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Chapter 1 Rate of Reactions List of PEKA experiments:

1. Average rate of reaction and instantaneous rate of reaction 2. Effect of surface area on the rate of reaction 3. Effect of concentration on the rate of reaction 4. Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction 5. Effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction 6. Effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of reaction Number Laboratory Work 1.2 Pg. 3 Title Average rate of reaction and instantaneous rate of reaction Aim To determine the average rate of reaction and the instantaneous rate of reaction Apparatus 50 cm3 beaker Test tube Spatula Material Marble chip 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid (HCl) 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3solution 1.0 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution . Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Experiment 1.1 6 Effect of surface area on the rate of reaction To investigate the effect of total surface area of the reactant on the rate of reaction How does the total exposed surface area of a solid reactant affect the rate of reaction? When the total surface area of marble chips increases, the rate of reaction increases. / The smaller the size of the reactant particles, that is, the larger the total surface area of the reactant particles, the higher the rate of reaction. 50 cm3 measuring cylinder 150 cm3 conical flask Stopper with delivery tube Basin Burette Spatula Electronic balance Stopwatch

Apparatus

Material

Variables

Operational Definition

0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid (HCl) 2 g large marble chips 2 g small marble chips Water Manipulated variable: Total surface area of marble chips Responding variable: Rate of reaction Controlled / Fixed variable: Mass of marble chips, volume and concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl), temperature 1. Smaller marble chips have a larger total surface area than larger marble chips of the same mass. 2. For the graph of the volume of gas released against time, the curve with higher initial gradient indicates a higher initial rate of reaction.

. Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Experiment 1.2 10 Effect of concentration on the rate of reaction To investigate the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction How does the concentration of a reactant affect the rate of reaction? / Does high concentration of sodium thiosulphate Na2S2O3 solution decrease the time taken for the mark X to disappear from sight? Hypothesis When the concentration of sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 solution increases, the rate of reaction increases. / The higher the concentration of sodium thiosulphate Na2S2O3 solution, the shorter the time taken for the mark X to disappear from sight. Apparatus 150 cm3 conical flask 50 cm3 measuring cylinder 10 cm3 measuring cylinder Stopwatch Material 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid Distilled water White paper marked X at the centre Variables Manipulated variable: Concentration of sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 solution Responding variable: Rate of reaction Controlled / Fixed variable: Concentration, volume and initial temperature of sulphuric acid, H2SO4. Total volume of reactants Operational Rate of reaction is inversely proportional to the time taken for the the mark X Definition to disappear from sight . Number Pg. Experiment 1.3 13

Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus

Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction How does temperature affect the rate of reaction?

An increase in temperature will increase the rate of reaction. 150 cm3 conical flask 50 cm3 measuring cylinder 10 cm3 measuring cylinder Stopwatch Thermometer Bunsen burner Tripod stand Wire gauze Material 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid White paper marked X at the centre Variables Manipulated variable: Temperature of sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 solution Responding variable: The time taken for the cross X to disappear Controlled / Fixed variable: volume and concentration of sodium thiosulphate Na2S2O3solution, volume and concentration of sulphuric acid, size of conical flask Operational Rate of reaction is inversely proportional to the time taken for the mark X to Definition disappear from sight . Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus Experiment 1.4 15 Effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction To investigate the effect of a catalyst on the rate of reaction How does a catalyst affect the rate of reaction? / How do catalysts affect the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide? The presence of a catalyst increases the rate of reaction. / Manganese(IV) oxide increases the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Test tube Test tube rack Spatula Wooden splinter Retort stand and clamp 10 cm3 measuring cylinder Electronic balance Weighing bottle 20-volume hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 solution 1.0 g Manganese(IV) oxide powder Manipulated variable: Presence or absence of a catalyst Responding variable: The release of oxygen gas / Rate of reaction

Material Variables

Operational Definition

Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume and concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution, temperature The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is fast if the glowing wooden splinter rekindles brightly and rapidly. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is slow if the glowing wooden splinter glows dimly and slowly.

. Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Experiment 1.5 17 Effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of reaction To investigate the effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of reaction. How does the amount of a catalyst affect the rate of reaction? / Does higher amount of catalysts increases the rate of reaction? When the amount of a catalyst used increases, the rate of reaction increases. / The higher the amount of the catalysts, the higher the rate of reaction. Apparatus 50 cm3 measuring cylinder 150 cm3 conical flask Stopper with delivery tube Burette Retort stand and clamp Basin Stopwatch Electronic balance Spatula Weighing bottle Beakers Material 2-volume hydrogen peroxide solution 1.0 g manganese(IV) oxide powder Variables Manipulated variable: amount / mass of catalyst Responding variable: Rate of reaction Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature, volume and concentration of hydrogen peroxide solution Operational The curves for the graph of volume of gas liberated against time a higher Definition gradient indicated a higher rate of reaction. Chapter 3 Oxidation and Reduction List of PEKA experiments:

1. Redox reaction as loss or gain of oxygen 2. Change of iron(II) to iron(III) ions and vice versa 3. Displacement of metals

4. Displacement of halogens 5. Transfer of electrons at a distance 6. Effect of other metals on rusting 7. Reactivity of metals with oxygen 8. (A) The position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals with oxygen (B) Heating carbon dioxide with metals 9. The position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals (Demonstration by teacher) 10. Oxidation and reduction in electrolytic cells 11. Oxidation and reduction in chemical cells 12. Oxidation and reduction in voltaic cell with a salt bridge 13. Number Pg. Title Aim Laboratory Work 3.1 67 Redox reaction as loss or gain of oxygen To investigate oxidation and reduction A. Combustion of metal in oxygen To investigate redox reaction in the combustion of metal in oxygen gas, O2 B. Heating of metal oxide with carbon To investigate redox reaction in the heating of metal oxide with carbon A. Combustion of metal in oxygen In the reaction between metals in oxygen, which reagent undergoes oxidation and which reagent undergoes reduction? B. Heating of metal oxide with carbon In the reaction between metal oxide and carbon, which reagent undergoes oxidation and which reagent undergoes reduction? A. Combustion of metal in oxygen (I) Magnesium undergoes oxidation to form magnesium ion, Mg2+ (II) Oxygen gas undergoes reduction to form oxide ion, O2B. Heating of metal oxide with carbon

Problem Statement

Hypothesis

Apparatus

(I) Carbon undergoes oxidation to form carbon dioxide gas (II) Copper(II) oxide, iron(III) oxide and lead(II) oxide undergo reduction to form copper, iron and lead respectively A. Combustion of metal in oxygen A pair of tongs Bunsen burner

B. Heating of metal oxide with carbon Crucible Pipe-clay triangle Tripod stand Bunsen burner Spatula A. Combustion of metal in oxygen 5cm magnesium ribbon Sandpaper Gas jar containing oxygen B. Heating of metal oxide with carbon

Material

Variables

Carbon powder Copper(II) oxide powder / Iron(III) oxide powder / Lead(II) oxide powder A. Combustion of metal in oxygen Manipulated variable: Type of metal Responding variable: Reaction product Controlled / Fixed variable: Oxygen gas and the conditions of reaction B. Heating of metal oxide with carbon

Manipulated variable: Type of metal oxide Responding variable: Reaction product Controlled / Fixed variable: Carbon and the conditions of reaction

. Number Pg. Title Aim Laboratory Work 3.2 71 Change of iron(II) to iron(III) ions and vice versa To investigate oxidation and reduction in the change of iron(II) ions, Fe2+ to iron(III) ions, Fe3+ and vice versa (change of iron(III) ions, Fe3+ to iron(II) ions, Fe2+) Dropper Spatula Test tube Test tube holder Test tube rack Bunsen burner Filter funnel Measuring cylinder 0.5 mol dm-3 freshly prepared iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution 0.5 mol dm-3 iron(III) sulphate, Fe2(SO4)3solution Bromine water Zinc powder Filter paper (1 piece) 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution

Apparatus

Material

0.5 mol dm-3 potassium hexacynoferrate(III), K3Fe(CN)6 solution

. Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Laboratory Work 3.3 73 Displacement of metals To investigate oxidation and reduction in the displacement of metals from their salt solutions How does redox reaction occur in a displacement reaction in which a metal is displaced from its salt solution? (I) The metal that acts as a reducing agent will form metal ion (II) The metal ion that acts as an oxidising agent will be precipated as metal Test tubes Test tube rack Zinc strip Copper strip Magnesium ribbon 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate 0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate 0.5 mol dm-3 magnesium sulphate Manipulated variable: A pair of metals and salt solutions Responding variable: Precipitation of metal and colour changes in the solutions Controlled / Fixed variable: Volumes and concentrations of solutions containing the metal ions

