BRAHMANATVA

. MALATVAMA...?
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 MANAVATVA AMBEDKARATVAMA...?
.
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
„ÉÏǨχ}`«fi =∂Å`«fi=∂...?
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
(VARGIKARANA
. SAMASYA PAI CHARCHA)
- Sambaiah Gundimeda
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
=∂#=`«fi JOÉË^Œ¯~°`«fi=∂...?
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 First Edition : April, 2006
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
=sæHõ~°} ã¨=∞㨺ÃÑ· K«~°Û
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 C Author
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
Copies : 1000
Price : 50/-

For Copies :
1. Mr. Koteswara Rao, Mannam
H.No. 362, Gulmohar Park Colony,
Serilingampalli, Hyderabad - 500 019.
E-mail :koti_jr@yahoo.co.uk
Mobile : 9985369180
2. Sahachara Book Mark
™êO|Ü«∞º QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_» A.P.H.B. HIG (OG) Block No. 5,
Shop No. 29, Near Sudaraiah Park,
Bagh Lingampally, Hyderabad - 500 044.
Ph. : 040-27679998
3. Vishalandra Book House (All Branches)
4. Disha Pustaka Kendram
Near : Triveni Super Market, Chikkadpally, Hyd.
5. Telugu Book House
Opp. Arya Samaj Street,
Kachiguda X Road, Hyderabad.
6. Samantara Book House
Opp. Ayodhya Hotel, Lakdi-ka-pool, Hyderabad.

D.T.P. & Cover Design :

T. Rajendra Prasad

Composed & Printed at :

~å[ºO „ѨK«∞~°}Å∞ Apollo Printers Pvt. Ltd.,
H.No. 3-6-195/A, Street No. 17,
Himayatnagar, Hyderabad - 500 029.
Ph. : 040-55616768
 q+¨Ü«∞ã¨∂zHõ Faculty of Law & Social Sciences

A POWERFUL INTELLECTUAL CASE i A POWERFUL

INTELLECTUAL CASE
- Sudipta Kaviraj
PK«~}
° Ï`«‡Hõ PÖ’K«#Å∞ v
– ã¨∞nÑÎ̈ Hõq~å*ò What is a democratic society? This is one of the most
pressing questions for those who reflect historically about Indian
=sæHõ~°} "å^•xH˜ âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞ ^Œ$HõÊ^äŒO ix politics, beyond its everyday excitements. Sambaiah Gundimeda’s
– ^•~°¡ short book deals with this unavoidable question, and therefore
addresses everybody who is interested in a serious discussion
Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ xvii about the past, present and future of our collective political life.
Obviously, the idea of a democratic society can be read in two
Ö’xH˜ "≥à§ı =ÚO^Œ∞ xxii different ways – in terms of a governmental form, or in terms of a
principle. If we view democracy simply as a form of government in
– ™êO|Ü«∞º QÆ∞O_ç"∞≥ _» which elections are held regularly and freely, governments are
elected by the ordinary voters, they abide generally by publicly
declared principles, the judiciary protects the rights of citizens, a
^Œo`« JO`«ó ã¨OѶ∞¨ ~°¬}–„Ѩ™êÎ=# 1 free press can reach an unrestricted audience – we can contentedly
conclude that India is a successful, and in some ways even flourishing
„ÉÏǨχ}`«fiO 2 democratic society. Without being quite incorrect, this however is a
shallow view. After all, these institutional mechanisms are simple
=∂Å`«fiO 2 means to secure an end. A second view of democracy would see it
more broadly as a society in which its citizens are reliably treated
ã¨=∞HÍb# ^Œo`« ã≤÷uQÆ`«∞Å∞ 3 with dignity and respect. This dignity should be a dignity of everyday
=∂Å`«fi"å^ŒO–`˘q∞‡k JOâßÅ∞ : qâı+¡ }
¨ 5 relations, not just in the dramatic arena of a court. The political
institutions of democracy are meant to realise a society of this kind.
=∞#q∞ѨC_Õq∞ KÕÜ∂« e? 43 Independence, as people like Ambedkar realised, could mean two
different beginnings: the transfer of power from unelected British
=ÚyOѨ٠46 rulers to elected Indians, and also the much subtler, deeper,
fundamental beginnings of a change in the ‘habits of the heart’ of a
P^è•~° „QÆO^ä•Å∞ 48 society historically scarred by hierarchy. If we apply the second
criterion of judgement, despite its secure governmental democracy,
Indian society still has to realise the democratic principle of equal
i
dignity in everyday life.
Following Gandhi, it can be asserted that the real test of a
society is how it treats its most disadvantaged people. In Indian
society, there are two kinds of obvious disadvantage – poverty and
caste indignity: and clearly, in case of the Dalit groups, these two
disadvantages coincide, making their uplift the most important single
agenda for Indian democracy. The framers of the Indian constitutional
system, on which our democratic life is based, realised the distinction
and the connection between these two aspects of democracy. Their
way of connecting them, and ensuring that democracy did not
become a simple institutional form, but a force of deep social change,
was to incorporate provisions for reservations into the constitutional
structure – in legislatures, education and employment. Notably, they
made these reservations proportional to the numbers of these groups
in the whole population. Sixty years have passed since these
provisions were devised; and we have also had a long period of
their cumulative functioning. The results of this experience are clearly
twofold. On the one side, they have resulted in some amelioration of
conditions of those individuals and families who have been able to
benefit from reservations. It is equally clear, on the other that a vast
number of people belonging to these groups have fallen outside the
scope of these improvements. Since the purpose of democracy as
a principle, and of the institutional mechanisms of reservation, was
to address the question of backwardness of disadvantaged groups,
it would be unforgivable complacency to leave the situation as it is,
and not to think critically about them. After all, the purpose of
institutions is to realise certain principles; and these principles have
to be realised in historical conditions that keep changing. Thus there
can be case of rethinking the institutions themselves either because
the historical context of the institutions have changed; or because
there were faults in the designs of institutions that were revealed
through their functioning; or the institutions themselves change the
environs. In all of these cases, we require a new critical debate
about the purposes of our public political life, and the institutional
design established to realise them. Sambaiah Gundimeda’s book in
my view invites us to a reconsideration of some of these basic issues
of the structure of the society and the design of our public institutions.
It must be realised that the historical significance of Ambedkar was
that he was not merely an intellectual who merely enunciated high
ideals, but had the much rarer capacity to translate these ideals into
ii
institutions to affect daily practice. Without that critical translation,
high ideals tend to remain practically ineffectual.
To reopen this debate it is necessary to assess the historical
record of these provisions. As academic researchers have shown
for a long time, two processes occurred through the operation of
Indian democracy. First, the reservation provisions affected the lives
of a segment of the Dalit communities and offered them prospects
of education, employment and representation. But this was
numerically a small group relative to the size of the entire Dalit
population; and secondly, some of these benefits tend to go
persistently towards some specific sections among them, because
these groups enjoy some prior advantages like better access to
education. The serious question that arises here, as Sambiah
Gundimeda asserts forcefully, is whether we should not modify the
distribution of these benefits. The original principle behind
reservations was to protect groups who were disadvantaged who
will inevitably lose out in an entirely open system of competitiveness,
because the market prefers those with initial advantage. Should these
principles, which originally justified the corralling of opportunities for
the Dalits, against competition from upper caste groups, not be applied
to the case of competition among the Dalit communities themselves?
This is an eminently reasonable argument, and has considerable
emotive power. Sambiah Gundimeda makes these arguments with
great moral conviction, and considerable intellectual force.
It will be pointed out, quite rightly, that there was a second
front of democratic politics through which there has been a more
subtle, but probably more substantial change in the position of Dalits
in Indian society. This is through electoral politics. By declaring them
as Scheduled Castes, the constitution, in a sense invited them to
view themselves as a single social group, ignoring internal sub-caste
boundaries. As electoral politics unfolded, this gave the Dalit groups
a new power of aggregation. Democracy is a politics of numbers.
The creation of this new bloc of Dalit groups which transcended
their earlier sub-caste separations, and began to operate in electoral
politics as a single caste identity had immensely significant results.
It first affected large political parties and forced them to attend to the
question of reform of social practice. Subsequently, this consolidation
led to the creation of political formations and parties based on Dalit
identities. No one can deny that this has led to a huge transformation
iii
in Indian political life, and made Dalit groups and their demands more
visible, insistent and effective.
The controversies in Andhra among the Dalit groups centres
around some of these essential issues for the growth of Indian
democracy. Would a modification of reservations, by either suggesting
an exit of those who have been beneficiaries or subdivision of
benefits proportional to their numbers affect the capacity of the Dalit
groups to mobilize as a single bloc for electoral power? That seems
to be a central and difficult question: but it is also an unavoidable
question of the relation between democracy and equity. I cannot
read Sambaiah’s writing in Telugu; but I am very familiar with his line
of argument through his English writing. He makes a powerful case
in both senses – it is driven by a passionate moral conviction, but
more significantly, it puts forward a powerful intellectual case. He is
able to present his case with emotion without compromising lucidity.
By this book, he may not persuade everyone to agree with him; but
he will certainly force those who oppose his case to be reflexive;
that is, to be clear about their own arguments and their premises.
This will, hopefully, start a serious discussion in the political public
sphere on the fundamental principles of democratic equity. I hope
his book shows to all his readers that there are deep and serious
questions underlying the sordid chaos of everyday political practice;
and it will invite all who are interested in politics to act and live life
more thoughtfully.
Sudipta Kaviraj
Chairman
Department of Politics and International Studies
School of Oriental and African Studies
University of London, UK.
iv
PK«~}
° Ï`«‡Hõ PÖ’K«#Å∞
¢Ñ¨*Ï™êfiq∞Hõ ã¨=∂[O JO>Ë Uq∞\˜? ÉèÏ~°`« ~å[H©Ü«∂Å ~ÀA"ås HÀÖÏǨÏÖÏxfl
^•\˜ Kåi¢`«OQÍ PÖ’zOKÕ"åà◊√§ "≥O@<Õ `ÕÅ∞ÛHÀ"åeû# J`«ºO`« =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# ¢Ñ¨â◊flÅÖ’
Wk XHõ\ ˜. `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞HÀÖËx D ¢Ñ¨âıfl ™êO|Ü«∞º QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_» z#fl ѨÙãÎ̈HõOÖ’x q+¨Ü«∞O.
JO^Œ∞=Å¡, =∞# ã¨q∞+≤ì ~å[H©Ü«∞ rq`«O ZÖÏ LO_Õk ZÖÏ LOk ZÖÏ LO_»É’`«∞Ok,
J<Õ ¢Ñ¨â◊flÅ QÆ∞iOz ã‘iÜ«∞ãπ K«~°Û#∞ HÀ~°∞‰õΩ<Õ"å~°O^Œih L^ÕútOz# ѨÙãÎ̈HõO. ¢Ñ¨*Ï™êfiq∞Hõ
ã¨=∂[O J<Õ ÉèÏ=#H˜ Ô~O_»∞ ѨÓiÎQÍ aè#fl"≥∞ÿ# J~å÷Å#∞ fã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û J<Õk ã¨Ê+ì̈"Õ∞. XHõ
¢Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi ~°∂ѨOQÍ QÍh ÖË^• XHõ qÅ∞=QÍ QÍh.
¢Ñ¨*Ï™êfi=∂xfl XHõ¢Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi ~°∂ѨOQÍ J~°úOKÕã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë ¢Hõ=∞ =º=^èŒ∞ÅÖ’ ¿ãfiK«ÛQÍ
ZxflHõÅ [~°Q_Æ =» ¸ ¢Ñɨ ∞íè `åfiÅx ™ê=∂#º ¢Ñ[¨ ÖË Z#∞flHÀ=_»=¸ ÉÏǨ@OQÍ ¢ÑH¨ \õ O˜ z#
q^è•<åÅH˜ ¢Ñ¨Éèí∞`åfiÅ∞ Hõ@∞ì|_çLO_»@O, áœ~°∞ŠǨωõΩ¯Åx <åºÜ«∞=º=ã¨÷ HÍáê_»@=¸
¿ãfiKåÛùÜ«Ú`« Ѩ¢uHÍ~°OQÆO, ¢Ñ¨™ê~° ™ê^èŒ<åÅ∞, "å\˜x K«k"Õ K«∂¿ã áê~î°‰õΩÅ∂ ¢¿ÑHõ∆‰õΩÅH˜
¿ãfiKåÛù WÖÏO\˜ q+¨Ü«∂Åx K«∂ã≤ =∞#O ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâßxfl ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ÎQÍ q[Ü«∞=O`«"≥∞ÿ#
„Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º=∞h PY~°∞‰õΩ =iúÅ∞¡`«∞#fl „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º=∞x ‰õÄ_® f~å‡xOK«∞HÀ=K«∞Û. Wk
=∞s JO`« á⁄~°áê@∞ PÖ’K«# Ug∞ HÍ^Œ∞. HÍHõáÈ`Õ Wk Ö’`«∞ÖËx PÖ’K«#. D ~°HõO
ã¨O™ê÷QÆ`« Ü«∞O„`åOQÆ=∞O`å XHõ ÅHõ∆ ºO ™êkèOKÕ ™ê^èŒ<åÅ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞. WHõ, Ô~O_À ~°HõO
PÖ’K«# „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∂ºxfl =∞iO`« qãÎ̈ $`å~°úOÖ’ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º=∞O>Ë áœ~°∞ÅH˜
Q“~°=O, P`«‡Q“~°=O WKÕÛkQÍ K«∂ã¨∞ÎOk. D Q“~°=O ^≥·#Ok# rq`«OÖ’ ^˘iˆH
Q“~°=O. <å@H©Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ# HÀ~°∞ì QÆkH˜ Ѩiq∞`«=∞ÜÕ∞º Q“~°=O HÍ^Œ∞. WÖÏO\˜ ã¨=∂*Ïxfl
~°∂á⁄OkOKÕO^Œ∞ˆH „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞ºÑ¨Ù ã¨Oã¨÷Åx U~°ÊiKå~°∞. ™êfi`«O„`«ºO JO>Ë Ô~O_»∞ "Õ̂~fi~°∞
~°HÍÅ =ÚO^Œ_»∞QÆ∞Åx JOÉË^Œ¯~üÖÏO\˜ =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ „QÆÇ≤ÏOKå~°∞. Z#∞flHÀ|_»x „a\˜+π áêʼnõΩÅ
#∞Oz JkèHÍ~åxfl Z#∞flHÀ|_Õ ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅH˜ =∂iÊ_ç KÕÜ«∞_»O XHõ ~°HõO. Kåi„`«HõOQÍ
ÃÇÏK«∞Û`«QÆ∞æÅ =º=ã¨÷`À QÍÜ«∞Ѩ_»¤ ã¨=∂[Ѩ٠ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∂xfl #Ü«∞O KÕÜ«∞_»O Ô~O_À~°HõO.
Wk =∞iO`« Ö’`≥·#k. =∞øeHõ"≥∞ÿ#k. xt`«"≥∞ÿ#k. D Ô~O_À „Ѩ=∂}O fã¨∞‰õΩx =∞#O
f~°∞Ê W"åfiÅO>Ë „ѨÉèí∞`«fiѨ~°"≥∞ÿ# „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞ºO xˆH∆ѨOQÍ L#flѨÊ\˜H© ~ÀA"ås rq`«OÖ’
ã¨=∂# Q“~°=q∞=fi_»O J<Õ „Ѩ*Ï™êfiq∞Hõ ã¨∂„`«O ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ WOHÍ "åãÎ̈=O
HÍÖË^Œ∞.
QÍOnè K≥Ñ≤Ê#@∞ìQÍ J`«ºO`« |ÅÇ‘Ï#∞Åx ZÖÏ K«∂ã¨∞ÎO^Œ#fl q+¨Ü«∞"Õ∞ XHõ
ã¨=∂*ÏxH˜ x["≥∞ÿ# w@∞~å~Ú. ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ Ô~O_»∞ ã¨Ê+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# |ÅÇ‘Ï#`«Å∞
v
L<åfl~Ú. ¿Ñ^ŒiHõO, ‰õΩÅ J==∂#O. ^Œo`« |$O^•Å q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ D Ô~O_»∞ |ÅÇ‘Ï#`«Å∂
„Ѩã¨∞Êù@OQÍ HõxÑ≤™êÎ~Ú. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ "åix ÃÑ·H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩ~å=_»"Õ∞ ÉèÏ~°`« „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞ºÑ¨Ù
J`«ºO`« =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# Z*ˇO_® J=Ù`«∞Ok.
=∞# „Ѩ*Ï™êfiq∞Hõ rq`«O ÉèÏ~°`« ~å*ϺOQÆ =º=ã¨÷ g∞^Œ P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç LOk. ^•x
~°∂ѨHõ~°ÎÅH˜ „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∂ºxH˜ L#fl D Ô~O_»∞ J~åúÅ =∞^茺 `Õ_® LO^Œh P Ô~O_ç\ ˜ =∞^茺
ã¨O|O^èŒO ‰õÄ_® LO^Œx QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞ºO ˆH=ÅO ã¨O™ê÷QÆ`« ~°∂ѨO fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë
ã¨iáÈ^Œh Ö’`≥·# ™ê=∂lHõ =∂~°∞ʉõΩ KÀ^ŒHõ â◊H˜Î HÍ"åÅx "å~°∞ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡x ÃÑ\Ïì~°∞.
~å*ϺOQÆ =º=ã¨÷Ö’ JO>Ë âßã¨#ã¨ÉèíÖ’¡ K«^Œ∞=ÙÖ’ L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡x HõeÊOKå~°∞.
D ~°HõOQÍ „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞ºÑ¨Ù Ô~O_»∞ JOâßÅh *’_çOKå~°∞. P i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡x [<åÉèÏÖ’ ^Œo`«∞Å
[<åÉèÏH˜ ã¨=∂# x+¨ÊuÎÖ’ U~°ÊiKå~°#fl q+¨Ü∂« xfl QÆ∞iÎOKåe. D U~åÊ@¡x KÕã≤ WѨÊ\˜H˜
P~°"≥· ÜÕ∞à◊√¡ QÆ_çKå~Ú. "å\˜`À =∞#‰õΩ ã¨∞n~°…"≥∞ÿ# J#∞Éèí=O LOk. "å\˜ Ѷ¨e`åÅH˜
Ô~O_»∞ HÀ}ÏÅ∞ L<åfl~Ú. XHõ "≥·Ñ¨Ù, i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ =Å# „ѨÜ≥∂[#O á⁄Ok# =º‰õΩÎÅ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ
Ѩiã≤÷uÖ’ H˘O`« "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ ~å=@O ZO`« ã¨Ê+¨ì"≥∂, =∞~À "≥·Ñ¨Ù J`«ºkèHõ ã¨OMϺ‰õΩÖˇ·#
^Œo`« |$O^•Å∂ =º‰õΩÎÅ∂ D ã¨^Œ∞áêÜ«∂ÅH˜ "≥Å∞ѨÖË q∞yeáÈ~Ú# q+¨Ü«∞O ‰õÄ_®
JO`Õ ã¨Ê+ì̈O. |ÅÇ‘Ï# |$O^•Å "≥#∞HõÉÏ@∞ J<Õ ã¨=∞㨺x Ѩi+¨¯iOK«_»"Õ∞ „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º
㨠∂ „`« Ñ ¨ Ù ^•x 㨠O ™ê÷ Q Æ ` « ™ê^è Œ < åŠѨ ~ ° = ∂~° ú O HÍ|\˜ ì ^•xx q=∞~° ≈ <å`« ‡ Hõ O QÍ
ѨijeOK«HõáÈ=_»O, Ѩiã≤÷ux ZÖÏ L#fl ^•xfl JÖÏ =k֡ܫ∞º_»O Hõ∆=∂~°›O HÍx JÅã¨`«fi"Õ∞
J=Ù`«∞Ok. ã¨Oã¨÷ŠѨ~°=∂~°úO H˘xfl qÅ∞=Åx "åã¨Î=O KÕÜ«∞_»O. P Ѩx Kåi„`«HõOQÍ
~°∂á⁄Ok# Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Ö’¡<Õ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œx P Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å∂ =∂~°∞`«∂ LO\ÏÜ«∞h "Õˆ~
K≥ѨÊ#Hõ¯~°ÖË^Œ∞. Kåi„`«Hõ ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùO =∂i LO_˘K«∞Û ÖË^• J=∞Å∞ KÕ¿ã „Hõ=∞OÖ’ P ã¨Oã¨÷ÅÖ’
Ö’áêÅ∞ |Ü«∞@Ѩ_ç LO_ç LO_˘K«∞Û ÖË^• P ã¨Oã¨÷Å =Å<Õ Ñ¨iã≤÷`«∞Å∞ =∂~°∞ʉõΩÖ’<≥·
LO_˘K«∞Û. U HÍ~°}"≥∞ÿ#ѨÊ\˜H© D ã¨Oã¨÷Å QÆ∞iOz ѨÙ#~åÖ’K«# J=ã¨~°O. =∞# Ѩa¡H±
~å[H©Ü«∞ r=#O QÆ∞iOp ^•xx ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ U~°Ê~°z# ã¨Oã¨÷Å QÆ∞iOz XHõ H˘`«Î
q=∞~°≈<å`«‡Hõ K«~°Û =∞#H˜ HÍ"åe. =∞# ã¨=∂[ x~å‡}O =∞# Ѩa¡H± ã¨Oã¨÷Å ã¨fi~°∂ѨO
QÆ∞iOz# D =∞øeHõ q+¨Ü«∂Å QÆ∞iOz ѨÙ#~åÖ’K«#x ™êO|Ü«∞º QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_» ѨÙã¨ÎHõO
„¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤ã¨∞ÎO^Œx J#∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl#∞. JOÉË^Œ¯~ü Kåi„`«Hõ „áê^è•#º`« U=∞O>Ë PÜ«∞# ˆH=ÅO
L#fl`« P^Œ~å≈Åx „ѨɒkèOz# "Õ∞^è•q HÍ~°∞. ~ÀA"ås rq`åxfl „ѨÉèÏq`«O KÕ¿ã ã¨O™ê÷QÆ`«
U~åÊ@∞¡QÍ P P^Œ~å≈Åx =∞ÅK«QÆey# J~°∞^≥·# "Õ∞^èŒ PÜ«∞#k. JÖÏO\˜ H©ÅHõ"≥∞ÿ#
PK«~°}Ï`«‡Hõ`« ÖËHõáÈ`Õ L#fl`å^Œ~å≈Å∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞OQÍ x„+¨ÊÜ≥∂[#"Õ∞.
D K«~°Û#∞ uiy "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ@ì_®xH˜ Kåi„`«HõOQÍ D ã¨^Œ∞áêÜ«∂Å =Å# Uq∞
[iyO^À K«∂_®e. ÉèÏ~°`« „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞ºO J<Õ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∞OÖ’ Ô~O_»∞ „Ѩ„H˜Ü«∞Å∞ L<åflÜ«∞x
vi
JHõ_»q∞H± Ѩiâ’^茉õΩÅ∞ KåÖÏHÍÅO „H˜`«"Õ∞ K«∂Ñ≤OKå~°∞. "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜k: ^Œo`« |$O^•ÅÖ’
H˘kÌ=∞Ok rq`åÅÖ’ =∂~°∞Ê =zÛOk. "åiH˜ K«^Œ∞=Ù, Láêkè, „áêux^茺O =O\˜ J=HÍâßÅ∞
U~°Ê_®¤~Ú. J~Ú`Õ, "≥Ú`«ÎO ^Œo`« [<åÉèÏÖ’ g~°∞ Ju H˘kÌ=∞Ok =∂„`«"Õ∞. Ô~O_»∞: D
ã¨^Œ∞áêÜ«∂ÅÖ’ H˘xfl ZѨC_»∂ P H˘kÌ=∞OkˆH áÈ`«∞<åfl~Ú. ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë "åiH˜ q^•º=HÍâßÅ
=O\˜ =ÚO^Œã¨∞Î J_®fiO>Ë*ò L#flk. ™êO|Ü«∞º QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_» â◊HÎ̃=∞O`«OQÍ "åkOz#@∞ìQÍ
WHõ¯_» XHõ ã‘iÜ«∞ãπ „Ѩâ◊fl ѨÙ_»∞`«∞Ok. ^Œo`«∞ÅH˜ L#fl D ã¨^Œ∞áêÜ«∂Åx "Õ̂~ Ѩ^ŒúuÖ’
ѨOÑ≤}© KÕÜ«∞~å^• J<Õ „Ѩâ◊fl. =∂Ô~¯\ò ZѨC_»∂ =ÚO^Œã¨∞Î Z_®fiO>Ë*ò L#fl"åiˆH
J#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ LO@∞Ok. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ ѨÓiÎ áÈ\© =º=ã¨÷Ö’ |ÅÇ‘Ï#∞Åx Ѩi~°H˜∆OK«_»"Õ∞
i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ =¸Åã¨∂„`«O. =∞i ^Œo`«∞Å HÀã¨O J=HÍâßÅÖ’ H˘O`« ÉèÏQÍxfl J>ËìÃÑ@ì_»O
J<Õ q^è•<åxfl ^Œo`« |$O^•Å ֒Ѩe áÈ\©H˜ =∂„`«O =iÎOѨ*ËÜ«∞‰õÄ_»^•? Wk KåÖÏ
ã¨=∞O[ã¨"≥∞ÿ# "å^Œ#. ÃÑ·QÍ B^ÕfiyHõ â◊HÎ̃ L#fl „Ѩâ◊fl. ™êO|Ü«∞º QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_» Q˘Ñ¨Ê <≥·uHõ
|ÅO`À#∂ K≥ѨCHÀ^ŒQÆæ "Õ∞^è•â◊HÎ̃`À#∂ D "å^•xfl =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ ÃÑ\Ïì~°∞.
ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ ^Œo`«∞Å |ÅÇ‘Ï# ã≤÷ux "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞ѨiKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ „Ѩ*Ï™êfiq∞Hõ
~å[H©Ü«∂ÅÖ’ Ô~O_À =∂~°æO–ZxflHõÅ ~å[H©Ü«∂Å ^•fi~å–LO^Œx Z=Ô~·<å <åºÜ«∞OQÍ<Õ
ZuÎ K«∂Ñ≤OK«=K«∞Û. Ã+_»∂ºÅ∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ Jx Ñ≤Å=_»O ^•fi~å ^Œo`«∞Å∞ `«=∞ LѨ‰õΩÅ
`Õ_®Åx q㨇iOz XˆH XHõ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ |$O^ŒOQÍ `«=∞x `å=Ú K«∂ã¨∞‰õΩ<ÕÖÏ ÉèÏ~°`« ~å*ϺOQÆO
"åix „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. ZxflHõÅ ~å[H©Ü«∂ÅÖ’ ^Œo`«∞ÅH˜ nx=Å# ã¨OMϺ|ÅO ã¨=∞‰õÄiOk.
„Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞ºO JOÔHÅ P@. JO`«‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ\ ˜ LѨ‰õΩÅ `Õ_®Åx JkèQÆq∞Oz ZxflHõÅ
~å[H©Ü«∂ÅÖ’ L=∞‡_ç ^Œo`«ÉÏ¡‰õΩ U~åÊ@∞ KÕÜ«∞_»O =Å# ÃÑ^ŒÌ Z`«∞Î# K≥ѨCHÀ^ŒQÆæ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞
=KåÛ~Ú. ÃÑ^ŒÌ ~å[H©Ü«∞ áêsìÅ g∞^Œ nx „ѨÉèÏ=O Ѩ_çOk. ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ =º=Ǩ~°OÖ’
ã¨O㨯~°} J<Õ „Ѩâ◊flx Jq Ѩ\ ì̃OK«∞‰õΩ<ÕÖÏ =uÎ_ç KÕã≤Ok. P `«~åfi`« ^Œo`« QÆ∞iÎOѨÙÅ g∞^Œ
P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç# ~å[H©Ü«∞ áêsìÅ, W`«~° ~å[H©Ü«∞ HÍ~åºK«~°}ÅH˜ Jk ^•ifã≤Ok. WO^Œ∞=Å¡
ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞ rq`«OÖ’ „Ѩ^è•#"≥∞ÿ# =∂~°∞ÊÅH˜ HÍ~°}=∞~ÚºO^Œ<Õ q+¨Ü«∂hfl ^Œo`«
|$O^•ÅH˜ =∞iO`« â◊H©Î, ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO, „ѨÉèÏ=O =zÛO^Œ<Õ x*Ïhfl Z=~°∂ HÍ^Œ#ÖË~°∞.
PO„^茄Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’ ^Œo`« |$O^•Å =∞^茺 q"å^ŒO ÉèÏ~°`« „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞ºÑ¨Ù Jaè=$kúH˜
H©ÅHõ"≥∞ÿ# D JOâßÅg∞^Œ<Õ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#flk. ã¨^Œ∞áêÜ«∂Åx á⁄Ok# "å~°∞ WHõ `«Ñ¨CHÀ"åÅx
ã¨∂zOK«_»O QÍh [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O =sæHõ~°} KÕÜ«∞_»O QÍh ~å[H©Ü«∞ JkèHÍ~°O
HÀã¨O ^Œo`« |$O^•Åx XHõ¯ ã¨=¸Ç¨ÏOQÍ ã¨OѶ¨∞\˜`«=∞ÜÕ∞º â◊H˜Îx ^≥|ƒf™êÎÜ«∂? D
q"å^ŒOÖ’ W^Õ Jã¨Öˇ·#, H˜¡+ì̈"≥∞ÿ# ã¨=∞㨺 Jx JxÑ≤ã¨∞Î#flk. HÍh Wk „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∂ºxH©
ã¨=∂#`åfixH© L#fl ã¨O|O^èŒO QÆ∞iOz# `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞HÀÖËx „Ѩâ◊fl. ™êO|Ü«∞º `≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’
~åã≤#^•xx <Õ#∞ K«^Œ=ÖË#∞. HÍh J`«_ç WOw¡+¨µ ~°K«#Å ^•fi~å PÜ«∞# "å^Œ# Uq∞\’
vii
<å‰õΩ ѨiK«Ü«∞"Õ∞. J`«x "å^Œ# Ô~O_»∞ J~åúÅÖ’ â◊HÎ̃=∞O`«"≥∞ÿ#k. L^ÕfiQÆÉèíi`«"≥∞ÿ# <≥·uHõ
qâßfiã¨O #∞Oz ѨÙ\ì̃# |ÅO JO^Œ∞Ö’ LOk. JO`«HõO>Ë =ÚYºOQÍ |Å"≥∞ÿ# "Õ∞^èÀѨ\ ˜=∞
L#flk. ã¨Ê+ì̈`«x HÀ֒ʉõΩO_®<Õ `«# "å^•xfl L^ÕfiQÆÉèíi`«OQÍ =ÚO^Œ∞ÃÑ_»`å~°∞. D ѨÙãÎ̈HõO`À
PÜ«∞# `«# „Ѩ`«º~°∞úÅx XÑ≤ÊOK«ÖËHõáÈ=K«∞Û. HÍh "åix PÖ’zOѨ*ËÜ«∞QÆÅ~°∞. „Ѩ`«º~°∞úÅH˜
`«=∞ "å^Œ# =∞iO`« ã¨Ê+ì̈O HÍQÆÅ^Œ∞. „Ѩ*Ï™êfiq∞Hõ ã¨=∂#`«fiO J<Õ JOâ◊O g∞^Œ Ѩa¡H±
~°OQÆOÖ’ ã‘iÜ«∞ãπ K«~°Û#∞ D ѨÙãÎ̈HõO "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ@ìQÆÅ^Œx <å Pâ◊. ~ÀA"ås ~å[H©Ü«∞
=º=Ǩ~°Ñ¨Ù HõOQÍm`«#OÖ’ Ö’`≥·# ã‘iÜ«∞ãπ q+¨Ü«∂Å∞ Wq∞_ç L<åflÜ«∞#fl q+¨Ü«∂xfl
áê~î ° ‰ õ Ω ÅH˜ D Ѩ ٠㨠ΠH õ O K« ∂ Ѩ Ù `« ∞ O^Œ h ~å[H© Ü « ∂ ÅÖ’ P㨠H ˜ Î L#fl"å~° ∞ =∞iO`«
PÖ’K«<å`«‡HõOQÍ „Ѩ=iÎOKÕÖÏ rqOKÕÖÏ D ѨÙãÎ̈HõO „¿Ñ~°} Wã¨∞ÎO^Œh Ptã¨∞Î<åfl#∞.
– ã¨∞nѨΠHõq~å*ò
K≥·~°‡<£
_çáê~üì"≥∞O\ò PѶπ áêe\˜H±û JO_£ WO@ˆ~fl+¨#Öò ãì̈_ôãπ
ã¨∂¯Öò PѶπ FiÜ«∞O@Öò JO_£ P„Ѷ≤Hõ<£ ãì̈_ôãπ
Ü«¸x=iû\˜ PѶπ ÅO_»<£, Ü«Ú<≥·>ˇ_£ H˜OQ∑_»"£∞.
`≥Å∞QÆ∞ J#∞"å^ŒO:z\˜ìÉÏ|∞ Ѩ_»=Å
viii
Dr. Darla Venkateswara Rao UNIVERSITY OF HYDERABAD
M.A., (Telugu), M.A., (Sociology), (Central University),
PGDLTT, Dip. in Sanskrit, Gachibowli, Hyderabad - 46.
M.Phil., Ph.D., (Telugu) E-mail : darlash@uohyd.ernet.in
Lecturer,
Ph. : 9247837735
Dept. of Telugu,
Dt 16-03-2006
=sæH~õ }
° "å^•xH˜ âߢãÜ
Α ∞« ^Œ$HõÊ^OŒä
ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ ^Œo`« ‰õΩÅO (=∂kQÆ)Ö’ ѨÙ\ì̃, ÃÑiy, J<ÕHõ P@∞áÈ@¡‰õΩ QÆ∞Ô~· L#fl`«
q^•ºÉè Ï º™êxfl H˘#™êy㨠∂ Î < Õ , `« # *Ïu "≥ # ∞Hõ É Ï@∞ `« < åxH˜ QÆ Å HÍ~° } ÏÅ#∞
J<Õfi+≤OKåÅ#∞H˘x Ѩiâ’^èŒ#‰õΩ ѨÓ#∞‰õΩ#fl "åiÖ’ ™êO|Ü«∞º QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_» XHõ_»∞. ѨÙ\ì̃On,
ÃÑiyOn Ñ¨Öˇ¡ „áêO`«OÖ’<Õ. <Õ\ ˜H© QÆ∞O_≥ xO_® Ñ¨Öˇ¡ "å`å=~°}Ïhfl, ^Œo`«∞Å ÉÏ^èŒÅ
QÍ^äbŒ fl ^•K«∞‰õΩ#fl"å_»∞. Z#∞fl‰õΩ#fl Ѩiâ’^è#Œ JOâ◊OÖ’, ~å¿ã JHõ~∆ O° Ö’, =∂\Ï¡_Õ PÖ’K«#Ö’
J=hfl „ѨuѶ¨eã¨∂Î<Õ L<åfl~Ú. ™êO|Ü«∞º QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_»#∞, <Õ#∞ 'J<åfl— Jx Ñ≤Å∞ã¨∞ÎO\Ï#∞.
J`«_»∞ ÃãO„@Öò Ü«¸x=iû\©Ö’ Ñ≤.l. KÕã¨∞Î#flѨC_»∞ <å‰õΩ =ºHÎ̃QÆ`«OQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞. ^Œo`«∞Å∞
J#∞ÉèíqOKÕ ™ê~°∂Ѩº ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ=ÖË¡ J`«x`À <å‰õΩ ѨiK«Ü«∞O U~°Ê_çOk. |Ǩïâß „Ѩu
^Œ o `« ∞ _ç ÉÏ^è Œ Ö ’¡ # ∂, 㨠= ∞㨠º Ö’¡ # ∂ D ™ê~° ∂ Ѩ º `« J<Õ k Q˘Ñ¨ Ê J#∞|O^è • xfl
Hõeyã¨∞ÎO@∞O^Õ"≥∂! D J#∞|O^èŒ Ñ¨\ ˜+ª̈`Õ UHõ=K«# ã¨OÉ’^èŒ#‰õΩ J=HÍâ◊O HõeÊOzOk.
x*ÏxH˜ Pf‡Ü«ÚÅ =∞^茺 UHõ=K«# ã¨OÉ’^èŒ# =∞iO`« KÕ~°∞=HÍ=_®xH˜ =∂~åæ<Õfl~°Ê~°∞ã¨∞ÎOk.
J#fl ™êO|Ü«∞º Ñ≤.l. KÕ¿ã@ѨC_»∞ ^Œo`«∞Å QÆ∞iOz Ö’`≥·# PÖ’K«# KÕã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡
QÆ∞iÎOK«ÖËHõáÈÜ«∂#∞. J`«#∂ <Õ#∂ "Õ~°∞ "Õ~°∞ ã¨Éˇ˚‰õΩìÖ’¡ Ñ≤.l. KÕÜ«∞_»O, J`«#∞ KÕ¿ã,
áêÖÁæ<Õ K«~°ÛÖ’¡ qiqQÍ áêÖÁæ<Õ J=HÍâ◊O <å‰õΩ HõÅQÆHõáÈ=_»O =O\˜=hfl nxH˜
HÍ~°}ÏÅ#∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl#∞. JѨÊ\˜ˆH Ü«¸x=sû\© HͺOѨãπÖ’ '=∂kQÆ ™êÇ≤Ï`«º "ÕkHõ— ^•fi~å
<åQÆѨÊQÍi ã¨∞O^Œ~ü~åA, HõuÎ HõÖϺ}üK«O„^Œ, H˘eHõѨÓ_ç Nx"åã¨~å=Ù =O\˜ "åà◊§`À
Hõeã≤ =∂kQÆ ™êÇ≤Ï`åºxfl ~åÜ«∞_»O „áê~°OaèOKåO. DÖ’QÍ ''™êO|Ü«∞ºH˜ á¶È~ü¤ ÃѶ֒+≤Ñπ
=zÛOk—— J<Õ "å~°Î HͺOѨãπÖ’ QÆ∞ѨC=∞Ok. <å =∂kQÆ ™È^Œ~°∞_çH˜ D ÃѶ֒+≤Ñπ =zÛ#ѨC_»∞
<Õ#∞ á⁄Ok# P#O^•xfl JHõ∆~åÖ’¡ =i‚OK«ÖË#∞! ^•xfl <Õ<Õ ™êkèOz#O`«QÍ Ñ¶‘ÅÜ«∂º#∞.
=∂kQÆ q^•ºi÷ Q˘Ñ¨Ê q^•º=O`«∞_»∞ HÍÉ’`«∞#flO^Œ∞ á⁄OyáÈÜ«∂#∞. q=∂#O ZH˜¯ ÅO_»<£
"≥o§áÈÜ«∂_»∞. Ǩ~ÚQÍ Ãã\˜Öò HÍÉ’`«∞<åfl_»#∞‰õΩ<åfl#∞. HÍh, JHõ¯_» ‰õÄ_® ^Œo`«∞Å
ã¨=∞㨺Å`À<Õ ‰õΩã‘ΠѨ_»∞`«∞<åfl_»x `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl#∞.
XHõ ~ÀA ÅO_»<£ #∞O_ç á¶È<£ KÕâß_»∞. ÃãO„@Öò Ü«¸x=iû\©Ö’ L^ÀºQÆO á⁄O^•#x
ix
`≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘x á¶È<£ KÕâß_»∞. KåÖÏ ¿ãѨ٠QÆ∞O_≥‰õΩ ǨÏ`«∞ΉõΩ#flO`« P#O^ŒO`À =∂\Ï¡_®_»∞. P 'JOÉË^Œ¯i["£∞— J<Õ „ѨÜ≥∂QÍÅ#∞ Ö’`≥·# J=QÍǨÏ#`À LѨÜ≥∂yOKå_»∞.
ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ J`«_»∞ =∂\Ï¡_ç# =∂@Å∞, <å rq`«OÖ’ ZѨÊ\˜H© =∞~°záÈÖË#∞. JѨC_Õ =sæHõ~°} =∂Å`«fi =ºuˆ~Hõ "å^ŒOÖ’ QÆÅ qq^èŒ q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞ `˘q∞‡k JOâßÅ∞QÍ
J`«xÖ’ XHõ ^Œo`« "Õ∞^è•q =∂@Å∞ q<åfl#∞. J`«x Ѩiâ’^èŒ# QÆ∞iOz qx ã¨O`À+≤OKå#∞. =sæHõiOz, Kåi„`«Hõ, Pi÷Hõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞, q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl "åã¨ÎqHõ
^Œo`« *Ïu *ÏQÆ$uH˜ J`«_»∞ Ѩ_Õ `«Ñ¨##∞ QÆ=∞xOKå#∞. JѨÊ\˜ #∞O_ç Ô~QÆ∞ºÅ~üQÍ á¶È<£, ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å#∞ ™È^•Ç¨Ï~°}OQÍ x~°∂Ñ≤OK«QÆÅQÆ_»OÖ’ ™êO|Ü«∞º ^Œo`« "Õ∞^è•q áê„`«#∞
"≥∞~ÚÖòû ^•fi~å K«~°ÛÅ∞ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O_Õq. XHõ ~ÀA "≥∞~ÚÖòÖ’ XHõ "åºã¨O ѨOÑ≤Oz, x~°fiÇ≤Ïã¨∞Î<åfl_»∞. „QÍg∞} ^Œo`«∞Ö’¡ POQÆ¡ q^•ºÖ’ѨO, Jk "≥O@ɡ@∞ìH˘KÕÛ P`«‡#∂º#`«Å#∞
Jaè„áêÜ«∞O K≥ѨÊ=∞<åfl_»∞. „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O ^Œo`«∞Ö’¡ [~°QÆ=Åã≤# =sæHõ~°} P=â◊ºHõ`«#∞ XHõ J#∞ã¨iOz „ѨuÉèÏáê@"åefl x~°fizOK«∞HÀ=Åã≤ LO@∞O^Œx JO@∞<åfl_»∞. XHõ ™ê=∂lHõ
âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞ ^Œ$HõÊ^äŒO`À P "åºã¨OÖ’ qâı¡+≤OKå_»xÑ≤OzOk. ^Œo`« ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« ™êkèOKåÅO>Ë âßG"Õ`«Î áê„`« áÈ+≤ã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡ D qâı¡+¨}Ö’ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk.
`«Hõ∆}O [~°QÆ=Åã≤# =sæHõ~°}#∞ JO^Œ~°∂ JOwHõiOK«=Åã≤ LO@∞O^Œx P "åºã¨OÖ’
ѨÅ∞=Ùi "Õ∞^è•=ÙÅ PÖ’K«#Å#∞ Ãã·^•úOuHõ Ö’`«∞Ö’¡H˜ "≥o§, =sæHõ~°} "å^ŒOÖ’
„ѨuáêkOKå_»∞. "庙êxfl „áê~°OaèOzOk =∂„`«O =sæHõ~°}#∞ =ºuˆ~H˜ã¨∂Î KÕã≤# "å^Œ##∞
QÆÅ ™ê=∞O[™êºxfl x~°∂Ñ≤OK«_®xH˜ "å\˜x LѨÜ≥∂yOz XHõ =∞Oz „Ѩܫ∞`«flO KÕâß_»∞.
