Nargis Zahra

Conceptual/ Theoretical(clarification/testing/ innovation) Relational (Identification/Application) Evaluative Resolution Replication

Ontology

Epistemology

Inductive (Reasoning) empirical (Analysis) objectivity (Goal) Quantitative ( Method)

Institutional Analysis Behaviouralism Rational Choice Theory

Deductive, Qualitative Subjective Non-empirical

Anti-foundationalist Feminist Marxist Post Modernist

Knowledge, Logic and Reasoning

Syllogism (2 Premises + Conclusion)

Identification of Problem Hypothesis Design of Research Data Findings

Moritz Schlick (1930) Philosophy of Logic, Science, Mathematics and Ethics

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

Patterns and regularities in both social and natural world. Social world has many undiscovered objective realities. Only empirical observation must be trusted to reveal reality and cause effect relationship of events. Research tools both for natural and social sciences must be alike. Research should always have an unbiased value free position.