Apparatus Material

Variables

. Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus Material Laboratory Work 3.4 74 Displacement of halogens To investigate oxidation and reduction in the displacement of halogen from its halide solution How do redox reactions occur in displacement reactions between halogens and aqueous solutions of halide ions? A more reactive halogen displace a less reactive halogen from an aqueous solutions of its halide ions Test tubes Test tube rack Chlorine water Bromine water Iodine water 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium chlorine, KCl solution 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium bromine, KBr solution

Variables

0.5 mol dm-3 potassium iodine, KI solution 1,1,1-tricholoethane, CH3CCl3 Manipulated variable: A pair of halogens and their halide ions Responding variable: Changes in colour in 1,1,1-trichloroethane, CH3CCl3 Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume of reaction mixture

. Number Pg. Title Aim Problem statement Hypothesis Apparatus Laboratory Work 3.5 77 Transfer of electrons at a distance To investigate oxidation and reduction in the transfer of electrons at a distance How do redox reactions occur in displacement reactions between halogens and aqueous solutions of halide ions? A more reactive halogen displace a less reactive halogen from an aqueous solution of its halide ions U-tube Galvanometer Connecting wire with crocodile clips Graphite electrode Retort stand and clamp Test tube Dropper / glass tube Stopper with 1 hole 2.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 0.5 mol dm-3 freshly prepared iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution 0.2 mol dm-3 acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 solution 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium iodide, KI solution 0.2 mol dm-3 acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 solution Bromine water 0.2 mol dm-3 potassium thiocyanate, KSCN solution 1% starch solution Manipulated variable: A pair of halogen and their halide ions Responding variable: Changes in colour in 1,1,1-trichloroethana, CH3CCl3 Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume of reaction mixture

Material

Variables

. Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Experiment 3.1 81 Effect of other metals on rusting To investigate the effect of other metals on rusting How do different types of metals in contact with iron affect rusting?

Hypothesis

When a more electropositive metal is in contact with iron, the metal inhibits rusting. When a less electropositive metal is in contact with iron, the metal speeds up rusting Apparatus Test tube Test tube rack Material Iron nail Magnesium ribbon Copper strip Zinc strip Tin strip Hot jelly solution with a little potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), K3Fe(CN)6 solution and phenolphthalein Sandpaper Variables Manipulated variable: Types of metals that are in contact with iron / Different types of metals Responding variable: Presence of colouration / Intensity of dark blue colouration / Rusting of iron Controlled / Fixed variable: Clean iron nails, medium in which the iron nails are kept / hot jelly solution, temperature Operational Blue colouration indicates rusting of iron Definition . Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus Laboratory Work 3.6 85 Reactivity of metals with oxygen (I) To investigate the reactivity of metals with oxygen (II) To arrange metals in terms of their reactivity with oxygen How do different types of metals react with oxygen? The more reactive metal react more vigorously with oxygen Boiling tube Retort stand and clamp Bunsen burner Spatula Forceps Magnesium powder Copper powder Iron filings Lead powder Zinc powder Solid potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 Asbestos paper Glass wool Manipulated variable: Different types of metals Responding variable: the brightness of the flame

Material

Variables

Controlled / Fixed variable: The amount of the metal and potassium manganate(VII) powder

. Number Pg. Title Aim Laboratory Work 3.7 87 A. The position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals with oxygen B. Heating carbon dioxide with metals A. To determine the position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals B. To determine the ability of a metal to remove oxygen from carbon dioxide. How is the position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals determined? (I) A reaction occur if carbon is more reactive than the metal (II) A reaction not occur if carbon is less reactive than the metal (III) Carbon is placed between aluminium and zinc in the reactivity series of metals A. The position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals with oxygen Crucible / Porcelain dish / Asbestos paper Spatula Bunsen burner Pipe-clay triangle Tripod stand B. Heating carbon dioxide with metals

Problem Statement Hypothesis

Apparatus

Material

Gas jar Gas jar cover A pair of tongs A. The position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals with oxygen Carbon powder Solid copper(II) oxide, CuO Solid magnesium oxide, MgO Solid aluminium oxide, Al2O3 Solid zinc oxide, ZnO B. Heating carbon dioxide with metals

Magnesium ribbon Gas jar filled with carbon dioxide gas, CO2 Sandpaper Manipulated variable: Type of metal oxide Responding variable: Intensity of flame Controlled / Fixed variable: Carbon powder

Variables

A.

