bar was created by a
2500-N force acting on the wheel from the ground through a 300-mm lever
arm. Because of space limitations, the bearing holding the torsion bar was
situated 100-mm from the wheel shaft. The diameter of the torsion bar was 28-
mm. Find the von Mises stress in the torsion bar at the bearing.

Hamrock, Fig. 6.12