YO_çOK«_®xˆH! HÍh XHõ =ºHÎ̃ ~åã≤# "庙êxH˜ YO_»#QÍ<Õ ^•xfl ~åÜ«∞_®xH˜ ѨÓ#∞‰õΩ<åfl,
W=hfl =sæHõ~°} "å^•xfl JO^ŒiKÕ`« JOwHõiOѨ*ËÜ«∞_®xH˜ „QÆO^äŒHõ~°Î áê\˜Oz# âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞
=º‰õΩÎÅHõO>Ë =º=ã¨÷<Õ ÅHõ∆ ºO KÕã¨∞HÀQÆeˆQ ã¨OÜ«∞=∞<åxfl, ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∂xfl P ~°K«#Ö’
^Œ$HõÊ^ä•xfl Ѩ\ ˜ì K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. =ºHÍÎ=ºHõÎOQÍ L#fl Jã¨Ê+¨ì`«#∞ ã¨Ê+¨ì`« "≥·Ñ¨ÙH˜ fã¨∞H˘x
™êkèOK«QÆeQÍ_»∞, XHõ Ѩiâ’^èŒ# Ѩ„`«OÖÏ ~°∂á⁄OkOKå_»∞. =∞O^ŒHõ$+¨‚ =∂kQÆ, Hõ$áêHõ~ü
áÈ=_»OÖ’<Õ D âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞`« "≥Å¡_»=Ù`«∞Ok. ã¨=∂[OÖ’ '^Œo`«∞Å∞— JO>Ë JO^ŒiH© =ºHõÎ=∞ÜÕ∞º
=∂kQÆÅ∞ =∂kQÆ *ÏuH˜ ÅaèOz# Q˘Ñ¨Ê =~°O. J~Ú`Õ, gi „Ѩã¨OQÍÅ∞, 'iHÍ~°∞¤— J~Ú`Õ
Jaè„áêÜ«∞O XHõ\ ˜ LOk. `«~°`«~åÅ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ, ™êO㨯 $uHõ, Pi÷Hõ Ñ‘_»#ʼnõΩ QÆ∞Ô~· ã¨=∂*ÏxH˜
=~°Î=∂# ^Œo`« L^Œº=∂xH˜ ZO`À "Õ∞Å∞ KÕÜ«∞QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`å~Ú. '=sæHõ~°} "å^•xfl— „Ѩu
^Œ∂~°O KÕÜ«∞|_ç# "åà◊§<Õ^Õ Jaè„áêÜ«∞O. ^Œo`«∞Ö’¡#∂ JO`«~°OQÆ Ñ‘_»#‰õÄ QÆ∞~°ÜÕ∞º "åà◊√§
^Œo`«∞_ç KÕ`« JOwHõiOѨ*ËÜ«∞QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`å~Ú. Éèíq+¨º`«∞Î `«~åʼnõΩ =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈ ã¨∂„`åÅ=Ù`å~Ú.
L<åfl~°<Õk J=ºHõÎO, Jã¨Ê+¨ìO. WѨC_çѨC_Õ ã¨Ê+¨ìO Kտ㠄Ѩܫ∞`«flO HõxÑ≤OK«_»O =Å¡<Õ
^Œo`«∞Å∞ – JO^Œ∞Ö’#∂ =$uÎ KÕ`« Ç‘Ï#OQÍ K«∂_»|_»∞`«∞#fl =∂kQÆÅ QÆ∞iOz Ѩiâ’^èŒ#
=ºHÍÎ=ºHõÎ, ã¨Êëêìã¨Ê+¨ì "≥·~°∞^茺O QÀK«~°=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. JÖψQ ^Œo`«∞ÅO^Œ~°∂ Hõeã≤ LO>Ë<Õ
KÕã≤# ™êO|Ü«∞º, D ~°Hõ"≥∞ÿ# Ö’áêxfl ѨÓiOKÕ „Ѩܫ∞`«flO KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ ѨÓ#∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. P
ǨωõΩ¯Å ™ê^èŒ# ÖË^• x["≥∞ÿ# ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« J<Õk =ºHõÎO. ǨωõΩ¯Å∞ ™êkèOK«∞H˘<Õ^≥=~°∞? x["≥∞ÿ#
"åºã¨OÖ’ „Ѩu =∂kQƉõÄ, „Ѩu ^Œo`« "Õ∞^è•qH©, ^Œo`«, ^Œo`Õ`«~°∞ÅO^ŒiH© =sæHõ~°}"å^ŒO
ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« LO^•? J<Õk J=ºHõÎO, Jã¨Ê+ì̈O. D Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞ ^Œo`Õ`«~°∞ÖË HÍ^Œ∞, ^Œo`«∞Ö’¡x
Ö’x ™ê=∞O[™êºÅ#∞ âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞ ^Œ$HõÊ^äŒO`À qâı¡+≤Oz K«∂ѨQÆeQÍ_»∞. P "庙êxfl ѨÙã¨ÎHõ
LѨ‰õΩÖÏʼnõÄ HõeˆQ"Õ. JO^Œ∞Hõ<Õ, '=∂Å`åfixfl XHõ ÉèÏ=# (Concept)QÍ „QÆÇ≤ÏOz
~°∂ѨOÖ’ „ѨHõ\ ˜¿ãÎ ÉÏQÆ∞O@∞O^Œ<åfl#∞. ^•xH˜ HÍ~°º~°∂Ѩ"Õ∞ D „QÆO^äŒO!
=ºHÍÎ=ºHÍÎÅ#∞, ã¨Êëêìã¨ÊëêìÅ#∞ `åi¯HõOQÍ x~°∂Ñ≤ã¨∞Î<åfl_»∞.`«^•fi~å =Úã¨∞ˆQã¨∞‰õΩ#fl
=sæHõ~°}#∞ =ºuˆ~H˜OKÕk ^Œo`«∞Ö’¡x XHõ =~°æO =∂ÅÖË „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi, QÍOnè ã¨∂z`« ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« HõO>Ë, JOÉË^Œ¯i[OÖ’x ã¨=∂#`«fi ÉèÏ=##∞ ZÅ∞ÔQuÎ
J㨠= ∂#`« # ∞ áÈQ˘@∞ì H ˘<Õ kâ◊ Ö ’ J=HÍâßÅ JO^Œ ∞ ÉÏ@∞x ™êkè O K« ∞ HÀ"åÅ<Õ k Kå@∞`«∞<åfl_»∞.
JOÉË^Œ¯i[OÖ’ XHõ „Ѩ^è•# Pâ◊Ü«∞O. P Pâ◊Ü«∂xH˜ „H˜Ü«∂~°∂Ѩ"Õ∞ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ á⁄_çyOѨÙ
=∞O^ŒHõ$+¨‚ =∂kQÆ, Hõ$áêHõ~ü =∂kQÆ `«k`«~°∞Å∞ =∂kQÆ Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯Å áÈ~å@ ã¨q∞uQÍ,
‰õÄ_®! JO>Ë ™ê=∂lHõ "åã¨ÎqHõ`« #∞O_ç i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ á⁄_çyOѨ٠H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞Ok. nxfl
=∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~åQÍ U~°Ê_ç L^Œº=∞~°∂áêxfl ™êkèOK«_®xH˜ |Ç≤Ï~°æ`«O J~Ú#ѨÊ\˜ #∞O_ç
=ºuˆ~H˜OKÕk ^Œo`«∞Ö’¡x XHõ „Ѩ^è•# =~°æO. ™ê=∂lHõ "åã¨ÎqHõ`«Ö’ ã¨Ê+¨ìOQÍ QÆ}ÏOHõ
K«∂ã≤<å ã¨∞=∂~°∞ ^Œâß|Ì HÍÅOQÍ Zãπ.ã≤. =sæHõ~°} HÀã¨O „Ѩܫ∞`åflÅ∞ =Ú=∞‡~°OQÍ
q=~åÅ`À ã¨Ç¨ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞Î#fl Ö’áêefl ѨÓiOKÕ kâ◊QÍ Zãπ.ã≤. =sæHõ~°} [~°QÍÅ#_®xfl P
K«~°ÛÖ’¡H˜ =zÛ, "å_çQÍ, "Õ_çQÍ H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. Hõ$+¨‚=∂kQÆ, Hõ$áêHõ~ü =∂kQÆ
=~°æO f„=OQÍ =ºuˆ~H˜ã¨∞ÎOk. WÖÏ JOÉË^Œ¯i*ÏxH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ, „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi ÉèÏ=*ÏÅO`À
L^Œº=∞~°∂ѨOÖ’, ~åROÖ’x =∂kQÆÅ#∞ JO^Œih ã¨"≥∞ÿHõºOQÍ áÈ~å\ÏxH˜ ÖË^• ǨωõΩ¯Å
=sæHõ~°}#∞ =ºuˆ~H˜OKÕ PÖ’K«###∞ =∂Å`«fiQÍ "åºã¨Hõ~°Î „ѨÜ≥∂yã¨∞Î<åfl_»∞. „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi,
™ê^èŒ#H˜ „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK«_»OÖ’ Hõ$`«Hõ$`«∞ºÅ∞ HÍQÆeQÍ~°∞. HÍh, JO`«‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞ #∞OKÕ Zãπ.ã≤.
=∂Å`«fi J<Õ áêiÉèÏ+≤Hõ Ѩ^•Å∞ "≥·Ü«∞HÎ̃Hõ QÆ∞iÎOѨÙ`À H͉õΩO_® ÉèÏ=*ÏÅO (Idealogy)
=sæHõ~°} [~°QÍÅ<Õ "å^Œ#Å∞ [~°QÆHõáÈÖË^Œ∞. JѨC_»∞ Zãπ.ã≤. =sæHõ~°} QÆ∞iOz =∂\Ï¡_Õ
P^è•~°OQÍ, ã¨Ê+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# q=~°}`À ~°K«# H˘#™êQÆ_»O =Å¡ ã¨Ê+¨ì`«‰õΩ |Å"≥∞ÿ# =∂~åæxfl
ÖË^• áÈ~å_Õ "åiH˜ WѨC_»∞#flO`«QÍ =∂kQÆÅ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞ ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~åÅ∞ ÅaèOK«HõáÈ=_»O, P
U~° Ê iz#@¡ ~ ÚºOk. '„|Ǩ  ‡GO— |^Œ ∞ Å∞ 'J„QÍGO— J#_» O Ö’QÍx, '~å*Ϻkè H Í~° O —
x xi
=∂~åæÅ∞ J<Õfi+≤OK«HõáÈ=_»O, `≥eã≤<å H˘O`«=∞Ok "≥·Ü«∞HÎ̃Hõ „ѨÜ≥∂[<åʼnõΩ "å_»∞HÀ=_»O
=O\˜˜ "å\˜ =Å¡ Jq <Õ\ ˜ =sæHõ~°} "å^•x‰õΩ#flO`« Ѩ\ ˜+ª̈`«#∞ ™êkèOK«ÖËHõáÈÜ«∂~Ú.
WO`«‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞ ÖË#O`« ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O W`«~° áêsìÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® WѨC_»∞ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ
JOkOK«_»OÖ’ QÆÅ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞`«fi ~å[H©Ü«∂Å#∞ QÆ=∞xOK«=∞O@∞#fl ^Œo`«`«fi ÉèÏ"åÅ#∞
‰õÄ_® YzÛ`«OQÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀ=Åã≤O^Õ. ~å*ϺOQÆO HõeÊOz# J=HÍâßÅ =Å¡,
~åROÖ’ [iy# HÍ~°OKÕ_»∞, K«∞O_»∂~°∞, Ѩki ‰õΩѨÊO =O\˜ „áêO`åÖ’¡ [iy# ^Œo`Õ`«~°
=~å‚Å ^•_»∞Å`À ^Œo`«∞Ö’¡ =zÛ# K≥·`«#ºO ™ê=∂#º"≥∞ÿOk HÍ^Œ∞. |Ǩï[# ã¨=∂*ò áêsì
ã≤^•úO`«H~õ ,ΰ =º=™ê÷ÑH¨ õ J^躌 ‰õΩ∆ _»∞ HÍh¬~å"£∞`À JѨÊ\˜ ~åR =ÚYº=∞O„u Ü«∞<£.\˜. ~å=∂~å=Ù
á⁄`«∞Î ÃÑ@∞ìHÀ"åÅ#∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. Jk XHõ ~°HõOQÍ ^Œo`«∞Ö’¡ =zÛ# K≥·`«<åºxfl QÆ∞iÎOK«_»"Õ∞.
=∞i JÖÏO\˜ K≥·`«#ºO `«~åfi`« ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ H˘#™êQÆÖË^Œ∞? ZxflHõÅ =∂ºxÃѶ™ÈìÅÖ’ ^Œo`«∞Å#∞
PHõi¬OKÕ Ñ¨^äŒHÍÅ∞ ÖˉõΩO_® LO_Õ"Õ HÍ^Œ∞. =∞iѨC_»∞ "å\˜<≥O^Œ∞‰õΩ q㨇iã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞?
^Œo`«∞Å#∞ qÉèílOKåÅx Z^Œ∞~°∞ K«∂¿ã Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞`«fi „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi ÉèÏ=*ÏÅO H˘O`« Ѩx
KÕ¿ã, <Õ\ ˜ =sæHõ~°} "å^•xH˜ ѨÓiÎ =∞^ŒÌ`«∞ H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞O^Œ#_»OÖ’ H˘O`« Kåi„`«Hõ ã¨`«ºO
LOk. HÍh, J^Õ Ñ¨ÓiÎ ã¨`«ºO HÍ^Œ∞.
^Œo`«∞Å#∞ qÉèílOz áêeOK«_®xH˜ ÖË^• ^Œo`«∞Å<Õ HÍ^Œ∞ Z=i<≥·<å q_»Q˘\˜ì
`«=∞ PkèѨ`«ºO K≥ÖÏ~ÚOK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ J<ÕHõ =∂~åæÅ∞<åfl~Ú. "å\˜x JxflO\˜h HÍ^Œx,
=sæHõ~°} "å^•<Õfl ã¨=∞i÷OK«_»OÖ’ Jxfl áêsìʼnõΩ UHÍaè„áêÜ«∞O U~°Ê_çOk. z=iH˜ Jxfl
áêsìÅ∞ ~åR JÃãOc¡Ö’ UHõ„w=OQÍ P"≥∂^ŒO `≥eáê~Ú. W=hfl Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂`«fi „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi
ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏÖË J#_»O ¿ÇÏ`«∞|^Œú"≥∞ÿ# PÖ’K«# JxÑ≤OK«∞HÀ^Œ∞! g\˜x D „QÆO^äŒHõ~°Î ™êO|Ü«∞º
QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_» âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞OQÍ<Õ QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ∞, Kåi„`«Hõ ã¨`åºÅ#∞ K«∂ѨÙ`«∂<Õ =sæHõ~°} "å^•xfl
ã¨=∞i÷OK«_»OÖ’ Jxfl áêsìÅ PÖ’K«#Åh ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O KÕÜ«∞QÆeQÍ_»∞. ã¨=∞HÍb# Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Åx
K«∂ѨQÆeQÍ_»∞.
âßã¨#, HÍ~°ºx~åfiǨÏHõ, <åºÜ«∞=º=ã¨÷Å =∞^茺 ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O ™êkèOK«#O`« =~°‰õÄ
'<åºÜ«∞O / ^èŒ~°‡O— JO^ŒiH© JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’H˜ ~å=_»O JO`« ã¨∞ÅÉèí"≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∞O HÍ^Œ∞.
D ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O ™êkèOK«_»OÖ’ ^˘ˆ~¡ á⁄~°áê@¡ =Å¡<Õ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ H˘O`«=∞Ok „Ѩ[Å∞
WHõ¯@¡ áêÅ=fi=Åã≤ =ã¨∞ÎOk. g\˜x LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ H˘O`«=∞Ok, =∞i H˘O`« =∞OkÃÑ·
PkèѨ`åºxfl K≥ÖÏ~Úã¨∂Î, JO^Œ=Åã≤# ǨωõΩ¯efl JO^Œ‰õΩO_® PѨQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∂, `å=Ú
J#∞ÉèíqOK«QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∂, `«=∞H˜ P@OHõO Hõey#ѨC_»∞ ''J<åºÜ«∞O—— [iyáÈ`«∞O^Œx QÆQÀæÅ∞
ÃÑ@ì_»O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O@∞Ok. JѨC_»∞ "åà◊√§ Zxfl "å^Œ#Öˇ·<å qxÑ≤OK«_®xH˜ =ÚO^Œ∞H˜
=™êÎ~°∞. "å^Œ##∞ ã¨=∞~°ú=O`«OQÍ qxÑ≤OK«QÆey#, x~°∂Ñ≤OK«QÆey# "åàı¡ q*Ë`«Å∞! q*Ë`«Å∞
xii
JO`å <åºÜ«∞O „ѨHÍ~°"≥∂, ^èŒ~°‡O „ѨHÍ~°"≥∂ `«=∞ ǨωõΩ¯efl á⁄O^ŒQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~°#∞HÀ=_®xH˜
gÅ∞ ÖË^Œ∞. ã¨∞„Ñ‘OHÀ~°∞ì Zãπ.ã≤. =sæHõ~°} K«\Ïìxfl H˘xfl ™êOˆHuHõ HÍ~°}Ïefl K«∂Ñ≤
`å`å¯eHõOQÍ H˘>Ëìã≤Ok. ^•xH˜ H˘xfl ~å*ϺOQÆ P@OHÍÅ#∞ K«∂Ñ≤Ok. Zãπ.ã≤. =sæHõ~°}
ã¨=∞㨺#∞ PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO âßã¨#ã¨Éèí ^•fi~å P"≥∂kOz# f~å‡<åxfl ѨOÑ≤<å,
áê~°¡"≥∞O@∞ P"≥∂^ŒO ^•fi~å =∂„`«"Õ∞ K«@ìO HÍ=Åã≤ LOk. W=hfl ™êOˆHuHõ JOâßÖË!
HÍh, ã¨=∂[ "åãÎ̈qHõ`«#∞ [ã‘ìãπ ~å=∞K«O„^Œ~åA Hõg∞+¨<£ ã¨Ê+ì̈OQÍ K«∂ѨQÆeyOk. =∞m§
WѨC_»∞ ˆHO„^ŒO xÜ«∞q∞Oz# ^Œo`« =sæHõ~°} J^茺ܫ∞# Hõq∞\© ^•fi~å x~°‚Ü«∞O HÍ=Åã≤
LO^Œ x JO@∞#fl "åà◊ √ § L<åfl~° ∞ . nxfl =ºuˆ ~ H˜ O KÕ "åà◊ ¥ § L<åfl~° ∞ . ^•xH˜
_®II a.P~ü. JOÉË^Œ¯~ü PÖ’K«# „ѨHÍ~°"Õ∞ K«∂ã≤<å 1935 ÉèÏ~°`« „ѨÉèí∞`«fi K«@ìO „ѨHÍ~°O
JѨÊ\˜ „a\©+π „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO ǨÏÜ«∂OÖ’<Õ XHõ L`«Î~°∞fi *Ïs KÕâß~°∞. nx „ѨHÍ~°O XHõ ~åROÖ’
XHÀ¯ q^èŒOQÍ Jã¨Ê $â◊º`« LO@∞O^Œx, ^•x „ѨHÍ~°O JѨC_»∞ 9 ÉèÏQÍÅ∞QÍ P L`«Î~°∞fiÖ’
qq^èŒ ~å¢ëêìÖ’¡x Jã¨Êâ◊º ‰õΩÖÏÅ, *Ï`«∞Å, `≥QÆÅ#∞ q=iOKå~°∞. ^•xfl JOÉË^Œ¯~ü
ã¨q=~°"≥∞ÿ#kQÍ#∞, "åã¨ÎqHõ"≥∞ÿ#kQÍ#∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«=eã≤O^Œx „ѨHõ\ ˜OKå~°∞.(ÉÏÉÏ ™êÃÇÏÉò
JOÉË^Œ¯~ü ~°K«#Å∞ – „Ѩã¨OQÍÅ∞ (ã¨OѨÙ@O–7) – PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO „ѨK«∞~°}Å∞ :
1992–246) Hõ#∞Hõ, ˆHO„^ŒO xÜ«∞q∞Oz# ^Œo`«∞Å =sæHõ~°} J^茺ܫ∞# Hõq∞\© ZÖÏO\˜
„Ѩuáê^Œ#Å∞ KÕã≤<å, XHÀ¯ ~åROÖ’ XHÀ¯ ~°Hõ"≥∞ÿ# ¿Ñ~°¡`À ‰õΩÅq=Hõ∆, Pi÷Hõ ã≤÷uQÆ`«∞Å∞
J<Õq H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞<åflÜ«∞x QÆ∞iÎOz, PÜ«∂ ~å¢ëêìÅ "åsQÍ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ U~åÊ@∞ „ѨHÍ~°O
i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#∞ „ѨHõ\ ˜OK«_»"Õ∞ âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. nxfl D „QÆO^äŒHõ~°Î =∂kQÆ =$`«∞ÎÅ∞ ZÖÏ
Ѩ~ånè#"≥∞ÿáÈÜ«∂Ü≥∂, JHõ¯_» ‰õÄ_® =∂kQÆÅ∞ HÍi‡‰õΩÅ∞QÍ<Õ K«∂_»|_»∞`«∞<åfl~À KÕã≤#
qâı¡+¨}Ö’ Ѩ@∞ìHÀQÆeQÍ_»∞. WÖÏO\˜ Ö’`≥·# qâı¡+¨}Å∞ ^Œo`« ã¨=∞㨺 Ѩiëê¯~åʼnõΩ H˘`«Î
HÀ}Ïxfl JOkOK«QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. e_£HͺÑπ ^•fi~å<À, `ÀÅ∞ Ѩi„â◊=∞Å ™ê÷Ѩ# ^•fi~å<À
=∂kQÆʼnõΩ Pi÷Hõ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O JOk¿ãÎ, Jq =∂kQÆÅ ¿Ñ~°∞`À =∞~˘Hõ~°∞ á⁄O^Œ∞`å~°∞ `«Ñ¨Ê,
x["≥∞ÿ# =∂kQÆ =$uÎ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ JO^Œ=<Õk „QÆO^äŒHõ~°Î Ѩiâ’^èŒ#Ö’ `Õe# XHõ JOâ◊O!
`ÀÅ∞ Ѩi„â◊=∞Å∞ ™ê÷Ñ≤Oz# "å~°∞, ÖË^• e_£HͺÑπ ^•fi~å K≥ѨCÅ ^Œ∞HÍ}ÏÅ∞ ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩ#fl
"åà◊§#∞ ˆHO„^ŒO xÜ«∞q∞Oz# =sæHõ~°} J^茺ܫ∞# Hõq∞\© „ѨtflOK«_®xH˜ Z#∞flH˘<Õ Ñ¨^Œúu
Uq∞\˜? Z#∞fl‰õΩ<Õ „Ѩâßfl=o ZÖÏ LO@∞Ok? nxH˜ JO`«\ ˜H˜ Ѩ>Ëì HÍÅ"≥∞O`«? W=hfl
^Œo`«∞Ö’¡ H˘xfl =~åæÅ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ =∞~˘Hõ =~°æO '™êfiǨ— KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ HõeyOKÕ U~åÊ@∞QÍ
‰õÄ_® ÉèÏqOKÕ gÅ∞Ok. ˆHO„^Œ „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO F Hõg∞+¨<£ "Õã≤, âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞ Ѩ^ŒúuÖ’ x"ÕkHõ
ã¨=∞iÊOz, XHÀ¯ ~åROÖ’ XHÀ¯ Ѩiã≤÷ux q=iOz, PÜ«∂ ~å¢ëêìÅ∞, ˆHO„^Œ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi
=∂~°æxˆ~ÌâßÅ#∞ J#∞ã¨iOz H˘xfl J=HÍâßÅ#∞ W=fi_®xH˜ PÜ«∂ âßã¨#ã¨ÉèíňH JkèHÍ~°O
Hõ@ìɡ@ì=K«∞Û ÖË^• L=∞‡_çQÍ<Õ XHõ =∂~åæxfl ã¨∂zOK«=K«∞Û. JѨÊ\˜ =~°‰õΩ H˘xfl =~åæÅ∞
xiii
#+ì̈áÈ`«∞<åflÜ«∞<Õ "åãÎ̈"åxfl QÆ∞iÎOz, `«Hõ∆}O ~åR âßã¨#ã¨Éèí P"≥∂kOz# f~å‡#O „ѨHÍ~°O
J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ`Õ Jaè=$kúÖ’H˜ =zÛ# ^Œo`«∞Å∞ `«=∞ ã¨Ç¨Ï ^Œo`«∞Å HÀã¨O H˘xfl `åºQÍʼnõΩ
ã≤^ŒúO HÍ=Åã≤# ã¨=∞Ü«∞O Pã¨#fl=∞~ÚºO^Œx K≥ѨÊ_»OÖ’ ~°K«~Ú`« ^Œo`« ã¨=∞㨺‰õΩ x+¨¯Å‡+¨
^Œ$+≤ìHÀ}Ïxfl K«∂ѨÙ`«∞<åfl_»∞. W`«~°∞Å #∞O_ç á⁄O^Œ_®xH˜ ã≤^ŒúOQÍ L#fl"åà◊√§, W`«~°∞ʼnõΩ
x*Ï~ÚfQÍ `«=∞ J=ã¨~åÅ∞ f~åÜ«∞x XѨCH˘x, J=HÍâßÅ#∞ '`åºQÆO— KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜
^Œo`«∞Å∞ ZO`« =∞Ok ã≤^ŒúOQÍ L<åfl~°x J_»QÆ_»O J<Õk ˆH=ÅO =∂ÅÅ<À, P LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ<À
=∂„`«"Õ∞ HÍ^Œ∞. JÖÏO\˜ Jaè=$kúH˜ KÕ~°∞"≥·# =∂kQÆ, LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åiH˜ ‰õÄ_® D ã¨∂„`«O
J#fi~Úã¨∞ÎOk.
D „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ ™êO|Ü«∞º „Ѩuáê^Œ#Å#∞ H˜Ok JOâßÅ∞QÍ qOQÆ_çOKÕ J=HÍâ◊O
LOk.
i) =sæHõ~°}`À<Õ ^Œo`« ã¨=∞㨺Åhfl Ѩiëê¯~°"≥∞ÿáÈ`åÜ«∞<Õ ^•x`À „QÆO^äŒHõ~°Î ‰õÄ_®
qÉèËkã¨∞Î<åfl_»∞. HÍh ^Œo`« ã¨=∞㨺ŠѨiëê¯~°OÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ "≥∞@∞ìQÍ, ÖË^• XHÀ¯ "≥∞@∞ìQÍ
ã¨=∞㨺 Ѩiëê¯~°=∞<Õk ™êkèOK«@OÖ’ '=sæHõ~°}— XHõ\ ˜QÍ QÆ∞iÎOK«=∞O@∞<åfl_»∞. nxH˜
J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ`Õ „H˜g∞ÖËÜ«∞~ü q^è•<åxfl ‰õÄ_® áê\˜OK«_»O =Å¡ x["≥∞ÿ# ^Œo`«∞ňH J=HÍâßÅ∞
JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’H˜ ~åQÆey, i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ ÅHõ∆ ºO <≥~°"Õ~°∞`«∞O^ŒO@∞<åfl_»∞.
=sæHõ~°} "å^•xH˜ „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi Éèí∂q∞Hõ#∞ ~°K«~Ú`« JOwHõiOK«_»O ÖË^Œ∞.
ii)
„ÉÏǨχ}`«fi/ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂`«fi ÉèÏ"åÅ`À =sæHõ~°}#∞ ã¨=∞i÷OKÕ áêsìÅ∞ L<åfl, J^Õ „ѨÉèÏ=O
ѨÓiÎQÍ =sæHõ~°} ã¨=∞~°÷#‰õΩ LO^Œ#_»O ã¨=∞O[ã¨O HÍ^ŒO@∞<åfl_»∞. ^•xfl ™ÈѨѨuÎHõOQÍ
x~°∂Ñ≤OKå_»∞.
iii) ¿Ñ~°¡ "≥#∞Hõ LO_Õ ‰õΩÅ ã¨∂zHõŠѨ@¡ ‰õÄ_® ~°K«~Ú`« ^Œ$+≤ì ˆHO„nHõiOK«_»O
HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. '‰õΩÅ Jã≤Î`«fiO— ã¨=∂[OÖ’ =ºHÎ̃ Jã≤Î`åfixfl x~°‚~ÚOzOk. ''Jã¨Ê $â◊√ºÅ∞——QÍ
L#fl "åàı§ JO`«~° qÉèí[#ʼnõΩ QÆ∞Ô~· "åi ‰õΩÅ ã¨∂zHõÅ#∞ Q“~°= „Ѩ^ŒOQÍ ÉèÏqOK«∞HÀ=_»O
=Å¡<Õ Q“~°"åxfl á⁄O^ŒQÆeQÍ~°∞. HÍh, =∂Å–=∂kQÆÅ ‰õΩÅ ã¨∂zHõÅ∞ |Å=O`«Ñ¨Ù P~ÀÑ≤`«
‰õΩÅ ã¨∂zHõÅ∞. xO^•~°÷OÖ’, hKå~°÷OÖ’ JOwHõiOѨ*Ëã≤#q. J~Ú<å "å\˜`À<Õ 'u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞
`« ` « fi O—`À Q“~° = „Ѩ ^ Œ O QÍ =∂~° ∞ ÛHÀQÆ Å QÍÅO@∞<åfl_» ∞ „QÆ O ^ä Œ H õ ~ ° Î . D q+¨ Ü « ∞ OÖ’
JOÉË^Œ¯i["£∞`À H˘OK≥O Ö’`«∞QÍ PÖ’zOK«=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O LOk. HÍh, „Ѩ`åº=∂flÜ«∂xfl
PÖ’zOz, Jk JO^ŒiH© „Ѩã¨iOѨ*ËÜ«∞_»O HõO>Ë, L#fl ^•xÖ’<Õ B#fl`åºxfl ™êkèOK«∞HÀ=_»O
J<Õ Ñ¨^Œúf LOk. P Ѩ^ŒúuÖ’<Õ Páêk`« Q“~°=O ‰õΩÅã¨∂zHõʼnõΩ U~°Ê_»∞`«∞Ok. nxflOHÍ
Ö’`«∞QÍ K«iÛOK«=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O LOk! D q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å ™êkèOz#
™êO㨯 $uHõ B#fl`åºxfl ã≤^•úOfHõiOKÕ „Ѩܫ∞`«flO HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk.
xiv
iv) „ѨÉèí∞`«fi ~°OQÆOÖ’ Láêkè J=HÍâßÅ∞ HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# `«~åfi`« „Ѩ~Ú"Õ\ò ~°OQÆOÖ’
i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ HÀã¨O ^Œo`«∞Å∞ L=∞‡_çQÍ áÈ~å_»=Åã≤# `«~°∞}OÖ’, =sæHõ~°} KÕ@∞ `≥ã¨∞ÎO^Œ<Õ
^•xfl ã¨∞xt`«OQÍ<Õ Ñ¨ijeOK«QÆeQÍ_»∞. „ѨÉèí∞`«fi Láêkè J=HÍâßÖ’¡ L#fl H˘kÌáê\˜
J=HÍâßÅ<Õ =∂kQÆ, `«k`«~° LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åiH˜ ÅaèOK«x=fix"åà◊√§, ˆ~Ѩ٠L=∞‡_çQÍ „Ѩ~Ú"Õ\ò
~°OQÆOÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ ™êkè¿ãÎ JѨC_»∞ P J=HÍâßefl á⁄O^Œx™êÎ~°x ZÖÏ #=∞‡QÆÅ=∞x
㨿ÇÏ`«∞HõOQÍ<Õ „Ѩtflã¨∞Î<åfl_»∞. Ô~O_À HÀ}OÖ’ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi Láêkè J=HÍâßÅ∞ WѨÊ\˜ˆH
HÀÖ’Ê~Ú<å, WHõÃÑ· ~åÉ’ÜÕ∞ „Ѩ~Ú"Õ\ò ~°OQÆOÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#~Ú<å HÍáê_»∞HÀ"åÅO>Ë
=sæHõ~°} LO_»=Åã≤O^Õ J<Õk =∞~À "å^Œ#QÍ =ÚO^Œ∞H˜ fã¨∞H˘ã¨∞Î<åfl_»∞.
v) ~å*Ϻkè H Í~° Éè Ï =# QÆ ∞ iOz PK« ~ ° } Ï`« ‡ Hõ ã≤ ^ •ú O `åxfl D „QÆ O ^ä Œ O Ö’
„ѨuáêkOz, '^Œo`« ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O— J<Õ ^•xH˜ H˘`«Î x~°fiK«<åx=fiQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl_»∞ ~°K«~Ú`«.
JOÉË^Œ¯i[O ѨÙ<åkQÍ<Õ nxfl qãÎ̈ $`«Ñ¨iKÕ „Ѩܫ∞`«flO KÕâß_»∞. ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O ~å=_®xH˜
=ÚO^Œ∞QÍ =sæHõ~°} "å^•xfl JOwHõiOK«=Åã≤ LO@∞O^ŒO@∞<åfl_»∞. JÖÏ HÍ#O`« =~°‰õÄ
^Œo`«∞Å ¿Ñ~°∞`À =∂ÅÅ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ J#∞Éèíqã¨∞Î<åfl~°<Õk ^Œo`«
ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« ¿Ñ~°∞`À [iˆQ H“\˜ÖϺxfl =∂kQÆÅ∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«QÆeQÍ~°<Õk „QÆO^äŒHõ~°Î qâı¡+¨}.
nx`Àáê@∞ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi q^ŒºÖ’ ã¨O㨯~°}Å∞ ~å"åÅ<Õk ‰õÄ_® ~°K«~Ú`« PHÍOHõ∆QÍ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk.
JÖÏ HÍHõáÈ`Õ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ ÅHõ∆ ºO ^≥|ƒu<Õ „Ѩ=∂^ŒO LO^ŒO@∞<åfl_»∞. Wk ˆH=ÅO ^Œo`«∞Ö’¡x
XHõ =~° æ „Ñ¨ Ü ≥ ∂ [<åxfl =∂„`« " Õ ∞ PHÍOH˜ ∆ O KÕ k HÍ^Œ ∞ . =sæ H õ ~ ° } Ï#O`« ~ ° O ^Œ o `« ∞ Å
âßâ◊fi`åaè=$kúH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz# `åuÎ fiHõ PÖ’K«#. Hõ#∞Hõ, D „QÆO^èŒO ˆH=ÅO ^Œo`«∞Ö’¡ XHõ
=~åæxfl QÆ∞_ç¤QÍ ã¨=∞i÷ã¨∞Î<åfl_»#∞HÀ=_®xH˜ gÅ∞ÖË^Œ∞.
WÖÏ ^Œo`« ã¨=∞㨺‰õΩ =sæHõ~°} "å^ŒO`À 'ѨOK«ã¨∂„`« ã≤^•úO`åxfl— D „QÆO^äŒOÖ’
„ѨuáêkOz, XHõ Kåi„`«Hõ Ѩ„`«O (Historical Document)QÍ nxfl ~°∂á⁄OkOKå_»∞.
„Ѩu Ñ¨Öˇ¡ =¸Å=¸ÅH© D ÉèÏ=*ÏÅO „ѨKå~°O HÍ=Åã≤ LOk. ~å=∂Ü«∞}, ÉèÏ~°`«,
ÉèÏQÆ=`åÅ∞ K«kqOK«∞‰õΩx P#OkOz#@∞¡, D Kåi„`«HõѨ„`«O „Ѩu ^Œo`«∞_»∂ K«kq/
K«kqOK«∞H˘x PÖ’zOK«=∞O@∞<åfl_»∞. =sæHõ~°} áÈ~å@OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO HõeÊOK«∞H˘x,
=sæHõ~°}#∞ ™êkèOK«∞H˘<Õ kâ◊QÍ „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤ã¨∞Î<åfl_»∞.
PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò ~åR âßã¨#ã¨Éèí P"≥∂kOz# f~å‡<åxfl J#∞ã¨iOz, ~åRѨu q_»∞^ŒÅ
KÕã≤# XHõѨÊ\˜ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ K«@ìO =ÖË QÍh, „Ѩ`ÕºHõ L`«Î~°∞fi`À QÍh =∂kQÆ, J#∞|O^èŒ
LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ "åi ǨωõΩ¯Å#∞ `«Hõ∆}O Ѩi~°H˜∆OKåÅ<Õ^Õ „QÆO^äŒHõ~°Î "å^ŒOÖ’x ™ê~åOâ◊O.
J^Õ „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® HÀ~°∞‰õΩ<Õk. =∂kQÆ, `«k`«~° LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞
PtOKÕk! JO`«=~°‰õΩ ˆH=Å „H˜g∞ÖËÜ«∞~ü, „áêO`åÅ"ås i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡, „QÍg∞}, Ѩ@ì} ^Œo`«∞Å
qÉè[í #, ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O =O\˜=hfl `«~åfi`« PÖ’zOK«=Åã≤# q+¨Ü∂« Å~Ú<å „áê^è•#º„Hõ=∂xfl
áê\˜OK«=Åã≤ LO@∞O^Œx qâı¡+≤ã¨∞Î<åfl_»∞.
xv
 „QÆO^ä•xfl K«H¯õ x â‹e· Ö’ ~åâß_»∞. "åHͺ֒¡ JHõ¯_»H¯õ _® ǨÏ$^ŒÜ∞« O #∞O_ç á⁄Oyá⁄~°ÖË
Hõq`«fi ^è•~° ‰õÄ_® LOk. ã¨Ê+¨ì`«#∞, Pf‡Ü«∞`«#∞ =∞iO`« J~°÷=O`«OQÍ K≥áêÊÅ#∞‰õΩ<Õ
JHõ∆~° "Õ^Œ#QÍ ^•xfl J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe. ™ê=∂#∞º_çH˜ JO^Õ q^èŒOQÍ `«# ÉèÏ"åefl ÉÏQÍ
ѨOK«∞HÀQÆeQÍ_»∞. „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O ^Œo`«∞Ö’¡ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ âߢ™êÎÅ J^茺ܫ∞#O =Å¡ ~å@∞^Õe#
Social Scientists ~å=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O LOk. JÖÏO\˜ Social Scientists "≥·Ü«∞H˜ÎHõ
Jaè=$kú HõO>Ë, =º=ã¨÷ Jaè=$kúH˜ `À_»Ê_»QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`å~°∞. P ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞ ™êO|Ü«∞º QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_»Ö’
HõxÑ≤ã¨∞Î<åflÜ«∞x D ѨÙãÎ̈HõO K«kq# "åi JO^ŒiH© JxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. WOHÍ J<ÕHõ H˘`«Î PÖ’K«#Å∞
„QÆO^äŒOÖ’ L<åfl~Ú. „QÆO^äŒOÖ’xH˜ "≥à◊§O_ç. |Ü«∞@ ã¨=∂[OÖ’x "åã¨ÎqHõ`«#∞ J~°÷O
KÕã¨∞HÀO_ç. x["≥∞ÿ# <åºÜ«∂xfl |ÅѨ~°K«O_ç.
^Œo`«∞Å JÉèí∞º#fluH˜ Hõ$+≤ KÕ¿ã "åiÖ’ ™êO|Ü«∞º QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_» ‰õÄ_® XHõ =~°∞ã¨Ö’
xÅ=QÆeˆQ =∞Oz PÖ’K«#Å#∞ JOkOKÕ WÖÏO\˜ =∞ixfl ~°K«#Å#∞ KÕÜ«∂Åx Ptã¨∂Î......
g∞

^•~°¡

xvi

Hõ$`«[˝`åO[e
`å*ò=∞ǨÏÖò xi‡OzOk ëê[Ǩ<£ J~Ú<å P ™œ^èŒ x~å‡}ÏxH˜ ~åà‹§uÎ#
‰õÄbÖˇ=~°x NN P~å fã≤#>Ë¡ D "åºã¨O "≥#∞Hõ ǨϙêÎÅ QÆ∞iOz P~å fã≤#@¡~Ú`Õ D
zxfl ~ÚO\˜x xi‡OzOk <Õ#~Ú#ѨÊ\˜H˜© ZO^Œ~À ã¨ÇϨ $^ŒÜÚ« Å∞ KÕܸ« `«xzÛ <å QÆ$ǨxH˜
JÅOHÍ~åÅ^•Ì~°∞. JO^ŒiH© ¿Ñ~°∞¿Ñ~°∞<å Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞*ËÜ«∂Åx L<åfl ã¨÷ÖÏÉèÏ=O
=Å# JO^Œix „Ѩ™êÎqOK«ÖËHõáÈ`«∞#flO^Œ∞‰õΩ =∞xflã¨∂Î Pj~°fikOK« „áê~°÷#.
◆ q^•º~°∞÷Å∞ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ ¿ã"å HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂ÅÖ’ áêÖÁæ<åÅx, =ÚYºOQÍ K«^Œ∞=Ù‰õΩ<Õ
J=HÍâ◊O Hõey# ^Œo`« q^•º~°∞÷Å∞ `å=Ú <Õ~°∞Û‰õΩ#flk `«=∞ "åiH˜ <Õ~°Ê_»"Õ∞QÍHõ
™êOѶ≤∞Hõ ^Œ∞~åKå~åʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ „Ѩ[ÅÖ’ K≥·`«#ºO fã¨∞‰õΩ~å"åeû# ÉÏ^茺`«
LO^Œx K≥|∞`«∂ á¶ê^Œ~ü W=∂‡#∞ÜÕ∞Å∞ '™È™ê—H˜ „áê}O áÈâß~°∞. D ã¨Oã¨÷ `«~°Ñ¶¨Ù#
q[Ü«∞"å_», =∞OQÆà◊yi, q#∞H˘O_», ~å=∞<å^èŒÑ¨Ù~°O (`«q∞à◊<å_»∞), =∞„^•ã¨∞ÅÖ’
Z<Àfl HͺOѨÙÅ∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz ^Œo`« ã¨=∂[ ã≤÷uQÆ`«∞ŠѨ@¡ XHõ J=QÍǨÏ# HõÅQÆ_®xH˜
^ÀǨÏ^ŒÑ¨_®¤~°∞. ™È™ê ^•fi~å q[Ü«∞"å_», =∞zbѨ@flO, QÆ∞O@∂~°∞, kO_çQÆÖò
~ÚOHÍ Z<Àfl „áêO`åÅÖ’ ‰õΩÅ ã¨=∞㨺, ÉÏeHõÅ K«^Œ∞=Ù „áê=ÚYº`«, Z~Ú_£û,
=~°Hõ@fl ã¨=∞㨺 ÖÏO\˜ JOâßÅÃÑ· gkè <å\˜HõÅ ^•fi~å, K≥·`«#º `«~°QÆ`«∞Å∞
x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«_»O ^•fi~å „Ñ¨[ÅÖ’ K≥·`«<åºxH˜ áê@∞Ѩ_»@O <å K≥·`«<åºxH˜ <åOk.
JO^Œ∞‰õΩ á¶ê^Œ~ü W=∂‡#∞ÜÕ∞Å∞ QÍiH˜ ã¨^• Hõ$`«A˝_»#∞.
◆ ã≤.P~ü. âıY~ü, '^Œo`« â◊HÎ̃x JO`«"≥ÚOkOKÕ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ‰õΩ„>Ë =sæHõ~°} : áê=ÙÅ∞QÍ
=∂i# =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞,— ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxfl „ѨK«∞iOz =sæHõ~°}#∞ =∂ÅÅ∞
ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ =ºuˆ~H˜ã¨∞Î<åfl~À `≥eÜ«∞*ËÜ«∞Hõ áÈ~Ú#@¡~Ú`Õ <å PÖ’K«#ʼnõΩ JHõ∆~°
~°∂ѨO HõeÊOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ J=HÍâ◊O Hõey LO_Õk HÍ^Œ∞. P J=HÍâßxfl HõeÊOz#
âıY~ü‰õΩ =ÚO^Œã¨∞Î Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞.