B.

Manipulated variable: Type of metal

Responding variable: Intensity of flame Controlled / Fixed variable: Carbon dioxide gas and the conditions of reaction

. Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus Laboratory Work 3,8 89 The position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals (Demonstration by teacher) To determine the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals How is the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals determined? Hydrogen is placed between zinc and iron in the reactivity series of metals Combustion tube Porcelain dish Flat-bottomed flask U-tube Thistle funnel Delivery tube Bunsen burner Retort stand and clamps Stopper with 1 hole Stopper with 2 holes 2.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution Zinc granules Solid copper(II) oxide Solid zinc oxide Solid lead(II) oxide Solid iron(III) oxide Anhydrous calcium chloride Manipulated variable: Different types of metal oxides Responding variable: Intensity of flameControlled / Fixed variable: Hydrogen gas and the conditions of reaction

Material

Variables

. Number Pg. Title Aim Apparatus Laboratory Work 3.9 95 Oxidation and reduction in electrolytic cells To investigate oxidation and reduction in electrolytic cellsA. Electrolytic cell involving molten electrolyteB. Electrolytic cell involving aqueous electrolyte A. Electrolytic cell involving molten electrolyte Crucible Cardboard Battery

Connecting wire with crocodile clips Tripod stand Bunsen burner Pipe-clay triangle Carbon electrode Switch Ammeter Light bulb A pair of tongs Spatula B. Electrolytic cell involving aqueous electrolyte

Material

Battery Connecting wire with crocodile clips Electrolytic cell Carbon electrode Switch Ammeter Light bulb Small test tube Beaker A pair of tongs A. Electrolytic cell involving molten electrolyte Solid lead(II) bromide, PbBr2 B. Electrolytic cell involving aqueous electrolyte

0.5 mol dm-3 potassium iodide, KI solution Starch solution Sandpaper Wooden splinter

. Number Pg. Title Aim Apparatus Laboratory Work 3.10 97 Oxidation and reduction in chemical cells To investigate the oxidation and reduction in chemical cells Porous pot Voltmeter Connecting wires with crocodile clips Beaker Measuring cylinder 1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution 1.0 mol dm-3 zinc sulphate ZnSO4 solution Copper strip Zinc strip Sandpaper

Material

. Number Pg. Title Aim Apparatus Laboratory Work 3.10 (Similar experiment) 97 Oxidation and reduction in voltaic cell with a salt bridge To investigate the oxidation and reduction in chemical cells Voltmeter Connecting wires with crocodile clips 100 cm3 beakers Measuring cylinder 1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution 1.0 mol dm-3 zinc sulphate ZnSO4 solution 1.0 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate Pb(NO3)2 solution 1.0 mol dm-3 iron(II) sulphate FeSO4 solution Copper plate Zinc plate Lead plate Iron nail Sandpaper Saturated potassium chloride, KCl solution Filter paper strip

Material

Chapter 4 Thermochemistry List of PEKA experiments:

1. Exothermic and endothermic reactions 2. Heat of precipitation 3. Heat of displacement 4. Heat of neutralisation 5. Heat of neutralisation of acids and alkalis of different strength 6. Heat of neutralisation 7. Heats of combustion for alcohols Number Laboratory Work 4.1 Pg. 101 Title Exothermic and endothermic reactions Aim To identify an exothermic or endothermic reaction Problem How to identify exothermic or endothermic reactions? Statement Hypothesis Exothermic reaction occurs when the temperature of the reaction mixture

Apparatus

Material

Variables

increases.Endothermic reaction occurs when the temperature of the reaction mixture decreases. Plastic cup with cover / Polystyrene cup 0 110C thermometer Spatula Glass rod 50 cm3 measuring cylinder Solid sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3 Solid sodium hydroxide, NaOH Solid ammonium chloride, NH4Cl Solid ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 Solid ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl Distilled water Manipulated variable: Pairs of reactants Responding variable: The temperature change in the reaction mixture Controlled / Fixed variable: Types of container, volume of solution or water