◆ `«# \©zOQ∑`À, Ããq∞<å~°¡`À, ~°K«#Å`À Hõ∆}O fiHõ ÖˉõΩ<åfl <Õ#∞ J_çQÍ#x
HÍ^Œ#‰õΩO_® D "庙êxH˜ =ÚO^Œ∞=∂@ '=sæHõ~°} "å^•xH˜ âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞ ^Œ$HõÊ^èŒO—
„"åÜ«∞_»"Õ∞QÍHõ, <å `≥Å∞QÆ∞ ÉèÏëê ^ÀëêÅ ã¨=~°}‰õΩ ã¨ÅǨezÛ# ¿ãflǨÏje
_®II ^•~°¡ "≥OHõ>Ëâ◊fi~°~å=ÙH˜ <å „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞.
◆ ÉÏÉÏ™ê¿ÇÏÉò JOÉË^Œ¯~ü, HÍ~°Öò =∂~ü¯û, W\ÏeÜ«∞<£ ™ê=∂lHõ ^•i≈x‰õΩ_»∞ „QÍO㑯,
¢ã‘Î"å^Œ – „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º"å^Œ∞Å∞ P# Ѷ≤eÑπ, Si+π =∂iÜ«∞<£ Ü«∞OQ∑, <åhû „ÃѶ[~üÅ
~°K«#Å∞ pHõ\ ˜ Hõq∞‡# <å J*Ï˝# rq`«OÖ’ *Ï˝#HÍO`«∞Å∞ „Ѩã¨iOK«QÍ, '#Å∞Ѩٗ֒
xvii
„ѨK«∞i`«=∞~Úº# ÉÏÅQÀáêÖò, ÉÁ*Ï˚ `å~°HõO, HõOK≥ SÅÜ«∞ºÅ "庙êÅ∞, 'Z^Œ∞s`«—Ö’
JK«Û~Ú# L. ™êO|t=~å=Ù "庙êÅ∞, '^Œo`« ~å[ºO— ^•fi~å =Ú„kOK«|_ç# HõuÎ
Ѩ^•‡~å=Ù, ^Õ=~°Ñ¨e¡ =∞™êÎ#~å=Ù QÍ~°¡ "庙êÅ∞, '‰õΩÅ x~°∂‡Å#— ˆH. ã¨`«º<å~åÜ«∞}
"庙êÅ∞, Hõ$áêHõ~ü =∂kQÆ 'U_»∞ "庙êÅ∞—, 'Kè«O_®Å Kå\˜OѨٗ`À '=∂kQÆÅÖ’
K≥·`«#ºO— ~°yeÛ# '=∂kQÀ_»∞— _®Hõì~ü <åQÆѨÊQÍi ã¨∞O^Œ~° ~åA, '=sæHõ~°}©Ü«∞O
(^Œo`« n~°…HÍ=ºO)— ZO_»∂¡i ã¨∞^è•Hõ~ü, |Ǩï[# `åufi‰õΩ_»∞ a.Zãπ. ~å=ÚÅ∞
~°K«#Å∞ PO„^èŒ ~åR ™ê=∂lHõ, ~å[H©Ü«∂OâßÅ#∞ PHõoOѨ٠KÕã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜ <å‰õΩ
ZO`À ^ÀǨÏ^ŒÑ¨_®¤~Ú. D<å\˜ <å D ~°K«#`À gÔ~=iH˜ „Ѩ`«ºHõ∆ ã¨O|O^èŒO ÖˉõΩ<åfl
Ѩ~ÀHõ∆ ã¨O|O^è•xfl q㨇iOK«ÖË#∞. <åÖ’ HõeæOz# L`ÕÎ*ÏxH˜, *Ï˝#`«$+¨‚‰õΩ "å~°O^ŒiH©
D ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜ P#O^ŒÑ¨_»∞`«∞<åfl#∞.
◆ ã¨∂~庿Ñ@ Ãã~ÚO\ò *ËqÜ«∞~üû ÃÇ·Ïã¨∂¯Öò #∞O_ç PO„^èŒ ÖÁÜ≥∂ÖÏ HÍÖËrÖ’ a.Z.
=~°‰õΩ Lz`« q^Œº‰õΩ J=HÍâ◊O HõeÊOz <Õh ~ÀA# ÅO_»<£ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞O,
ÅO_»<£Ö’ ^Œo`«∞ÅÃÑ· Ñ≤ÃÇÏKü_ç KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ ÉÏ@Å∞ Ѩ~°z# *Ëã¨∞ ã¨Éèí ã¨Oã¨÷‰õΩ, P
ã¨Éèí QÆ∞~°∞=ÙʼnõΩ =ÚYºOQÍ á¶ê^Œ~ü ™êìh¡, á¶ê^Œ~ü *ËqÜ«∞~ü É’™È¯, á¶ê^Œ~ü ‰õΩoO^£
~å*ò, á¶ê^Œ~ü PO^äÀx, á¶ê^Œ~ü *Ï˝#âıY~°<£, á¶ê^Œ~ü *Ï<£ *’ã¨Ñ¶πʼnõΩ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞
`≥eÜ«∞*Ëã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl#∞.
◆ WO@s‡_çÜ«∞\ò #∞O_ç _ç„w =~°‰õΩ S^Œ∞ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞ <å‰õΩ K«^Œ∞=Ù K≥Ñ≤Ê Jxfl
q+¨ Ü « ∂ ÅÖ’ ##∞fl „áÈ`« û Ç≤ Ï Oz# QÆ ∞ ~° ∞ =ÙÅ∞ g~° „|Ǩ Ï ‡OQÍ~° ∞ , Zãπ . Ñ≤ .
~å=∞~åAQÍ~°∞, q[Ü«∞ ÉÏ|∞QÍ~°¡‰õΩ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã¨∞Î<åfl#∞.
◆ <≥ʼnõΩ S^Œ∞ =O^ŒÅ ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å∞ ™ê¯Å~ü+≤Ñπ Ô~O_»∞ ã¨O=`«û~åÅáê@∞ WzÛ
ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞OÖ’ ZO.Z. ѨÓiÎ K≥Ü«∞º_®xH˜ J=HÍâ◊O HõeÊOz#
Ѩ~°fi`«<Õx „ѨÉèÏãπ QÍi¯ =Ú‰õΩo`« ǨϙêÎÅ`À Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã¨∞Î<åfl#∞.
◆ ~å[hu âßGOÖ’ <å‰õΩ `«sÊù^Œ∞ xzÛ# ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞O ~å[hu
âßGqÉèÏQÆ QÆ∞~°∞=ÙÅ∞ „á⁄. âßO`«ã≤<å›, „á⁄. =∂}˜HͺO|, „á⁄. ǨÏ~°QÀáêÖò,
„á⁄. ~å[<£ Ǩψ~¬, „á⁄. „ѨHÍâò K«O„^Œ™ê~°Oy, „á⁄. ã¨∞nè~ü *ÏHõÉò *Ï~ü˚,
„á⁄. ~å=∞„|ǨχO, „á⁄. J~°∞}ü‰õΩ=∂~ü Ѩ\ÏflÜ«∞H±, _®. ã¨O[Üü∞ Ѩb¬Hõ~ü,
_®. K«O„^ŒâıY~ü, _®. ~°`«flO QÍ~°¡‰õΩ ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞ ѨÓ~°fiHõ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã¨∞Î<åfl#∞.
◆ ZO.Z. ѨÓ~°Î~Ú# "≥O@<Õ ZÖÏO\˜ É’^èŒ<å#∞Éèí=O ÖˉõΩ<åfl q*Ï˝# _ç„w HõàÏâßÅÖ’
~å[hu ÖˇHõÛ~°~üQÍ J=HÍâ◊q∞zÛ ##∞fl „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOz# ÖÏ=Ù ~°`«ÎÜ«∞º QÍiH˜
Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞.
xviii
◆ ã≤qÖòû "≥∞~Ú<£û ѨsHõ∆#∞ HÀÖ’Ê~Ú KÕuÖ’ ze¡QÆ=fiÖËHõ gkè#Ѩ_»¤ <å ã≤÷ux K«∂ã≤
ÃÑâ· ßzHõ P#O^•xfl á⁄Ok# <å ã¨fiO`« |O^è∞Œ =Ù `«# q∞„`«Q}
Æ O`À Ü«¸x=sû\©Ö’
J==∂xOz #=ÙfiÅáêÅ∞ KÕã#≤ ѨÙ_»∞, P J==∂# ÉèÏ~°O`À Hõ$OyáÈ`«∞#fl ##∞fl
J#flÖÏ T~°_çOz J=∞‡ÖÏ Hõ_»∞ѨÙÖ’ ^•K«∞‰õΩ#fl HõuÎ HõàϺ}ü#∞ D ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ
QÆ∞~°∞ÎOK«∞H˘x Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl#∞.
◆ <Õ#∞ ZO.Ѷ≤Öò. KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ XHõ ã¨O=`«û~°O áê@∞ <≥ʼnõΩ 600 ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å K˘Ñ¨C#
™ê¯Å~ü+≤Ñπ ~ÚzÛ# ZO.q. ᶜO_Õ+¨<£ "åiH˜ ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞ѨÓ~°fiHõ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞.
◆ =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å L^Œº=∞OÃÑ·# Ѩiâ’^èŒ# ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ Ñ¨iK«Ü«∞=∞~Úº <å ÅO_»<£
„Ѩܫ∂}O =~°‰õΩ `À_»∞QÍ LO_ç <≥·uHõOQÍ, Pi÷HõOQÍ KÕÜ«¸`« xzÛ# _ç.ZO.
=~°„Ѩ™ê^£, <Õ#∞ "åi ~ÚO\˜H˜ "≥o§# „Ѩu ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ '=∂ =∞ik =KåÛ_»x— <å
HÀã¨O „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ QÆ∞O@∂~°∞ H˘O_» QÀOQÆ∂~°`À =∂Oã¨O ‰õÄ~° =O_çÃÑ\ì̃ ##∞fl
"åi ‰õΩ@∞O|OÖ’ HõÅ∞ѨÙH˘x P^ŒiOz# Zq∞e =k#H˜ D ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞
`≥Å∞ѨىõΩO@∞<åfl#∞.
◆ <å ÅO_»<£ „Ѩܫ∂}ÏxH˜ Pi÷HõOQÍ, <≥·uHõOQÍ =∞^Œ∞ú`«∞xzÛ# ÃÑ^ŒÌÅ∞, q∞„`«∞Å∞
aÖÏ¡ Hõ$áê^•#O, |∞„i ~°[hHÍO`ü, ~å"£∞QÀáêÖò, J~°∞} QÆ}Ë+π, _®Hõì~ü âߺ"£∞,
Éèí~°`ü Éèí∂+¨}üʼnõΩ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞.
◆ „Ѩu =ºHÎ̃H© F ¿ãflÇ≤Ï`«∞_»∞, ^•~°≈x‰õΩ_»∞, =∂~°æ^Œi≈ L#fl@¡~Ú`Õ <å‰õΩ ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£
qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞O ™ê=∂lHõ âßG qÉèÏQÆOÖ’ s_»~üQÍ L#fl _®Hõì~ü â◊Å+‘*ò ÃÇψQ¤
L<åfl_»∞. D "åºã¨ ~°K«#Ö’ PÜ«∞# ã¨ÅǨÅ∞ ZO`«QÍ<À LѨHõiOKå~Ú. PÜ«∞#‰õΩ
„Ѩ`ÕºHõ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞.
◆ U ¿Ñ^Œ „Ѩ[Å ã¨=∞㨺ŠQÆ∞iOz =∞#O Ѩiâ’^èŒ# KÕã¨∞Î<åfl"≥∂ "åiH˜ =∞# Ѩiâ’^èŒ#
Ѷ¨e`åÅ∞ JO^Œ_»O ÖË^Œ∞. =∞# Ѩiâ’^èŒ#Å∞ "åiH˜ `≥eÜ«∂ÅO>Ë "åi ÉèÏ+¨Ö’<Õ
„"åÜ«∂e. =sæHõ~°} ÃÑ·# D "庙êxfl `≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ „"åã≤#O^Œ∞‰õΩ <å‰õΩ KåÖÏ
ã¨O`À+¨OQÍ LO^ŒO@∂ `«# P#O^•xfl =ºHõÑÎ ~¨ z° D "庙êxH˜ F =∂@ „"åã≤#
<å Ñ≤ÃÇÏKü_ç ã¨∂Ѩ~ü "≥·[~ü ã¨∞nÑÎ̈ Hõq~å*òH˜ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞.
◆ ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞OÖ’ <å q∞„`«∞Å∞, q∞„`«∞Å∞ÖÏO\˜ H˘O^Œ~°∞ QÆ∞~°∞=ÙÅ∞
ÖˉõΩO>Ë P qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞OÖ’ <Õ#∞ ã¨=∞iÊOz# ZO.Ѷ≤Öò =∂„`«"Õ∞QÍHõ Ñ≤ÃÇÏKü_ç
K≥Ü«∞º_®xH˜ ÅO_»<£ #QÆ~°O =~°‰õΩ =K«∞ÛO_Õ "å_çx HÍ^Œ∞. +¨i‡, aO^Œ∞, ™œ=∞º,
+¨q∞‡, =~°∞, =∂^èŒq Å`«, =∂^èŒ∞i, ~å[N Ô~_ç¤, =∞OA, tÅÊ, |~å‡ e„|@,
xix
t"åm, +¨á¶êe, ã¨∞ˆ~+¨#fl, "≥O‰õΩ, ã¨∞Éσ~å=Ù, N^èŒ~ü, #~°ûÜ«∞º, QÆ∞„~°O N##fl,
q[Ü«∞âıY~ü pe, H˘eHõѨÓ_ç Nx"åãπ, ã¨∞^Œ~°≈# áêѨ#fl, ã¨~å=}, q[Üü∞ ‰õΩ=∂~ü
É’~°\ ˜, kQÆ∞=∞iÎ ã¨∞ˆ~+π, ã¨`«ºO, g„~åA, K«O^Œ∞, =∞Å¡Ü«∞#fl, J~°∞}ü‰õΩ=∂~ü,
`å`«º~å=Ù, ~°"Õ∞+π–"≥∞ÿ„`Õ~Ú, ~åkèHõ–„ѨâßO`ü, Jq∞`ü–tÅÊO, xdÅ, â◊tHÍO`«†
_®Hõì~ü Ѩ_çHõ¯Öò, _®Hõì~ü u~°∞=∂àò, _®Hõì~ü z„`å Ѷ¨}˜Hõ¯~ü, _®Hõì~ü ˆHâ◊"£‰õΩ=∂~ü
(áêO_çKÕÛi), _®Hõì~ü kbÑπ g∞#<£–pHõ\ ˜Ö’ „Ѩܫ∂}˜ã¨∞Î#fl <å‰õΩ k"≥fiÖˇ· <å rq`«OÖ’
"≥Å∞QÆ∞ xOÑ≤# g~°O^ŒiH© Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜ F z#fl J=HÍâ◊O
Hõey#O^Œ∞‰õΩ P#Okã¨∞Î<åfl#∞.
◆ `˘q∞‡k ã¨O=`«û~åÅ =Ü«∞ã¨ûѨC_»∞ <å#fl H˘\Ïì_»x ~À+¨O`À ~ÚO\˜ #∞O_ç
"≥o§áÈ~Ú# ##∞fl "≥uH˜OK«=∞x =Úã≤Å=∞‡ (<åÜ«∞#=∞‡) U_»∞ã¨∞ÎO>Ë, 'laƒ<≥uÎ^•<å,
P_»∞ ѨÙeÑ≤Å.¡ ZHõ¯_»HÔ o§<å +¨O¿+~°∞QÍ uiQ˘™êÎ_#» fl— <å#fl (QÆ∞O_ç"∞≥ _» ÃÑ^Œáê=ÚÅ∞),
'<å =∞#=_»O>Ë U=∞#∞‰õΩ<åfl"Õ, P_»∞ JK«Û~°O. P JK«Û~°O`À ѨѨOKåxfl K«∞@∞ì
H˘™êÎ_»x— nè=∂ ѨeH˜# ÉÏ|∞ (`å`«–QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_» ÃÑ^Œ"≥OHõÜ«∞º) D ~ÀA =∂
=∞^茺ÖˉõΩ<åfl "åi #=∞‡HÍÅ∞, É’^èŒÅ∞ ZÅ¡"Õà◊ÖÏ =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ #_çÑ≤ã¨∞ÎO\Ï~Ú.
◆ `«e¡^ŒO„_»∞Å#∞ HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# ##∞fl <å K≥e¡x KÕ~°nã≤ `«# #Å∞QÆ∞i Ñ≤Å¡Å`À áê@∞
=∂ ~Ú^ŒÌix ÃÑOz ÃÑ^ŒÌKÕã≤# ÉÏÉÏ~Ú–z# áê=ÚÅ∞, z#fl=∞‡–ã¨∞jÅÅ
|∞∞}Ï#∞|O^è•xfl U<å\˜H©˜ f~°∞ÛHÀÖË#∞.
◆ Ѩ^ŒH˘O_»∞ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ =Ü«∞ã¨Ñ¨C_»∞ K«^Œ∞=Ù =∂#∞H˘x QÆ∞O@∂~°∞ ÉÏ~ü ëêѨÙÖ’
Ѩx KÕã¨∞ÎO>Ë <å*Ï_» Hõ#∞H˘¯x `«=∞ =¸_»∞ ~ÀAÅ a_»¤#∞ á⁄uÎà◊§Ö’ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘x
<å^ŒQÆæ~°H˘zÛ ##∞fl "åiO\˜H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩ"≥o§ <Õ#∞ =∞~°ÖÏ K«^Œ∞=Ù |O_≥ˆH¯@@∞¡ KÕã≤#
ÉÏÉÏ~Ú HÍ~°∞=¸i ^•ã¨∞, z#fl=∞‡ #=fi=∞‡Å#∞ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å`À 㨇iOK«∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl#∞.
◆ 'ÅO_»<£ "≥à◊√Î<åfl=Ù. ÅO_»<£ ^˘~°ÖÏ LO_®Åx— Ѩk"ÕÅ ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å∞ ÃÑ\˜ì <å‰õΩ
ã¨∂\ò H˘xzÛ Jk <Õ#∞ ^èŒi¿ãÎ <åÖ’ =∂ <å#fl#∞ K«∂ã¨∞H˘x HõO@`«_ç ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩ#fl
=∂"Õ∞#`«Î HÍà◊ǨÏã≤Î ~å[=∞‡, =∂=∞Ü«∞º ÖÏÉÏ#∞ʼnõΩ D ã¨O^Œ~åƒù# Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞
`≥eÜ«∞*Ëã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl#∞.
◆ HõuΠѨ^•‡~å=Ù, ã¨fi~°‚‰õΩ=∂sÅ 'Å∞Oah =#O— <å r=# QÆ=∞#OÖ’ F =ã¨O`«O.
<å Ñ≤ÃÇÏKü_ç Ѷő ∞¤ =~°∞¯ xq∞`«OÎ "≥Ú@ì"Ú≥ ^Œ\ ™˜ êi PÜ«∞##∞, PÜ«∞# ~ÚO\˜eá¡ êkx
HõÅ=_»O [iyOk. <Õ#∞ JHõ¯_»∞#fl <≥Å~ÀAÅáê@∞ <åHõO@∂ XHõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ=∞~Ú#
QÆkx ˆH\Ï~ÚOz Lz`« Éè’[# ã¨^Œ∞áêÜ«∂Å∞ KÕã≤, ''h H˘~°‰õΩ Å∞Oax =# ^•fi~åÅ∞
ZѨC_»∂ `≥~°∞K«∞‰õΩ<Õ LO\ÏÜ«∞x—— HõuÎ ‰õΩ@∞O| ã¨Éèíº`åfixflzÛ# "åi „¿Ñ=∂aè
xx
 =∂<åʼnõΩ U Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ ã¨i*ÏÅ=Ù. D ã¨O^Œ~åƒù# ã¨fi~°‚‰õΩ=∂i, L=∞Å#∞
QÆ∞~°∞ÎOK«∞HÀ=_»O =Ú^•=ǨÏO. HõuÎ ~ÚO\˜e¡áêk P^ŒiOK«_»O XHõ Z`≥·Î`Õ, Ѩ^•‡~å=Ù
„áÈ`åûǨÏO =∞~À Z`«∞Î. ÅO_»<£ #∞O_ç <Õ#∞ „"åã≤# L`«Î~åÅ∞ K«kq, `«#
„Ѩ`«∞º`«Î~åÅÖ’ 'h „"å`« |OQÍ~°O. h=Ù „"åÜ«∂e— JO@∂ ##∞fl „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOz, <å
`≥Å∞QÆ∞ g∞^Œ <å‰õΩ #=∞‡HõO HõeˆQ@@∞¡ KÕã≤# '*Ïu~°`«flO— Ѩ^•‡~å=ÙH˜ <åq#„=∞
Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞.
◆ D "åºã¨O "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ „_®Ñ¨Ùìx >ˇÿѨ٠KÕã≤ ÅO_»<£H˜ áÈã¨∞ì KÕã≤# q∞„`«∞~åÅ∞ \˜.
<åQÆ=∞}©âfi◊ iH˜, `«=Ú‡_»∞ HÔ . Nx"åãπ‰Ωõ , ^ä•=∞ãπ‰Ωõ , ™êOˆHuHõ ã¨ÇϨ HÍ~åxfl JOkOz#
ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞ HõOѨӺ@~ü ÃãO@~ü ExÜ«∞~ü „á⁄„QÍ=∞~ü WxQÍÅ
~å*Ëâ◊fi~ü, PÜ«∞# ã¨Ç¨Ï L^Àºy âßO`«Ü«∞º‰õΩ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl#∞.
◆ "åºã¨O ÃѶ·#Öò „_®Ñ¨Ùì `«Ü«∂~°∞ K≥Ü«∞º_®xH˜ ÅO_»<£ #∞O_ç F Ô~O_»∞ ~ÀAÅ∞ ZHõ¯_çÔH·<å
"≥àϧÅx PÖ’zã¨∞#Î flO`«<Õ `«# ^ŒQ~æÆ ‰° Ωõ =zÛ „_®Ñ¨Ùì ã≤^OúŒ KÕã∞¨ HÀ=∞x ##∞fl PǨfixOz
Ô~O_»∞ ~ÀAÅ∞ "å~üqH± Ü«¸x=iû\©, "å~üqH± (H˘qO„\©)Ö’ ÅOÉÏ_Àà◊§ HÀ_ç‰õÄ~°,
ѨzÛ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ã¨∞`À Pu^茺q∞zÛ z#fl<å\˜ <å ã¨∂~庿Ñ@ `«O_» (‰õΩ_» ‰õΩ_» ~À_»∞¤)
㨇 $`«∞Å#∞ QÆ∞~°∞ΉõΩ `≥zÛ# q∞„`«∞_»∞ ÉèϺOQͺ <åÜ«∞H±‰õΩ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞.
◆ ã¨∞nÑÎ̈ Hõq~å*ò =∂@#∞ `≥Å∞QÆ∞ KÕã≤# z\ì̃ÉÏ|∞ Ѩ_»=ÅH˜ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞.
◆ <å "庙êxfl JK«∞ÛÖ’ K«^Œ"åÅx <å HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ `«Ñ¨#Ѩ_ç# "å_»∞ =∞#flO
HÀ>Ëâ◊fi~°~å=Ù. „_®Ñ¨Ùì >ÿ̌Ѩ٠KÕ~ÚOKÕ ^ŒQÆæ~° #∞O_ç ѨÙã¨ÎHõO JK«ÛÜÕ∞º=~°‰õΩ x„^•Ç¨~åÅ∞
=∂x, Uq∞ KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~À ZÖÏ KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~À Jx qǨÏÅ`åfixH˜ QÆ∞Ô~· P LkfiQÆfl`« #∞O_ç
ѨÙ\ì̃# <å HÀáêxfl F~°∞ÊQÍ, <Õ~°∞ÊQÍ ÉèíiOz D ѨÙãÎ̈HÍxfl |Ü«∞@‰õΩ `≥zÛ# 'HÀ\˜—H˜
HÀ\˜ ^ŒO_®Å∞.
◆ D "庙êxfl „â◊^ŒúQÍ _ç.\˜.Ñ≤. KÕã≤, Hõ=~ü ¿Ñrx JO^ŒOQÍ =Ú™êÎ|∞ KÕã≤#
„Ѩ™ê^£QÍiH˜ ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~å#flOkOz# ''JáÈÖ’ „Ñ≤O@~üû „ÃÑ·"Õ\ò eq∞>ˇ_£—— "åiH˜
^èŒ#º"å^•Å∞.
◆ D "åºã¨OÖ’ =ºHõÎѨ~°z# Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å`À ÃÑ·# ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl =º‰õΩÎʼnõΩ QÍx ^ŒO_À~å
L^Œº=∞ HÍ~°ºHõ~°ÎʼnõΩQÍh, "åi <åÜ«∞Hõ`åfixH˜ QÍx ã¨O|O^èŒO ÖË^Œ∞. WO^Œ∞Ö’
=ºHõÎѨ~°z# Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å∞ ˆH=ÅO "åºã¨Hõ~°Î =ºHÎ̃QÆ`« Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å∞.
xxi
SAMBAIAH GUNDIMEDA
SOAS, University of London
123 # Canterbury Hall
12-18, Cartwright Gardens
London WCIH 9EE
E-mail : sam.gundimeda@soas.ac.uk
samgundimeda@hotmial.com
Phone : 0044 (0) 20 7121 7354
Mobile : 0044 (0) 7737461672
Ö’xH˜ "≥à§ı =ÚO^Œ∞
H˘O^Œ~°∞ =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ D "åºã¨O K«kq Wk `«=∞‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ „"åÜ«∞|_çO^Œx
ÉèÏqOK«_®xH˜ J=HÍâ◊O LOk. D "åºã¨OÖ’ <å‰õΩ =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ „Ѩ^è•#O HÍ^Œ∞. P =º‰õΩÎÅ#∞
~°∂á⁄Okã¨∞Î#fl ™ê=∂lHõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞, Pi÷Hõ ã≤÷uQÆ`«∞Å`Àáê@∞, ™êO㨯 $uHõ ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏÅ#∞
ѨijeOz qâı¡+¨} KÕÜ«∞_»"Õ∞ „Ѩ^è•#O. JO>Ë F =∂Å=ºHÎ̃ Jaè„áêÜ«∞O F =∂kQÆ =ºHÎ̃
Jaè„áêÜ«∂xH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ LO^ŒO>Ë J\˜ì Jaè„áêÜ«∂xfl P =∂Å =ºH˜Î U ™ê=∂lHõ,
~å[H©Ü«∞, Pi÷Hõ ã≤÷uQÆ`«∞Å „Ѩ"Õ∞Ü«∂ŠѨi^èŒ∞ʼnõΩ Ö’|_ç, U ™êO㨯 $uHõ ÉèÏ=*ÏÅ
„ѨÉèÏ"åʼnõΩ QÆ∞~°~Úº =ºHõÎѨ~°∞ã¨∞Î<åfl_À J\ì̃ ã≤÷uQÆ`«∞Å#∞, P ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxfl qâı¡+¨} QÍqOz
=ºHõÎѨ~°K«_»"Õ∞ <å L^ÕÌâ◊ºO. WOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë XHõ =ºHÎ̃ PÖ’K«#Å∞, Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å∞
„áê^äŒq∞HõOQÍ P =ºH˜Î ѨÙ\˜ì ÃÑiy# Ѩiã¨~åÅ #∞O_ç, P ã¨=∂[O JO`«‰õΩ =Ú#∞¿Ñ
U~°Ê~°z# ÉèÏ=*ÏÅ =º=ã¨÷Å #∞O_ç ~°∂á⁄O^Œ∞`å~Ú. D ^Œ$HÀ¯}O #∞O_ç PÖ’zOz#ѨC_»∞
„ÉÏǨχ} ‰õΩÅOÖ’ ѨÙ\˜ì# F =ºH˜Î `å#∞ ѨÙ@∞ìHõ`À<Õ Q˘Ñ¨Ê"å_ç#x J#∞HÀ=_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ
ã¨=∂[OÖ’ q∞ye# =~åæʼnõΩ, ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ K≥Ok# =º‰õΩÎÅ#∞ `«‰õΩ¯= "å~°∞QÍ, J^èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÍ
ÉèÏq¿ãÎ, Hõ=∞‡‰õΩÅOÖ’ ѨÙ\ì̃# =∞~À =ºHÎ̃ ‰õÄ_® J^Õ `«~°Ç¨Ö’ PÖ’z¿ãÎ `«Ñ¨C Ѩ@ì=Åã≤Ok
P W~°∞=Ùih HÍ^Œ∞. U =º=ã¨÷ ÉèÏ=*ÏÅ „ѨÉèÏ"åxH˜ QÆ∞~°~Úº "å~°∞ JÖÏ #=∞‡QÆeQÍ~À P
=º=ã¨÷#∞, P ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxfl. WHõ¯_» XHõ JáÈǨÏ#∞ xsfi~°ºO KÕÜ«∂e. KåÖÏ =~°‰õΩ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞
=~åæÅ∞ ÉèÏqã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡QÍ â◊¥„^Œ, ^Œo`«, Pk"åã≤ =~åæʼnõΩ K≥Ok# "åÔ~=~°∞ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞
=~åæÅ`À áÈÅ∞Û‰õΩO>Ë `«=∞k `«‰õΩ¯= *Ï`«x, `å=Ú `≥eq `«‰õΩ¯= "å~°=∞x ÉèÏqOK«~°∞.
"å~°∞ ѨÙ\ì̃# *Ïu Ѩ@¡, "åi ѨÓ~°fi`«~åÅ "å~°∞ JOkOz# *Ï˝#O Ѩ@¡ ZO`À QÆ~°fiѨ_»`å~°∞.i
™ê=∂lHõ =º=ã¨÷ÅÃÑ·, q^Œº – q*Ï˝# ~°OQÍÅÃÑ· „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ PkèѨ`«ºO, ÉèÏ=*ÏÅO
H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞#flO`« HÍÅO J}QÍi# =~åæÅ *Ï˝#O, *Ï˝#OQÍ QÆ∞iÎOK«|_»^Œ∞. „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞
i
Blunk, E.A.H. (1960), The Caste System of North India with Special Reference to
the United Province of Agra and Oudh, Delhi : S. Chand and Company.
xxii
ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxfl `«∞`«∞ÎxÜ«∞Å∞ KÕã≤ =∞#∞+¨µºÅO^Œ~°∂ ã¨=∂#=∞#fl „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxfl
Ѩi_è»qÅ¡*Ëã≤#ѨC_Õ "åi *Ï˝#O QÆ∞iÎOK«|_»∞`«∞Ok.
F =ºHÎ̃ PÖ’K«#ÅÃÑ· P =ºHÎ̃ x=ã≤ã¨∞Î#fl ™ê=∂lHõ =º=ã¨÷, P =º=ã¨÷#∞ HÍáê_Õ
ÉèÏ=*ÏÅ „ѨÉèÏ"åÅ#∞ ÉÏÉÏ™êÃÇÏÉò JOÉË^Œ¯~ü `«# '‰õΩÅ x~°∂‡Å#— ã≤^•úO`«OÖ’ KåÖÏ
ã¨Ê+¨ìOQÍ ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl_»∞.
''XHõ ã¨`åºxfl =∞#O QÆ∞iÎOK«=Åã≤ LOk. Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ∞ ‰õΩÅO
Ѩ@¡ JO`« Ѩ@∞ì^ŒÅQÍ LO\Ï~°O>Ë JO^Œ∞‰õΩ HÍ~°}O "åà◊√§
J=∂#∞+¨ „Ѩ=$uÎ HõÅ"å~À, `«Å u~°∞QÆ∞_»∞ =∞#∞+¨µºÖ’ HÍ=_»O
HÍ^Œ∞. "åà◊√§ ‰õΩÖÏxfl JO`«QÍ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ Ѩ@∞ì‰õΩ „"ÕÖÏ_»∞`å~°O>Ë
– "åà◊√§ ѨÓiÎQÍ =∞`«O JO>Ë Ñ≤zÛ #=∞‡HõO HõÅ"åà◊√§. Hõ#∞Hõ
Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ „Ѩ[Å∞ ‰õΩÅ=∞O>Ë Ñ¨\ ˜ìOѨ٠Hõey LO_»_»O `«¿ÑÊq∞
HÍ^Œ∞. x*ÏxH˜ <å L^ÕÌâ◊ºOÖ’ Jã¨Å∞ `«Ñ¨C U=∞O>Ë Jk "åà◊§
=∞`«O, ‰õΩÅO J<Õ Ñ≤zÛ #=∞‡HÍxfl "åà◊§ =∞#ã¨∞ûÖ’ <å\˜#
"åà◊§ =∞`«O. J@∞=O@ѨC_»∞ =∞#O Z^Œ∞~˘¯# â◊„`«∞=Ù ‰õΩÅ
=º=ã¨÷#∞ J#∞ã¨iã¨∞Î#fl „Ѩ[Å∞ HÍ^Œ∞. J\ì̃ ‰õΩÅ =º=ã¨÷`À ‰õÄ_ç#
=∞`åhfl, "åà◊§‰õΩ „Ѩɒkèã¨∞Î#fl âߢ™êÎÅ#∂. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ =~å‚O`«~°
Éè’[<åʼnõΩ, =~å‚O`«~° q"åǨʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~‰õΩÅx q=∞i≈OK«_»O
=Å¡HÍh, ¿ÇÏà◊# KÕÜ«∞_»O =Å# HÍh ÖËHõ JѨC_»Ñ¨C_»∞ =~å‚O`«~°
Éè’[<åÅ∞, JHõ¯_»Hõ¯_» =~å‚O`«~° q"åǨÅ∞ [~°Ñ¨_»O =Å# HÍh
Ug∞ „ѨÜ≥∂[#O LO_»^Œ∞. =∞#O J#∞ã¨iOK«=Åã≤# ã¨Ô~·#
=∂~°æO Uq∞@O>Ë – âߢ™êΊѨ@¡ "å\˜ Ѩq„`«`« Ѩ@¡ „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ
QÆÅ qâßfi™êxfl `˘ÅyOK«_»O. ‰õΩÖÏxfl x~°∂‡eOKåÅO>Ë âߢ™êÎÅ
JkèHÍ~åxfl x~°∂‡eOKåe.——ii
J"≥∞iHÍ, WOQÍ¡O_»∞ ^ÕâßÅÖ’ K«^Œ∞=ÙH˘x |~À_® ã¨O™ê÷#OÖ’ PѶ‘ã¨~°∞QÍ KÕi#
JOÉË^Œ¯~üH˜ „`åQÆ_®xH˜ =∞Ozhà◊√§ ~Ú=fi_®xH˜ PÜ«∞# „H˜O^Œ QÆ∞=∂™êÎQÍ L#fl „ÉÏǨχ}
‰õΩÅã¨∞÷_»∞ u~°ã¨¯iOKå_»∞. P J==∂<åxH˜ P„QÆǨϟ„^Õ‰õΩ_≥·#ѨÊ\˜H© JOÉË^Œ¯~ü `«# P„QÆǨxfl
P QÆ∞=∂™êÎÃÑ· K«∂ѨÖË^Œ∞. `«##∞ `å#∞ ã¨=∞#fi~ÚOK«∞H˘x, U ÉèÏ=*ÏÅ =∞`«∞ÎÖ’ P
„ÉÏǨχ}∞_»∞ `«#‰õΩ ho§=fi_®xH˜ u~°ã¨¯iOKå_À P ÉèÏ=*ÏÅO ÃÑ·<Õ `«# P„QÆǨxfl
ii
Ambedkar, B.R. (1989) 'Annihilation of Caste,' in Vasanth Moon (compiled)
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar : Writings and Speeches, Vol. I, Bombay : The Education
Department, Government of Maharashtra, p. 68.
xxiii
=ºHõÎѨ~°Kå_»∞. =∞~À q^èŒOQÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë JOÉË^Œ¯~ü P„QÆǨÏO „ÉÏǨχ} ‰õΩÅã¨∞÷_çÃÑ·#QÍHõ,
P =ºH˜Îx `«#‰õΩ ho§=fi‰õΩO_® x~åHõiOѨ*Ëã≤# „ÉÏǨχ} ‰õΩÅ`«`«fi ÉèÏ=*ÏÅOÃÑ·#, P
ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxfl LQÆ∞æáêÅÖ’ ~°OQÆiOz `åÑ≤Oz# =∞#∞^èŒ~°‡ âßGOÃÑ·#. D q+¨Ü«∂<Õfl ɡ·aÖò
„QÆO^äŒOÖ’ F JOâßxfl ã‘fiHõiOz =∞iO`« Ö’`«∞QÍ Ñ¨ijeOK«=K«∞Û.
ÜÕ∞ã¨∞ „H©ã¨∞Îx tÅ∞= "Õã≤# `«~°∞"å`« J`«x =¢™êÎÅ#∞ tÅ∞= "Õã≤# =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∞
Ãã·x‰õΩÅ∞ ѨOK«∞‰õΩO@∞O_»QÍ "åi#∞^ÕÌtOz „H©ã¨∞Î: 'F `«O„_ô gˆ~q∞ KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~À giH˜
`≥eÜ«∞^Œ∞. gix Hõ∆q∞OK«∞—iii JO\Ï_»∞. D "åHõºO P^è•~°OQÍ „ѨѨOK« <åQÆiHõ`«
Pq~åƒù"å#∞flO_ç, <å\˜ '`≥Å¡"å_ç ÉèÏ~°=Ú— (White Man's Burden) #∞O_ç, <Õ\ ˜ W~åH±ÃÑ·
J"≥∞iHÍ, „a@<£Å ^Œ∞~å„Hõ=∞} =~°‰õΩ =∞x+≤ =∂#ã≤Hõ ã≤÷u, J\˜ì ã≤÷uÃÑ·# ã¨=∂[O
U~°Ê~°K«∞‰õΩ#fl =º=ã¨÷Å „ѨÉèÏ"åxfl qâı¡+≤ã¨∂Î H˘xfl "ÕÅ „QÆO^ä•Å∞ „"åÜ«∞=K«∞Û. „H©ã¨∞Îx
tÅ∞= "ÕÜ«∞_»O `«áêÊ, XáêÊ J<Õ q+¨Ü«∂xfl '#=∞‡HõO–ÉÏ^茺`«— J<Õ ÉèÏ=#Å P^è•~°O`À
`åufiHõOQÍ K«iÛOK«=K«∞Û. '„H©ã¨∞Îx J=`å~° ѨÙ~°∞+¨µ_çQÍ— #q∞‡#@¡~Ú`Õ =∂#=*Ïux
L^ŒúiOK«_®xˆH =∞x+≤ ~°∂ѨO ^èŒiOz# ^≥·"åxfl tÅ∞= "ÕÜ«∞_»O `«Ñ¨C. JÖÏ QÍHõ, „H©ã¨∞Îx
F ™ê^è•~°} áœ~°∞_çQÍ ÉèÏqOz#@¡~Ú`Õ J`«xx tÅ∞= "ÕÜ«∞_»OÖ’x `«á⁄ÊѨCÅ∞ P
~å[º K«@ì ѨikèÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç LO\Ï~Ú. „H©ã¨∞ÎÃÑ· "≥∂Ñ≤# P~ÀѨ} J`«x qѨ¡= „Ѩܫ∞`«flO.
F áœ~°∞_»∞ qѨ¡=O ^•fi~å ~å*ϺkèHÍ~åxfl ‰õÄÅ„^Àã≤, ^•xx ǨÏã¨ÎQÆ`«O KÕã¨∞H˘#_®xH˜
„Ѩܫ∞`åflÅ∞ ™êyOK«_»O P ~å*ϺxH˜, P ~å[ºO U~°Ê~°∞K«∞‰õΩ#fl K«\ÏìxH˜ =ºuˆ~HõO. „H©ã¨∞Î
rqOz# HÍÖÏxfl |\ì̃, JѨÊ\˜ "åi PÖ’K«# q^è•<åxfl |\ì̃ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~° =ºuˆ~H˜ ~å[º
^ŒO_»#‰õΩ áê„`«∞_»∞. ÃÑ·QÍ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~åxfl Pnè# Ѩ~°∞ÛH˘#_®xH˜ ã¨<åflǨÅ∞ KÕã¨∞Î#fl =ºHÎ̃H˜
tÅ∞=ÃÑ· =∞~°}"Õ∞ Lz`« tHõ∆. HÍ|\˜ì „H©ã¨∞Îx ™ê^è•~°} áœ~°∞_çQÍ ÉèÏqOKÕ "åi ^Œ$+≤ì
HÀ}O #∞Oz K«∂z#@¡~Ú`Õ J`«xx tÅ∞= "ÕÜ∞« _»O XѨC!
„H©ã¨∞Îx tÅ∞= "Õã≤# =ÚQÆ∞æi Ãã·x‰õΩÅ K«~°º#∞ D <ÕѨ^䌺O #∞O_ç ѨijeOz#ѨC_»∞
ã≤áê~ÚÅ∞ „H©ã¨∞Îx 'J=`å~°Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨µ_çQÍ— #=∞‡ÖË^Œ∞. JÖÏ #q∞‡#@¡~Ú`Õ „H©ã¨∞Îx tÅ∞=
"ÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ =KÕÛ"å~°∞ HÍ^Œ∞. F ™ê^è•~°} áœ~°∞_çÃÑ· qkèOz# ~å[º^ŒO_»##∞
x~°fiiÎOK«_»O ™ê=∂#º ã≤áê~ÚÅ∞QÍ "åi =ÚO^Œ∞#fl ÉÏ^茺`«. J\ì̃ ÉÏ^茺`«#∞ x~°fiiÎOK«_»"Õ∞
"åi 'q^èŒ∞ºHõÎ ^èŒ~°‡O.— JO`ÕQÍx, J\ì̃ ^ŒO_»##∞ qkèOK«_»O, ^•xx J=∞Å∞ Ѩ~°K«_»OÖ’x
`«á⁄ÊѨCÅ `åufiHõ ã¨=∂Ö’K«# KÕÜ«∞_»O ("åi "≥·Ü«∞HÎ̃Hõ Jaè~°∞z HÍ=K«∞Û HÍh) q^èŒ∞ºHõÎ
^èŒ~°‡O HÍ^Œ∞. HÍ|\˜ì „H©ã¨∞Îx tÅ∞= "ÕÜ«∞_»O ã≤áê~ÚʼnõΩ `«Ñ¨C HÍ^Œ∞. ÜÕ∞ã¨∞„H©ã¨∞Î
J=`å~°Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨µ_® ÖËHõ ™ê^è•~°} =ºHÍÎ J<Õ K«~°ÛhÜ«∂Oâßxfl „ѨHõ¯# LOz J`«xx F
iii
#∂`«# x|O^è#Œ , Å∂HÍ Ñ¨Ùã¨HÎ =õ Ú, 23= J^蕺ܫ∞O, 34= =K«#O.
xxiv
`åufi‰õΩ_çQÍ ÉèÏqOz#@¡~Ú`Õ, ã≤áê~ÚÅ K«~°º#∞ "åi q^Œ∞ºHõÎ ^èŒ~°‡Ñ¨iáêÅ# HÀ}O #∞O_ç
`åufiHõ zO`«# KÕã≤# „H©ã¨∞Î 'F `«O„_ô gˆ~q∞ KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~À giH˜ `≥eÜ«∞^Œ∞—, Jx J#_»O
"≥#∞Hõ ã≤áê~ÚÅ∞ ˆH=ÅO xq∞`«Î =∂„`«∞Åx "åix #_çÑ≤OKÕk =∞~˘Hõ~°x K≥ѨÊ_»O. JOÉË^Œ¯~ü
‰õÄ_®, 'Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ∞ ‰õΩÅO Ѩ@¡ JO`« Ѩ@∞ì^ŒÅQÍ L<åfl~°O>Ë JO^Œ∞‰õΩ HÍ~°}O... ‰õΩÅO
J<Õ Ñ≤zÛ #=∞‡HÍxfl "åà◊§ =∞#ã¨∞Ö’ <å\˜# "åà◊§ =∞`«O— J#_»OÖ’ QÆÅ `åufiHõ`«#∞
=º‰õΩÎÅ#∞ QÍHõ, P =º‰õΩÎÅ#∞ ~°∂á⁄Okã¨∞Î#fl =º=ã¨÷#∞, P =º=ã¨÷#∞ L`«ÊuÎ, ѨÙ#~°∞`«ÊuÎ
QÍqã¨∞Î#fl ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxH˜ QÆÅ JO`«s¡# ã¨O|O^è•xfl =∞#O J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û.
ÉèÏ=*ÏÅ „ѨÉèÏ"åxH˜ QÆ∞~°~Úº JO^Œ∞Ö’ „ѨuáêkOz# ã≤^•úO`åÅ#∞ =∞#™ê,
"åKå, Hõ~°‡}Ï, #q∞‡ JO^Œ∞Hõ#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ `«=∞ rq`åÅ#∞ =∞~°Å∞ÛH˘<Õ"å~°∞ H˘O^ŒÔ~·`Õ,
J\ì̃ ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxfl ã¨fi„ѨÜ≥∂[<åʼnõΩ qxÜ≥∂yOz ^•x ѨÙ<å^Œ∞ÅÃÑ· `«=∞ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞,
Pi÷Hõ, ™êO㨯 $uHõ PkèѨ`åºxfl xi‡OK«∞"åà◊√§ =∞iH˘O^Œ~°∞.
„ÉÏǨχ}`«fi ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxfl, H“\˜Åº~å[º =º=ã¨÷#∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞H˘x „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞
Hõ∆„uÜ«ÚÅ∞, "≥·â◊√ºÅ∞ D ^Õâ◊ ™ê=∂lHõ, ™êO㨯 $uHõ, Pi÷Hõ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°OQÍÅÃÑ· PkèѨ`«ºO
=Ç≤ÏOz â◊`åÉÏÌÅ `«~°|_ç ~å[Éè’QÍÅ∞ J#∞ÉèíqOK«_»O [iyOk. D =~åæÅ PkèѨ`åºxfl
x~°ã≤ã¨∂Î ™ê=∂lHõ =º=ã¨÷ÅÖ’, ÉèÏ=*ÏÅOÖ’ ã¨=∂#`«fiO HÍ"åÅO@∂ 1920ÅÖ’ „ÉÏǨχ}
=ºuˆ~Hõ L^Œº=∞O #_çÑ≤# â◊¥„^Œ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ (Hõ=∞‡, Ô~_ç¤, ^Õ=~° "≥ÚII) P L^Œº=∞O JOkOz#
[=ã¨`åfiÅ`À LK«Ûù™ê÷<åÅ #∞O_ç „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å#∞ „`Àã≤"ÕÜ«∞_»O [iyOk. ^ŒH˜∆} ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊
K«i„`«Ö’ ™ê=∂lHõOQÍ K≥ѨCHÀ^ŒQÆæ q+¨Ü«∂ÅÖ’ D L^Œº=∞O F Q˘Ñ¨Ê ã¨OѶ¨∞@#. J~Ú`Õ,
PkèѨ`«º ™ê÷<åÅ #∞O_ç „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å#∞, "åi J#∞OQÆ∞Å#∞ „`Àã≤ "Õã≤#ѨÊ\˜H© „ÉÏǨχ}`«fiO
~å=}HÍ+ª̈OÖÏ Éèí∞QÆÉèí∞QÆÅ`À ÃãQÆÅ∞ „Hõ‰õΩ¯`«∂<Õ LOk. =∂kQÆ, =∂Å, =∞OQÆe, Ü≥∞~°∞HõÅ,
Ü«∂<åk, Q˘Å¡, Q“O_»¡ "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ K≥Ok# "å~°∞ ™ê=∂lHõ q=Hõ∆`«‰õΩ, K«∞ÅHõ#H©
QÆ∞i J=Ù`«∂<Õ L<åfl~°∞. Pi÷Hõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ J=HÍâßʼnõΩ ^Œ∂~°OQÍ LOK«|_»∞`«∂<Õ L<åfl~°∞.
WÖÏ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ [iyOk, ZÖÏ [~°QÆQÆeyOk Jx „ѨtflOz ã¨=∂^è•#O K≥ѨCHÀ"åÅO>Ë,
ã¨=∂^è•#OQÍ =∞~À „Ѩâ◊fl "≥Ü«∞º=Åã≤ LOk. „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å#∞, "åi q∞„`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ#∞ „`Àã≤
"Õã≤# ™ê÷<åʼnõΩ UO [iyOk? JO>Ë ™ê=∂lHõ PkèѨ`«º ™ê÷<åÅ∞ MÏmQÍ LOK«|_®¤Ü«∂
ÖËHõ Z=Ô~·<å P ™ê÷<åÅ#∞ ÉèísÎ KÕâß~å? =∂#= *Ïu K«i„`« "≥Ú`«ÎOÖ’#∂ U<å_»∞ ™ê=∂lHõ
PkèѨ`«º ™ê÷<åÅ∞ MÏmQÍ LOK«|_»ÖË^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞<å PkèѨ`«º"Õ∞ =ÚH˜Î =∂~°æOQÍ ÉèÏqOKÕ
‰õΩÅ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ J@∞=O\˜ ã¨=∞㨺 ~å^Œ∞. PO„^èŒ^Õâ◊OÖ’ „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å PkèѨ`åºxH˜
K«~°=∞w`«O áê_ç# Hõ=∞‡Å∞, Ô~_»∞¡ P PkèѨ`«º ™ê÷<åÅÖ’ u+ì̈ "ÕÜ«∞_»O [iyOk. D<å\˜
"åi ™ê=∂lHõ ÃÑ`«ÎO^•s `«<åxH˜, Pi÷Hõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°OQÍÅÃÑ· "åi PkèѨ`åºxH˜ P<å\˜
xxv
"åi L^Œº=∞O ÉÏ@Å∞ ѨizOk. ™ê~åOâ◊OÖ’ „ÉÏǨχ} =ºuˆ~HÀ^Œº=∞O „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å`À
`«=∞‰õΩ ã¨=∂#`«fiO H˘~°‰õΩ Hõ=∞‡Å∞, Ô~_»∞¡ #_»∞ѨÙH˘#fl L^Œº=∞OQÍh, ã¨=∂[OÖ’x Jxfl
‰õΩÅ–=~åæÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#`«fiO H˘~°‰õΩ #_çÑ≤# L^Œº=∞O HÍ^Œ∞. WOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë
Hõ=∞‡Å∞, ~Ô _»∞¡ „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å PkèÑ`¨ åºxH˜ =ºuˆ~‰õΩÅ∞ QÍx, „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxH˜ =ºuˆ~‰õΩÅ∞
HÍ^Œ∞.
D K«~°Û P^è•~°OQÍ =∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞ =sæHõ~°} =ºuˆ~Hõ "å^Œ##∞ Ô~O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ
J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û.
"≥Ú^Œ\ ˜k, q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ J=HÍâßÅÖ’ ^Œo`«∞Å r=# QÆ=∞<åxfl 15
âß`åxH˜ ‰õΩkOz# =º=ã¨÷Ö’ QÆ`«ºO`«~°O ÖËHõ L#fl Ju H˘kÌ J=HÍâßÅÖ’<Õ `«=∞ rq`åÅ#∞
~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞HÀ"åe. Hõ#∞Hõ J\ì̃ J=HÍâßÅÖ’ Z=ˆ~x ÉèÏQÆO HÍ"åÅx _ç=∂O_£ KÕã≤#ѨC_»∞
`«=∞‰õΩ L#fl ã¨fiÅÊ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ ã¨O~°H˜∆OK«∞H˘#_®xH˜ L^Œºq∞OK«_»O `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i. D HÀ}O
#∞O_ç =∂ÅÅ =sæHõ~°} =ºuˆ~Hõ`«#∞ Ѩije¿ãÎ "åi L^Œº=∞O Jxfl q^è•ÖÏ <åºÜ«∞OQÍ
JxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk.
Ô~O_»=k, J~Ú`Õ 15 âß`«O J=HÍâßÅ∞ ^Œo`«∞ÅHõx ¿Ñ~˘¯#flѨC_»∞ P ^Œo`«∞ÅÖ’
=∂ÅÅ∞, Pk PO„^èŒ∞Å`À áê@∞ =∂kQÆÅ∞, "åi LѨ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, Ô~e¡ – "åi LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ
"å~°∞ ‰õÄ_® L<åfl~°∞. S^Œ∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ ÃÑ·QÍ J=∞Å∞Ö’ L#fl i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ q^è•#OÖ’x Ö’áêÅ
=Å#, Kåi„`«Hõ–™ê=∂lHõ JOâßÅ HÍ~°}Ï# L=∞‡_ç J=HÍâßÅ#∞ ^Œo`«∞ÅÖ’ H˘xfl ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞
JkèHõ "≥Ú`«ÎOÖ’ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=_»O =Å# q∞ye# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ J\ì̃ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ HÀÖ’Ê=_»O
[iyOk. J=HÍâßÅ#∞ HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#∞ =sæHõ~°} KÕÜ«∞=∞x J_»QÆ_»=∞O>Ë
~å*ϺOQÆ |^ŒúOQÍ `«=∞‰õΩ ~å=Åã≤# "å\Ï#∞ `«=∞‰õΩ ~Ú=fi=∞x J~°÷OQÍx, =∂ÅÅ
J=HÍâßÅ#∞ =∂kQÆÅ∞ Hõ|oOK«_»O HÍ^Œ∞. WOHÀ q^èŒOQÍ, q^è•#OÖ’x Ö’áêÅ#∞ ã¨=iOz
^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅxflO\˜ =∞^茺 [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ P^è•~°OQÍ ã¨=∞ÉèÏQÆO K≥Ü«∞º=∞#fl =sæHõ~°}
L^Œº=∂xH˜ =ºuˆ~Hõ L^Œº=∞O xi‡OK«_»O JO>Ë Jk ˆH=ÅO ^Œo`«∞ÅO^Œi J=HÍâßÅ#∞
`å=Ú =∂„`«"Õ∞ J#∞ÉèíqOz "åiÃÑ· ÃÑ`«Î#O K≥ÖÏ~ÚOKåÅ<Õ =∂Å`«fiÖ’x „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi
hu. `«=∞ÃÑ· PkèѨ`«ºO =Ç≤Ïã¨∞Î#fl „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å`À ã¨=∂#`«fiO HÍ"åÅx áÈ~å_ç# Hõ=∞‡Å∞,
Ô~_»∞¡ `«=∞HõO>Ë ™ê=∂lHõOQÍ, Pi÷HõOQÍ kQÆ∞=#∞#fl ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ J^Õ ã¨=∂#`åfixfl x~åHõiOz
"åiÃÑ· PkèѨ`«ºO =Ç≤ÏOK«_»O, `«=∞ ã¨=∞㨺ŠѨiëê¯~åxH˜ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ KÕÜ«¸`«x™êÎ~Ú
QÍ|\˜ì P i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#∞ H˘#™êyOKåÅx L^Œºq∞Oz# =∂ÅÅ∞, ~Ú`«~° ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ
"åiH˜ P =ã¨`«∞Å∞ JO^Œ‰õΩO_® PkèѨ`«ºO =Ç≤ÏOK«_»O–D Ô~O_»∞ PkèѨ`«º PÖ’K«#Å
"≥#∞Hõ ^•y# hu, '`«##∞ `å#∞ „¿Ñq∞OK«∞H˘x ~Ú`«~°∞ŠѨ@¡ J=∂#∞+¨OQÍ „Ѩ=iÎOK«_»O.—
xxvi
 =∂kQÆ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£x =∂ÅÅ∞ WOHÍ "åi „âıÜ≥∂aèÖÏ+¨µÅ∞ =ºuˆ~H˜OK«=K«∞Û. <À@∞¡— Jx Ö’HÍxfl =∞~°z =∞#ã¨∞Ö’ ÖˇHõ¯ ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩO@∞O_»QÍ „"Õà◊§ =∞^茺#∞#fl c_ç z=~°HõO\Ï
JÖÏ K≥Ü«∞º_®xH˜ „Ѩ*Ï L^Œº=∂xfl xi‡OK«_®xH˜ "åiH˜ ã¨~°fiǨωõΩ¯Å∞ L<åfl~Ú. J~Ú`Õ HÍe JO\˜Oz# K«∞~°Hõ‰õΩ D Ö’HõOÖ’H˜ =zÛ, [fi~°O`À Ô~O_»∞ ~ÀAÅ∞QÍ ‰õΩOH˜o =∞OK«OÖ’
J\ì̃ "åiH˜ <å^˘Hõ¯ =∞#q. =∂kQÆÅ =sæHõ~°} L^Œº=∂xfl Hõ_»∞Ѩ٠xO_ç# "åi ^Œ$HÀ¯}O Ѩ_»∞#fl K«O\˜^•xfl Pã¨Ê„uH˜ fã¨∞‰õΩ "≥à◊§_®xH˜ _»|∞ƒÖË¡Hõ JѨC HÀã¨O ~å=∂<åÜ«Ú_ç ^ŒQÆæ~°‰õΩ
#∞O_ç QÍHõ Hõ_»∞Ѩ٠~°QÆ∞Å∞`«∞#fl "åi ^Œ$HÀ¯}O #∞O_ç, `«∞á¶ê#∞ =ÚOѨىõΩ QÆ∞~°~Úº X_»∞¤# |Ü«∞Å∞ ^Õ~å##fl q+¨Ü«∞O QÆ∞~˘ÎzÛ J@∞QÍ J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞ "Õã¨∞Î#fl =∂kQÆ Ü«∞OHõ_ç HÀã¨O†
Ѩ_»¤ =º‰õΩÎÅ x=∞‡à◊O #∞O_ç QÍHõ =ÚOѨÙÖ’ =ÚxyáÈ`«∞#fl "åi HõÖ’¡ÅO #∞O_ç, uO_çH˜ [~°Hõ¯ F Ü«∂Éè̌· ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å∞ JѨC ^˘iH˜`Õ Ô~O_»∞ =∂}ỖHÅ∞ aÜ«∞ºO `≥K«∞ÛHÀ=K«Ûx
ѨÙ~°∞ëêǨÏOHÍ~° PkèѨ`«º Jaè*Ï`«ºO #∞O_ç QÍHõ ¢ã‘Î`«`«fiѨ٠ã¨=∂#`«fi ã¨Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«∞`« #∞O_ç, Pâ◊QÍ ~åq∞Ô~_ç¤ ~ÚO\˜H˜ |Ü«∞Å∞^Õi# =∂Å~°uÎ H˘~°‰õΩ D "åºã¨O „"åâß#∞. "å~°∞
=~°‚ =º=ã¨÷ ~˘K«∞ÛÖ’ ^˘~°∞¡`«∞#fl QÍO^èÕÜ«∞"å^ŒO #∞O_ç QÍHõ ѨiѨÓ~°‚ =∂#=`«fiO`À K«^Œ"åÅx, XHõ"Õà◊ K«^Œ∞=Ù ~å‰õΩ<åfl K«^Œ∞=Ù‰õΩ#fl "åà◊§`À K«kqOK«∞H˘x D =sæHõ~°}
QÆ∞ÉÏeã¨∞Î#fl JOÉË^Œ¯~°∞x ã¨=∞`å"å^ŒO #∞O_ç PÖ’zOz, qâı¡+¨} QÍqOz# <å_»∞ =∂kQÆÅ q"å^•xfl Ѩi+¨¯iOK«∞H˘x, ziy# `«=∞ rq`åÅ#∞ ‰õΩ@∞ì‰õΩO\Ï~°#fl z#fl Pâ◊`À „"åâß#∞.
=sæHõ~°} "å^ŒO J~°÷=∞=Ù`«∞Ok.
z=~°QÍ, qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∂Ö’¡ \© HõѨC g∞^Œ \© HõѨC áê#O KÕã¨∂Î, QÀÖò¤ áê¡H± Ѷ≤Åì~ü HÍ~üì Ô~·\ò QÍÔ~¤<£û, ÅO_»<£
H˜OQ∑ Ãã·Ax ã≤yÔ~\ò g∞^Œ ã≤yÔ~\ò ÖÏQÆ∞`«∂, 'Hõ$+¨‚ =∂kQÆ WÖÏ J<åfl_®? ^•xH˜ ~å[âıY~°Ô~_ç¤ 7–04–2006
U=∞<åfl_»∞? ÉÏ|∞ ZÖÏ ã¨ÊOkOKå_»∞? WO`«‰õΩ =∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞ <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ U=∞O\Ï~°∞?—
Jx =ÚK«Û@∞¡ K≥ѨC‰õΩx, XO\˜ QÆO@‰õΩ HͺO\©<£H˜ "≥o§ "Õ_ç "Õ_ç Le¡áêÜ«∞ q∞#Ѩ@∞ìÅ∞
ux, ™êÜ«∞O„`«O S^Œ∞ QÆO@ÅHõÖÏ¡ WO\˜H˜ KÕi ÉèÏ~°º KÕã≤# Hõi"Õáê‰õΩ ѨHÀ_ç uO@∂ D
\˜q Kèå<≥ÖòÖ’ D<å_»∞ ã¨~åQÍÅ∞ gH˜∆OKÕ "åi H˘~°‰õΩ <Õh "庙êxfl ~åÜ«∞ÖË^Œ∞. =sæHõ~°}
q"å^ŒO ^•fi~å ã¨÷OaèOz# =∂kQÆ–=∂Å rq`åÅÖ’x P„HõO^Œ#, P„HÀâ◊O "åiHõ~°÷O
HÍ=Ù. J~°÷O J~Ú<å `«=∞ Öˇ·Ñ¶πÃã·ìÖò ëêÑ≤OQ∑, S=∂H±ûÖ’ ã≤x=∂Å∞, ǨïO^•Üü∞ @H± ã¨<À¡
@∂~°¡ Q˘_»=Ö’ "åi QÆ∞iOz Ѩ\ ì̃OK«∞‰õΩ<ÕO`«\ ˜ f~°∞|_ç, `«Ñ¨# LO_»HõáÈ=K«∞Û. f~°∞|_ç
^˘iH˜ D "åºã¨O K«kq<å WO^Œ∞Ö’ ÖËx HõàÏ`«‡Hõ qÅ∞=Å QÆ∞iOz PÖ’zOK«=K«∞Û. HÍx
nxÖ’x PÖ’K«#‰õΩ, P"Õ^Œ#‰õΩ qÅ∞= W=fiHõáÈ=K«∞Û. J\ì̃ "åi QÆ∞iOz <å‰õΩ ÖˇHõ¯ÖË^Œ∞.
„ѨѨOpHõ~°} ™êH˜∆QÍ, HõOѨӺ@sHõiOK«|_ç# ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s =º=ã¨÷Ö’ ÃÇÏKü.W.ã≤.
K«^Œ∞=Ù`À Kè«„áêã≤ Ѩx ‰õÄ_® ^˘~°Hõ^Œx PÅ㨺OQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘x k‰õΩ¯`ÀK«x Ѩiã≤÷uÖ’
=∞O_»∞>ˇO_»Ö’ HÍà◊§‰õΩ HÍ=Åã≤# K≥ѨCÅ∞ ÖˉõΩO_®<Õ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~° H˘O_»"≥·Ñ¨Ù #_»Hõ ™êyã¨∞Î#fl
x~°∞^ÀºQÆ Ü«Ú=`« H˘~°ˆH <å "庉õΩÅ`«. "åiÃÑ·<Õ <å "å`åûźO. „QÍ=∂Ö’¡ x=ã≤ã¨∂Î,
ZO_»H˜ ZO_ç, "å#H˜ `«_çã≤, `«=∞ ÉÏxã¨`åfixH˜, ¿Ñ^ŒiHÍxH˜ HÍ~°}O ‰õΩÅ=º=ã¨÷ Jh, ^•x
ѨÙ<åkÃÑ·# xi‡Oz# H“\˜Åº ~å[º=º=ã¨÷ J<Õ Hõh㨠J=QÍǨÏ# ÖËHõ =∞\˜ì =∞#∞+¨µºÖÏ¡
„|`«∞‰õΩ`«∂, D<å\˜ "åi ã≤÷ux `«=∞ Hõ~°‡QÍ Ñ¨Ó~°fi[#‡Ö’ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl áêѨ „ѨuѶ¨ÅOQÍ
ÉèÏqOKÕ <å J}QÍi# =∞#∞+¨µºÅ n#ã≤÷`Õ <å QÆ∞O_≥#∞ ~°OѨѨ٠HÀ`«‰õΩ QÆ∞iKÕã¨∞ÎOk.
'ÉÏ|∞ =¸_»∞ "ÕÅ HÀ@∞¡ `≥KåÛ_»O@! WѨC_»∞ ~å[âıY~°Ô~_ç¤ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ "ÕÅ HÀ@∞¡ `≥KåÛ_»O@—,
Jx „QÍ=∞ ÃãO@~À¡ K«iÛOK«∞‰õΩO@∞O>Ë qx '<åÅ∞QÆ∞ "ÕÅ HÀ@¡‰õΩ Zxfl =O^ŒÅ ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å
xxvii xxviii

„ÉÏǨχ}`«fi =∂Å`«fi=∂... ?
=∂#=`«fi JOÉË^¯Œ ~°`fi« =∂...?
(=sæH~õ }
° ã¨=∞㨺ÃÑ· K«~Û° )
^Œo`« JO`«ó ã¨OѶ∞¨ ~°¬}–„Ѩ™êÎ=# :
=∂Å =∞Ǩ<åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ "åi PÖ’K«#Å∞ ѨÙ}˜H˜ ѨÙK«∞Û‰õΩ#fl W`«~°∞Å∞ `å=Ú K≥Ñ≤Ê#^Õ
tÖÏâßã¨#OQÍ 'i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ =sæHõ~°} =¸ÖÏ# ^Œo`«∞Å =∞^茺 SHõº`« K≥_çáÈ`«∞O^Œx, i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡
KåÖÏ ã¨fiÅÊ q+¨Ü«∞=∞x, Jxfl ~°∞QƇ`«Å∞ fˆ~Û ã¨Or=x ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°=∞x, JO^Œ∞ˆH `«Hõ∆}
ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ q_»<å_ç ~å*ϺkèHÍ~° ™ê^èŒ# "≥·Ñ¨Ù J_»∞QÆ∞ "ÕÜ«∂Åx— áê_ç# áê>Ë =∞~°ÖÏ =∞~°ÖÏ
áê_»∞`«∂ D =∞^茺 `«=∞ áê`« áê@‰õΩ H˘`«Î K«~°}Ïxfl HõÅ∞ѨىõΩ<åfl~°∞. '„ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ
=∞^茺 [iˆQ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°}~°OQÆOÖ’ ^ŒO_À~å <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO áê=ÙÅ∞QÍ =∂iO^Œx, =sæHõ~°}‰õΩ
=∞^ŒÌ`«∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ`«∞#fl „ѨQÆujÅ Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì "Õ∞^è•=ÙÅ∞ â◊‰õΩx "å~°ã¨∞Åx— xOkã¨∂ΠѨÙOMÏ#∞
ѨÙOMÏÅ∞QÍ Ñ¨^•ºÅ∞, Hõq`«Å∞, "庙êÅ∞, ѨÙãÎ̈HÍÅ∞ =Ú„kã¨∂Î ^Œo`«∞Å ã¨=∞㨺 Ѩiëê¯~åxH˜
=∂~åæÅ∞ J<Õfi+≤OK«=Åã≤#k áÈ~Ú =∞iO`« [\˜ÅO KÕã¨∞Î#fl "≥·<åxfl QÆ=∞xã¨∞Î#fl "åÔ~=iÔH·<å
Jã¨Ç¨Ï#O, P„QÆǨÏO, ÉÏ^èŒ HõÅ∞QÆHõáÈ=Ù. D xO^•~ÀѨ} Ѩ~°fiOÖ’ D =∞^茺<Õ „ѨK«∞i`«"≥∞ÿ#
ã≤.P~ü. âıY~ü "åºã¨O. '^Œo`« â◊HÎ̃x JO`«"≥ÚOkOKÕ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ‰õΩ„>Ë =sæHõ~°} : áê=ÙÅ∞QÍ
=∂i# ^ŒO_À~å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞,— =∂ÅÅ =∂ÅÖ’ KÕi# =∞~À L"≥∞‡`«ÎѨÙ+¨ÊO. D "åºã¨O
„"åÜ«∞_»OÖ’ : ''„Ѩ™ê~° ™ê^èŒ<åÖˇ·# ˆ~_çÜ≥∂, \˜.q., "å~åΠѨ„uHõÅ∞, =sæHõ~°} "å^•xfl
qxÑ≤Oz#O`« L`åûǨÏO =sæH~õ } ° =ºuˆ~Hõ "å^•xfl qxÑ≤OK«_®xH˜ „Ѩ^iŒ ≈OK«Ö^Ë ∞Œ . JO^Œ∞=Å¡
=sæHõ~°} "å^Œ∞Å "å^Œ# „Ѩ*ÏhHÍxH˜ `≥eã≤ =zÛOk. HÍx =sæHõ~°} =ºuˆ~Hõ "å^Œ#
`≥eÜ«∞ÖË^Œ∞. D HÍ~°}OQÍ =sæHõ~°} "å^Œ"Õ∞ <åºÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ#k Jx JáÈǨÏѨ_Õ J=HÍâ◊O
U~°Ê_çOk. D „Ѩ=∂^•xfl x"åiOKåÅO>Ë =sæHõ~°}‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# JOâßÅ#∞
x~˘‡Ç¨Ï=∂@OQÍ K«iÛOKåeû LO@∞Ok...—— Jx "åºMϺxOKå~°∞ âıY~ü (âıY~ü, 2005,
ѨÙ@ : 7). HÍ|\ì̃ D Ѷ¨∞’~° „Ѩ=∂^ŒO #∞O_ç Ü«∂=#‡Ok „Ѩ*ÏhHÍxfl ~°H˜∆Oz, =∂kQÆÅ
J<åºÜ«∞ "å^•xfl =∂ÅÅ <åºÜ«∞"å^•xfl q=iOK«_»"Õ∞ âıY~ü =ÚM’º^ÕÌâ◊O. "åºã¨Hõ~°Î
ã¨^Œ∞^ÕÌâ◊O U"≥∞ÿ#ѨÊ\˜H˜ D "åºã¨O ^•fi~å =∂kQÆ–=∂ÅÅ =∞^茺 ~åA‰õΩ#fl ã¨=∞™êºyfl
ÃÑ·# (=sæHõ~°} =∂kQÆ =∂Å ã¨=∞㨺QÍ Ñ¨i}q∞Oz# ^Œiq∞ÖÏ) `«# =O`«∞ P[ºO áÈã≤
D ~Ô O_»∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^躌 ^Õfi+¨ ÉèÏ=#Å∞ ÃÑOK«_O» Ö’ ã¨Ñb¨¶ Hõ$`«O JÜ«∂º_»∞. Wk „ÉÏǨχ}`åfixfl
ѨÙ}˜H˜ ѨÙK«∞Û‰õΩ#fl =∂Å`«fi ÉèÏ=#! q=~åÅÖ’H˜ "≥àı§ =ÚO^Œ∞ '„ÉÏǨχ}`«fiO— JO>Ë Uq∞\˜?
'=∂Å`«fiO— JO>Ë Uq∞\˜? D Ô~O_»∞ Ѩ^•Å "å_»∞Hõ#∞ U q^èŒOQÍ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe? J<Õ
"å\˜x q=iOK«∞HÀ=_»O J=ã¨~°O.
1 2
„ÉÏǨχ}`«fiO :
'„ÉÏǨχ}`«fi—, '„ÉÏǨχ}˜[O— ÖÏO\˜ ѨÅ∞‰õΩ|_»∞Å∞ F =ºHÎ̃x, F ‰õΩÖÏxfl ÖË^• F
=~åæxfl „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ ^Œ$+≤ìÖ’ LOK«∞H˘x "å_»|_»_»O ÖË^Œ∞. „ÉÏǨχ}`åfixfl F ã≤^•úO`«OQÍ,
F ÉèÏ=*ÏÅOQÍ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞H˘x, ^•xH˜ =∞`«O ~°OQÆ∞ ѨÙeq∞ ^•x P^è•~°OQÍ Éèí~°`«*Ïux
‰õ Ω ÖÏÅ∞QÍ, =~åæ Å ∞QÍ JO@|_Õ " å~° ∞ QÍ, JO@~åx"å~° ∞ QÍ, J}QÍi#
‰õΩÖÏÅ∞QÍ–J„QƉõΩÖÏÅ∞QÍ, xÅ∞=ÙQÍ–J_»¤OQÍ <å<å~°HÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèílOK«_»"Õ∞QÍHõ, P qÉèí[#
ѨÙ<åkÃÑ·<Õ ™ê=∂lHõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞, Pi÷Hõ–™êO㨯 $uHõ PkèѨ`åºxfl <≥ÅH˘eÊ „Ѩ*Ï ÉÏǨïàϺxfl
r=â◊Û"åÅ∞QÍ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã≤# XHÍ<˘Hõ PkèѨ`«º q^è•#"Õ∞ „ÉÏǨχ}`«fiO. P ã≤^•úO`åÅ
ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxfl XHõ<å_»∞ „ÉÏǨχ}, Hõ∆„uÜ«∞, "≥·â◊º ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ K≥Ok# =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀQÍ,
D<å_»∞ Hõ=∞‡Å∞, Ô~_»∞¡, "≥Å=∞Å∞, ^Õ=~üÅ∞, eOQÍÜ«∞`üÅ∞, *Ï\òÅ∞ ÖÏO\˜ â◊¥„^Œ ‰õΩÖÏÅ"å~°∞
(™ê=∂lHõ âßG"Õ`«ÎŠѨiÉèÏ+¨Ö’ '#Ü«∂–„ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞—) ѨÙ}˜H˜ ѨÙK«∞ÛH˘x nx P^è•~°OQÍ
~å[H©Ü«∞, Pi÷Hõ (H˘O`« "Õ∞~°‰õΩ ™êO㨯 $uHõ) ~°OQÍÅÖ’ `«=∞ PkèѨ`åºxfl <≥ÅH˘ÖÏÊ~°∞.
JO^Œ∞Hõ<Õ „ÉÏǨχ}`åfixfl XHõ ‰õΩÖÏxH© XHõ =~åæxˆH K≥Ok#kQÍ ÉèÏqOK«~å^Œ∞.1
=∂Å`«fiO :
=∂ÅÅÖ’ ^Œo`«∞Å "å\ÏQÍ =KÕÛ q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ J=HÍâßÅÃÑ· Ѩ@∞ì ™êkèOz "å\˜
g∞^Œ<Õ Ñ¨ÓiÎQÍ P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç# =∂ÅÅÖ’x XHõ „âı}˜x Ü«∞^ä•ã≤÷u"å^Œ∞Å∞QÍ, "åi‰õΩO_Õ ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞
=∂Å`«fiQÍ ¿Ñ~˘¯O@∂ Nx"åãπ, z\ì̃ÉÏ|∞ D q^èOŒ QÍ K≥Ñʨ _»O [iyOk.
''=∂Å`«fi J<Õk XHõ PÖ’K«<å q^è•#O =∂„`«"Õ∞ HÍ^Œ∞. Jk XHõ
rq`« q^è•#O ‰õÄ_®. JO>Ë, áê`«~å[H©Ü«∞ ѨÅ∞‰õΩ|_çÖ’
K≥ѨCHÀ"åÅO>Ë Ñ¨Ù<åkH© LѨi x~å‡}ÏxH© Ô~O\˜H© K≥O^Õ XHõ
"åã¨Îq`«Hõ. Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂`«fi JO>Ë Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂=∞`«O (D Ô~O_À ^•xfl
HõeÊ`« Jã≤Î`«fi q"å^ŒO HÍ¿ãѨ٠„ѨHõ¯#ÃÑ_ç`Õ) HÍ#@∞ìQÍ<Õ
=∂ÅÅO^Œ i H© =∂Å`« fi ÅHõ ∆ } ÏÅ∞O\ÏÜ« ∞ x QÍh, ^•xx
P"≥∂k™êÎ~°x QÍh J#∞HÀ#=ã¨~°O ÖË^Œ∞... „Ѩ=∂^ŒOÖ’ Ѩ_»¤
Pã≤Îx ~°H˜∆OK«∞‰õΩ<Õ =~åæÅH˜ LO_Õ ã¨=∞~°jÅ`« D „âı}˜H˜ LO_»^Œ∞.
„â◊=∞ ^ÀÑ≤_ôH˜ QÆ∞~°ÜÕ∞º =~åæÅ =Öˇ giÖ’ qѨ¡"åxH˜ =Ú_çã¨~°∞‰õΩ
^˘~°Hõ^Œ∞. „â◊=∞ ^ŒHõ¯x D ^Ò~åƒùQƺ ã¨=¸Ç¨xH˜ PO^Àà◊<ÕQÍh
1
D ã≤^•úO`« f~°∞`≥#∞flÅÃÑ· =∞iO`« q=~°} H˘~°‰õΩ K«∂_»O_ç, Thapar, Romila. (1989)
'Imagined Religious Communities? Ancient History and the Modern Search for a
Hindu Identity,' Modern Asian Studies, Vol. XXIII, No. 2, pp : 209-31; Aloysius,
G.(1997)Nationalism without A Nation in India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press
(Especially Chapters V &Vl, PP: 123-213).
 P„QÆǨÏO HõÅQÆ^Œ∞. L`«ÊuÎÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# giH˜ L`«∞ÎuÎ
ã¨$[# =∂„`«"Õ∞ ™ê^茺O. Ѩ~å#flÉèí∞‰õΩ¯ =~åæÅH˜ LO_Õ Ö∫HõºO,
KåHõKåHõºO, =Ú~îå`«`«fiO ‰õÄ_® giH˜ LO_»=Ù. D „âı}˜ ^ÀÑ≤_ç
KÕÜ«∞^Œ∞. Hõhã¨O ^ÀÑ≤_ôH˜ QÆ∞~°ÜÕ∞º ÉèÏQͺxÔH·<å <ÀK«∞HÀ^Œ∞.
„ѨÉèí∞`«fiO ^ŒQÆæ~° ^Õ|iOK«_»O `«=∞Ö’x |ÅÇ‘Ï#∞ÅH˜ ѨOz
ÃÑ@ì‰õΩO_® ^•K«∞‰õΩO^•=∞#∞HÀ=_»O gi ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞. gik
ǨωõΩ¯Åx J_»∞‰õΩ¯<Õ `«ÅH˜O^Œ∞Å K≥·`«#ºO. gix WOHÍ H˘O`≥·<å
„ѨQÆujÅ ÉèÏ=*ÏŠѨikèÖ’ LOK«∞`«∞#flk 'JÅ"å@∞— =∂„`«"Õ∞.
^•xH˜ Éè∫uHõ ѨÙ<åk ÖË^Œ∞. Hõhã¨O g~°∞ WѨÊ\ỖH·<å `«y#O`«
™êO㨯 $uHõ ÃÑ@∞ì|_çx ‰õÄ_»Éˇ@∞ì‰õΩx LO>Ë `«=∞ Jã≤Î`«fi
㨠O H∆ À Éè Ï xfl qâ◊ fi [h# Éè Ï +¨ Ö ’ ™ê~° fi „uHõ ÅH∆ Í ºÅ`À
=ºH©HÎ iõ OK«∞HÀQÆeQˆ H“â◊Å=¸ qâßÅ`«fi=¸ giH˜ Jaƒ LO_Õk.
Wk Å∞OÃÑ<£ =∞^茺`«~°QÆu, H˘\Ï¡_»QÆÅ^Œ∞ QÍh áÈ~å_»ÖË^Œ∞.
|∞HÍ~ÚOѨÙÖË QÍh "åkOK«_»O KÕ`«QÍ^Œ∞. gi ã¨OH∆ÀÉèíO XHõ
"≥·Ñ¶¨Åº"Õ∞ QÍh qѨ¡"åxH˜ „Ѩ"ÕtHõ HÍ^Œ∞. D ã¨=¸Ç¨ÏѨ٠PÖ’K«<å
q^è•<åxfl, r=# q^è•<åxfl =∂Å`«fi JO^•O.——2
„ѨÉèí∞`«fi ã¨OˆH∆=∂ÅÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç ^Œo`«∞ÅO^ŒiH© K≥O^Œ=Åã≤# =ã¨`«∞Å#∞ ÔH·=ã¨O
KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∂ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# XHõ =∂Å ‰õΩÅ „âı}˜ PÖ’K«#, rq`« q^è•<åefl =∂Å`«fiQÍ
„QÆÇ≤ÏOKåe. WOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ, ã¨fiã¨=∂[, ã¨fi‰õΩÅ, ã¨fiH©Ü«ÚÅ „ѨÜ≥∂[<åŠѨi~°Hõ∆}Ë ^èպܫ∞OQÍ
~°∂á⁄Ok# „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi ÉÏ@Ö’<Õ =∂Å ‰õΩÅ „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ JO^Œ∞Ö’#∂ ^Œo`«∞Å "å\ÏÖ’x
ã¨OˆH∆=∞ =ã¨`«∞ÅÃÑ· PkèѨ`«º"Õ∞ rq`« ÅHõ∆ ºOQÍ KÕã¨∞H˘x, `«=∞ Jaè„áêÜ«∞"Õ∞ "≥Ú`«ÎO
=∂Å–"åi LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ Jaè„áêÜ«∞OQÍ K≥ѨC‰õΩ<Õ =∂ÅÅ q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞ q=iOz, qâı¡+¨}
QÍqOK«_®xH˜ =∂Å`«fi, =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å∞ J<Õ Ñ¨Å∞‰õΩ|_»∞Å#∞ D "åºã¨OÖ’ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«_»O
[~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
ã¨=∞HÍb# ^Œo`« ã≤u÷ QÆ`∞« Å∞ :
U^Õx XHõ ã¨=∞㨺 L`«Ê#flO J~Ú#ѨÙ_»∞ ^•x ѨÓ~åfiѨ~åÅ#∞ âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞ Ѩ^ŒúuÖ’
ѨijeOz Ѩiëê¯~° =∂~åæÅ#∞ Hõ#∞Q˘#_»O ÃÑ·<Õ F =ºHÎ̃ ÖË^• F ã¨=∂[ „ѨQÆu P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç
LO@∞Ok. JÖÏ [~°QÆx ѨH∆Í# P =ºH˜Î ÖË^• P ã¨=∂[ „ѨQÆu xez áÈ=Ù@"Õ∞ QÍHõ
q∞ye# ã¨=∂*ÏÅÖ’ =ã¨∞Î#fl =∂~°∞ÊʼnõΩ, áÈ\©Å‰õΩ `«@∞ìHÀÖËHõ HÍÅ„Hõ=∞OÖ’ P ã¨=∂[O
2
Nx"åãπ, lÅ∞Hõ~°. z\˜ìÉÏ|∞ (2005) '^Œo`« ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO KÕã≤# q+¨„ѨÜ≥∂QÆO,— PO„^èŒ*’ºu, 18 AÖˇ·.
3 4
JO`«~å÷#O HÍ=_®xH˜ J=HÍâßÅ∞ "≥∞O_»∞QÍ LO\ÏÜ«∞#_»O Kåi„`«Hõ ã¨`«ºO. 1994Ö’
=∂kQÆÅ∞ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£`À ^ŒO_À~å L^Œº=∞O "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ ÃÑ\ì̃# <å\˜ #∞O_ç D<å\˜
=~°‰õΩ (JO>Ë XHõ ^Œâß|ÌO ÃÑ·QÍ) „ѨѨOK«OÖ’, ^Õâ◊OÖ’ Pi÷HõOQÍ#∞, ™êOˆHuHõOQÍ#∞
Z<Àfl =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ [iQÍ~Ú. „ѨѨOK« PkèѨ`«º Pi÷Hõ q^è•<åxH˜ („ѨѨOpHõ~°}) J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ
„ѨÉèí∞`«fiO Pi÷Hõ ~°OQÍxfl „ÃÑ·"Õ@∞ =º‰õΩΊѨ~°O K≥Ü«∞º_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç#, |ÅÇ‘Ï#
=~åæÅ „âıÜ≥∂"å^Œ q^è•<åʼnõΩ ^•^•Ñ¨ÙQÍ ã¨fiã≤ΠѨÅHõ_»O HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. D =∂~°∞ÊʼnõΩ
"≥Ú@ì"≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ #∞O_ç `«Ü«∂~°∞QÍ L#fl „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ∞ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi ~°OQÆO #∞O_ç "≥·^˘Åy
¢ÃÑ·"Õ@∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’x J=HÍâßʼnõΩ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ `«=∞#∞ `å=Ú ã¨Oã≤^ŒúѨ~°K«∞H˘x P ~°OQÆOÖ’
u~°∞QÆ∞ÖËx PkèѨ`åºxfl ™ê÷Ñ≤OK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~Ú. D =∂~°∞ÊʼnõΩ `«Ü«∂~°∞QÍ ÖËx "≥#∞Hõ|_ç#,
^Œo`«, Pk"åã‘ =~åæÅ∞ ˆH=ÅO ~å*ϺkèHÍ~° B+¨^èŒO ã¨HõÅ ~ÀQÆ x"åi}˜ JO@∂ QÆ`«
Ѩ^Õà◊√§QÍ „Ѩܫ∂㨠Ѩ_ç, J@∞ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O ™êkèOK«ÖËHõ W@∞ `«=∞ Ü«Ú=`«#∞ Pi÷Hõ,
™êOˆHuHõ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ =∂~°∞ÊʼnõΩ, ã¨"åà◊§‰õΩ nè@∞QÍ ã¨Oã≤^Œú Ѩ~°K«∞HÀÖËHõáÈ=_»O =Å#
Jaè=$kúÖ’ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ HõO>Ë Z<Àfl ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ "≥#∞HõÉÏ@∞`«#O HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk.