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Aim Apparatus Laboratory Work 4.2 104 Heat of precipitation To determine the heat of precipitation of silver chloride, AgCl Plastic cup with cover / Polystyrene cup 0 110C thermometer Glass rod 50 cm3 measuring cylinder 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution

Material

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Aim Apparatus Laboratory Work 4.3 106 Heat of displacement To determine the heat of displacement of copper Plastic cup with cover / Polystyrene cup 0 110C thermometer Glass rod 50 cm3 measuring cylinder 0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution Zinc power

Material

===============================================

Number Pg. Title Aim Apparatus

Material

Laboratory Work 4.4 108 Heat of neutralisation To determine the heats of neutralisation between strong acids and strong alkalis Plastic cup with cover / Polystyrene cup 0 110C thermometer Glass rod 50 cm3 measuring cylinder 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution 2.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3 2.0 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide, KOH solution

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Laboratory Work 4.5 109 Heat of neutralisation of acids and alkalis of different strength To determine and compare the heats of neutralisation between acids and alkalis of different strength How do the heat of neutralisation for reactions between acids and alkalis of different strength? The values of heat of neutralisation for reactions between strong acids and strong alkalis are higher than that of reactions between strong acids and weak alkalis / weak acids and strong alkalis or weak acids and weak alkalis. Plastic cup with cover / Polystyrene cup 0 110C thermometer Glass rod 50 cm3 measuring cylinder 2.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid, CH3COOH 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution 2.0 mol dm-3 ammonia, NH3 solution Manipulated variable: Different strength of acids and alkalis Responding variable: The value of heat of neutralisation Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume and concentration of acids used, volume and concentration of alkalis used.

Apparatus

Material

Variables

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Aim Laboratory Work 4.6 110 Heat of neutralisation To determine and compare the heats of neutralisation between: Hydrochloric acid (strong acid), HCl and sodium hydroxide (strong

Problem Statement Hypothesis

base), NaOH solution Ethanoic acid (weak acid), CH3COOH and sodium hydroxide (strong base), NaOH solution Hydrochloric acid (strong acid), HCl and ammonia (weak base), NH3 solution Ethanoic acid (weak acid), CH3COOH and ammonia(weak base), NH3 solution How are the heats of neutralisation determined and compared? The heat of neutralisation between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide is higher than the heat of neutralisation between ethanoic acid and ammonia solution. 50 cm3 burette 25.0 cm3 pipette Pipette filler Retort stand and clamps Plastic cup / Polystyrene cup 250 cm3 beaker Magnetic stirrer Magnetic stir bar Temperature sensor Computer Computer interface Stopwatch 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution 1.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid, CH3COOH 1.0 mol dm-3 ammonia, NH3 solution Manipulated variable: Different types of acids and bases Responding variable: Heat of neutralisation Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume and concentration of acid and alkali used

Apparatus

Material

Variables

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus Experiment 4.1 112 Heats of combustion for alcohols To determine the heats of combustion for alcohols Does alcohol with a higher number of carbon atoms per molecule have a higher heat of combustion? The higher the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol molecules, the higher is the heat of combustion. Copper can Thermometer Glass rod / Stirrer Measuring cylinder

Material

Variables

Tripod stand Spirit lamp Wooden block Weighing balance Wind shield / Asbestos screen Methanol Ethanol Propanol / Prop-1-ol Butanol / But-1-ol Water Manipulated variable: Different types of alcohols Responding variable: Heat of combustion of alcohol Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume of water and copper can / metal container (calorimeter)

Chapter 5 Chemicals for Consumers List of PEKA experiments:

1. Soap preparation process Number Laboratory Work 5.1 Pg. 117 Title Soap preparation process Aim To prepare soap using the saponification process Apparatus 250 cm3 beakers 50 cm3 measuring cylinder Spatula Glass rod Filter funnel Wire gauze Tripod stand Bunsen burner Wash bottle Test tube Material Palm oil 5.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution Sodium chloride powder Filter paper (3 pieces) Distilled water

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