1985 HÍ~°OKÕ_»∞ <ÕѨ^䌺OÖ’ U~°Ê_ç# 'PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò ^Œo`« =∞Ǩã¨Éèí,— 1994Ö’
ã¨=∞<åºÜ«∞O H˘~°‰õΩ Pq~°ƒùqOz# '=∂kQÆ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ áÈ~å@ ã¨q∞u— (=∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å)
J}QÍi# =~åæÅÃÑ· „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ AÅ∞O#∞ ~°K«ÛH©_»Û_»"Õ∞ HÍHõ, D ^Õâ◊ áœ~°∞Öˇ·#
`«=∞‰õΩ D ^Õâ◊ ã≤i ã¨OѨ^ŒÅÃÑ· „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ`À ã¨=∂# J=HÍâßÅ∞, ǨωõΩ¯Å∞
L<åflÜ«∞x QÆ∞~°∞Î KÕã¨∂Î, P ǨωõΩ¯Å H˘~°‰õΩ L^Œºq∞Oz ^Œo`«∞Å K≥·`«<åºxfl ѨiѨÙ+¨ìO
KÕâß~Ú. J~Ú`Õ '*Ïu H˘~°‰õΩ `åºQÍÅ— ¿Ñ~°∞`À „ѨÉèí∞`«fi ~°OQÆOÖ’ ÖËx L^ÀºQÍÅ H˘~°‰õΩ
^ŒO_À~å ¿Ñ~°∞`À =∂kQÆÅ∞, =∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞ ¿Ñ~°∞`À =∂ÅÅ∞ `«=∞ Ü«Ú=`« Éèíq+¨º`«∞Î#∞
H˘O`« =~°‰õΩ <åâ◊#O KÕÜ«∞_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ ^Œo`«∞Å q<åâ◊<åxH˜ ÉÏ@Å∞ Ѩ~°∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°#_»O
x+¨Øì~°OQÍ L<åfl ã¨`åºxfl JOwHõiOK«Hõ `«Ñ¨Ê^Œ∞. HÍx JOÉË^Œ¯~ü ^ŒQÆæ~° #∞O_ç HÍh¬~åO
=~°‰õΩ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç#, ^Œo`«, Pk"åã‘ =~åæÅ∞ ÉèÏqã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡QÍ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°"Õ∞ '=∂ã¨ì~ü H©—
J~Ú`Õ J\ì̃ `åºQÍÅ∞ `«Ñʨ xã¨i.3 ~å*ϺkèHÍ~åxH˜ =ÚO^Œ∞ =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å =sæHõ~°}
3
'~å*ϺkèHÍ~°"Õ∞ =∂+ì̈~üH©— J<Õ "å^Œ#`À "åºã¨Hõ~°Î JOwHõiOK«_»∞. D<å_»∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ÃÑ`«Î<åxfl
K≥ÖÏ~Úã¨∞#Î fl KåÖÏ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ XHõ<å_»∞ ~å[H©Ü∞« ~°OQÍxH˜ ^Œ∂~°OQÍ LO_ç Pi÷H,õ q^•º, ™êO㨯 $uHõ
~°OQÍÅÖ’ `«=∞#∞ `å=Ú =$kú KÕã¨∞H˘x P ~°OQÍÅ P^è•~°OQÍ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ÃÑ`«Î<åxfl ÔH·=ã¨O
KÕã∞¨ HÀQÆeQÍ~°∞. L^•Ç¨Ï~°}‰õΩ Hˆ ~°àÖ◊ ’ ÃÇÏ["å~°∞,¡ `«q∞à◊<å_»∞Ö’ ëê<å~°∞¡ XHõ<å_»∞ JO@~åx =~åæxH˜
K≥Ok#ѨÊ\˜H© Pi÷HOõ QÍ Zky ~å[H©Ü∂« ÅÖ’ „Ѩ"tÕ Oz P ~°OQÆOÖ’ `«=∞ =Ú„^Œ "ÕÜ∞« QÆeQÍ~°∞.
PO„^èŒ ~åROÖ’ Hõ=∞‡Å ~å[H©Ü∞« =$kú ‰õÄ_® D suQÍ<Õ ZkyOk. Jxfl ~°OQÍÅÖ’ J}z"Õ`‰« Ωõ
QÆ∞iHÍ|_»¤ ^Œo`«∞Å∞ Hˆ =ÅO XHõ¯ ~å[H©Ü∞« ~°OQÆOÖ’ =∂„`«"∞Õ HÍHõ Jxfl ~°OQÍÅÖ’ Hõ$+≤ KÕÜ∂« eû
LOk.For an analysis see, Rudloph I. Lloyd and Rudolph H. Susanne. (1967) The
Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India, Chicago: University of
Chicago Press; ëê<å~°¡ áÈ~å@O H˘~°‰õΩ K«∂_»O_ç, Hardgrav R.L. (1969) The Nadars of
Tamilnadu, Berkeley: University of California Press.
_ç=∂O_£, Jk ~ˆ HÔ uÎOz# „Ѩâfl◊ Å∞, =∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞ JÉèºí O`«~åÅ∞, "åi "å^Œ#Å∞ ã¨OH˜+¡ Oì̈ QÍ,
z`«Îâ◊√kúQÍ ã¨g∞H˜∆Oz XHõ Ѩiëê¯~° =∂~åæxfl PÖ’zOz ^Œo`«∞Å#∞ XHõ¯ `å\˜ ÃÑ·H˜ `≥zÛ,
gi`À áê@∞ q∞ye# J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ#∞ P `å\˜ ÃÑ·H˜ #_çÑ≤OK«x^Õ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O HÍ^Œ∞
Hõ ^ • =∂Ô ~ ¯\ò =º=㨠÷ ÃÑ`« Î O ^•s J~Ú# 㨠= ∂[OÖ’ Hõ h 㨠r=<Àáêkè ‰õ Ä _®
=∞$Qƺ=∞=Ù`«∞O^Œ<Õ q+¨Ü«∞O „ѨѨOK« ^ÕâßÅ, =ÚYºOQÍ ¿Ñ^Œ^ÕâßÅ P@∞áÈ@¡#∞ QÆ=∞xã¨∞Î#fl
"åÔ~=iÔH·<å QÀK«i`«=∞=Ù`«∞Ok.
=∂Å`«fi "å^ŒO – `˘q∞‡k JOâßÅ∞ – qâı+¡ }
¨ :
=∂kQÆÅ =sæHõ~°} "å^ŒO, Jk Pq+¨¯iOz# W`«~° „Ѩâ◊flÅ#∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯#_»O HõO>Ë
=sæHõ~°}‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ =∂ÅÅ∞ qxÑ≤Oz# "å^•xfl Pã¨~åQÍ KÕã¨∞H˘x =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å
„Ѩâ◊flÅ#∞ ѨijeOK«_»O D "åºã¨OÖ’ <Õ<≥#∞fl‰õΩ#fl Ѩ^Œúu. =∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞ "å^Œ#Å#∞
‰õ∆Ω}‚OQÍ Ñ¨ijeOz "åi "å^ŒO U q^èŒOQÍ „ÉÏǨχ}`åfixH˜, J„Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∂ºxH˜ „ѨfHõQÍ
LO^À x~°∂Ñ≤Oz, =∂kQÆ"å^ŒO =∂Å "å^•xH˜ q~°∞^ŒúOQÍ „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º "å^•xH˜, JOÉË^Œ¯~ü
Pâ◊Ü«∂ʼnõΩ U q^èŒOQÍ „ѨfHõQÍ xezO^À K≥Ñ≤Ê, "≥#∞Hõ|_ç#, ^Œo`«, Pk"åã‘ =~åæʼnõΩ
~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O ˆH=ÅO =∂kQÆ "å^•xfl ѨiѨÙ+≤ì QÍqOz# <å_Õ ™ê^茺=∞x K≥ѨÊ_»O D
"åºã¨ L^ÕÌâ◊ºO. WO`«‰õΩ ѨÓ~°fiO =sæHõ~°}‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ =zÛ# =∂Å ™êÇ≤Ï`åºhfl, ã≤.P~ü.
âıY~ü 36 ¿ÑrŠѨÙã¨ÎHõ ™ê~åhfl ‰õΩk¿ãÎ =∂ÅÅ "å^ŒO, "åi xO^ŒÅ∞, "åi Ѩiëê¯~°
=∂~åæÅ#∞ `˘q∞‡k JOâßÅ∞QÍ K≥ѨCHÀ=K«∞Û. Jq :
1. =∂kQÆʼnõΩ#fl ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ – =∂ÅʼnõΩ ÖËx ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ.
2. ^Œo`« i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡Ö’ =∂ÅÅ∞ 64 âß`«O qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ HÍ~°}O =∂ÅʼnõΩ
QÆÅ P`«‡Q“~°=, ™ê=∂lHõ ã¨Ê $ǨÏÅ∞ – Jq H˘~°=_ç# =∂kQÆÅ∞.
3. q^Œº, L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’ =∂ÅÅ 28 áêà◊§ PkèÑ`¨ º« O Ju ã¨fiÅÊ q+¨Ü∞« O.
4. =sæHõ~°} ã¨∂„`«O ã¨=∞㨺#∞ Ѩi+¨¯iOK«HõáÈQÍ =∞iO`« [\˜ÅO KÕã¨∞ÎOk.
5. =sæHõ~°} "≥Ú`«ÎO =∂kQÆʼnõΩ „ѨÜ≥∂[#O KÕ‰õÄ~°Û^Œ∞.
6. ¿Ñ~°∞ „ѨHõ¯ =∂kQÆ#∞ `«yeOK«∞ H˘x P`«‡Q“~°"åxfl HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# =∂kQÆÅ∞.
7. =sæHõ~°} "å^•xfl ã¨=∞i÷Oz q[˝`«, q+¨Ü«∞ Ѩi*Ï˝#O Ö’Ñ≤Oz# „ѨQÆujÅ,
Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì, aã≤ "Õ∞^è•=ÙÅ∞.
8. ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« ÉèÏ=# „Ѩ=∂^ŒHõ~°"≥∞ÿ#^•? ^Œo`« â◊HÎ̃x JO`« "≥ÚOkOKÕ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ‰õΩ„>Ë
=sæHõ~°}.
9. ^Œo`«∞Å ÅHõ∆ ºO i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ HÍ~å^Œ∞ – ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O HÍ"åe.
D `˘q∞‡k JOâßÅ ™ê~°O '=sæHõ~°} =^ŒÌ#_»"Õ∞— J~Ú#ѨÊ\˜H© XH˘¯Hõ¯ JOâßxfl
fã¨∞H˘x ã¨∞xt`«OQÍ Ñ¨ije^•ÌO.
5 6
1. =∂kQÆʼnõΩ#fl ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ – =∂ÅʼnõΩ ÖËx ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ
^ŒO_À~å L^Œº=∞O „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ# <å\˜ #∞O_ç =∂kQÆÅ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£#∞
=ºuˆ~H˜OK«_®xH˜ =∂ÅÅ∞ `«=∞ J=ڇŠá⁄kÖ’ J„QÍGOQÍ =∂kQÆÅ ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ PÜ«Ú^è•xfl
Ô~O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ „ѨÜ≥∂yã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. XHõ\ ˜, =∂kQÆÅ ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ "åiH˜ r=<Àáêkè HõeÊã¨∞ÎOk
– U ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ ÖËx =∂ÅʼnõΩ q^Œº, L^ÀºQÍ=HÍâßÖË r=<å^è•~°O. Ô~O_»∞, =∂kQÆÅ
ã¨OˆH∆=∂xfl „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO x[OQÍ HÍOH˜∆Oz#@¡~Ú`Õ "åi ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ Jaè=$kúH˜ x^èŒ∞Å∞ ˆH\Ï~Ú¿ãÎ
ã¨iáÈ`«∞Ok.4 =∂kQÆÅÃÑ· *Ïe`À "åi ã¨=∞㨺ŠѨiëê¯~åxH˜ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Ѩ_»=Åã≤OkQÍ
n#∞Öˇ·# =∂kQÆÅ `«~°Ñ¶¨Ù# ã¨Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«ÚÖˇ·# =∂ÅÅ∞ „ѨÉèí∞`åfixfl JÉèíºi÷ã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞Î<åfl
"åã¨Î=OÖ’ „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ Ãã·`«O K≥Ü«∞ºÖËx (XHõ"Õà◊ K≥Ü«∂ºÅx L<åfl JO^Œ∞‰õΩ
[OˆH) „Ѩuáê^Œ#Å#∞ =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å∞ K≥Ü«∞º_»O [iyOk.
Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷‰õΩ „QÍ=∞O =¸Å"≥∞ÿ# ^Œâ◊Ö’ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =º=ã¨÷ `«=∞ÃÑ· ~°∞kÌ#
K≥ѨCÅ∞ ‰õΩ>Ëì =$uÎ<Õ QÆ`«ºO`«~°O ÖËx Ѩiã≤÷`«∞ÅÖ’ Pã¨~åQÍ KÕã¨∞H˘x =∂kQÆÅ∞
á⁄@ìáÈã¨∞‰õΩ#fl q+¨Ü«∞O Kåi„`«Hõ ã¨`«ºO.5 J~Ú`Õ =∂kQÆÅO^Œ~°∂ ‰õΩÅ =$uÎÖ’<Õ L#fl@∞¡
K«i„`«Ö’ ZHõ¯_® P^è•~°O ÖË^Œ∞. XHõ „QÍ=∞OÖ’ ã¨∞=∂~°∞ Ѩk #∞O_ç W~°"≥· =∂kQÆ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞
LO>Ë "åiÖ’ U Ô~O_»∞ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÖ’ ‰õΩÅ =$uÎÖ’ x=∞QÆfl=∞=fiQÍ q∞ye# "å~°∞ =º=™êÜ«∞
‰õÄbÅ∞QÍ, r`«QÍà◊√¡QÍ „|uHÍ~°∞.6 P^èŒ∞xHõ Ü«ÚQÆOÖ’ Ñ¨Öˇ¡ #∞O_ç Ѩ@ì}O Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷‰õΩ
ˆHO„^Œ aO^Œ∞=ÙQÍ =∂i# <ÕѨ^茺OÖ’ ÉÏ\Ï, Hõ~À<åÅ∞ =zÛ =∂kQÆ K≥ѨC#∞ qѨ}˜ gkè
#∞O_ç ^Œ∂~°OQÍ qã≤ˆ~âß~Ú. ^•x`À K≥ѨCÅ#∞ #=Ú‡‰õΩ#fl =∂kQÆÅ „|`«∞‰õΩÅ∞
gkè#Ѩ_®¤~Ú.
WHõ¯_» XHõ¯ q+¨Ü«∞O `«Ñ¨ÊHõ „Ѩ™êÎqOKåe. U [O`«∞ K«~å‡<≥·fl`Õ JѨq„`«=∞x, U
4
See, Balagopal, K. (2000) 'A Tangled Web : Subdivision of SC Reservations in
AP,' Economic and Political Weekly, March 25, pp : 1075-1081.
5
`«Ñʨ xã¨i Ѩiã≤`÷ ∞« ÅÖ’ K«~‡° =$uÎx ‰õΩÅ =$uÎQÍ =∂kQÆÅ∞ ã‘fiHõiOz#ѨÊ\˜H© P =$uÎ ^•fi~å D ^Õâ◊
<åQÆiHõ`åaè=$kúH˜ =∂kQÆÅ∞ KÕã#≤ Hõ$+≤ J##º ™ê=∂#ºO. ~°™êÜ«∞# âßG=∞O>Ë Uq∞\’ `≥eÜ«∞x D
^ÕâO◊ Ö’ x`«º "å_»HÍxH˜ HÍ=Åã≤# |ÔH¯@∞¡, =º=™êÜ«∂xH˜ J=ã¨~"° ∞≥ #ÿ Ѩ>Åì̌ ∞, "å~°∞Å∞, Z^Œ∞ÅÌ Hˆ ¿ã
ɡÅ∞ìÅ∞, HõÅ∞¡w`« HÍi‡‰õΩÅHõ=ã¨~"° ∞≥ #ÿ `Àà◊§ ã¨OK«∞Å∞, ™ê=∂#º =∂#=ÙÅ∞ `«=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ ^•K«∞HÀ=_®xH˜
J=ã¨~"° ∞≥ #ÿ ã¨OK«∞Å#∞ Ѩâ√◊ =ÙÅ K«~‡° O`À `«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕã≤ D ^Õâßaè=$kúH˜ `«=∞ =O`«∞ ¿ã=Å#∞
=∂kQÆÅ∞ JOkOKå~°∞. q=~åʼnõΩ K«∂_»O_ç, Ilaiah, Kancha (1996) 'Productive Labour
Consciousness and History : The Dalit - Bahujan Alternative', in Shaheed Amin
and Dipesh Chakrabarthy (Ed.), Writings on South Asian History and Society :
Subaltern Studies IX, Delhi : Oxford University Press, pp : 187-193.
6
See, Singh, T.R. (1969). The Madiga : A Study of Social Structure and Change,
Lucknow : Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society.
K≥ѨCÅ∞ ‰õΩ>Ëì =$uÎ<≥·`Õ JѨiâ◊√„Éèí=∞x ÉèÏqOz TiH˜ ^Œ∂~°OQÍ <≥\ ˜ì "Õâß~À P K≥¿ÑÊ
ÉÏ\Ï, Hõ~À<åÅ ~°∂ѨOÖ’ „ÉÏǨχ}∞ʼnõΩ, „ÉÏǨχ} =~åæʼnõΩ Láêkè HõeÊOz Éè’[#O
ÃÑ@ì_»O =$`«∞ΊѨ~°OQÍ P^èŒ∞xHõ`« `≥zÛ# Q˘Ñ¨Ê qѨ¡=O. „Ѩu q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å#∞
=ºuˆ~H˜ã∂¨ <Î Õ "åi =∂~åæÅ#∞ J#∞ã¨iOz 'h=Ù <ÕiÊ# q^ŒºÜÕ∞ h~°*ÏH∆Í— JO@∂ ÃÑ`«OÎ ^•i
™ê÷<åÅ #∞O_ç „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å#∞ ™ê÷# „ÉèíOâ◊√Å#∞ KÕã≤ P ™ê÷<åÅ#∞ P„Hõq∞Oz# Hõ=∞‡Å∞
=∂kQÀà◊§ K≥ѨCÅ q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’#∂ "åix q_»=ÖË^Œ∞. Ñ≤K«ÛѨe¡ +¨Ø=∂~üì, áêѨٺÅ~ü +¨Ø=∂~üì
ÖÏO\˜ ¿Ñ~°¡`À q[Ü«∞"å_» ^•x K«∞@∞ì „Ñ¨Hõ¯Å „áêO`åÅÖ’ K≥ѨCÅ á¶êºHõìsÅ#∞ ™ê÷Ñ≤Oz
=∂kQÆ K≥ Ñ ¨ C H˜ Hõ = ∞‡Å∞, gi`Àáê@∞ WOHÍ H˘O^Œ ~ ° ∞ W`« ~ ° ~å¢ëêì Å =∞~åfi_ô Å ∞
Ü«∂[=∂#∞Å~Úº, Jã¨Å∞ K≥ѨC Ü«∞[=∂xx HÍi‡‰õΩxQÍ =∂iÛ"Õã≤# q+¨Ü«∞O [QÆkfi`«O.
J~Ú`Õ =∂kQÆÅ |∞=fi K≥ѨCx ˆH=ÅO „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞, Hõ=∞‡Å∞, =∂~åfi_ôÅ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞
ÖψQã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞. "å~°∞ ÖψQã¨∞H˘x =∂kQÆʼnõΩ q∞yeÛ# <åÅ∞QÆ∞ "≥∞`«∞‰õΩÅ∞ Ãã·`«O giH˜
^ŒHõ¯‰õΩO_® `«=∞ =O`«∞ áê„`«#∞ =∂ÅÅ∞ â◊H˜Î =OK«# ÖˉõΩO_® áÈ+≤OK«_»O [iyOk.
q[Ü«∞"å_» ɡOl ã¨i¯Öò ^ŒQÆæ~° K≥ѨCÅ á¶êºHõìsÅÖ’ Ѩx KÕ¿ã HÍi‡‰õΩÅ#∞ Ѩije¿ãÎ D
q+¨Ü«∞O x~À‡Ç¨Ï=∂@OQÍ ~°∞A==Ù`«∞Ok. K≥ѨC #=¸<å#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕ „áê^äŒq∞Hõ
™ê÷~Ú #∞O_ç K≥ѨC ѨÓ~°ÎÜÕ∞º ™ê÷~Ú =~°‰õΩ „Ѩu ™ê÷~ÚÖ’#∂ =∂kQÆÅ HõO>Ë =∂ÅÅ∞
JkèHõOQÍ LO_»_»"Õ∞ ~ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ „Ѩ|Å x~°^Œ≈#O.7 D q^èŒOQÍ ÖÏÉèí™ê\˜Ü≥ÿ∞# =∂kQÆÅ
‰õΩÅ =$uÎx „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å ^ŒQÆæi #∞O_ç Hõ=∞‡Å∞, "åi ^ŒQÆæi #∞O_ç =∂ÅÅ∞ Hõ|o¿ãÎ ~ÚHõ P
=$uÎ ^•fi~å =∂kQÆʼnõΩ r=<Àáêkè ÅaèOKÕ^≥Hõ¯_»?
Ô~O_»=k, K«~°‡HÍ~°∞Å =$uÎ Jaè=$kúH˜ x^èŒ∞Å∞ ˆH\Ï~Ú¿ãÎ ^•x =Å# "≥Ú`«ÎO
=∂kQÆ ‰õΩÅã¨∞÷Å Jaè=$kú [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œx Ѷ¨∞O\ÏѨ^äŒOQÍ ¿Ñ~˘¯O@∞#fl =∂Å âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ
QÆ}ÏOHõ q=~åÅ∞ Pi÷Hõ âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ#∞ Ãã·`«O J|∞ƒ~° Ѩ~°K«_»O`À áê@∞ uHõ=∞Hõ‰õΩ QÆ∞i
KÕ™êÎÜ«∞#_»O xifi"å^•Oâ◊O. Pi÷Hõ âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ uHõ=∞HõÖˇÖÏ =Ù<åfl „QÍ=∂Ö’¡ Q˘_»¡#∞ HÍK«∞H˘<Õ
=∂kQÆÅ∞ Ãã·`«O =∂Å"Õ`«ÎÅ QÆ}ÏOHõ q=~åÅ∞ `«Ñ¨Êx x~°∂Ñ≤OK«QÆÅ~°∞. ~åROÖ’ ^•^•Ñ¨Ù
80 ÅHõ∆ʼnõΩ ÃÑ·QÍ [<åÉèÏ L#fl =∂kQÆÅÖ’ D<å_»∞ ˆH=ÅO XHõ¯ âß`«O =∂„`«"Õ∞ ‰õΩÅ
=$uÎ P^è•~°OQÍ „|`«∞H©_»∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. P XHõ¯ âß`«OÖ’ ‰õÄ_® ã¨QÆO =∞Ok K≥ѨCÅ á¶êºHõìsÅÖ’
‰õÄbÖˇ·`Õ, q∞ye# ã¨QÆO ~À_»∞¤ „ѨHõ¯# ziy# Q˘_»∞QÆ∞ h_»Ö’ `≥y# K≥ѨCÅ#∞ ÉÏQÆ∞
KÕã¨∞H˘O@∂ U ~ÀA HÍ ~ÀA =zÛ# zÅ¡~°`À á⁄@ìáÈã¨∞H˘<Õ x~åƒùQÆ∞ºÖË HÍx ã¨fiO`«
^Œ∞HÍ}^•~°∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® HÍ^Œ∞. =∂ÅÅ ã¨∂K«# "Õ∞~°‰õΩ =∂kQÆÅ Jaè=$kúH˜ ~åR „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO
x^èŒ∞Å∞ =∞OE~°∞ KÕã≤<å P xkè XHõ¯ âß`«O =∂kQÆʼnõΩ KÕÜ«¸`«xzÛ q∞ye# 99 âß`«O
7
D á¶êºHõìsÅÖ’ Ѩx KÕ¿ã =∂kQÆ–=∂ÅÅ`À `«# Ñ≤ÃÇÏKü_ç H˘~°‰õΩ D "åºã¨Hõ~°Î x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz#
WO@~°∂fi ºÅ∞, K«~°ÛÅ∞ P^è•~°O.
7 8
=∂kQÆÅ r=<Àáêkèx „Ѩâßfl~°÷HõO KÕã¨∞ÎOk.8 =∂kQÆÅ Jaè=$kúH˜ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ x^èŒ∞Å∞
ˆH\Ï~ÚOK«=∞O@∞#fl =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å L^•~°|∞kú D HÀ}ÏÅ#∞ ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl^•?
ÖË^•?
=∂Å`«fi "å^ŒOÖ’x „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi HÀ}O :
„ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ XHõ¯ ѨÓ*Ïi =$uÎ q∞#Ǩ U ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ ã¨=∂[ Q“~°"åxH˜
<ÀK«∞HÀÖË^Œ∞. =∞i =ÚYºOQÍ JO@~åx ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åi =$`«∞ÎÅ∞ Jxfl ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åi (JO@~åx
‰õΩÖÏÅ "åiH˜ Ãã·`«O) U=yOѨÙH˜ QÆ∞~°Ü«∂º~Ú. K«~°‡HÍ~°∞Å∞ ÉèíH˜ÎѨÓ~°fiHõOQÍ `«Ü«∂~°∞
KÕã≤# K≥ѨCÅ#∞ `˘_»∞H˘¯O@∂<Õ P =$uÎx, P =$uÎ^•~°∞Å#∞, hK«OQÍ, UǨϺOQÍ K«∂¿ã
ã¨=∂[O =∞#k. JO^Œ∞ˆH PÜ«∂ ‰õΩÅ =$`«∞ÎÅ#∞ g_ç q^•º |∞^Œ∞úÅ#∞ QÆ_çOz ^Œo`«∞Å∞
‰õÄ_® =∞#∞+¨µºÖÏ¡QÍ „|`«HÍÅx =∞Ǩ`«‡Ñ¨ÓÖË, PÜ«∞##∞ Jq∞`«OQÍ Jaè=∂xOKÕ JOÉË^¯Œ ~üÅ∞
¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl~°∞. 'q^Œº ÖËHõ<Õ Ju â◊¥„^Œ∞Å∞ ÉÏkè`«∞ÅÜ«∂º~°∞— Jx Ѷ¨ÓÖË ÉèÏq¿ãÎ,
''q^ŒºÖ’ <≥·Ñ¨Ù}º`« ™êkèOK«_»=∞<Õk ™ê=∂lHõ ^Œ∞~åKå~åÅ#∞
~°∂ѨÙ=∂Ѩ_®xH˜ ™ê^èŒ#OQÍ LѨÜ≥∂QÆѨ_»∞`«∞O^Œx <å #=∞‡HõO.
^Õâ◊OÖ’x J}QÍi# [#O ã¨=∞㨺 ˆH=ÅO Pi÷Hõ"Õ∞ HÍ^Œ∞
™êO㨯 $uHõO ‰õÄ_®, ˆH=ÅO ‰õÄ_»∞, QÆ∞_»¤, h_» HõeÊOz L#fl`«
=~åæÅ "åiH˜ ¿ã= KÕ¿ã "å~°∞QÍ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕÜ«∞_»O <åH˜+¨ìO
ÖË^Œ∞. `«~°`«~åÅ∞QÍ ri‚OK«∞‰õΩáÈ~Ú# #∂º#`å ÉèÏ"åxfl,
W`«~°∞ʼnõΩ ^•ã¨ºO KÕ¿ã ã¨fiÉèÏ"åxfl `˘ÅyOz D ^Õâ◊OÖ’x
„Ѩã¨∞Î`« ™ê=∂lHõ x~å‡}OÖ’ „‰õÄ~° ^ÀÑ≤_çH˜ QÆ∞~°=Ù`«∞#fl "åix
q=ÚH˜Î KÕÜ∂« Åx <Õ##∞‰õΩO\Ï#∞. L#fl`« ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ q^•º=O`«∞Å∞
HÍ=_»O ^•fi~å<Õ Jk ™ê^茺=∞=Ù`«∞O^Œx <å #=∞‡HõO,——9 Jx
JOÉË^Œ¯~ü #=∂‡_»∞.
JO^Œ∞ˆH ÉèÏ~°`« ~å*ϺOQÆOÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ ~°∂ѨOÖ’ J}QÍi# =~åæÅ "åiH˜ PÜ«∞# J=HÍâ◊O
HõeÊOKå_»∞. x`«ºO JOÉË^Œ¯~ü <å=∞㨇~°} QÍqã¨∂Î<Õ PÜ«∞# „ѨuáêkOz# P^èŒ∞xHõ q^Œº#∞
`«∞OQÆÖ’ „`˘H˜¯ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ "åi ‰õΩÅ=$uÎx Jaè=$kú K≥Ü«∞º=∞O@∞#fl ã¨∂_À JOÉË^Œ¯iã¨∞ìÅ∞,
D =∂Å „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å Lz`« ã¨ÅǨÅ#∞ U q^èŒOQÍ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe?
8
#O|∂~°∞, ÃÑ^ŒÑi¨ q∞, `å_çH˘O_», =∞OQÆày◊ iÅÖ’ "åºã¨H~õ ΰ KÕã#≤ WO@~°∂fi ºÅ∞, =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å
L^Œº=∞HÍ~°∞Å∞, <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ`À [iÑ≤# K«~Û° Å∞ P^è•~°O.
9
ѨÓÖË, JOÉË^¯Œ ~ü "åHͺÅ#∞ [ã≤ãì π q. Hõ$+¨Ü
‚ ∞« º~ü (1994) 'JOÉË^¯Œ ~ü áÈ~å@ "≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ ™ê=∂lHõ
<åºÜ«∞O,— ^Œo`« ~å[ºO, U„Ñ≤Ü«∞Öò, ѨÙ@Å∞ : 19–21 =∞iÜ«Ú 25 (WHõ¯_» ѨÙ.@.21) #∞O_ç
fã¨∞HÀ=_»O [iyOk.
 ™êfi`«O„`åºxH˜ ѨÓ~°fiO „a\©+¨µ „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO ^Œo`« – â◊¥„^Œ¢Ñ¨[Å ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ
L^Œº=∂ʼnõΩ `«ÖÁyæ q^Œº, L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ "åi „Ѩ"ÕâßxH˜ =ã¨`«∞Å∞ HõeÊOz# ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’
JѨÊ\˜ˆH P^èŒ∞xHõ q^Œº#∞ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi L^ÀºQÍÅ#∞ P„Hõq∞Oz# „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞ ^Œo`« – â◊¥„^Œ∞ʼnõΩ
HõeÊOz# J=HÍâßʼnõΩ Z<Àfl ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ JÉèíºO`«~åÅ∞, x~°ã¨#Å∞ `≥eáê~°∞. "åi
JÉèºí O`«~åÅ#∞ ÉèMË Ï`«~∞° KÕã#≤ „ѨÉ∞íè `åfixfl „Ѩã#¨ flO KÕã∞¨ HÀ=_®xH˜ 'JOk`Õ A@∞ì JO^Œ‰Ωõ O>Ë
HÍà◊√§— J<Õ H“\˜Åº huÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞ KÕã≤# q#flѨO: '^Œo`« â◊¥„^Œ=~åæÅ
"åiH˜ ‰õΩÅ =$`«∞ÎÅ∞ L<åfl~Ú. P ‰õΩÅ=$`«∞ÎÅ`À "å~°∞ ã¨O`À+¨OQÍ r=<Àáêkèx ã¨OáêkOK«∞
H˘#QÆÅ~°∞. HÍx, ˆH=ÅO q^ŒºÜÕ∞ ‰õΩÅ=$uÎQÍ, L^ÀºQÆ"Õ∞ P„â◊Ü«∞OQÍ „|`«∞‰õΩ "≥à◊§nã¨∞Î#fl
¿Ñ^Œ „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞ r=<å^è•~°O HÀÖ’Ê~Ú aèH∆Í@# QÍqOK«∞H˘x „|`«Hõ=Åã≤# ^Œ∞ã≤÷u
^•Ñ¨Ùiã¨∞ÎOk,— HÍ|\ì̃ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ =^Œ∞Ì J<åfl~°∞.10 ™êfi`«O„`«ºO `«~°∞"å`« 'J„QÆ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞—QÍ11
10
q=~åʼnõΩ K«∂_»O_ç, Irschick, Eugene. (1969) Politics and Social Conflicts in South
India : The Non-Bramin Movement and Tamil Separatism (1916-1929), Berkeley
and Los Angels : University of California Press.
11
PÖ’K«#Å∞ =∞x+≤x L#fl`« tY~åʼnõΩ ZH˜¯OK«QÅÆ =Ù. J^èóŒ áê`åàÏxH˜ „`˘H˜¯ "ÕÜ∞« QÆÅ=Ù. ZѨC_À
~Ô O_»∞ "ÕÅ ã¨O=`«û~åʼnõΩ ѨÓ~°fiѨ٠'‰õΩÅO— J<Õ PÖ’K«# Z<Àfl =O^ŒÅ `«~åÅ ^Œo`« [#∞Å#∞
=∂#ã≤Hõ ã¨OѶ¨∞~°¬}‰õΩ QÆ∞iKÕã≤ =∂#∞+¨`åfixH˜ ^Œ∂~°O KÕ¿ãÎ, `«~°`«~åÅ∞QÍ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæʼnõΩ
=∂#ã≤Hõ PǨ¡^ŒHõ~åxfl, âßOux, ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅÃÑ· =∂#ã≤Hõ PkèѨ`åºxfl HõÅ∞QÆ*Ëã≤Ok. ѨÓ~°fiѨÙ
`«~åÅ"åi=Öˇ ~ÚѨÊ\˜ `«~O° ^Œo`«∞Å∞ ‰õΩÅO J<Õ K≥~™° êÅÖ’ |OkèOK«|_®¤~∞° . =∞i ~åÉ’ÜÕ∞ `«~O°
^Œo`« Ѩل`«∞Å∞ – ѨلuHõÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® D =∂#ã≤Hõ ã¨OѶ∞¨ ~°¬}‰õΩ QÆ∞i HÍ=Åã≤O^Õ<å? P ‰õΩÅ K≥~≥ ™° êÅÖ’
|OnÅ∞ HÍ=eûO^Õ<å? Éèqí +¨º`«∞Î `«~åÅ =∂x+≤H`õ åfixfl HÍáê_»\ÏxH˜ D `«~O° Ug∞ KÕÜ∞« ÖË^•?
WHõ¯_» <å^˘Hõ PÖ’K«#. ™ê=∂lHõ, Pi÷H,õ ~å[H©Ü∞« ~°OQÍÅ#∞ ~°∂áêO`«~O° K≥OkOK«_O» `À áê@∞
"å_»∞Hõ ÉèÏ+¨Ö’x „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi Ѩ^*Œ ÏÖÏxfl „ѨHÍ∆ à◊#O QÍqOz ^•x ™ê÷#OÖ’ Ö∫H˜Hõ Ѩ^*Œ ÏÖÏxfl
„Ѩ"âÕ Ã◊ Ñ@ì@O ã¨=∂#`«fi ™ê^è#Œ „Ѩ™ê÷#OÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ "≥∞Åÿ ∞. ѨÙ@ ã¨OYº S^Œ∞Ö’ (J=ڇŠá⁄kÖ’)
'J„QÍGO— J<Õ Ñ¨^•xfl LѨÜ∂≥ yOK«_O» [iyOk. WÖÏ "å_»_®xH˜ =ÚO^Œ∞ 'J„QÍGO— ™ê÷#OÖ’
'„|ǨχGO— J<Õ Ñ¨^•xfl "å_»@O [iyOk. KåÖÏ Ñ¨~åºÜ«∂Å∞ Ѩ^•Å J~å÷Å Ö’`«∞Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞‰õΩO_®<Õ
"å_»@O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. D Ѩ^Œ „ѨÜ∂≥ QÆOÖ’ ‰õÄ_® JÖψQ [iyOk. "庙êxfl ѨÅ∞ Ѩ~åºÜ«∂Å∞
K«kq# `«~∞° "å`« QÍx P Ѩ^OŒ Ö’x Ö’`«∞x „QÆÇÏ≤ OK«ÖHË áõ ÈÜ«∂#∞. '„|Ǩ‡GO— J<Õ Ñ¨^OŒ =∞#‰õΩ
Uq∞ K≥|∞`«∞Ok? '„|Ǩχ— J<Õ ^Õ=Ù_»∞ L<åfl_»x, J`«x ^ŒQÆæ~° L#fl JGO Jxfl J¢™êÎÅ HõO>Ë
â◊H=Î̃ O`«"∞≥ Oÿ ^Œx K≥|∞`«∞Ok. P J¢™êÎxfl Z=i g∞^Œ‰Ωõ „ѨÜ∂≥ y¿ãÎ "åiH˜ D Éè∂í q∞ g∞^Œ #∂HõÅ∞
K≥e#¡ >Ë#¡ x ‰õÄ_® K≥|∞`«∞Ok. D PÖ’K«# ~ÚO`«\ `˜ À<Õ PyáÈ^Œ∞. „|Ǩχ^Õ=Ù_»∞ ã¨$+≤Hì ~õ ΰ Jx, J`«x
<À\˜ #∞O_ç „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞, Kèåu #∞O_ç Hõ„∆ uÜ«ÚÅ∞, `˘_»Å #∞O_ç "≥â· √◊ ºÅ∞, áê^•Å #∞O_ç â◊¥„^Œ∞Å∞
=KåÛ~°x K≥|∞`«∞Ok. ^•x`À „|Ǩχ <À\˜ #∞O_ç T_çÑ_¨ ¤» „ÉÏǨχ}∞_ç PkèÑ`¨ º« O QÆ∞iOz, HÍà◊§
#∞O_ç ѨÙ@ìH˘zÛ# â◊¥„^Œ∞_ç ™ê÷#O QÆ∞iOz K≥|∞`«∞Ok. J^Õ q^èOŒ QÍ 'J„QÆ ‰õΩÅO,— 'ã¨=~°‚ *Ïu,—
'"≥∞*Ïi\©Å∞— ÖÏO\˜ Ѩ^|Œ O^è•Å#∞ qâı+¡ } ¨ K≥Ü∞« º=K«∞Û. J~Ú`Õ D qâı+¡ } ¨ J=QÍǨÏ#ˆH =∞#
PÖ’K«##∞ Ѩiq∞`«O K≥Ü∞« º‰õÄ_»^∞Œ .D qâı+¡ } ¨ P^è•~°O`À ã¨OkèOK«=Åã≤ „Ѩâfl◊ Å∞: XHõ ‰õΩÅ"≥∂ ÖË^•
9 10
¿Ñ~˘¯O@∞#fl *Ï\òÅ∞, ~îå‰õÄ~üÅ∞, Ѩ>ËÖòÅ∞, Hõ=∞‡Å∞, Ô~_»∞¡, "≥Å=∞Å∞ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ
ÉÏ@<Õ J#∞ã¨iOz Z<Àfl ™ê~°∞¡ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ PO^Àà◊#Å∞ KÕѨ\ ì̃# q+¨Ü«∞O
qA˝Å‰õΩ qk`«"Õ∞. =ÚYºOQÍ 1989–90 „áêO`«OÖ’ ^Œo`«∞Å i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ HÍŠѨikèx
á⁄_çyã¨∂Î, â◊¥„^Œ∞ʼnõΩ q^Œº, L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ HõeÊã¨∂Î q.Ñ≤. ã≤OQ∑ [#`å
„ѨÉèí∞`«fiO x~°‚Ü«∞O fã¨∞‰õΩ#flѨC_»∞ L`«Î~° – ^ŒH˜∆} ÉèÏ~°`åÅÖ’ ÃÑ^ŒÌ Z`«∞Î# „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞
‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ JÅ[_»∞Å∞ ˆ~Ñ≤ ÉèÏs "≥Ú`«ÎOÖ’ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi, „ÃÑ·"Õ@∞ Pã¨∞ÎʼnõΩ #+¨ìO HõeyOKå~°∞.
=∞# ~åROÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ =ºuˆ~‰õΩÅ∞ ~ÚOH˘OK«O =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ "≥o¡ Ô~·ÖËfi ¿ãì+¨<£ÅÖ’,
|™êìO_»∞ÅÖ’, =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# g^èŒ∞ÅÖ’ |∂@∞¡ áêe+π K≥Ü«∞º_»O, ™ê=∂#∞¡ "≥ÚÜ«∞º_»O, ~À_»∞¡
T_»Û_»O ~ÚOHÍ Z<Àfl KÕ™ê~°∞.12 gi KÕ+ì̈Å#∞ =∞#O ZÖÏ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åflO (ZÖÏ J~°÷O
KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe)?
i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ºuˆ~Hõ „Ѩ^~Œ ≈° #Å PO`«~º° O :
„ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ºuˆ~Hõ „Ѩ^Œ~°≈# Ô~O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û.
"≥Ú^Œ\ ˜k, J}QÍi# =~åæÅ"å~°∞ ~À_»∞¡ T_»Û_®xH˜, |∂@∞¡ áêe+π K≥Ü«∞º_®xH˜ `«Ñ¨Ê
~Ô O_»∞ ‰õΩÖÏÖ’ 'J„QƉΩõ ÖÏÅ~Ú—`Õ q∞ye# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ U=∞=Ù`å~Ú? – J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞. XHõ *Ïu
ã¨=~°*‚ Ïu J~Ú`Õ q∞ye# *Ï`«∞Å∞ U=∞=Ù`å~Ú?– J=~°‚ *Ï`«∞Å∞. H˘O^Œ~∞° "≥∞*Ïi\©Å∞ J~Ú`Õ
q∞ye# "å~°∞ U=∞=Ù`å~°∞? – "≥∞<ÿ åi\©Å∞. „Ѩu ã¨=∂[OÖ’ XHõ =ºHÎ̃ ÖË^• XHõ ã¨OѶ∞¨ 'Jã≤`Î fi« O—
q∞ye# =º‰õΩÎÅ/ã¨OѶ¨∂Å QÆ∞iÎOѨ٠g∞^Œ P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç LO@∞Ok. JO>Ë 'Ѩ~°ã¨Ê~°— (Reciprocal)
ã¨O|O^èOŒ Hõey LO@∞Ok. ™ê=∂lHõ, ~å[H©Ü∞« , Pi÷Hõ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü∞« =~åæÅ „áê|źO
(Domination) H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞#fl>Ë¡ ™êO㨯 $uHõ–ÉèÏëêÉèÏ=*ÏÅÅÃÑ· ‰õÄ_® "åi PkèÑ` ¨ º« O (Hege-
mony) H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞O_»_O » =Å¡ "åi PÖ’K«#Å∞, ÉèÏ=#Å∞ „H˜Ok =~åæÅ "åiÃÑ#· ~°∞^ŒQÌ eÆ QÍ~°∞.
~ÚѨC_»∞ ‰õÄ_® J^Õ KÕÜ∞« QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~°∞.JOÉË^¯Œ ~ü ѨiÉèÏ+¨Ö’ 'J„QƉΩõ ÖÏÅ∞QÍ LO_»@O "åiH˜
QÆ~fi° HÍ~°}O HÍ=K«∞Û, HÍx „H˜Ok ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞QÍ LO_»@O ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ QÆ~fi° HÍ~°}O HÍ^Œ∞,— 'ã¨=~°∞Å‚ ∞QÍ
LO_»@O "åiH˜ „Ñ‘uQÍ LO_»=K«∞Û, HÍx J=~°∞Å‚ ∞QÍ LO_»@O ^Œo`«–â◊¥„^Œ‰Ωõ ÖÏÅ "åiH˜ HÍ^Œ∞.—
^Œo`«–â◊¥„^Œ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü∞« =~åæÅ#∞ J„QƉΩõ ÖÏÅ∞QÍ, ã¨=~°∞Å‚ ∞QÍ QÆ∞iÎOz#O`« HÍÅO ^Œo`«–â◊¥„^Œ
‰õΩÖÏÅ Jã≤`Î fi« O 'J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞QÍ<Õ— LO@∞Ok. JO^Œ∞Hˆ ^Œo`«–â◊¥„^Œ‰Ωõ ÖÏÅ∞ D „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü∞«
Ѩ^*Œ ÏÖÏxfl qã¨iO˚ Kåe. D Ѩ^•Å#∞ "å_»∞Hõ #∞O_ç `«ÑÊ≤ OKåe. J~Ú`Õ D qã¨~#˚° `À<Õ ^Œo`«–â◊¥„^Œ∞Å
ÉÏ^躌 `« fiáÈ^Œ∞.=∞#+¨µºÅ =∞^躌 ã¨=∂#`åfixfl Pq+¨¯iOKÕ „Ѩ`åº=∂flÜ«∞ ÉèÏ+¨#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOz
^•xx "å_»∞HõÖ’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩ~å=Åã≤# ÉÏ^茺`« ‰õÄ_® "åi Éèí∞[㨯O^è•ÅÃÑ·<Õ LOk.
12
q.Ñ≤. ã≤OQ∑ [#`å „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fiO =∞O_»Å Hõg∞+¨<£ ã¨∂K«#Å "Õ∞~° "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# =~åæʼnõΩ q^Œº,
L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ =ã¨u HõeÊOz#ѨÙ_»∞ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ K≥Å~ˆ y# =ºuˆ~Hõ`« L^Œº=∂Å J=QÍǨÏ#‰õΩ,
^Œo`«–â◊¥„^Œ ^Œ$HÀ¯} qâı+¡ } ¨ ‰õΩ K«∂_»O_ç, SÅÜ«∞º, HÔ . (1990) 'Ѩ~å#flÉè‰í Ωõ ¯Å∞ „ѨuÉèí QÆ∞iOz
=∂\Ï¡_»∞`«∞<åfl~Ú,— #Å∞ѨÙ, ÃãÃÑìO|~°∞, 16–30, ѨÙ@Å∞:10–14† ™êO|t=~å=Ù, L.(1990)
'i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ ã¨=∞㨺— Z^Œ∞s`«, JHÀì|~°∞ ѨÙ@Å∞ : 15–19† =∞™êÎ<£ ~å=Ù, ^Õ=~°Ñe¨ .¡ (1989) 'i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡,—
á⁄#∂fl~°∞: ѨÙ~ÀQÍq∞ „ѨK«∞~°}Å∞, ѨÙ@Å∞ 45–120.
L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ K≥Ü«∞º_®xH˜ ѨxH˜~å~°∞.
Ô~O_»=k, i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ ^•fi~å ~À_»∞¡ T_ÕÛ "åiH˜, |∂@∞¡ áêe+π KÕ¿ã"åiH˜ J=HÍâ◊O
~Ú¿ãÎ ˆ H =ÅO L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ K≥ Ü « ∞ º_®xˆ H (J~° ÷ O Ö’, J}QÍi# ‰õ Ω ÖÏÅÃÑ· # ÃÑ`« Î # O
K≥ÖÏ~ÚOK«_®xˆH) ѨÙ\ì̃# `å=Ú `«=∞ [#‡Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯x D i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ =Å# HÀÖ’Ê=Åã≤ =zÛO^Œx
QÆ∞O_≥Å∞ ÉÏ^Œ∞HÀ=_»O. ™ê~åOâ◊OÖ’ J}QÍi# =~åæÅ"åi =$`«∞ÎÅ∞ Ç‘Ï#=∞x K≥ѨÊ_»"Õ∞
QÍHõ, i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ ^•fi~å "å~°∞ `«=∞ `«=∞ ‰õΩÅ =$`«∞ÎÅx g_ç „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÅ =~åæÅ "å~°∞
P„Hõq∞OK«∞H˘x ѨkÅѨ~°K«∞‰õΩ#fl q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ „Ѩ"ÕâßxH˜ J#~°∞›Å∞ Jx K≥ѨÊ_»O.
W\ì̃ KÕ+ì̈Å#∞, "å^•Å#∞ P<å_»∞ â◊¥„^Œ – ^Œo`« (=∂ÅÅ∞ ‰õÄ_®) Pk"åã‘ =Úã≤¡O =~åæÅ
„Ѩ[ÅO^Œ~∂° x~°ãO≤ z, i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ ™ê#∞‰õÄÅ L^Œº=∞O #_çÑ,≤ „ѨÉ∞íè `«fi L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü∞«
=~åæÅ ™⁄`«∞Î HÍ^Œx Q˘O`≥uÎ Kå\˜# K«i„`« LOk. =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ
L^Œº=∞O KÕѨ\ ˜ì '=∂kQÆÅ ‰õΩÅ=$uÎx Jaè=$kú K≥Ü«∞º=∞‡O@∞#fl— =∂ÅÅ "å^Œ#‰õΩ, U
*ÏuH˜ xˆ~ÌtOz# ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ P *Ïu `«∂.K«. `«Ñ¨ÊHõ áê\˜OKåÅx K≥|∞`«∞#fl „ÉÏǨχ}
"å^•xH˜ `Õ_® U"≥∞ÿ<å LO^•? Ô~O_»∞ "å^•Å =∞<ÀQÆ`«O XHõ¯>Ë: ‰õΩÅ=$uÎ Hõey# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞
PÜ«∂ =$`«∞ÎÅ =ÚiH˜ ‰õÄѨOÖ’ =∞yæ`Õ q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’x J=HÍâßÅ#∞ `å=Ú
=∂„`«"Õ∞ KÕlH˜¯OK«∞H˘x Zã≤ QÆ^Œ∞ÅÖ’ ™œYºO á⁄O^•Å<Õ ^Œ∞~å (^Œ∂~å) Ö’K«#ÜÕ∞ HÍ^•?
2. ^Œo`« i[ˆ~fi+¨#Ö¡ ’ =∂ÅÅ∞ 64 âß`«O qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ HÍ~°}O =∂ÅʼnõΩ
QÆÅ P`«‡Q“~°=, ™ê=∂lHõ ã¨Ê $ǨÏÅ∞ – Jq H˘~°=_ç# =∂kQÆÅ∞
i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ™œHõ~åºÅ#∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞H˘#_»OÖ’ =∂ÅÅ∞ =ÚO^Œ∞O_»_®xH˜ HÍ~°}O
"åiH˜ QÆÅ P`«‡Q“~°= ã¨Ê $ǨÏ, ™ê=∂lHõ ÉÏ^茺`«ÖË#x K≥|∞`«∂ âıY~ü D q^èŒOQÍ J<åfl_»∞.
''i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#∞ =∂Å – =∂kQÆÅ∞ 64:36 âß`«OQÍ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ QÆÅ HÍ~°}O
=∂ÅʼnõΩ P`«‡Q“~°= ã¨Ê $ǨÏ, ™ê=∂lHõ ã¨Ê $ǨÏÅ∞ LO_»_»O HÍ~°}"≥∞ÿ`Õ – =∂kQÆʼnõΩ...
P`«‡Q“~°= ã¨Ê $ǨÏ, ™ê=∂lHõ ã¨Ê $Ç¨Ï H˘~°=_»_»O =Å# "å~°∞ HÍãÎ̈ "≥#∞Hõ|_®¤~°∞. P`«‡Q“~°=
ã¨Ê $ǨÏ, ™ê=∂lHõ ã¨Ê $Ç¨Ï =∂ÅʼnõΩ ™ê=∂lHõ J<åºÜ«∂Å#∞ QÆ∞iÎOKÕ K≥·`«#ºO HõeyOzOk.
J<åºÜ«∂xfl ZkiOKÕ ^è≥·~åºxfl HõeyOzOk. áÈ~å\ÏʼnõΩ J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# â◊HÎ̃ ™ê=∞~å÷ºÅ#∞,
„ѨuÉèÏ áê@"åÅ#∞ ÃÑOá⁄OkOK«∞HÀ"åeû =zÛOk—— (âıY~ü, 2005 ѨÙ@:22). ™ê~åOâ◊OÖ’
D "å^Œ# J~°÷O =∂ÅÅÖ’ „ѨuÉèÏ áê@"åÅ∞ ã¨=∞$kúQÍ LO_»|>Ëì "å~°∞ JkèHõ âß`«OÖ’
i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀQÍ P „ѨuÉèí ÖËx =∂kQÆÅ∞ =∂ÅÅ HõO>Ë "≥#∞Hõ|_ç
áÈÜ«∂~°O@∂ D<å\˜ =∂kQÆÅ z`«∞‰õΩÉÏ@∞ `«<åxH˜ "åi 'J„ѨuÉèíÜÕ∞#x— XHõ Q˘Ñ¨Ê
ã¨`åºxfl âıY~ü Hõ#∞Q˘<åfl_»∞.
D "å^•xfl âıY~ü J=∂Ü«∞Hõ`«fiO J#∞HÀ"åÖ’, J*Ï˝#O J#∞HÀ"åÖ’ ‰õÄ_®
J~°÷O H͉õΩO_® LOk. ^Œo`«∞Å K«i„`«, "åi L^Œº=∂ÅÃÑ· Hõh㨠J=QÍǨÏ# Hõey# Z=~°∂
11
~Ú@∞=O\˜ kQÆ*Ï~°∞_»∞ "å^•xH˜ kQÆ~°∞. K«i„`« á⁄_»=Ù<å ™ê=∂lHõOQÍ, Pi÷HõOQÍ,
™êO㨯 $uHõOQÍ, ~å[H©Ü«∞OQÍ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# =~åæÅ∞ `«=∞‰õΩ ~Ú`«~°∞Å`À ã¨=∂#OQÍ ã¨=∂#
J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõeÊOKåÅx HÀi#ѨÙ_»ÖÏ¡ =ÚO^ŒO[ "Õã≤# =~åæÅ Ô~_ô"Õ∞_£ ã¨=∂^è•#O '„ѨuÉèÏ
áê@"åÅ∞.— XHõ<å_»∞ `≥Å¡"åà◊§#∞ qKåiOKÕ „ѨuÉèÏ áê@=O #Å¡"åà◊§‰õΩ ÖË=x „a\©+π
"å~°∞, q^Œº, L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ „ѨuÉèí ÖËx "åiH˜ J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõeÊ¿ãÎ =º=ã¨÷ <åâ◊#O
J=Ù`«∞O^Œx „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞, "åi ÉÏ@Ö’<Õ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ =Å# „ѨuÉèí Hõeæ# "åiH˜ #+¨ìO
HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œx Hõ=∞‡, Ô~_ç¤ ÖÏO\˜ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ "åkOz#ѨÙ_»∞, ''„ѨuÉèí Z=i ™⁄`«∞Î~å? „ѨuÉèí
U_»|∞>Ëì~å?–JO^Œ∞HÀ~° QÆ∞`«Ñ¨O^Œ∞HÀ, P ^˘OQÆÅ `«i"Õ∞@O^Œ∞‰õΩ—— (QÀ~°\ ˜ "≥OHõ#fl)13
Jx "åkOz# JOÉË^¯Œ sÜ«ÚÅ "å^•xfl =∞~°z# =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å∞ D<å_»∞ J^Õ „ÉÏǨχ}
‰õΩÅ`«`«fi ^èÀ~°}˜Ö’ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ „ѨuÉèí ÖË^Œx x~°¡[˚QÍ "åkã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞.
XˆH ã¨=∂[OÖ’ x=ã≤ã¨∞Î#fl J<ÕHõ =~åæÅ „ѨQÆu XˆH ~°HõOQÍ LO_»^Œ∞. "åi
Jaè=$kúx J<ÕHõ Kåi„`«Hõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞, ™êO㨯 $uHõ, ™ê=∂lHõ, Pi÷HÍOâßÅ∞ xˆ~Ìt™êÎ~Ú.
D<å\˜ =∂kQÆÅ "≥#∞HõÉÏ@∞`«<åxH˜ =∂ÅÅ Jaè=$kúH˜ J<ÕHõ Kåi„`«Hõ HÍ~°}ÏÅ∞<åfl~Ú.
Kåi„`«HõOQÍ =∂kQÆÅ∞ JkèHõ ã¨OYºÖ’ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# `≥ÅOQÍ} „áêO`«O #∞O_ç ~åQÍ,
=∂ÅÅ∞ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# HÀ™êÎ PO„^èŒ „áêO`«O #∞O_ç ~å=_»O [iyOk. „a\©+π "åi
ǨÏÜ«∂OÖ’ „ÔH·ãÎ̈= q∞+¨#sÅ∞ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ q^Œº, L^ÀºQÆ J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõeÊOKå~°∞. XOQÀÅ∞
Ѩiã¨~° „áêO`åÅÖ’ =∂kQÆÅ∞ D ™œHõ~åºxfl á⁄Ok#ѨÊ\˜H©,14 QÆ∞O@∂~°∞, q[Ü«∞"å_»,
LÉèíÜ«∞QÀ^•=i lÖÏ¡ÅÖ’ =∂ÅÅ∞ D J=HÍâßÅ#∞ JkèHõOQÍ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.15
=ÚO^Œ∞QÍ q^•º „Ѩ"Õâ◊O á⁄Ok# =∂ÅÅ∞ ™êfi`«O„`«ºO `«~°∞"å`« ~å*ϺOQÆO ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ
HõeÊOz# i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞H˘x L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ á⁄Ok q∞ye# ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ HõO>Ë
=ÚO^ŒO[ "Õã≤ `«=∞ Jaè=$kúH˜ ÉÏ@Å∞ "Õã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. x*ÏO ѨiáêÅ#Ö’ Jaè=$kúH˜
<ÀK«∞HÀx `≥ÅOQÍ}Ï „áêO`«Ñ¨Ù "≥#∞HõÉÏ@∞`«<åxH˜, ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ "≥#∞HõÉÏ@∞`«#O `À_»~Úº
13
'WO_çÜ∂« Ö’ UO KÕÜ∂« e?— (2001) ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£:~À+¨<£ „Ñ≤O@~üû, p.x.
14
Alvin Texas Fishman. (1941) Culture Change and the Underprivileged : A Study
of Madigas in South India under Christian Guidance, Madras : The Christian Lit-
erature Society for India; Suri, K.C. (2001) 'Dialectic of Social Justice : The Struggle
of the Madigas for Categorisation of Scheduled Caste Reservations in Andhra
Pradesh,' in R. Balasubramanian (ed.), Social and economic dimensions of caste
organisations in South India states, Chennai : University of Madras, pp : 228-245;
Siva Reddy, G.V. (2002) 'Competition and Conflict among the Dalits : Madiga
Dandora Movement in Andhra Pradesh,' in Ghanshyam Shah (ed.), Dalits and the
State, New Delhi : Concept Publishing Company, pp : 325-342.
15
Oddie, G.A. (1973) 'Christian Conversion in the Telugu Country1860-1900:A
Case Study of One Protestant Movement in the Godavari-Krishna Delta,' Indian
Economic and Social History Review (IESHR), Vol. XII, No. 1, pp:61-79.
12
=∂kQÆÅ#∞ ^Œ∞~°ƒù~° Ѩiã≤÷`«∞ÅÖ’H˜ <≥\ ˜ì"Õâß~Ú.16 D Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å#∞ `«@∞ìH˘x P^èŒ∞xHõ
ã¨=∂[OÖ’H˜, q^•º~°OQÆOÖ’H˜ J_»∞QÆ∞ ÃÑ@ì_®xH˜ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ ã¨fi`«O„`«º ÉèÏ~°`«OÖ’ S^Œ∞
^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ∞ Ѩ\ ˜ìOk. P Kåi„`«Hõ HÍ~°}ÏÅ∞ =∞iz '„ѨuÉèí— =∞O„`åxfl [Ñ≤ã¨∞Î#fl =∂Å`«fi
"å^Œ∞ʼnõΩ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® J^Õ „ѨuÉèí "å^ŒO`À XˆH XHõ¯ „Ѩâ◊fl#∞ ÅOѶ≤∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú:
''„ѨuÉèÏ áê@"åÅ∞ ÖËx =∂kQÆ – =∂ÅʼnõΩ q^Œº L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ã‘@∞¡
ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ?——17 „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ∞ "Õã¨∞Î#fl D „Ѩâ◊fl#∞ =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å „ѨuÉèí HÀ}O
#∞O_Õ PÖ’zOz#ѨÙ_»∞, PÜ«∂ =~åæÅ "åi`À áÈÅ∞Û‰õΩ#flѨÙ_»∞ =∂kQÆ – =∂ÅʼnõΩ
„ѨuÉèí ÖË^Œ∞ HÍ|\˜ì i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#∞ =^Œ∞Å∞H˘x '„ѨuÉèí‰õΩ Ѩ@ìO— Hõ\Ïìe. =∞i ~ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ
=∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å∞ ã≤^ŒúOQÍ L<åfl~å? nx<Õ WOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å
„ѨHÍ~°O, '„ѨuÉèí— Z=i‰õΩO@∞O^À "åiH˜ q^•º – L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ J=HÍâßÅ∞ HÍ|\ì̃
=∂kQÆ – =∂ÅÅÖ’ Z=iH˜ „ѨuÉèí LO>Ë "å~°∞ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ "åi`À áÈ\©Ñ¨_ç
J=HÍâßÅ∞ `≥K«∞Û‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. =∞i J@∞=O@ѨC_»∞ 'J„ѨuÉèí#∞— =º=ã¨÷Ö’H˜ K˘Ñ≤ÊOz ^•xx
ÃÑOz áÈ+≤OKÕ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨ux `˘ÅyOK«_»O =∞Ozk Hõ^•?!18 JO^Œ∞‰õΩ =∂Å`«fi
"å^Œ∞Å∞ ã≤^ŒúOQÍ L<åfl~å?
3. q^•º – L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ =∂ÅÅ 28 áêà◊§ PkèÑ`¨ º« O Ju ã¨fiÅÊ q+¨Ü∞« O
q^•º – L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ =∂Å – =∂kQÆÅ =∞^茺 L#fl 28 âß`«O ÃÑ^ŒÌ `Õ_®
HÍ^Œ∞ JO@∂ âıY~ü, ''ˆH=ÅO q^•º – L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’ =∂kQÆÅ HõO>Ë =∂ÅÅ∞ (36:64)
28 áêà◊√§ PkèHõº`«QÍ L<åfl~°<Õ JÅÊ q+¨Ü«∂xfl H˘O_»O`« ÃÑ^ŒÌkQÍ Éèí∂`«^ŒÌOÖ’ K«∂Ñ≤Oz
QÆQÀæÅ∞ ÃÑ@ì_»OÖ’ J~°÷O ÖË^Œ∞. D `Õ_® J<åºÜ«∞ѨÓi`«"≥∞ÿ#k, J„Hõ=∞"≥∞ÿ#k HÍ^Œ∞. „Ѩu
ã¨=∂[OÖ’ LO_Õ ™ê^è•~°} `Õ_®Å =O\˜^Õ. D `Õ_®#∞ JkèQÆq∞OK«_®xH˜ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ
Jxfl J=HÍâßÅ∞ L<åfl~Ú—— (âıY~ü, 2005 : ѨÙ@. 23). [ã≤ìãπ ~å=∞K«O„^Œ~åA Hõg∞+¨<£
x"ÕkHõ, PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò „ѨÉèí∞`«fi qq^èŒ x"ÕkHõÅ∞ =∂kQÆ – =∂ÅÅ∞ q^•º – L^ÀºQÍÅ∞
á⁄O^Œ_»OÖ’ `Õ_®Å∞<åflÜ«∞x Ѷ¨∞’+≤ã¨∞Î#flѨÊ\˜H©, P `Õ_®Å∞ „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO ‰õΩ„@`À HõeÊOz#=¨x
=∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å∞ ~Ú<åflà◊√§ |∞HÍ~ÚOK«QÍ =∂ÅÅ∞ =∂kQÆÅ HõO>Ë 28 âß`«O q^•º –
16
Singh, T.R. (1969) Op.Cit.
17
„ÉÏǨχ} =~åæÅ „Ѩâfl◊ Å∞ – ^Œo`«, Pk"åã≤, "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# =~åæÅ ã¨=∂^è•<åÅ K«H¯õ \˜ qâı+¡ }
¨ ‰õΩ
K«∂_»O_ç, ™êO|t=~å=Ù, L. (1990) 'i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ã¨=∞㨺–1— Z^Œ∞s`«, JHÀì|~ü, ѨÙ@Å∞:15–19.
18
„ѨuÉèÖí xË =∂kQÆ–=∂ÅÅ∞ Hˆ =ÅO i[ˆ~fi+¨<Å£ ^•fi~å q^•º L^ÀºQÆ J=HÍâßÅ∞ á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞<åfl~°x
„ÉÏǨχ}©Ü∞« =~åæÅ∞ ^Œo`«∞ÅÃÑ· JaèÜ∂≥ QÍÅ∞ "≥∂ѨQÍ, "åi ÉÏ@Ö’<Õ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ „ѨuÉèí ÖË^xŒ
=∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å "å^Œ#. gi ^Œ$HÀ¯}O #∞O_ç K«∂z#ѨÙ_»∞ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ J„ѨuÉè#í ∞ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’xH˜
K˘Ñ≤Êã¨∞<Î åfl~Ú.
13
L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ PkèHõºOQÍ L<åfl~°#fl âıY~ü x*Ï~Úfx `«Ñ¨ÊHõ Jaè#OkOKåe (=∂ÅÅ
‰õÄ@q∞H˜ K≥Ok# "å_≥·#ѨÊ\˜H©). J~Ú`Õ 'D `Õ_® Ju ã¨fiÅÊO— J#_»OÖ’<Õ "åiH˜ W`«xH˜
=∞^茺 ã¨fiÅÊO ‰õÄ_® `Õ_® ÖË^Œx `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk. Uk U"≥∞ÿ<å D 'Ju ã¨fiÅÊO— J<Õ JOâßxfl
~Ô O_»∞ HÀ}ÏÅ #∞Oz ѨijeOKåe.
1. WO`« =~°‰õΩ ^Œo`«∞Å HÀ\Ï#∞ ÉèísÎ KÕã≤# f~°∞†
2. ÉèísÎ KÕã≤# ã‘@¡Ö’ ‰õÄ_® =∂kQÆ – =∂ÅÅ∞ á⁄Ok# x+¨Ê`«∞ÎÅ f~°∞.
1. ˆHO„^Œ – ~åR „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÅ∞ ^Œo`«∞O^ŒiH© q^•º – L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ HõeÊOK«ÖËHõ
áÈ~Ú#ѨÊ\˜H© Hõhã¨O ~å*ϺOQÆO „ѨHÍ~°O "åiH˜ ÅaèOz# 15 âß`«O ã‘@¡#∞ Ãã·`«O (XHõ¯
Kè«„áêã≤ ˆH_»~À¡ `«Ñ¨Ê) ÉèísÎ KÕÜ«∞_»OÖ’ K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∞Î#fl L^•ã‘#`« [QÆkfi`«O. q^Œº‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz
^Œo`« ѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅÖ’ 59 âß`«O, ¢ã‘ÎÅÖ’ 83 âß`«O =∞OkH˜ Hõh㨠JHõ∆~° *Ï˝#O ÖË^Œ∞. WO@~ü
#∞O_ç _ç„w ™ê÷~Ú q^Œº á⁄Ok# "å~°∞ 5 âß`«O, "≥∞_çã¨<£, WO[hiOQ∑ ÖÏO\˜ =$uÎ q^•º
HÀ~°∞ûÅÖ’ ˆH=ÅO 0.6 âß`«O =∂„`«"Õ∞ L<åfl~°∞. WHõ L^ÀºQÍʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz, ˆHO„^Œ
„ѨÉèí∞`«fiOÖ’x „QÆ∂Ñπ–1 ã¨sfiã¨∞Ö’¡ 10.5 âß`«O, „QÆ∂Ñπ–2 ã¨sfiã¨∞Ö’¡ 12.69 âß`«O
=∂„`«"Õ∞ ÉèísÎ KÕâß~°∞. „ѨÉèí∞`«fi ~°OQÆ ã¨Oã¨÷Ö’¡x L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’ HÍ¡ãπ–1 L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’ 8.41
âß`«O, HÍ¡ãπ–2 L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’ 9.68 âß`«O =∂„`«"Õ∞ L<åfl~°∞. q^•º ~°OQÆOÖ’ ^Õâ◊OÖ’x
41 q^•º ã¨Oã¨÷ÅÖ’ Jã≤ÃãìO\ò „á⁄ÃѶã¨~°∞¡ 1.04 âß`«O, ÖˇHõÛ~°~°∞¡ 3.16 âß`«O, sÃã~üÛ
Jã≤ÃãìO@∞¡ 10.53 âß`«O =∂„`«"Õ∞ L<åfl~°∞. Z_»∞ºˆH+¨#Öò J_ç‡x¢¿ãì\ ˜"£ qÉèÏQÆOÖ’ HÍ¡ãπ–1
L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ 3.35 âß`«O, HÍ¡ãπ–2 L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ 4.57 âß`«O, HÍ¡ãπ–3 L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’ 8.57
âß`«O =∂„`«"Õ∞ ѨÓiÎQÍqOKå~°∞. (âıY~ü, 2005 : ѨÙ@. 25–26). D ÖˇHõ¯Å#∞ |\˜ì
^Œo`«∞ÅÖ’ K«^Œ∞=ÙH˘x Jxfl J~°›`«Å∞ Hõey# "å~°∞ KåÖÏ JÅÊ"≥∞ÿ#ѨÊ\˜H© P JÅÊ
ã¨OMϺ‰õΩʼnõΩ Ãã·`«O ~å*ϺOQÆO „ѨHÍ~°O W=fi=Åã≤# L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ W=fiHõ "å\˜x „`˘H˜¯ÃÑ\˜ì
„ѨÉèí∞`«fiO `«# „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi |∞kúx |Ü«∞@ ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩOk. D QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ#∞ |\ì̃ =∂kQÆÅ~Ú<å
=∂ÅÅ~Ú<å ^Œo`«∞ÅO^Œ~°∂ `«=∞ HÀ\Ï ã‘@¡#∞ á⁄O^Œ_»OÖ’ L=∞‡_çQÍ #+¨ìáÈ=_»O
[iyOk.19
2. ~åROÖ’ ˆHO„^Œ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi âßYÅÖ’#∞, ˆHO„^ŒO P^èŒfi~°ºOÖ’x „ѨÉèí∞`«fi ~°OQÆ
ã¨Oã¨÷ÅÖ’#∞ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ K≥Ok# L^ÀºQÆ∞Å q=~åÅ∞ D q^èŒOQÍ L<åfl~Ú („ÉÏÔH\òÖ’x
ã¨OYº "≥Ú`«ÎO ^Œo`« L^ÀºQÆ∞ÅÖ’ "åi âß`«O) : =∂ÅÅ∞ – 5,896 (51.59), =∂kQÆ –
19
~å*ϺkèHÍ~° Q˘_»=Ö’ ^Œo`« ~å[H©Ü∞« <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞, =sæH~õ } ° Q˘_»=Ö’ =∂kQÆ–=∂Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞
^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ ~å*ϺOQÆ|^ŒOú QÍ ã≤kOú K«=Åã≤# L^ÀºQÍÅ HÀ\Ï QÆ∞iOz, Éèsí Î KÕÜ∞« x L^ÀºQÍÅ QÆ∞iOz
Ѩ\ ì̃OK«∞H˘#_»O ÖË^Œ∞. D K«~°º g~°O^Œ~°∂ L=∞‡_çQÍ ^Œo`« x~°∞^ÀºQÆ Ü«Ú=`«‰õΩ KÕã¨∞Î#fl J<åºÜ«∞OQÍ
"åºã¨H~õ ΰ ÉèÏqã¨∞<Î åfl_»∞.
14
3,756 (32.36), Pk PO„^èŒ – 1,112 (9.73), Ô~e¡ – 83 (0.72). ~åR „ѨÉèí∞`«fi
P^èŒfi~°ºOÖ’x „ѨÉèí∞`«fi ~°OQÆ ã¨Oã¨÷ÅÖ’ W"Õ ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ K≥Ok# L^ÀºQÆ∞Å ã¨OYº : =∂Å –
735 (61.80), =∂kQÆ – 369 (31.00), Pk PO„^èŒ – 33 (2.77), Ô~e¡ – 3 (0.25),
q^•º ~°OQÍxH˜ =¿ãÎ *ˇZ<£\ ˜Ü«ÚÖ’ a.>ˇH± J_ç‡+¨#∞¡ : =∂ÅÅ∞ – 98 (59), =∂kQÆ –
43 (26), Pk PO„^èŒ – Z=~°∂ ÖË~°∞, Ô~e¡ 15 (10) =¸_»∞ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∂ÅÖ’
™ê=∂lHõ âßG HÀ~°∞ûÖ’¡ „Ѩ"Õâ◊O á⁄Ok#"å~°∞, =∂ÅÅ∞ – 600 (71.50), =∂kQÆ –
331 (39.50), Pk PO„^èŒ – Z=~°∂ ÖË~°∞, Ô~e¡ – 14 (1.6), =¸_»∞ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∂ÅÖ’
Ãã·#∞û HÀ~°∞ûÖ’¡ „Ѩ"Õâ◊O á⁄Ok# "å~°∞ : =∂ÅÅ∞ 314 (65.00), =∂kQÆ – 183 (38),
Pk PO„^èŒ – Z=~°∂ ÖË~°∞, Ô~e¡ – 7 (1.4).20
^Œo`«∞Å i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ ã‘@¡Ö’ [<åÉèÏÖ’ 6 âß`«OQÍ L#fl =∂ÅÅ∞ 64 âß`«O
J=HÍâßÅ∞ J#∞Éèíqã¨∞ÎO_»QÍ 7 âß`«OQÍ L#fl =∂kQÆÅ∞ 36 âß`«O ã‘@¡`À ã¨iÃÑ@∞ìHÀ=Åã≤
=zÛOk. WHõ¯_» QÆ=∞xOK«=Åã≤# q+¨Ü«∞O =∂kQÆÅ HõO>Ë `«‰õΩ¯= [<åÉèÏ L#fl =∂ÅÅ
28 âß`«O i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ã‘@¡Ö’ PkèHõº`« D<å\˜k HÍ^Œ∞. ™êfi`«O„`«ºO =zÛ# <å\˜ #∞O_ç
~åR „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO 2000Å ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’ =sæHõ~°} KÕ¿ã =~°‰õΩ L=∞‡_ç q^è•#O ^•fi~å
=∂kQÆʼnõΩ W`«~° "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# Ô~e¡Å‰õΩ K≥O^Œ=Åã≤# J=HÍâßÅ#∞ =∂ÅÅ∞ KÕlH˜¯OK«∞HÀ=_»O
[iyOk. „ѨÉèí∞`«fiOKÕ #_»Ñ¨|_»∞K«∞#fl ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ, ã¨OˆH∆=∞ =ã¨u QÆ$ǨÅÖ’ ã‘@¡ #∞O_ç,
L#fl`« q^•º ~°OQÆOÖ’x "≥∞_çã¨<£, WO[hiOQ∑, sÃã~üÛ ã‘@¡ =~°‰õΩ† L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÆOÖ’
J>ˇO_»~°∞ ™ê÷~Ú #∞O_ç _çѨӺ\© HõÖˇHõì~°∞ ™ê÷~Ú =~°‰õΩ QÆÅ L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ JkèHõ âß`«OÖ’
=∂ÅŠѨ~°O JÜ«∂º~Ú.
WHõ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°OQÍxH˘¿ãÎ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ ~åR âßã¨# ã¨ÉèíÖ’ ˆH\Ï~ÚOz# 39
ã‘@¡Ö’ 23 ã‘@¡#∞ =∂ÅÅ∞ ÔH·=ã¨O KÕã¨∞H˘O@∞O_»QÍ 16 ã‘@∞¡ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ "≥à◊§_»O
[~°QÆ∞`«∞Ok. JÖÏ H͉õΩO_® [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O J~Ú`Õ Ô~e¡, Pk – PO„^èŒ∞ʼnõΩ
K≥~˘Hõ ã‘@∞ "≥à◊§_»"Õ∞ HÍHõ, =∂kQÆʼnõΩ 19 ã‘@∞¡ =™êÎ~Ú. =∂ÅÅ∞ ~ÚHõ q∞ye# 18
ã‘@¡`À ã¨iÃÑ@∞ìHÀ=Åã≤ =ã¨∞ÎOk. =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯O@∞#fl@∞¡QÍ Ô~O_»∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺
`Õ_® 7 ã‘@∞¡ x[OQÍ ÃÑ^ŒÌ `Õ_® HÍ^Œx "å^ŒO H˘~°‰õΩ XѨCH˘<åfl D 7 ã‘@¡ `Õ_® 2004Ö’
[iy# âßã¨#ã¨Éèí ZxflHõÅÖ’xk =∂„`«"Õ∞ HÍ^Œ∞. i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ qxÜ≥∂QÆOÖ’ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ
[iy# J<åºÜ«∞O `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ"åÅO>Ë ^Œo`«∞Å ¿Ñ~°∞`À ˆH=ÅO =∂ÅÅ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞#fl
~å[H©Ü«∞ =ã¨`«∞Å#∞ Kåi„`«HõOQÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}#Ö’xH˜ fã¨∞‰õΩ#flѨC_Õ Jã¨Å∞ q+¨Ü«∞O =∞#‰õΩ
„Ѩã¨∞Êù\ ˜`«=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. ~åR âßã¨# ã¨Éèí‰õΩ WO`« =~°‰õΩ 12 Ѩ~åºÜ«∂Å∞ ZxflHõÅ∞ [iQÍ~Ú.
D 12 Ѩ~åºÜ«∂ÅÖ’ 7 ã‘@¡ `Õ_® 84 J=Ù`«∞Ok. JO>Ë Wxfl ã¨O=`«û~åÅ #∞O_ç
20
^ŒÜ«∂Hõ~ü, QÍ^≥.(2005) '=sæHõ~°} P"≥∂^ŒO ZѨC_»∞?— PO„^èŒ*’ºu, 28 "Õ∞.
15
=∂kQÆÅ∞ =∂ÅÅ =Å# HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# ZOZÖòU ã‘@¡ ã¨OYº 84. D q^èŒOQÍ P~å
fã¨∞‰õΩO@∂ áÈ`Õ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ "åi [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O ~å=Åã≤# =O^ŒÅ q^•º –
L^ÀºQÆ J=HÍâßÅ`À áê@∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞ J=HÍâßÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® =∂ÅÅ∞ `«#∞fl‰õΩ áÈ~Ú# q=~°}
`≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk.
D q=~°} <ÕѨ^茺O #∞O_ç Ѩije¿ãÎ =∂kQÆÅ∞ – =∂ÅÅ∞ ™êOѶ≤∞HõOQÍ,
Pi÷HõOQÍ, XˆH ™ê÷~ÚH˜ K≥Ok# "å~°∞ Jx XѨC‰õΩ<åfl D<å_»∞ =∂kQÆÅ#∞ q∞Oz =∂ÅÅ∞
Pi÷HõOQÍ, ~å[H©Ü«∞OQÍ Z^ŒQÆ_®xH˜ QÆÅ eOH± =∂kQÆʼnõΩ ~å*ϺOQÆ |^ŒúOQÍ ã≤kúOKåeû#
J=HÍâßÅ∞ =∂ÅÅ∞ ÔH·=ã¨O KÕã¨∞HÀ=_»"Õ∞. D q+¨Ü«∂<Õfl K≥Ñ≤Ê, ~Úk J<åºÜ«∞=∞x =∂kQÆÅ∞
¿Ñ~˘¯O>Ë, „Ѩu =~°æOÖ’#∞, „Ѩu ‰õΩÅOÖ’#∞, W@∞=O\˜ `Õ_®Å∞ ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ LO\ÏÜ«∞x
'`Õ_®Å#∞— ™ê~°fi[hHõ~°} KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ „Ѩܫ∞uflOK«_»O XHõ¯ =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞ňH ã¨iáÈ`«∞Ok.
=∞x+≤H˜ – =∞x+≤H˜ =∞^茺 `Õ_®, =~åæxH˜ – =~åæxH˜ =∞^茺 `Õ_®, ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ – ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ =∞^茺
`Õ_® ÉèíQÆ=O`«∞_»∞ HõeÊOzOk. ^•xx „ѨtflOK«_®xH˜ gÅ∞ÖË^Œx „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi "å^Œ∞Å∞†
Pi÷Hõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’ áê`«∞‰õΩáÈ~Ú# Hõ=∞‡Å∞ – Ô~_»∞¡ ‰õÄ_® "åi ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ W`«~°
‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ =∞^茺 `Õ_®Å∞ KåÖÏ ã¨fiÅÊ=∞h Jq ™ê^è•~°} `Õ_®Åx JO@∞<åfl~°∞. =∞i D
`Õ_®Å∞ ã¨~°fi ™ê^è•~°}O, ™ê~°fi[h#O HÍ|\ì̃ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ`À, ‰õΩÖÏÅ`À ã¨=∂#`«fiO
H˘~°‰õΩ ™êOѶ‘∞HÀ^Œº=∂Å∞, ~å[H©Ü«∞ áÈ~å\ÏÅ∞ [~°Ñ¨=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O Uq∞\˜? `Õ_®Å∞
ã¨~°fi™ê^è•~°}O, ™ê~°fi[h#O Jx #=∞‡|eˆH =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞ʼnõΩ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÅ–=~åæÅ
"åi`À ã¨=∂#`«fiO HÍ"åÅx _ç=∂O_£ KÕ¿ã <≥·uHõ`« ZHõ¯_çk?
4. =sæH~õ }
° ã¨∂„`«O ã¨=∞㨺#∞ Ѩi+¨¯iOK«Háõ ÈQÍ =∞iO`« [\˜ÅO KÕã∞¨ OÎ k
âıY~ü q=~°} „ѨHÍ~°O L=∞‡_ç i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ q^è•#OÖ’ 59 ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅÖ’ Ô~O_»∞
(=∂Å – Pk PO„^èŒ) ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ Ѷ¨ÖÏÅ#∞ JO^Œ∞HÀ=_»O =Å# q∞ye# 57
‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ J<åºÜ«∞O [iyOk. J~Ú`Õ =sæHõ~°} ã¨∂„`«O „ѨHÍ~°O 59 ‰õΩÖÏÅ#∞ <åÅ∞QÆ∞
„QÆ∂ѨÙÅ∞QÍ qÉèílOz „Ѩu „QÆ∂Ѩ٠[<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O i[ˆ~fi+¨<£#∞ qÉèílOz<å PÜ«∂
„QÆ∂ѨÙÅÖ’ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ Ѷ֨ ÏÅ#∞ `«#∞fl‰õΩ áÈ=_»O MÏÜ«∞O. JѨC_»∞
„QÆ∂ѨÙÖ’ 'Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞,— 'Jaè=$kú K≥O^Œx ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞— =∞^茺 `å~°`«=∂ºÅ∞
U~°Ê_»`å~Ú. Jaè=$kÌ K≥O^Œx ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ `«=∞ "≥#∞HõÉÏ@∞`«<åxfl P^è•~°O KÕã¨∞H˘x WOH˘Hõ
=sæHõ~°} HÀ~°=K«∞Û#∞. D q^èŒOQÍ =sæHõ~°} KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∂ áÈ`Õ ''=∂#= *Ïu H˘#™êy#O`«
HÍÅO =sæHõ~°}Å∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∂ "≥àϧeû LO@∞Ok. HÍx ã¨=∞㨺 Ѩiëê¯~°O HÍ^Œ∞. Jã¨∂Ü«∂
^ÕfiëêÅ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO\Ï~Ú. JOKÕ`« =sæHõ~°} ã¨∂„`«O `«Ñ¨C_»∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞
HÍ^Œ∞ „Ѩ=∂^ŒHõ~° ã¨∂„`«O Jx `ÕÅ∞`«∞#flk—— (âıY~ü, 2005:ѨÙ@. 24). HÍ|\ì̃ =sæHõ~°}
ã¨=∞㨺#∞ =∞iO`« [\˜ÅO KÕã¨∞ÎO^Õ HÍx Ѩiëê¯~°O HÍ^Œ∞ J<Õk âıY~ü "å^Œ#.
16
 ã¨∂„`«|^ŒúOQÍ, `«~°¯|^ŒúOQÍ D "å^Œ# ZO`À J~°÷=O`«=∞~Ú#kQÍ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk.
D "å^Œ#Ö’x ã¨∂„`åxfl fã¨∞H˘x `åi¯HõOQÍ PÖ’zOz#ѨÙ_»∞ =sæHõ~°} [iy# H˘xfl
ã¨O=`«û~åÅ `«~°∞"å`« âıY~ü ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl@∞¡QÍ<Õ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, Jaè=$kú K≥O^Œx
‰õΩÖÏÅ∞† ѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅx, ¢ã‘ÎÅx† „QÍg∞}∞Åx, #QÆ~°"åã¨∞Åx – D q^èŒOQÍ ^˘O`«~°
^˘O`«~°∞Å∞QÍ `Õ_®Å∞, ÉèË^•Å∞ ã¨OÉèíq™êÎ~Ú.
"å^Œ# ã¨∂„`«|^ŒúOQÍ, `«~°¯|^ŒúOQÍ L#flO`« =∂„`å# Jk <åºÜ«∞|^ŒúOQÍ LO^Œx
K≥ѨÊÖË=Ú. K«i„`«Ö’, =~°Î=∂# HÍÅOÖ’#∂, ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ |Ç≤Ï+¨¯~°}‰õΩ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ J}z"Õ`«‰õΩ
Pi÷Hõ Jã¨=∂#`åfixH˜ |Å=∞~Ú# "åi ã¨=∞㨺ŠѨiëê¯~° =∂~åæÅ#∞ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ <åºÜ«∞
=∂#gÜ«∞`«|^Œú`À H˘Å=_»"Õ∞ <åºÜ«∞|^Œú`«. D <åºÜ«∞ |^Œú`« "≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ =∂kQÆÅ
=sæHõ~°}"å^•xfl gH˜∆Oz#ѨC_»∞ Éèíq+¨º`«∞ΠѨi}Ï=∂Å#∞ ^Œ$+≤ìÖ’ LOK«∞H˘x `«Hõ∆}O
J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# =sæHõ~°} =^Œ∞Ì J#_»O J¿ÇÏ`«∞Hõ`Õ HÍ^Œ∞ J<åºÜ«∞O ‰õÄ_®. WO^Œ∞‰õΩ HÍ~°}ÏÅ∞
Ô~O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ K≥ѨÊ=K«∞Û.
XHõ\ ˜, =sæHõ~°} "å^ŒO *Ïux peÛ ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 Jã¨∂Ü«∂ ^ÕfiëêʼnõΩ ^•i
fã¨∞ÎOk. HÍ|\ì̃ P~°OÉèíOÖ’<Õ D ã¨∂„`åxfl u~°ã¨¯iOKåÅ<Õ "å^Œ# ZO`« Ѩ㨠ÖËx^ŒO>Ë
|ã¨∞ûÖ’ „Ѩܫ∂}˜¿ãÎ U^À XHõ ~ÀA# Jk =∞^茺֒<Õ PyáÈ=K«∞Û. ¿ÑeáÈ=K«∞Û ÖË^•
#kÖ’H˜ *ÏiáÈ=K«∞Û. HÍ|\˜ì Jã¨Å∞ |ã¨∞ûÖ’ „Ѩܫ∂}˜OK«_»"Õ∞ =∂#O_ç, HÍ^Œ∞ HÍ^Œ∞
Jã¨Å∞ |ã¨∞û `«Ü«∂s<Õ =∂#O_ç J#flO`« Ѩ㨠ÖËxk.
=sæHõ~°} ã¨∂„`«O =∞~˘Hõ =sæHõ~°}‰õΩ ^•i fã¨∞ÎOk. Hõ#∞Hõ =sæHõ~°} =^Œ∞Ì J<Õ
"å^Œ# *Ïu „ѨQÆu x~À^èŒ# "å^Œ"Õ∞ QÍHõ, áÈ~å\ÏÅ ^•fi~å *ÏuH˜ ÅaèOz# i[ˆ~fi+¨<£
Ѷ¨e`åÅ#∞ `å=Ú =∂„`«"Õ∞ á⁄O^•Å<Õ ^Œ∞~å‡~°æ"≥∞ÿ# "å^Œ# J=Ù`«∞Ok. XHõ ã¨=∞㨺
L`«Ê#fl=∞~Ú#ѨÙ_»∞ ^•xH˜ `«Hõ∆} Ѩiëê¯~°O Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’ ã¨=∞㨺‰õΩ ^•i fã¨∞ÎOk. HÍ|\ì̃
ã¨=∞㨺#∞ ã¨=∞㨺QÍ<Õ LO_»hÜ«∞O_ç Jx =∞x+≤ J#∞‰õΩ#fl@¡~Ú`Õ D ~ÀA# =∂#=
ã¨=∂[O WO`« „ѨQÆux, Jaè=$kúx ™êkèOKÕk HÍ^Œ∞ Hõ^•! XHõ =sæHõ~°} =∞~˘Hõ =sæHõ~°}‰õΩ
^•i f¿ãÎ Jk ã¨=∂#`«fiO H˘~°‰õΩ, `«=∞ Jaè=$kú H˘~°‰õΩ „Ѩ[ÅÖ’ =ã¨∞Î#fl K≥·`«<åºxH˜,
„Ѩ * Ï™êfi=∞º Éè Ï "åÅ∞ Ѩ i _è » q Å∞¡ ` « ∞ <åflÜ« ∞ x K≥ Ñ ¨ Ê _®xH˜ x^Œ ~ ° ≈ #O. P K≥ · ` « < åºxfl
x~°ƒùOkOKåÅ#∞HÀ=@O, J<åºÜ«∂xfl J<åºÜ«∞OQÍ<Õ LO_»hÜ«∂Å#_»O =∂Å`«fi =¸~°ö`«fi"Õ∞
QÍh, JOÉË^Œ¯~ü `«`«fiO HÍx „Ѩ*Ï™êfiq∞Hõ `«`«fiO HÍx HÍ=Ù.
Ô~O_»=k, =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å∞ "åkOz# q^èŒOQÍ =sæHõ~°} Ѩiëê¯~°O =∞~˘Hõ
=sæHõ~°}‰õΩ ^•i f¿ãÎ Jk ^Œo`« *Ïu ã¨=∞㨺ʼnõΩ XHõ Ѩiëê¯~°"Õ∞ HÍx ã¨=∞㨺 HÍ^Œ∞.
x[OQÍ ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ Jaè=$kú HÍOH˜∆Oz#@¡~Ú`Õ, ¿Ñ^Œ ^Œo`« =~åæʼnõΩ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ Ѷ¨e`åÅ∞
KÕ~åÅ<åfl, Ô~O_»∞ ^Œâ◊Å∞QÍ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ѨOѨHÍÅ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂xfl PK«iOKåe. "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ^Œâ◊Ö’,
17
JOÉË^Œ¯~ü U [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ ã¨∂„`åxfl =¸Åã¨∂„`«OQÍ KÕã¨∞H˘x `«# L^Œº=∂Å ^•fi~å,
`«# "å^Œ# ^•fi~å ~å*ϺOQÆOÖ’ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ, Pk"åã‘ʼnõΩ WOHÍ "≥#∞Hõ|_»¤ `«~°QÆ`«∞ʼnõΩ
i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å∞ HõeÊOKÕ@@∞¡ KÕâß_À P ã¨∂„`«O P^è•~°OQÍ<Õ ~åROÖ’x 59 ^Œo`«
‰õΩÖÏÅÅ#∞ 4 „QÆ∂ѨÙÅ∞QÍ KÕã≤ PÜ«∂ „QÆ∂Ѩ٠[<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O (WѨÊ\˜ =sæHõ~°}
q^è•#OÖ’<Õ) i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ѨOѨHÍÅ∞ [~°áêe. WO^Œ∞‰õΩ 5 ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ∞QÍ L=∞‡_ç i[ˆ~fi+¨<£
q^è•#OÖ’ `«=∞ [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎH˜ q∞Oz i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ™œHõ~åºÅ#∞ J#∞Éèíqã¨∞Î#fl =∂ÅÅ∞,
Pk PO„^èŒ∞Å∞ ã¨fi‰õΩÅ „âıÜ«∞ã¨∞û q_»<å_ç "≥Ú`«ÎO ^Œo`« *Ïu „âıÜ«∞ã¨∞û#∞ ^Œ$+≤ìÖ’ LOK«∞H˘x
=sæHõ~°}‰õΩ JOwHõiOKåe. D "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ^Œâ◊Ö’<Õ =sæHõ~°} `«~°∞"å`« K≥Ü«∞º=Åã≤# Ô~O_»=
HÍ~°º„Hõ=∞O i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å ^•fi~åxfl H˘xfl =~åæʼnõΩ =¸ã≤ "≥Ü«∞º_»O.
1950Ö’ 5,50,30,000 ("≥Ú`«ÎO [<åÉèÏÖ’ 15.32âß`«O)QÍ L#fl ^Œo`« [<åÉèÏH˜
q^Œº, L^ÀºQÆ, ~å[H©Ü«∞, J=HÍâßÅÖ’ 15âß`«O i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ W=fi_»O [iyOk.21 <Õ\ ˜H˜
^Œo`« [<åÉèÏ 16,66,35,70022 ("≥Ú`«ÎO [<åÉèÏÖ’ 21âß`«O) J~Ú`Õ JO^Œ∞‰õΩ `«QÆ∞æ@∞ì
i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ âß`«O =∂„`«O ÃÑ~°∞QÆÖË^Œ∞. 1950 <å\˜ 15âß`«O =∂„`«"Õ∞ 2000ÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_®
H˘#™êQÆ∞`ÀOk. Pi÷Hõ ѨiÉèÏ+¨Ö’ K≥ѨCHÀ"åÅO>Ë qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å ã¨OYº (=ã¨∞Î=ÙH˜
_ç=∂O_£) ÃÑiyOk. HÍx =ã¨∂Î`«ÊuÎ (i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ J=HÍâßÅ∞) =∂„`«O 58 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ
`«~°∞"å`« ‰õÄ_® P ѨÓ~°fi ™ê÷~ÚÖ’<Õ L<åfl~Ú. ÃÑiy# ^Œo`« [<åÉèÏ P^è•~°OQÍ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£
=ã¨`«∞Å∞ ÃÑOKåÅx _ç=∂O_£ K≥Ü«∞º_»O XHõ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∞OQÍ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘x, ^•xx ™êkèOKÕ
kâ◊QÍ Hõ$+≤ KÕã¨∂Î<Õ ~ÚѨÊ\˜ˆH i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å#∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞H˘x, ™ê=∂#º ^Œo`«∞Å
HõO>Ë Pi÷HõOQÍ "≥∞~°∞QÆ~Ú# r=# „Ѩ=∂}ÏÅ#∞ Hõey# H˘xfl ^Œo`« =~åæÅ "åix („H©g∞
ÖËÜ«∞~ü) D =ã¨`«∞Å∞ á⁄O^Œ_®xH˜ J#~°∞›Å∞QÍ „ѨHõ\ ˜OKåe. i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ^•fi~å S.Z.Ü«∞ãπ,
S.Ñ≤.Ü«∞ãπ, „QÆ∂Ñπ–1, =∞iÜ«Ú „QÆ∂Ñπ–2 PѶ‘ã¨~°∞¡ J~Ú# "å~°∞ `«=∞ Ñ≤šʼnõΩ L`«Î=∞"≥∞ÿ#
q^Œº#OkOKÕ áê~î°âßÅÖ’¡#∂, HõàÏâßÅÖ’¡#∂ K«kqOK«∞HÀQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. WÖÏ q^Œº
#Éèºí ã≤Oz# ^Œo`« PѶ㑠~¨ ¡° "å~°ã∞¨ ÖË ^Œo`« q^•º – L^ÀºQÆ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ KåÖÏ ã¨∞<åÜ«∂ã¨OQÍ
JO^Œ∞HÀQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~°∞.23
„QÍ=∞ gkè |_»∞Å #∞O_ç, ¿Ñ^ŒiHõO #∞O_ç, `≥Å∞QÆ∞ g∞_çÜ«∞O #∞O_ç =zÛ#
^Œo`« q^•º~°∞÷Å∞ HÍ<≥fiO\ò ^Œo`« q^•º~°∞÷Å`À áÈ\©Ñ¨_»ÖËHõáÈ=_»O, „QÍg∞} q^•º~°∞÷ÅÖ’
21
See, Galanter Marc. (1984) Competing equalities : Law and the Backward
Classes in India, Berkeley : University of California Press, p : 133.
22
http://www.censusindia.net/t_00_005.html
23
See, Galanter Marc. (1984) Op.Cit p.551; Uma, Ramaswamy. (1974) 'Scheduled
Castes in Andhra:Some Aspects of Social Change,' Economic and Political
Weekly, July 20, pp:1153-1158.
18
„ѨuÉèí ÖËHõ HÍ^Œ∞. QÆ∞=∂™êÎ yiH˜ ã≤^ŒúѨ~°KÕ <å\˜ q^•º=º=ã¨÷Ö’, ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•i =º=ã¨÷
T_çQÍxH˜ HÍ=Åã≤# xѨÙ}`« Hõey# HÍi‡‰õΩÅ#∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕ¿ã <Õ\ ˜ q^•º=º=ã¨÷Ö’ L^ÀºQÆ
J=HÍâßÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ =∂`«$ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ K«^Œ∞=Ù‰õΩ#fl "åiHõO>Ë WOw¡+¨µ ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ K«^Œ∞=ÙH˘#fl
"åiH˜ LO_»_»"Õ∞. HÍ|\ì̃ „QÆ∂Ñπ–1, „QÆ∂Ñπ–2, HÍ¡ãπ–1, =∞iÜ«Ú HÍ¡ãπ–2 PѶ‘ã¨~°¡ Ñ≤šʼnõΩ
i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ =ã¨u `˘ÅyOKåe. WÖÏ KÕÜ«∞_»O ^•fi~å „Ñ¨u ^Œo`« „QÆ∂ѨÙÖ’x (Z, a, ã≤   ^•x`À JѨÊ\˜ =~°‰õΩ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏňH Ѩiq∞`«"≥∞ÿ# |_çÖ’ q^•º~°∞÷Å∞ ÖËHõáÈ=_»O`À
_ç) ¿Ñ^Œ q^•º~°∞÷ʼnõΩ J=HÍâßÅ∞ ÅaèOz, HÍÅ„Hõ"Õ∞}Ï „QÍg∞} ¿Ñ^Œ ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ Pi÷Hõ
Ѩiã≤÷uÖ’ H˘O`« =∂~°∞Ê fã¨∞‰õΩ~å=_®xH˜ J=HÍâ◊O LO@∞Ok.
WHõ Ô~O_»= ^Œâ◊Ö’, „Ѩu „QÆ∂Ѩ٠Ü≥ÚHõ¯ Pi÷Hõ ã≤÷ux âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞ Ѩ^ŒúuÖ’ ѨijeOz,
qâı¡+≤Oz XHõ xÜ«∞q∞`« `«Åã¨i P^•Ü«∂xfl ã¨∂zHõQÍ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘x P ã¨∂zHõ‰õΩ ZQÆ∞=#∞#fl
"åix i[ˆ~fi+¨<£#∞ á⁄O^Œ_®xH˜ J#~°∞›Å∞QÍ KÕã≤ P ã¨∂zHõ‰õΩ kQÆ∞=#∞#fl "åix P
=ã¨`«∞Å∞ á⁄O^Œ_®xH˜ J~°∞›Å∞QÍ „ѨHõ\ ˜OKåe. "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ^Œâ◊ HõO>Ë D Ô~O_»= ^Œâ◊ H˜¡+¨ì`«~°"Õ∞
QÍHõ, „â◊=∞`À#∂, =ºÜ«∞O`À#∂ ‰õÄ_»∞‰õΩ#fl Ѩx. J~Ú`Õ ¿Ñ^Œ ^Œo`«∞Å ã≤u÷ QÆ`∞« Å∞ =∂~°Û_®xH˜
Pi÷HõOQÍ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ^Œo`«∞Å∞ D `åºQÍÅ∞ `«Ñ¨Êxã¨iQÍ KÕÜ«∂e. Jk `«=∞ `À\˜
^Œo`«∞ŠѨ@¡ "å~°∞ x~°fiiÎOK«=Åã≤# Hõh㨠™ê=∂lHõ ÉÏ^茺`«.
WOH˘Hõ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∂xfl ~ÚHõ¯_» `«Ñ¨ÊHõ „Ѩ™êÎqOK«∞HÀ"åe. ^Œo`« q^•º~°∞÷Å
q^•º „Ѩ=∂}ÏʼnõΩ ~Ú`«~° =~åæÅ "åi q^•º „Ѩ=∂}ÏʼnõΩ `Õ_® ZHõ¯_» LOk, ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ
LOk? J#fl „Ѩâ◊fl‰õΩ ã¨=∂^è•<åÅ`À áê@∞QÍ Ñ¨iëê¯~åÅ∞ KÕѨ@ìQÆey`Õ ^Œo`«∞Å ã¨=∞㨺Å∞
^•^•Ñ¨Ù ã¨QÆO fiáÈ~Ú#>Ë¡. ^Œo`«∞ÅÖ’ #∂\˜H˜ 85 =∞Ok „QÍ=∂ÅÖ’ LO@∂ `«=∞
Ñ≤šʼnõΩ JHõ∆~° *Ï˝#O =∂„`«O Jaƒ# KåÅ#∞H˘x q^•º „Ѩ=∂}ÏÅ∞ ѨÓiÎQÍ J_»∞QÆO\˜
Hõh㨠=ã¨`«∞Å∞ (Láê^蕺ܫÚÅ∞, `«~°QÆu QÆ^Œ∞Å∞, ѨÙãÎ̈HÍÅ∞, áê~î°âßÅ Éèí=#O) ÖËx „ѨÉèí∞`«fi
áê~î°âßÅÖ’¡ K«kqOK«∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞. JO^Œ∞‰õΩ q~°∞^ŒúOQÍ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ KåÖÏ =~°‰õΩ
ˆH=ÅO `«=∞ Ñ≤Å¡Å K«^Œ∞=ÙÅÔH· „QÍ=∂Å #∞O_ç Ѩ@ì}ÏʼnõΩ =∞HÍO =∂~°∞Û‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. P
ÉÏ@Ö’<Õ ~ÚOHÍ ZO`À =∞Ok „Ѩܫ∂}˜ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. XHõ"Õà◊ JÖÏ "≥à◊§ÖËx "å~°∞ `«=∞
„QÍ=∂ʼnõΩ ^ŒQÆæ~°Ö’ "≥Åã≤# HÍ<≥fiO@∞ÅÖ’ K«kqOK«∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞.
=∂ki Ѩ^Œúu(Sampling Method)Ö’ ÃÑ· q+¨Ü«∂xfl QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_» „QÍ=∂xfl
„áê=∂}˜ H õ O QÍ f㨠∞ ‰õ Ω x q=iOK« = K« ∞ Û. 24 QÆ ∞ O_ç " ≥ ∞ _» „QÍ=∞OÖ’ Ô ~ O_» ∞ „Ѩ É è í ∞ `« fi
áê~î°âßÅÅ∞<åfl~Ú. XHõ\ ˜ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ WO_»¡ =∞^茺, Ô~O_»=k =∂Å"å_»Ö’. ^•^•Ñ¨ÙQÍ
Ѩk¿ÇÏ#∞ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ =~°‰õΩ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ |_çÖ’ ˆH=ÅO „ÉÏǨχ}, Hõ=∞‡, HÀ=∞\˜,
24
=∂ki Ѩ^ŒúuÖ’ D q+¨Ü«∂xfl q=iOK«=∞x ã¨ÅǨ WzÛ# _®II ^•~°¡ "≥OHõ>Ëâ◊fi~°~å=ÙH˜ "åºã¨Hõ~°Î
Hõ$`«[`˝ Å« ∞.
19
Q“_», KåHõe ‰õΩÖÏÅ Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ K«^Œ∞=Ù‰õΩO>Ë =∂Å"å_»Ö’x |_çÖ’ =∂Å, =∂kQÆ
‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ K≥Ok# Ñ≤Å¡ÖË K«^Œ∞=Ù‰õΩ<Õ"å~°∞. =∂ „QÍ=∂xH˜ ^ŒQÆæ~°Ö’x ‰õΩOK≥#Ѩe¡ „QÍ=∞OÖ’
WOw¡+¨µ g∞_çÜ«∞O áê~î°âßÅ U~°Ê_»QÍ<Õ „ÉÏǨχ}, Hõ=∞‡, "≥·â◊º, H˘O`« =~°‰õΩ Q“_», KåHõe
‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ K≥Ok# Ñ≤Å¡ÅO^Œ~°∂ WOw¡+¨µ g∞_çÜ«∞O áê~î°âßʼnõΩ `«~°e "≥à◊§_»O [iyOk.
^Œo`« Ñ≤šʼnõΩ P |_ç ^•fi~åÅ∞ `≥iKå~°∞. WѨC_»∞ „ÉÏǨχ} =~åæÅ |_ç =∂kQÆ, H˘O`«
=~°‰õΩ Q“_», KåHõe ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ K≥Ok# Ñ≤šʼnõΩ ã¨fiO`«=∞=fiQÍ, =∂Å"å_»Ö’x |_ç =∂Å
Ñ≤šňH ã¨fiO`«=∞~ÚºOk. ™ê~åOâ◊OÖ’ ˆH=ÅO ^Œo`«, Pk"åã≤ ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ K≥Ok# Ñ≤Å¡Å∞,
H˘O`« "Õ∞~°‰õΩ ¿Ñ^Œ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏʼnõΩ K≥Ok# â◊¥„^Œ ‰õΩÖÏÅ Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ D<å_»∞ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi
áê~î°âßÅÖ’ K«^Œ∞=Ù‰õΩO@∞O>Ë „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ "å~°O^Œ~°∂ HÍ<≥fiO@∞ ^•i Ѩ\Ïì~°∞.
„ѨÉèí∞`«fi áê~î°âßÅÅ q^•º „Ѩ=∂}ÏʼnõΩ, HÍ<≥fiO@∞ áê~î°âßÅÅ q^•º „Ѩ=∂}ÏʼnõΩ QÆÅ
`Õ_®#∞† „ÃÑ·"Õ@∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’x q^•º ã¨Oã¨÷ÅÖ’ ÃÇ·Ïã¨∂¯Å∞ #∞O_ç WOHÍ L#fl`« q^Œº‰õΩ
"≥àı§H˘Åk JÜÕ∞º Y~°∞ÛÅ QÆ∞iOz „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ K«iÛOK«∞H˘#=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O ÖË^Œ∞. q^•º
„Ѩ=∂}ÏÅ `å~°`«=∂ºÅ∞ áê~î°âßÅ ™ê÷~Ú #∞O_ç |Ü«∞Å∞^Õi L#fl`« q^Œº =~°‰õΩ H˘#™êy,
„ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åiH˜ D<å\˜ L^ÀºQÍʼnõΩ J=ã¨~°=∞ÜÕ∞º *Ï˝<åxfl, "Õ∞^èŒã¨∞ûx HõeÊ¿ãÎ
^Œo`«∞Å r"åxfl Ñ‘ÖËÛã≤ "åix x¿ãÎ[OQÍ =∂~åÛ~Ú. ‰õΩÅ =º=ã¨÷ ^Œo`«∞Å#∞ =∞#∞+¨µºÅ∞QÍ
Z^ŒQƉõΩO_® „‰õΩOQÆn¿ãÎ, P^èŒ∞xHõ q^Œº#∞ „Ѩ[ÅO^ŒiH© ã¨=∂#OQÍ Ñ¨OK«_»OÖ’ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi
x~°¡Hõ∆ ºO ^Œo`«∞Å q^•º~°̊#‰õΩ, *Ï˝<å~°̊#‰õΩ „Ѩu |O^èŒHÍÅÜ«∂º~Ú. JO^Œ∞ˆH q^•º =º=ã¨÷Ö’,
^•x ѨOÑ≤}©Ö’ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ ~å#O`« =~°‰õΩ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ Zxfl i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å∞#flѨÊ\˜H©
Jq |∂_ç^ŒÖ’ áÈã≤# Ѩhflˆ~#x =∞iÛáÈ~å^Œ∞.25
5. =sæH~õ }
° "≥Ú`«OÎ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ „ѨÜ∂≥ [#O KÕ‰Äõ ~°Û^Œ∞
D Jaè„áêÜ«∂xH˜ =∂ÅÅ`À áê@∞ =∂kQÆÅ∞, W`«~° J}QÍi# =~åæÅ "å~°∞,
"åi`À áê@∞ ÃщõΩ¯ HÍ~°}ÏÅ =Å# „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ "å~°∞ Ãã·`«O JOwHõi™êÎ~°∞.
Z=~°∞ U HÍ~°}ÏÅ`À JOwHõiOz#ѨÊ\˜H© "åãÎ̈=OÖ’ =sæHõ~°} (=∂ÅÅ∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl@∞¡QÍ<Õ)
=∂kQÆÅ ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ f~°ÛHõáÈQÍ "åi [<åÉèÏÖ’ Hõhã¨O Ô~O_»∞ âß`«O "åiH˜ ‰õÄ_®
„ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ HõeÊOK«*ÏÅ^Œ∞. Wk "åã¨Î="Õ∞ J~Ú#ѨÊ\˜H© D Jaè„áêÜ«∂<Õfl P^è•~°OQÍ
25
„ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ WOw¡+¨µ g∞_çÜ«∞O K«^Œ∞=ÙÅ∞ ^Œo`«, ¿Ñ^Œ â◊¥„^Œ Pk"åã‘ =~åæÅ `≥Å∞QÆ∞
g∞_çÜ«∞O K«^Œ∞=ÙÅ∞, nx`À ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 U~°Ê_ç# J_»∞¤QÀ_»Å q=~°}‰õΩ K«∂_»O_ç, Ѩ^•‡~å=Ù,HõuÎ.
(2006) '^Œo`«∞Å∞ L^Œºq∞¿ãÎ<Õ `≥Å∞QÆ∞ÉèÏ+¨‰õΩ ~°Hõ∆},— "å~°Î, 5 =∂iÛ. D "åºã¨OÖ’ Ѩ^•‡~å=Ù
=ºHõÑÎ ~¨ z° # Jaè„áêÜ«∂ÅÖ’ KåÖÏ q+¨Ü∂« ÅÖ’ <Õ#∞ UH©Éqíè OK«#ѨÊ\˜H© D "åºã¨O XHõ =ÚYº"≥∞#ÿ
K«~°Û‰õΩ ѨÙ<åk "Õã≤O^Œx ÉèÏqã¨∞Î<åfl#∞.
20
KÕã¨∞H˘x =sæHõ~°} =^Œ∞Ì J#_»O JO>Ë =∂kQÆÅ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ "å\Ï ‰õÄ_® fã¨∞H˘x "åiÃÑ·
ÃÑ`«Î#O K≥ÖÏ~ÚOK«_®xH˜ =∂ÅʼnõΩ JkèHÍ~°O WzÛ#@∞¡ J=Ù`«∞Ok.
"åã¨Î=OÖ’ =sæHõ~°} HÍ^Œ∞ Hõ^•, Jã¨Å∞ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`Õ ^Œo`«∞Å ã¨=∞㨺‰õΩ
Ѩiëê¯~°O HÍ^Œ∞. â◊`åÉÏÌÅ `«~°|_ç ÉÏxã¨ÅHõO>Ë Ç‘Ï#"≥∞ÿ# „|`«∞‰õΩb_çÛ ™êOѶ‘∞HõOQÍ
J}z "ÕÜ«∞|_ç, Pi÷HõOQÍ ^ÀÑ≤_ôH˜ QÆ∞Ô~·, ~å[H©Ü«∞OQÍ x~°¡H∆ͺxH˜ QÆ∞Ô~·# ^Œo`«∞Å ã¨=∞㨺ʼnõΩ
S^Œ∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ 15 âß`«O i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ã‘@∞¡ "åi ã¨=∞㨺Å#∞ f~°∞™êÎÜ«∞O>Ë, PÖ’K«# QÆÅ
U =ºH©Î JOwHõiOK«_»∞. i[ˆ~fi+¨<£Å∞ =º‰õΩÎÅ#∞ \ÏÔ~æ\ò KÕã¨∞H˘x H˘O^Œi =º‰õΩÎÅ Jaè=$kúH˜
^ÀǨÏ^ŒO KÕ™êÜÕ∞ QÍx ^Œo`« *Ïu Jaè=$kúH˜ KÕÜ«¸`«x=fiÖËHõáÈÜ«∂~Ú. WOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ
K≥áêÊÅO>Ë i[ˆ~fi+¨<£Å∞ ^Œo`«∞Å [|∞ƒH˜ `å`å¯eHõ LѨâ◊=∞<åxfl HõeæOKÕ ~°OQÆ∞ aà◊§ÖË
QÍx ~ÀQÍxfl âßâ◊fi`«OQÍ ‰õΩkˆ~Û B+¨^èŒO HÍ^Œ∞. D ÉÏ@Ö’<Õ =sæHõ~°} ‰õÄ_®. =∞Öˇ¡Å
"≥OHõ„\Ï=Ù, âıY~ü, WOHÍ ~Ú`«~°∞Å∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl@∞¡QÍ =sæHõ~°} =∂Å, Pk PO„^èŒ∞ÅÖ’
Ô~O_»∞ âß`«O "åiH˜, =∂kQÆÅÖ’ XHõ âß`«O "åi ã¨=∞㨺 HÍ=K«∞Û. =sæHõ~°} =Å# XHõ
âß`«O =∂kQÆňH „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ KÕ‰õÄ~°=K«∞Û QÍHõ. J~Ú`Õ ~ÚHõ¯_» ã¨^Œ~°∞ =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å∞
„QÆÇ≤ÏOK«=Åã≤# "åãÎ̈=O Uq∞@O>Ë =sæHõ~°} [~°∞QƉõΩO_® =∂kQÆʼnõΩ ~å=Åã≤# P H˘kÌ
(XHõ¯ âß`«O) "å\Ï ‰õÄ_® ~å^Œ∞. P XHõ¯ âß`«O =∂kQÆÅ∞ Ãã·`«O i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ã‘@¡ #∞O_ç
^Œ∂~°OQÍ <≥\ ì̃"ÕÜ«∞|_ç, "åi ™ê÷#OÖ’ P =ã¨`«∞Å∞ =∂ÅÅ, Pk PO„^èŒ∞Å Éè’[ºO J=Ù`å~Ú.
‰õΩÅѨ~°OQÍ Z=iH˜ ~å=Åã≤# "å\ÏÅ∞ "åiH˜ ^ŒHõ¯_»O <åºÜ«∞O. Jq XHõ¯ âß`«O =∂kQÆʼnõΩ
"≥à◊`åÜ«∂ ÖËHõ =O^Œ âß`«O =∂kQÆʼnõΩ "≥à◊`åÜ«∂ J#flk =∂ÅÅHõO>Ë q∞QÆ`å"åiH˜
J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∂Å∞.
6. ¿Ñ~°∞ „ѨH¯õ # '=∂kQÆ#∞— `«yeOK«∞‰õΩx P`«‡Q“~°"åxfl HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# =∂kQÆÅ∞
¿Ñ~°∞ „ѨHõ¯# '=∂kQÆ— KÕ~°∞Û‰õΩx =∂kQÆ <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÅ`«`åfixfl
ÃÑOK«_»"Õ∞ HÍHõ ^Œo`«∞Å P`«‡Q“~°"åxfl ^≥|ƒfâß~°x K≥|∞`«∂ âıY~ü D q^èŒOQÍ „"åâß_»∞.
''=sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£ KÕ¿ã =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ `«=∞‰õΩ `å=Ú =∂kQÆÅ∞QÍ
ã¨OÉ’kèOK«∞HÀ"åÅx ã¨∂zã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. `«=∞ ¿Ñ~°¡ z=~°# ‰õΩÖÏxfl ã¨∂zOKÕ '=∂kQÆ— Ѩ^•xfl
KÕ~°∞ÛHÀ"åÅx ¿Ñ~˘¯O@∞<åfl~°∞. XHõ JÅÊ"≥∞ÿ# áêH˜∆Hõ „ѨÜ≥∂[#=Ú H˘~°‰õΩ Jã¨Ê $â◊º`«‰õΩ,
Jã¨Ç¨ºxH˜, J^èŒ=∞`åfixH˜, ÉÏxã¨`åfixH˜, =ÚiH˜ ã¨OˆH`«OQÍ „ÉÏǨχ}=∞`«O HõeÊOz#
¿Ñ~°∞#∞ ã¨fiK«ÛùO^ŒOQÍ ã‘fiHõiOKåÅx É’kèã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. Z=Ô~·<å `«#∞fl`å#∞ =∂Å ÖËHõ =∂kQÆQÍ
QÆ∞iÎOK«|_»\ÏxH˜ ã¨fiK«ÛùO^ŒOQÍ JOwHõiã¨∞Î<åfl_»O>Ë, J`«_»∞ `å#∞ Jã¨Ê $ã¨∞º}˜‚, J^èŒ=Ú}˜‚,
ÉÏxã¨#∞, Jã¨=∞~°∞ú_»∞ Jx JOwHõiã¨∞Î<åfl_»x J~°÷O. Wk P`«‡Q“~°=O HÀÖ’Ê=_»O HÍ^•?
P`« ‡ Q“~° = O HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# 㨠= ∂*ÏxH˜ qÅ∞= LO@∞O^•? =∂kQÆ ^Œ O _À~å
21
<åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ ã¨=∂*Ïxfl ZO`«\ ˜ „Ѩ=∂^ŒO "≥·Ñ¨Ù‰õΩ fã¨∞‰õΩ"≥à◊√§`«∞<åfl~À PÖ’zOK«O_ç——
(âıY~ü 2005 ѨÙ@–27).26
=∂kQÆÅ∞ `«=∞ ¿Ñ~°∞ ѨHõ¯# '‰õΩÖÏxfl— KÕ~°∞ÛH˘#_®xfl ˆH=ÅO XHõ¯ ^ŒO_À~å
<ÕÑ^¨ ºŒè O #∞O_ç =∂„`«"∞Õ HÍHõ Kåi„`«Hõ ™ê=∂lHõ ^Œ$HõÊ^ä•Å #∞O_ç „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü∞« ‰õΩÅã¨O㨯 $uÃÑ·
J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ HÀ}O #∞O_ç ѨijeOK«=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O LOk. D ^Õâ◊OÖ’
ѨÙ>Ëì „Ñ¨f =ºH˜ÎH˜ F ‰õΩÅO =ÙO@∞O^Œx P =ºH˜ÎH˜ ÅaèOKÕ ~å[H©Ü«∞, Pi÷Hõ J=HÍâßÅ∞
™êOѶ‘∞Hõ Q“~°"åÅ∞ P =ºHÎ̃ Q˘Ñ¨Ê`«#O #∞O_ç QÍHõ P =ºHÎ̃ ‰õΩÅ ™ê÷~Úx |\ì̃ LO\ÏÜ«∞x
D<å_»∞ =∞#O „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ K≥ѨCHÀ=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O ÖË^Œ∞. „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ xK≥Û# "≥∞@¡
ã¨=∂[OÖ’ ‰õΩÅ"Õ∞ „Ѩ^è•#O HÍx =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ „Ѩ^è•#O HÍ^Œ∞. D ‰õΩÅ =º=ã¨÷Ö’ ÃÑ· ‰õΩÖÏÅ
"åi ™ê=∂lHõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞, Pi÷Hõ PkèHõº`«Å#∞ ã¨∞ã≤÷~°Ñ¨~°K«∞‰õΩ<Õ „Hõ=∞OÖ’<Õ, ™êO㨯 $uHõ
~°OQÆOÃÑ· ‰õÄ_® Ѩ@∞ì ™êkèOz, "åi ‰õΩÅ PKå~° =º=Ǩ~åÅ∞, ÉèÏ+¨, ã¨Ow`«O, "å^•ºÅ∞
W`«~° (J}QÍi#) ‰õΩÖÏÅHõO>Ë Q˘Ñ¨Ê"≥·#qQÍ, Q“~°= „Ѩ^Œ=∞~Ú#qQÍ „Ѩ[Å =∞ã≤Îëê¯Ö’¡H˜
K˘Ñ≤ÊOKå~°∞. D ™ê=∂lHõ, ™êO㨯 $uHõ PkèHõº`«Ö’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ<Õ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ
<å=∞^èÕÜ«∂ʼnõΩ ‰õÄ_® ™ê=∂lHõ ã¨∞O^Œ~°`«#∞ HõeÊOK«∞H˘#_»"Õ∞QÍHõ, J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ
¿Ñ~°∞¡ (=ÚYºOQÍ =∂kQÆ, =∂Å, =∞OQÆe, KåHõe =Ú#flQÆ∞) ѨeH˜`Õ<Õ áêѨOQÍ, q#_»"Õ∞
AQÆ∞áêûHõ~°=∞#fl ÉèÏ=##∞ =∞#"≥∞^Œà◊§Ö’H˜ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ã¨O㨯 $u q[Ü«∞=O`«OQÍ
K˘Ñ≤ÊOzOk. ã¨fi‰õΩÖÏxH˜ Q“~°"åxfl PáêkOK«∞HÀ=_»O „Ѩu XHõ¯~°∞ KÕ™êÎ~∞° . HÍx „ÉÏǨχ}`«fiO
KÕã≤# Ѩ<Õq∞@O>Ë `«=∞ =~åæxH˜ K≥Ok# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ Q“~°qOѨ^Œy#qQÍ J#º ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞
J\ì̃ Q“~°"åxH˜ J~°›`« ÖËx=@∞ìQÍ XHõ hKè«"≥∞ÿ# ÉèÏ=<å`«‡Hõ ã¨O㨯 $ux HõeÊOzOk. JO>Ë
„ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæxH˜ K≥Ok# ‰õΩÅ ¿Ñ~°¡#∞ PÜ«∂ ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# =º‰õΩÎÖË QÍHõ
J}QÍi# =~åæxH˜ K≥Ok# ‰õΩÖÏÅ "å~°∞ Ãã·`«O Q“~°qOKåe. HÍx J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ ¿Ñ~°∞¡
„ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÖË HÍ^Œ∞ J}QÍi# =~åæxH˜ K≥Ok# =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ Ãã·`«O Jã¨Ç≤ϺOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ@@∞¡QÍ,
J==∂xOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ@@∞¡QÍ K≥Ü«∞º_»O [iyOk. L^•Ç¨Ï~°}‰õΩ ^èŒx‰õΩ_≥·# F Hõ=∞‡ ‰õΩÅã¨∞÷_ç
^ŒQÆæ~° <ÒHõ~°∞ ѨxKÕã¨∞Î#fl =∞~À Hõ=∞‡ =ºH˜Î<À, Ô~_ç¤<À P KÒ^Œi Q“~°=OQÍ, KÒ^ŒiQÍ~°∞,
Ô~_ç¤QÍ~°∞ Jx ã¨OÉ’kè™êÎ_»∞ QÍx, `«# ^ŒQÆæ~° ѨxKÕã¨∞Î#fl "å~°∞ Hõ^• Jx U~å KÒ^Œs, Xˆ~
Ô~_ç¤QÍ Jx =º=ǨÏiOK«_»∞. J^Õ KÒ^Œi ^ŒQÆæ~° ѨxKÕã¨∞Î#fl =∂kQÆ ™êO|Ü«∞º =∂„`«O Xˆ~
26
‰õΩÅ ã¨OHˆ `åÅ#∞ ¿Ñ~°∞‰õΩ `«yeOK«∞H˘#_®xfl x~°∞`åûǨÏѨ~K° åÅO@∞#fl "åiÖ’ „Ѩ=ÚY ^Œo`«
<åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞ ^Õ=~°Ñ¨e¡ =∞™êÎ<£~å=Ù XHõ~°∞. `«# ã¨Oáê^ŒH©Ü«∞OÖ’ "≥Å∞=_ç ^Œo`« ~å[ºOÖ’ : ''‰õΩÅ
ã¨OˆH`åÅ "å_»HõO =Å¡ Q“~°="≥∂, QÆ∞iÎOáÈ, SHõº`À, Jaè=$^Àú =ã¨∞ÎO^Œx ã≤^•úOfHõi¿ãÎ, Jxfl ‰õΩÖÏÅ
"åix ‰õΩÅ ã¨OHˆ `åÅ∞ "å_»∞H˘#=∞x „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOK«=Åã≤ =ã¨∞OÎ k. Wk ã¨iÜ≥∞ÿ #k HÍ^Œ∞—— Jx QÆi›OK«_O»
[iyOk. q=~åʼnõΩ K«∂_»O_ç, =∞™êÎ<£~å=Ù ^Õ=~°Ñ¨e¡. (1994) '‰õΩÅ ã¨OˆH`åÅ∞,— ^Œo`« ~å[ºO,
"Õ∞–E<£ ѨÙ@Å∞ 2–3.
22
™êOaQÍ U~å ™êOÉÏ Jx Ñ≤Å∞=|_»`å_»∞. D `«~°Ç¨Ö’<Õ =∂kQÆÖˇ·# =∂ÅÖˇ·<å „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞
‰õΩÖÏÅ ¿Ñ~°¡‰õΩ, P =º‰õΩÎʼnõΩ ~ÚzÛ# Q“~°"åxfl `«=∞ ã¨fi‰õΩÖÏxH˜ K≥Ok# ‰õΩÅã¨∞÷ʼnõΩ
~Ú=fiHõáÈQÍ "åix H˜OK«Ñ¨iKÕ ã¨OÉ’^èŒ#Öˇ·# '=∂kQÀ_»∞,— '=∂Ö’_»∞,— '=∞OQÆÖ’_»∞,— 'Q˘Ö’¡_»∞—
Jx J#_»O Ѩiáê\˜. WÖÏ ã¨OÉ’kèOK«_»O ã¨~°fi™ê^è•~°}=∞x, ã¨Ç¨Ï[=∞x J}QÍi# =~åæÅ
"å~°∞ J#∞‰õΩ<åfl~°O>Ë J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ Q“~°"åxH˜ J~°›`« ÖËx=#fl „ÉÏǨχ} ÉèÏ=*ÏÅO
J}QÍi# =~åæÅ "åi "≥∞^Œà◊§Ö’H˜ J`«ºO`« â◊H˜Î=O`«OQÍ K˘Ñ≤ÊOK«|_»_»"Õ∞. JO>Ë "åi
„Ѩ"Õ∞Ü«∞O Uq∞ ÖˉõΩO_® =∞# "Õe`À =∞# HõO\’¡ á⁄_»∞K«∞‰õΩ<Õ@@∞¡QÍ „ÉÏǨχ}`«fiO
KÕÜ«∞QÆeyOk. D ‰õΩ„@#∞ „QÆÇ≤ÏOKÕ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÅ =º=ã¨÷`À áê@∞ P ‰õΩÅ <å=∞^èÕÜ«∂ÅÃÑ·
‰õÄ_® ^Œo`«∞Å∞ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ KÕã≤# ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å∞ K«i„`«Ö’ HÀH˘Å¡Å∞.
™êfi`«O„`åºxH˜ ѨÓ~°fiO ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞Ö’ =∂Å ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ K≥Ok# ^Œo`«<åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞
"Õ∞^Œi ÉèÏQÆÜ«∞º „ÉÏǨχ} ‰õΩÖÏÅ ÃÑ`«Î<åxfl kèHõ¯iOKÕ „Hõ=∞OÖ’ `«# ¿Ñ~°∞#∞ ÉèÏQƺÔ~_ç¤=~°‡QÍ
=∂~°∞Û‰õΩ#fl q+¨Ü«∞O ^Œo`«∞Å K«i„`« `≥eã≤# U =ºHÎ̃ÔH·<å J=QÆ`«"Õ∞.27 D<å_»∞ =∂kQÆÅ∞
`«=∞ ¿Ñ~°¡ „ѨHõ¯# '=∂kQÆ— KÕ~°∞ÛHÀ=_»O "≥#∞Hõ ‰õÄ_® „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ PkèѨ`«º kèHͯ~°}Ë
LOk. S`Õ P<å\˜ ÉèÏQÆÜ«∞º (ÉèÏQƺÔ~_ç¤=~°‡) kèHͯ~åxH˜ D<å_ç Hõ$+¨‚ (=∂kQÆ) kèHͯ~åxH˜
XHõ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# `Õ_® LOk. „H˜Ok ‰õΩÖÏÅ ¿Ñ~°¡‰õΩ =∞iO`« Q“~°=O KÕ‰õĈ~Û Ñ¨x ÉèÏQƺÔ~_ç¤=~°‡
KÕâß_»∞. ã¨=∂[OÖ’ |∂`«∞ Ѩ^•xH˜ =∂~°∞¿Ñ~°∞QÍ "å_»|_ç, ã¨Éèíºã¨=∂[O KÕ`« U=yOѨ|_ç#
=∂kQÆ ‰õΩÅO ¿Ñ~°∞ ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩx P ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ ™ê=∂lHõ Q“~°"åxfl HõeÊOKÕ „Ѩܫ∞`«flOÖ’,
'Ü«∞ãπ <Õ#∞ =∂kˆQ, g∞ ‰õΩÖÏxfl g∞Ô~@∞¡ Q“~°qOK«∞‰õΩO\Ï~À, =∂ ‰õΩÖÏxfl "Õ∞=∞@¡
Q“~°qOK«∞‰õΩO\ÏO. g∞~°∞ KÒ^Œi, Ô~_ç¤, âߢã≤Î, <åÜ«Ú_»∞ J~Ú`Õ "Õ∞=Ú =∂kQÆ. g∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ
¿Ñ~°¡#∞ "Õ∞=Ú U q^èŒOQÍ Q“~°q™êÎ"≥∂, J^Õ Q“~°=O =∂ ‰õΩÖÏxH© W=fiO_ç. ™ê=∂lHõ
Q“~°"åxfl WzÛ Ñ¨ÙK«∞ÛHÀ"åÅ#fl— Hõ$+¨‚=∂kQÆ kèHͯ~° Q˘O`«∞Ö’ „ÉÏǨχ} ‰õΩÅ =º=ã¨÷ÃÑ·
u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞`À áê@∞ „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∂ºxH˜ =¸Å ã¨÷OÉèí"≥∞ÿ# ã¨=∂#`«fi ÉèÏ=# LOk.28
Hõ$+¨‚=∂kQÆ kèHͯ~åxfl ~ÚOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ ‰õÄ_® J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û. =∞x+≤x HÍ^Œx
‰õΩÖÏxH˜ Q“~°"åxflKÕÛ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ ÃÑ·ÃÑK«∞Û ‰õΩÅQ“~°=O ‰õÄ_® xK≥Û#"≥∞@¡ =º=ã¨÷Ö’ P
‰õΩÅ "≥∞@∞ìx |\˜ì~ÚKÕÛ ã¨=∂[OÖ’, =∞#∞+¨µºÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#`åfixfl JO`« `ÕeHõQÍ
™êkèOK«ÖË=∞x ~Úxfl â◊`åÉÏÌÅ J}QÍi# =~åæÅ "åi áÈ~°∞ K≥|∞`«∂<Õ LOk. K«i„`«
#∞O_ç áê~îåÅ∞, QÆ∞}áê~îåÅ∞ <Õ~°∞ÛHÀ"åe. ã¨=∂#`«fi ™ê^èŒ#‰õΩ áÈ~å\Ïxfl, =ӺǨÏhfl
27
q=~åʼnõΩ K«∂_»O_ç, Omvedt, Gail. (1994) Dalits and The Democratic Revolution,
New Delhi : Sage Publications (Especially Chapters 9 and 10) pp : 280-324.
28
Sambaiah, Gundimeda. (2001) 'Emergence of Caste Consciousness among the
Madigas of Andhra Pradesh,' Dalit International Newsletter, Vol. VI, No. 1:5 & 9-12.
23
=∂~°∞ÛHÀ"åe. „Ѩu áÈ~å@OÖ’, „Ѩu =ӺǨÏOÖ’ H˘xfl „Hõ=∂Å∞, ^Œâ◊Å∞ LO\Ï~Ú.
„ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÅ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ =∞x+≤H˜ =∞x+≤H˜ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#`åfixfl (~Ú<Õflà◊¡ áÈ~å@OÖ’
ã¨=∂#`«fi ™ê^èŒ#Ö’ qѶ¨Å"≥∞ÿ# ^Œiq∞ÖÏ) ™êkèOK«_®xH˜ =ÚO^Œ∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#`åfixfl
™êkèOKåeû# (^Œâ◊) J=ã¨~°O LOk. „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ∞, J„QƉõΩÖÏÅ∞, =∞^茺‰õΩÖÏÅ∞,
„H˜Ok ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, J@ì_»∞QÆ∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, WOHÍ <å<å~°HÍÅ∞QÍ ÃÑ·#∞O_ç „H˜Ok =~°‰õΩ x@ìxÅ∞=ÙQÍ,
J_»¤OQÍ qÉèílOѨ|_»¤ ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#`åfixfl ™ê÷Ñ≤OKåe. D ^Œâ◊Ö’ U‰õΩÅO ¿Ñ~°∞
K≥Ñ≤Ê „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ#∞ hK«OQÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}˜Oz, ^Œ∂~°OQÍ <≥\ ì̃"Õã¨∞Î<åfl~À
P ‰õΩÅ ¿Ñ~°¡‰õΩ Q“~°=O HõeÊOK«∞HÀ"åe. JO^Œ∞‰õΩ |Ç≤Ï~°OQÆOQÍ U ‰õΩÅO ¿Ñ~°∞
K≥ѨCHÀ=_®xH˜ =∂ÅÅ∞, =∂kQÆÅ∞, Z~°∞HõÅ∞, Ü«∂<å^Œ∞Å∞, Hõ=∞‡~°∞Å∞, ‰õΩ=∞‡~°∞Å∞,
=∞OQÆÅ∞Å∞, KåHõÅ∞Å∞ Jã¨Ç¨ÏºO, JQ“~°=O, ‰õΩ~°∂ѨO J#∞‰õΩO\Ï~À P ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ Q“~°"åxfl,
Ü≥∂Qƺ`«#∞, ã¨∞O^Œ~°`«#∞ HõeÊOK«∞HÀ"åe. K«Hõ¯\˜ „HÍѨÙÅ∞ KÕ¿ã =∞OQÆÅ∞Å∞, J^Œ∞ƒù`«"≥∞ÿ#
‰õΩO_»Å∞ KÕ¿ã ‰õΩ=∞‡~°∞Å∞, H˜„~°∞ K≥ѨCÅ∞ ‰õΩ\ì̃ zO^•_Õ =∂kQÆÅ∞ g~°O^Œ~°∂ D ã¨=∂[
„ѨQÆuH˜, Jaè=$kúH˜ KÕÜ«¸`« xKåÛ~°∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH g~°O^Œ~°∂ ã¨=∂[ Q“~°"åxH˜, QÆ∞iÎOѨىõΩ
Ü≥∂QÆ∞ºÅ∞. WÖÏ U<å_≥·`Õ J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ ¿Ñ~°¡‰õΩ Q“~°=O HõeÊOѨ|_»∞`«∞O^À P<å_»∞
Jxfl ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#`«fiO ™êkèOK«|_»∞`«∞Ok. =∞i D kâ◊QÍ Z=~°∞ Hõ$+≤ K≥Ü«∂ºe?
„ÉÏǨχ} ‰õΩÖÏÅ "å~å? J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ"å~å? ‰õΩÅO ¿Ñ~°∞ K≥ѨC‰õΩx, Jhfl ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞Û‰õΩx
`«=∞ Ѩ|ƒO QÆ_»∞ѨىõΩO@∞#fl "å~°∞ JÖÏ K≥Ü«∞º~°∞, K≥Ü«∞º=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O "åiH˜ ÖË^Œ∞.
JO^Œ∞‰õΩ ÉÏkè`« ‰õΩÖÏÖË „Ѩܫ∞uflOKåe, áÈ~å_®e. ã¨=∞ã¨=∂[ ™ê÷Ѩ# J=ã¨~°`« ÉÏkè`«
‰õΩÖÏňH LO@∞O^Œx, P kâ◊QÍ "åˆ~ áÈ~å_®Å#fl Jaè„áêÜ«∂xfl 1998 JHÀì|~ü 11#
=∞ÖË+≤Ü«∂ ~å[^è•x H“ÖÏÅOѨÓ~üÖ’ [iy# „Ѩ„Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ^Œo`« =∞Ǩã¨ÉèíÖ’ HÍh¬~åO WÖÏ
¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl_»∞:
''‰õ Ω Å x~° ∂ ‡Å# HÀ㨠O W\Ï¡ O \ ˜ 㨠^ Œ ã ¨ ∞ ûÅ∞ ÃÑ\ ˜ ì #
„ÉÏǨχ}∞Å<≥=ih g∞~°∞ K«∂_»ÖË~°∞. ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë D ‰õΩÖÏxfl
Ѩ Ù \˜ ì O zO^Õ "å~° ∞ . D '‰õ Ω ÅO— =Å¡ "åà◊ √ § „Ѩ Ü ≥ ∂ [#O
á⁄O^•Å#∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞. ‰õΩÅO „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞#fl^ŒO`å
"åàı§. ‰õΩÅO ^•fi~å "åi „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ <≥~°"Õ~°∞`«∞#flO`« HÍÅO
"åà◊√§ n<≥flO^Œ∞‰õΩ ^èŒfiOã¨O KÕ™êÎ~°∞? ‰õΩÅ x~°∂‡Å# QÆ∞iOz
WÖÏO\˜ ã¨^Œã¨∞ûÅ∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕk =∞#"Õ∞. ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë ‰õΩÅO
=Å¡ =∞#O ÉÏ^èŒÅ∞ Ѩ_»∞`«∞<åfl=Ú... Hõ#∞Hõ ‰õΩÅO ÉÏkè`«∞Å=Ú.
JO^Œ∞ˆH ‰õΩÖÏxfl x~°∂‡eOK«_»O =∞#‰õΩ J=ã¨~°O. HÍh z=~°‰õΩ
‰õΩÖÏxfl x~°∂‡eOK«_®xH˜ ‰õÄ_® #∞=Ùfi ‰õΩÖÏxfl ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜
24
 fã¨∞HÀ"åe. #∞=Ùfi ‰õΩÖÏxfl q㨇iOѨÖË=Ù. ‰õΩÅ~°Ç≤Ï`« ã¨=∂*Ïxfl
xi‡OKåÅ#fl PHÍOHõ ∆ =∞#‰õ Ω LO_» = K« ∞ Û. HÍh, 㨠g ∞Ѩ
Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’ Jk [iˆQÖÏ ÖË^Œ∞. JѨÊ\˜^•Hõ =∞#O UO K≥Ü«∂ºe?
JO^Œ∞=Å¡ <Õ#∞ x~°‚~ÚOK«∞‰õΩ#fl ^Õq∞@O>Ë ‰õΩÅ~°Ç≤Ï`« ã¨=∂[O
U~°Ê_ÕO`«=~°‰õΩ '‰õΩÅO—`À<Õ =º=ǨÏiOKåÅ#∞‰õΩ<åfl#∞.——29
ã¨=∞ã¨=∂[ ™ê÷Ѩ#Ö’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ<Õ JOÉË^Œ¯~ü rq`åâ◊Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ# ‰õΩÅ x~°∂‡Å#‰õΩ,
HÍh¬~åO =∂~°æOÖ’ =∂kQÆÅ∞ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ J_»∞QÆ∞ "Õâß~°∞. JO^Œi <À@ (=∂kQÆÅ <À\˜
"≥O@‰õÄ_®) |∂`«∞QÍ =∂i# =∂kQÆ Ñ¨^•xH˜, Q“~°=O HõeÊOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ „Hõ=∞OÖ’ ‰õΩÖÏxfl
`«=∞ ¿Ñ~°∞ „ѨHõ¯# [`« KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. '=∂kQÆ— Ѩ^•xH˜ ~°∞kÌ# ѨOH˜ÖÏxfl, HõeÊOz#
‰õΩ~°∂Ѩ`«#∞ â◊√„ÉèíѨ~°z ã¨∞O^Œ~°`«#∞ PáêkOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º ÉèÏ=#‰õΩ,
JOÉË^Œ¯i*ÏxH˜ =∂~°∞ ¿Ñ~°∞QÍ xez# =∂kQÆÅ∞ `«=∞Ö’ =zÛ# K≥·`«<åºxfl `«=∞ˆH ™⁄O`«O
KÕã¨∞H˘#Hõ `«=∞`À\˜ J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ ѨOz, "åi ‰õΩÖÏÅ ¿Ñ~°¡`À "åix Q“~°qOz,
™ê=∂lHõ ã¨=∂#`«fi ™ê^èŒ#Ö’ #_»∞O ayOKå~°∞. XHõ<å_»∞ '=∂kQÆ <å H˘_»Hõ— Jx ~“„^•xfl
"≥à§◊ „QÆH¯˜ # <Ààı§ <Õ_∞» ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞ =∞Ǩ#QÆ~O° #_çÉÁ_»∞#¤ [iˆQ =∞Ǩã¨ÉÅíè Ö’ F K«O„^ŒÉÏ|∞
<åÜ«Ú_»∞ ~°∂ѨOÖ’<À, F ~å[âıY~ü Ô~_ç¤ ~°∂ѨOÖ’<À Hõ$+¨‚=∂kQÆ, Hõ$áêHõ~ü =∂kQÆ Jx
Ñ≤Å∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. Jk =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å ã¨=∂[OÖ’ `≥zÛ# qѨ¡"å`«‡Hõ"≥∞ÿ# =∂~°∞ÊH˜,
Ѩi}Ï=∂xH˜, ‰õΩÅã¨=∂#`«fi Pq+¨¯~°}‰õΩ ã¨∂zHõ. D „Hõ=∂xfl, D Ѩi}Ï=∂Å#∞ J~°÷O
KÕã¨∞HÀx =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å∞ =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å, JOÉË^Œ¯~ü ÉÏ@x q_»<å_ç ‰õΩÅ`«`åfixfl
Ô~K«ÛQ˘_»∞`«∞O^Œ#_»O J*Ï˝#O`À ‰õÄ_»∞‰õΩ#fl =¸~°ö`«fi"Õ∞ QÍx ™ê=∂lHõ Ѩi}Ï=∂Å#∞
J~°÷O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ |∞kú‰õΩâ◊Å`« HÍ^Œ∞.
7. =sæH~õ }
° "å^•xfl ã¨=∞i÷Oz q[˝`,« q+¨Ü∞« Ѩi*Ï˝#O Ö’Ñ≤Oz# „ѨQuÆ jÅ,
Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞Åì ∞, a.ã≤. "Õ∞^è•=ÙÅ∞
=sæHõ~°}#∞ ã¨=∞iúOKÕ ~å[H©Ü«∞ áêsìÅ∞, „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º "å^Œ∞Å∞, Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìÅ∞
=∂ÅÅ#∞ J<åºÜ«∞OQÍ '^À+¨µÅ∞QÍ— z„fHõiã¨∞Î<åflÜ«∞O@∂ âıY~ü "åáÈ`«∂ ^ŒO_À~å#∞
ã¨=∞i÷OKÕ "å~°O^Œih `«# xO^•~ÀѨ} Ѩ~°fiOÖ’ D q^èŒOQÍ `«∂Å<å_®_»∞. ''J#∞z`«"≥∞ÿ#
^ŒO_À~å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ ã¨O‰õΩz`« "å^Œ##∞ `≥Å∞QÆ∞^Õâ◊O, a.*ˇ.Ñ≤., ã≤.Ñ≤.Ü«∞O., ã≤.Ñ≤.S.,
#HõûÖòû „QÆ∂ѨÙÅ∞, HÍO„ÔQãπ, \˜.P~ü.Zãπ., "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞ áêsìÅhfl =¸‰õΩ=∞‡_çQÍ
ã¨=∞iúã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìÅ∞ (‰õÄ_®) ã¨=∞iúOK«_»"Õ∞ HÍHõ UHõOQÍ =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å
29
'‰õΩÅ~°ÇÏ≤ `« ã¨=∂*Ïxfl áêʼnõΩÅ∞ =∂„`«"∞Õ ã¨$+≤Oì K«QÅÆ ~°∞ – J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ =∂#ºN HÍh¬~åO
ã¨O^Õâ◊O—, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ : |Ǩï[# q*Ï˝# "ÕkHõ ˆHO„^ŒO, 2005. ѨÙ@Å∞ :4–5.
25
<åÜ«∞‰õΩŠѨH∆Í# =HÍÖÏΠѨÙK«∞Û‰õΩx =∞s "åkã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. ‰õΩÅ q=Hõ∆`å =ºuˆ~Hõ ã¨OѶ¨∞O,
‰õΩÅ x~°∂‡Å<å áÈ~å@ ã¨q∞u ÖÏO\˜ Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìÅ =Úã¨∞QÆ∞ ã¨Oã¨÷Å∞ =sæHõ~°}#∞ ã¨=∞iúã¨∂Î
Ѩ„uHõÖ’¡ "庙êÅ∞ ~åã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. ™ê=∂lHõ âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ∞QÍ, áœ~°Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞QÍ K«ÖÏ=∞}˜
J=Ù`«∞#fl HõOK« SÅÜ«∞º, ÔH. ÉÏÅQÀáêÖò ÖÏO\˜"å~°∞ ã≤^•úO`« ~å^•úO`åÅ`À, q_»∂¤~°
qâı¡+¨}Å`À, qO`« qO`« ã¨∂„fHõ~°}Å`À =∂ÅÅ#∞ ^À+¨µÅ∞QÍ z„uOz q=∞i≈ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞.
^ŒO_À~å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ#∞ Éèí∞*ÏÅÔH`«∞ΉõΩx "≥∂ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. a.ã≤. ‰õΩÅ ã¨OѶ¨∂Å∞ ‰õÄ_® `«=∞
=O`«∞ LѨÊOkã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. g~°O^Œ~°∂ Hõeã≤ =∂ÅÅ#∞ ™êfi~°úѨ~°∞Å∞QÍ J<åºÜ«∞"å^Œ∞Å∞QÍ
z„uã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞—— (âıY~ü 2005† ѨÙ@Å∞† 6–7), Jx ^ŒO_À~å#∞ ã¨=∞iúã¨∞Î#fl „Ѩu ~å[H©Ü«∞
áêsìx, „ѨQÆujÅ „Ѩ*Ï ã¨OѶ¨∂Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ#∞ ¿Ñ~°∞ ¿Ñ~°∞<å q=∞i≈Oz, "å~°O^Œin
J<åºÜ«∞"å^Œ=∞x ˆH=ÅO =∂ÅÅ^Õ x*Ï~Úf`À ‰õÄ_ç# "å^Œ#h, T~°O^Œin XHõ ^•Ô~·`Õ
LeÑ≤i Hõ>ì̌k WOHÀ ^•i J#fl K«O^•# =∂Å<åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ QÆ`« U_≥xq∞k ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞QÍ
"åkã¨∂Î<Õ L<åfl~°∞. D "å^Œ#Ö’ hà◊§âß`«O ZO`À áêÅâß`«O ZO`À ^ŒO_À~å "å^Œ#
=∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞Å „Ѩu"å^Œ# QÆ∞iOz `≥eã≤# Ü«∂=#‡OkH© K«ifi`« K«~°}"Õ∞ HÍ|\ì̃ D
q+¨Ü«∂xfl D<å_»∞ „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ K«iÛOK«=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O ÖË^Œ∞. J~Ú`Õ ^ŒO_À~å#∞ ã¨=∞iúOKÕ
"å~°O^Œih XˆH QÍ\˜H˜ Hõ\ ì̃ "Õã≤, "å~°O^Œ~°∂ "≥∂ã¨QÍà◊§x, "åik ^ŒQÍHÀ~°∞ "å^Œ# J#_»O
q"ÕK«# ÖËx q=∞ˆ~≈QÍx P~ÀQƺHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# q=∞~°≈ HÍ^Œ∞. ^ŒO_À~å‰õΩ =∞^ŒúuKÕÛ "å~°O^Œ~°∂
=∂kQÆÅ "å^Œ#Ö’x <åºÜ«∞|^Œú`«‰õΩ |^Œ∞úÖˇ· =∞^Œúu=fi_»O ÖË^Œ∞. H˘O^Œ~°∞ H˘xfl „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ#∞
PtOz =∞^Œú`«∞ ѨÅ∞‰õΩ`«∞O>Ë, H˘O^Œ~°∞ H˘xfl ã≤^•úO`« ã¨∂„`åʼnõΩ, <åºÜ«∞|^Œú`«‰õΩ Hõ@∞ì|_ç
ã¨=∞i÷ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. D q+¨Ü«∂Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞Hõ xO^ŒÅ∞ "≥∂Ñ≤`Õ Jk =∂Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ J*Ï˝#O.
XHõ "Õà◊ `≥eã≤ ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ "å^Œ<Õ XѨC Jx "åk¿ãÎ Jk "åi "≥ÚO_ç`«<åxH˜ x^Œ~°≈#O.
J~Ú`Õ, „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º "å^Œ∞Å∞, =∂#=`å "å^Œ∞ÅÃÑ·# "≥∂Ñ≤# xO^ŒÅ∞ J*Ï˝#O`À KÕã≤<å,
=¸~°ö`«fiO`À KÕã≤<å, "åi P~ÀѨ}ÅÖ’x x*Ïx*ÏÅ∞ q=iOKåeû# ÉÏ^茺`« „Ѩ*Ï
™êfi=∂ºxH˜, ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ <åºÜ«∂xH˜ Hõ@∞ì|_Õ "å~°O^Œi Éèí∞[㨯O^•ÅÃÑ· LOk.
`≥Å∞QÆ∞^Õâ◊O, HÍO„ÔQãπ, a.*ˇ.Ñ≤., \˜.P~ü.Zãπ =Ú#flQÆ∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞ áêsìÅ∞ =sæHõ~°}#∞
=∂kQÆÅ _ç=∂O_£Ö’x x*Ï~ÚfHÀ <åºÜ«∂xHÀ Hõ@∞ì|_ç ã¨=∞iúã¨∞Î<åflÜ«∞O>Ë #"Õ∞‡
J=∂Ü«∞‰õΩÅ∞ Z=~°∂ D<å_»∞ ÖË~°∞. ˆH=ÅO "å^Œ# H˘~°‰õΩ JÖÏQÆx XѨC‰õΩ<åfl, 1970ÅÖ’
HÍO„ÔQãπ UHõK«Ûù„`åkèѨ`«ºOQÍ PO„^èŒ ~å¢ëêìxfl UÅ∞`«∞#flѨC_»∞, 1980ÅÖ’ HÍO„ÔQãπ #∞O_ç
QÆ^≥Ì#∞ ÔH·=ã¨O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl `≥Å∞QÆ∞^Õâ◊O ǨÏÜ«∂OÖ’#∂ =∂kQÆÅ∞ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£ KÕã≤
ÉèíOQÆѨ_®¤~°∞. U „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO, U áêsì <åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞ ‰õÄ_® gi _ç=∂O_£x ã‘iÜ«∞ãπQÍ fã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞.
P ~ÀA# =sæH~õ } ° _ç=∂O_£x ѨijeOK«_®xH˜ ‰õÄ_® „ѨÜ∞« uflOK«x áêsìÅ∞ D ~ÀA#
=∂kQÆÅ _ç=∂O_£Ö’ <åºÜ«∞O LOk JO@∞<åfl~Ú. P ~ÀA# ÖËx <åºÜ«∞O D ~ÀA#
26
ZHõ¯_ç #∞O_ç T_çѨ_çO^À? ZxflHõÅÖ’ <≥yæ JkèHÍ~åxfl KÕѨ\ÏìÅ#∞‰õΩ<Õ U áêsì ‰õÄ_®
JkèHõ [# ã¨OYº Hõey ^ŒO_À~å L^Œº=∞O ^•fi~å XHõ â◊H˜ÎQÍ Zky, XHõ ã≤÷~° F@∞
ÉϺO‰õΩQÍ L#fl =∂kQÆÅ#∞, "åi _ç=∂O_£x q㨇iOz ~å[H©Ü«∞ K«^Œ~°OQÆOÖ’ áê=ÙÅ∞
Hõ^ŒÑ¨_»O JO`« ã¨∞Å∞=Ù HÍ^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH =sæHõ~°}#∞ |ÅѨ~°K«=Åã≤# 'QÆ`«ºO`«~°O— P
~å[H©Ü«∞ áêsìʼnõΩ Ѩ\ ì̃Ok. gi ã¨=∞~°ú#Ö’ QÆÅ ~ÚOH˘Hõ H˜@∞‰õΩ, <åºÜ«∞|^Œú"≥∞ÿ# =∂kQÆÅ
_ç=∂O_£H˜ =∞^ŒÌuzÛ#@¡~Ú#, <åºÜ«∂xH˜ Hõ@∞ì|_»¤ áêsìÅ∞QÍ ¿Ñ~°∞ ^Œ‰õΩ¯`«∞Ok. JO>Ë
„=`«O, Ѷ¨ÅO Ô~O_»∂ ^Œ‰õΩ¯`å~Ú.
WHõ Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìÅ∞: Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì HÍ~°ºHõ~°ÎÅÖ’ #∂\˜H˜ `˘OÉèˇ· Zxq∞k =∞Ok
^Œo`«, Pk"åã≤, "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# =~åæÅ"å~°∞ HÍQÍ, Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiOÖ’ #∂\˜H˜ `˘OÉè̌·
`˘q∞‡k =∞Ok „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ #∞O_ç, „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞`«#∞ ѨÙ}˜H˜ ѨÙK«∞Û‰õΩ#fl Hõ=∞‡, Ô~_ç¤
‰õΩÖÏÅ #∞O_ç =KåÛ~°∞ (P q∞ye# 1% <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ J}QÍi# =~åæÅ #∞O_ç =KåÛ~°∞).
JOÉË^Œ¯~ü „ѨuáêkOz# '‰õΩÅ x~°∂‡Å#— ã≤^•úO`åxfl Ѩ\ ì̃OK«∞H˘#Hõ Ü«∂O„uHõ =~°æ "å^ŒO`À
Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì L^Œº=∂xfl, ~å[H©Ü«∂Å#∞ #_çáê~°∞. HõOzHõK«~°¡ HÀ>Ëâ◊√ ǨÏ`«º #∞O_ç, HÍ~°OKÕ_»∞,
K«∞O_»∂~°∞ =∂~°}HÍO_»Å =~°‰õÄ ‰õÄ_® '‰õΩÅO— HÍ^Œ∞ '=~°æ"Õ∞— „áê^è•#ºO JO@∂ XO\˜KÕu
K«Ñ¨Ê@∞¡ H˘\Ïì~°∞ ("Õ∞ Ãã=O\©<£Î, HÍ„"Õ∞_£û, 2001). J~Ú`Õ D Kåi„`«Hõ `«Ñ≤Ê^•xH˜ „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O
=∂kQÆÅ#∞ ã¨=∞i÷ã¨∞Î#fl HÍ~°}OQÍ#∂ "≥Ú`«ÎO Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìÅO^ŒiÃÑ·<å, "åi L^Œº=∞O
ÃÑ·<å JÉèÏO_®Å∞ "≥∂Ѩ_»O J<åºÜ«∞O. ‰õΩÖÏxfl ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀx "åi PÖ’K«#
Ѩ ^ Œ ú u Ö’ `« Ñ ¨ C LO_» = K« ∞ Û. HÍx =~° æ ~ ° Ç ≤ Ï `« 㨠= ∂*Ïxfl ™ê÷ Ñ ≤ O KåÅ<Õ z`« Î â ◊ √ kú x
q㨇iOK«QÆÅ=∂? ѨÙK«ÛÅѨe¡ ã¨∞O^Œ~°Ü«∞º ÖÏO\˜ <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ `åºQÍÅ#∞ =∞~°∞=QÆÅ=∂?
Hõh㨠‰õÄb "Õ`«<åÅ∞ ~Ú=fiHõ, ¿Ñ^Œ =~åæÅ#∞ J}z"Õã¨∞Î#fl ^èŒxHõ Éèí∂™êfi=ÚʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ
¿Ñ^Œ=~åæÅ#∞ ã¨OѶ¨∞\˜`« Ѩ~°z, ‰õÄb "Õ`«<åÅ#∞ ÃÑOá⁄OkOѨ KÕã≤, ¿Ñ^ŒÅ‰õΩ ÉÏã¨@QÍ
xÅz# JÅ<å\˜ Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì L^Œº=∂xfl =∞~°∞=QÆÅ=∂? Zxfl L^Œº=∂Å∞ #_çÑ≤#, Zxfl
`åºQÍÅ∞ KÕã≤<å ‰õΩÅO`À ‰õΩo§ HõOѨÙH˘_»∞`«∞#fl „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ =~°æ ã≤^•úO`«O,
ѨO^ä• ã¨iÜ≥ÿ∞#k HÍ^Œx Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìÅÖ’, #HõûÖòûÖ’ H˘O^Œ~°∞ „QÆÇ≤ÏOz, JOwHõiOK«|>Ëì
"å~°∞ D ~ÀA# [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ, ‰õΩÅO P^è•~°OQÍ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_»∞x ã¨=∞iú™ÈÎOk.
WOHÍ K≥ѨCHÀ"åÅO>Ë ^Œo`«∞Å∞ D<å_»∞ ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ L^Œº=∂Å#∞ ~å[H©Ü«∂Å#∞ #_»Ñ¨_®xH˜
â◊HÎ̃Ü«Ú‰õΩÎÅ∞ H˘O`«=~°‰õΩ Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì, #HõûÖˇ·@∞ L^Œº=∂Å `«sÊù^Œ∞ JO>Ë Jã¨`«ºO HÍ^Œ∞.
P~°OÉèíOÖ’ a.Ü«∞ãπ. ~å=ÚÅ∞, HõOK≥ SÅÜ«∞º, L. ™êO|t=~å=Ù, ÉÁ*Ï˚ `å~°HõO, HõuÎ
Ѩ^•‡~å=Ù, Hõ$+¨‚ =∂kQÆ, Hõ$áêHõ~ü =∂kQÆÅ∞ WOHÍ ZO^Œ~À D<å\˜ J}QÍi# =~åæÅ
<åÜ«∞‰õΩÅO^Œ~°∂ XHõ<å_»∞ Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì HÍ~°ºHõ~°ÎÅ∞QÍ, ™ê#∞Éèí∂uѨ~°∞Å∞QÍ, #HõûÖòûQÍ
L#fl"åˆ~. giÖ’ ÃщõΩ¯~°∞ =∞# ™ê=∂lHõ Ѩiã≤÷`«∞ÅHõ#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì ã≤^•úO`åÅ#∞
27
J#fi~ÚOK«_®xH˜ x~åHõiOz# „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO`À `≥QÆ `≥OѨÙÅ∞
KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl"å~°∞ QÍx, P ã≤^•úO`åÅ`À HÍ^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìʼnõΩ, ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ
'q∞„`«"≥·~°∞^茺"Õ∞ QÍx â◊√„`«∞"≥·~°∞^茺O ÖË^Œx— HõuΠѨ^•‡~å=Ù JO>Ë (PO„^èŒ*’ºu, 2 "Õ∞
2005), '‰õΩÅO–=~°æO— Jx L. ™êO|t=~å=Ù (Z^Œ∞s`«, PQÆ+¨µì, 1992) ÉÁ*Ï˚ `å~°HõO
(1996) JO@∞<åfl~°∞. K«i„`«#∞ q㨇iOz, ˆH=ÅO =~°Î=∂#OÖ’<Õ rqã¨∞Î#fl =∂Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞
XHõ Ѩ~åºÜ«∞O K«i„`« J^茺ܫ∞#O K≥Ü«∞ºHõ `«Ñ¨Ê^Œ∞.
WHõ ÉÏÅQÀáêÖò, HõOK≥ SÅÜ«∞º, ÔH. ã¨`«º<å~åÜ«∞} ã≤^•úO`« ~å^•úO`åÅ∞:
'ZHõ<åq∞H± JO_£ á⁄e\˜HõÖò gH˜¡— J<Õ POQÆ¡ Ѩ„uHõÖ’ „ѨK«∞iOz# "åºã¨OÖ’ ÉÏÅQÀáêÖò
=sæHõ~°} KåÅ ã¨∞xfl`«"≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∞O. D q"å^•xfl Ѩi+¨¯iOK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ L^Œº=∂Å∞,
~å[H©Ü«∞ áêsìÅ „Ѩ"Õ∞Ü«∂Å∞, HÀ~°∞ìÅ *’HͺÅ∞ J=ã¨~°O ÖË^Œ∞. i[ˆ~fi+¨<£Ö’ ã≤OǨÏÉèÏQÍxfl
=∂ÅÅ∞, Pk–PO„^èŒ∞Å∞ á⁄Ok# =∂@ "åãÎ̈=O. Ѩiq∞`«"≥∞ÿ# i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ Ѷ¨ÖÏÅ∞ "≥#∞Hõ|_»¤
=∂kQÆÅ∞, Ô~e¡ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® á⁄O^•ÅO>Ë =sæHõ~°} J=ã¨~°O. JO^Œ∞‰õΩ D <åÅ∞QÆ∞
‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ K≥Ok# "å~°∞ Hõeã≤ =∂\Ï¡_»∞‰õΩO>Ë ã¨=∞㨺 Ѩiëê¯~°=∞=Ù`«∞O^Œx J<åfl_»∞.30
HõOK≥ SÅÜ«∞º, ˆH. ã¨`«º<å~åÜ«∞} ‰õÄ_® ÉÏÅQÀáêÖò =∂~åæ<Õfl ^Œo`«∞ÅO^ŒiH© i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡Ö’
ã¨=∂#OQÍ J=HÍâßÅ∞ ~å"åÅO>Ë U [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ ã¨∂„`«O „ѨHÍ~°O i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨u
HõeÊOK«|_çO^À, P ã¨∂„`«O „ѨHÍ~°"Õ∞ =sæHõ~°} [~°QÆ_»O <åºÜ«∞O J<åfl~°∞. áêÅ HõO>Ë
`≥Å¡QÍ HõxÊã¨∂Î, z#fl Ñ≤šʼnõΩ Ãã·`«O J~°ú=∞ÜÕ∞º D zxfl ã¨`«ºOÖ’ ã≤^•úO`« ~å^•úO`åÅ∞,
q_»∂¤~° qâı¡+¨}Å∞ ZHõ¯_»∞<åfl~Ú? ÖË=x `≥eã≤ ‰õÄ_® 'J~°÷O HÍx ã≤^•úO`åÅ∞, qâı¡+¨}Å∞
QÍqOz J=∂Ü«∞Hõ =∂ÅÅ#∞ "≥∂ã¨O KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~°#_»OÖ’— J~°÷O Uq∞\˜?
=∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å J~å÷Å∞, JO`«~å~å÷Å∞ U=∞~Ú#ѨÊ\˜H© "åi "å^Œ# „ѨHÍ~°"Õ∞
HõOK≥ SÅÜ«∞º, ˆH. ã¨`«º<å~åÜ«∞}, ÉÏÅQÀáêÖòÅ∞ ã≤^•úO`åÅ∞ =∂\Ï¡_»∞`«∞fl>ˇÿ¡#, gi
ã≤^•úO`åÅH˜, qâı¡+¨}ÅH˜ =∂`«$Hõ`« Z=~°∞? ZHõ¯_»∞Ok? Jx „ѨtflOK«∞‰õΩ#fl>ˇÿ¡# =∂ÅÅ∞
D q=∞~°≈ KÕã≤ LO_»HõáÈ=K«∞Û. JOÉË^Œ¯~ü „"åã≤# '¿ãì\òû JO_£ "≥∞ÿ<åi\©ãπ— „QÆO^ä•xfl,
[<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ, Pk"åã‘ʼnõΩ ~ÚOHÍ ~Ú`«~° "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# =~åæʼnõΩ
q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ HõeÊOKåÅx ~å*ϺOQÆѨi+¨`«∞ÎÖ’ PÜ«∞#
"åkOz# "å^Œ#Å∞ J^茺ܫ∞#O KÕã≤# "åÔ~=iÔH·<å, Z=i "å^Œ##∞ =∂`«$Hõ KÕã¨∞‰õΩx ÃÑ·#
¿Ñ~˘¯#fl "å~°∞ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£x ã¨=∞iúã¨∞Î<åfl~À `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk.
1920 #∞O_ç "≥∞ÿã¨∂~ü ã¨O™êú#OÖ’, =∞„^•ã¨∞, ÉÁOÉÏ~Ú „ÃÑã≤_≥hûÅÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£
=ã¨`«∞Å#∞ "≥∞ÿ<åsì =~åæʼnõΩ HõeÊOK«_»O [iyOk. 1947Ö’ ~å*ϺOQÆ ~°K«#‰õΩ ~å*ϺOQÆ
30
Balagopal, K. (2002) Op.cit.
28
Ѩi+¨`«∞Î ã¨=∂"Õâ◊=∞ÜÕ∞º<å\˜H˜ D "≥∞ÿ<åi\© i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ J=∞Å∞Ö’ H˘xfl J=Hõ`«=HõÅ#∞
JOÉË^Œ¯~ü QÆ∞iÎOKå_»∞. JѨÊ\˜H˜ ^•^•Ñ¨ÙQÍ =¸_»∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ∞QÍ J=∞Å∞ Ѩiz# i[ˆ~fi+¨<£
=ã¨`«∞Å#∞ "≥∞ÿ<åsìÅÖ’ ^èŒ#=O`«∞Å∞, ¿Ñ^Œ"åix P =ã¨`«∞Å KèåÜ«∞ʼnõΩ ‰õÄ_® ~åx=fi‰õΩO_®
™êfiǨ KÕÜ«∞_»O [iyOk. D q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞ *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÍ Ñ¨ijeOz J=QÍǨÏ# KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl
JOÉË^Œ¯~ü Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’ J\˜ì `«Ñ≤Ê^•Å∞ ѨÙ#~åQÆ=∞#O H͉õΩO_® *Ï„QÆ`«Î Ѩ_»\ÏxH˜ XHõ
„Ѩ`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ# HÍ¡*ò#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKåÅx '„áê^äŒq∞Hõ ǨωõΩ¯Å∞ – "≥∞ÿ<åsìÅ ã¨ÅǨã¨OѶ¨∞O—Ö’
Jaè„áêÜ«∞Ѩ_®¤_»∞:
"I personally do not see why it is not possible to add
a further clause... Even among the members of the
same minority community, there may be complaints
of partiality, of provincial favouratism, of personal
favourism. I have often heard the complaints that all
the posts for the Muslims go to the Punjab Muslim
and few to the Madrasi Muslim. Even among the
minorities, we want equality of opportunity."31
''"≥ ∞ ÿ < åsì =~° æ O Ö’x ^è Œ # =O`« ∞ Å∞ i[ˆ ~ fi+¨ < £ =㨠` « ∞ Å#∞
H˘Å¡Q˘@ì‰õΩO_® (WѨÙÊ_»∞#fl "≥∞ÿ<åsì i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ HÍ¡*òH˜ `À_»∞QÍ)
=∞~˘Hõ XHõ HÍ¡*ò#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ~å=_»O ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ ™ê^茺Ѩ_»^À <åHõ~°÷O
HÍ=_»O ÖË^Œ∞. XˆH =~åæxH˜ K≥Ok# "åi =∞^茺 ѨHõ∆áê`« "≥·Yi,
|O^èŒ∞„Ñ‘u, =ºH˜ÎQÆ`« ~Úëêì~ÚëêìÅ P^è•~°OQÍ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£
=ã¨`«∞Å∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩ#fl@∞¡ =∞# ^ŒQÆæ~° Ѷ≤~åº^Œ∞Å∞ L<åfl~Ú.
=Úã≤¡OʼnõΩ ~ÚzÛ# L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’ JkèHõ "≥Ú`«ÎO ѨO*Ï|∞
=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ J#∞Éèíqã¨∞ÎO_»QÍ, J~°H˘~° =∞„^•ã¨∞ =Úã≤¡OʼnõΩ
^Œ‰õΩ¯`«∞<åfl~Ú. XˆH =~åæxH˜ K≥Ok# "åiÖ’ ‰õÄ_® J=HÍâßÅ∞
ã¨=∂#OQÍ HõeÊOKåe.——
ã¨=∞`«‰õΩ, ã¨=∂#`åfixH˜ =∂~°∞¿ÑÔ~·<å JOÉË^Œ¯~ü i[ˆ~fi+¨<£Å∞ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# "åix =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ
fã¨∞‰õΩ~å=\ÏxH˜ HõeÊOK«|_ç# =ã¨`«∞Åx, J\˜ì =ã¨`«∞Å#∞ ^èŒxHõ=~åæÅ∞ P„Hõq∞OK«_»O
ã¨iHÍ^Œx, =~°æOÖ’x JO^ŒiH© ã¨=∂#OQÍ K≥O^Õ@@∞¡QÍ K≥Ü«∂ºÅx ~å*ϺOQÆ Ñ¨i+¨`«∞ÎÖ’
`«# âßÜ«∞â◊‰õΩÎÖÏ "åkOKå_»∞. `«# "å^Œ#‰õΩ `À_»∞QÍ JѨÊ\˜ =~°‰õΩ J=∞Å∞Ö’ L#fl
=Úã≤¡O i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡Ö’x Ö’áêÅ#∞ „Ѩ™êÎqOKå_»∞. ™êOѶ‘∞Hõ, Pi÷Hõ ™ê÷~ÚÅ#∞, Jã¨=∂#`åfiÅ#∞
31
Shiva Rao,B. (1967) The Framing of India's Constitution : Select Documents,
New Delhi : The Indian Institute of Public Administration, pp : 225-227.
29
ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀ‰õΩO_® ˆH=ÅO "≥∞ÿ<åi\© =~åæxH˜ K≥Ok# "å~°∞ J#fl J=QÍǨÏ#ÃÑ·<Õ
P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç =Å㨠„ѨÉèí∞`«fiO =Úã≤¡OʼnõΩ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ HõeÊOK«_»O [iyOk. J#∞Éèí=OÖ’
q^•º ~°OQÆOÖ’ JѨÊ\˜ˆH =ÚO^Œ∞#fl ^èŒx‰õΩÅ∞ "åi`À áê@∞, Jxfl q^è•Å∞QÍ =ÚO^ŒO[
"Õã≤# W`«~° =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ D J=HÍâßxfl KÕlH˜¯OK«∞‰õΩx ¿Ñ^Œ =Úã≤¡OÅ#∞ P KèåÜ«∞ʼnõΩ ‰õÄ_®
~åx=fiÖË^Œ∞. ZHõ¯_» "Õã≤# Q˘OQÆo JHõ¯_Õ J#fl K«O^•# ¿Ñ^Œ =Úã≤¡OÅ 1947ÅÖ’x ã≤÷u
1920 <å\˜ ã≤÷uH˜ aè#flOQÍ ÖË^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH ¿Ñ^Œ =Úã≤¡OʼnõΩ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ HõeÊOKåÅx,
JO^Œ∞‰õΩ ~å*ϺOQÆOÖ’ XHõ „ѨHõ~°}#∞ á⁄O^Œ∞Ѩ~°KåÅx JOÉË^Œ¯~ü QÆ\ ˜ìQÍ "åkOK«_»O
[iyOk.
=Úã≤¡O i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å qxÜ≥∂QÆOÖ’ [iy# `«Ñ≤Ê^•Å #∞O_ç áê~îåÅ∞
<Õ~°∞Û‰õΩ#fl JOÉË^Œ¯~°∞ J^Õ `«Ñ≤Ê^ŒO ^Œo`« i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ѨOѨHÍÅÖ’ [~°∞QƉõΩO_® P J=HÍâßÅ∞
XˆH ‰õΩÅO QÆ∞`åÎkèѨ`«ºO H͉õΩO_® Jxfl ‰õΩÖÏÅÖ’ ѨOÑ≤}©H˜ H˘xfl =∂~åæÅ#∞ „ѨuáêkOKå_»∞.
"åxÖ’ Jxfl ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂# ѨOѨHõO XHõ\ ˜. WHõ¯_» QÆ=∞xOK«=Åã≤# q+¨Ü«∞O
JOÉË^Œ¯~ü „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O Jx ¿Ñ~˘¯#ÖË^Œ∞. J~Ú`Õ 'Jxfl ‰õΩÖÏÅ
=∞^茺 ã¨=∂# ѨOѨHõO— J#fl „Ѩuáê^Œ#Ö’<Õ D [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ ã¨∂„`«O ^•QÆ∞Ok. H˘xfl
‰õΩÖÏÅÖ’ JkèHõ [<åÉèÏ LO>Ë =∞i H˘xfl ‰õΩÖÏÅÖ’ `«‰õΩ¯= [<åÉèÏ L<åfl~°∞. Z‰õΩ¯=,
`«‰õΩ¯= [<åÉèÏÅ#∞ Hõeæ# ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ "åi [<åÉèÏ`À „Ѩ"Õ∞Ü«∞O ÖËHõ, ˆH=ÅO ‰õΩÅO P^è•~°OQÍ
ѨOÑ≤}© [iy`Õ, Ѩiq∞`«"≥∞ÿ# i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞ÅÖ’ `«‰õΩ¯= [<åÉèÏ Hõeæ# ‰õΩÅO Z‰õΩ¯=
J=HÍâßÅ∞ á⁄Ok`Õ, Z‰õΩ¯= [<åÉèÏ#∞ Hõeæ# ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ J=HÍâßÅ∞ ‰õΩkOK«∞‰õΩáÈ`å~Ú.
JO^Œ∞ˆH Jxfl ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ ã¨=∂# ѨOÑ≤}© J#flѨC_»∞ PÜ«∂ ‰õΩÖÏÅ [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O
Jx J~°O÷ .32
'QÍOnè : Jã¨Ê $â◊√ºÅ q=ÚH˜Î— J<Õ „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ '„H˘`«Î ~å*ϺOQÆOÖ’ LO_®eû#
Ju =ÚYº x|O^èŒ#Å∞— J<Õ f~å‡#OÖ’ q^•º–L^ÀºQÆ, „áêux^茺 ã¨Oã¨÷ÅÖ’ ^Œo`«
‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ "åi ã¨OYº`Àáê@∞ 'J=ã¨~°— s`åº ‰õÄ_® i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å#∞ ѨOÑ≤}© [iˆQ@@∞¡
32
K«„Hõáê}˜, Ѷ∞¨ O\Ï. (1990). 'i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ =^Œ#Ì _»O ã¨=∞O[ã¨=∂,— #Å∞ѨÙ, [#=i, 16–31,
ѨÙ@Å∞: 14–16. D "åºã¨OÖ’ K«„Hõáê}˜ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ºuˆ~Hõ`«‰õΩ ã¨ÊOkã¨∂Î JOÉË^Œ¯~ü '[<åÉèÏ
„ѨuáêkHõ— "å^•xfl Pã¨~åQÍ KÕã∞¨ ‰õΩx i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ J=HÍâßÅ∞ [<åÉèÏ#∞ |\ì̃ LO_®Åx "åkOKå_»∞.
PÜ«∞# =∂@ÅÖ’ 'Éè∂í q∞ g∞^Œ H˘O^ŒiH˜ ZÖÏO\˜ ǨωõΩ¯ LO^À, Pã≤÷ g∞^Œ H˘O^ŒiHˆ ZÖÏO\˜ ǨωõΩ¯
JkèHÍ~°O LO^À JÖÏO\˜ JkèHÍ~°"∞Õ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ, ^Œi„^Œ∞ʼnõΩ LO_®e. [<åÉèÏ#∞ |\˜ì J=HÍâßÅ∞O_®e.
[<åÉèÏ#∞ |\ì̃ q^Œº, q*Ï˝#O, Láêkè LO_®e.— Ѩiq∞`«"∞≥ #ÿ q^Œº, q*Ï˝#O, Láêkè J=HÍâßÅ#∞
„ÉÏǨχ}©Ü∞« =~åæÅ∞ `«#∞fl‰õΩáÈ`Õ `«=∞ Ѩiã≤`÷ =Õ ∞x „ѨtflOz, PÜ«∂ J=HÍâßÅÖ’ `«=∞ [<åÉèÏ#∞
|\˜ì J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõeÊOKåÅx J}QÍi# =~åæÅ"å~°∞ HÀ~°_O» ™êOѶ∞‘ Hõ <åºÜ«∞OQÍ K«„Hõáê}˜ "åkOK«_O»
[iyOk (L^•…@# "åºã¨H~õ kΰ ).
30
K«@ìO KÕÜ«∂Åx JOÉË^Œ¯~ü „ѨuáêkOKå_»∞. PÜ«∞# „Ѩuáê^Œ#ÅÖ’x =¸_»∞ JOâßÅ∞.
1. ''ˆHO„^Œ ~åR „ѨÉèí∞`«fi L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’ Ã+_»∂ºÖò¤ ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åi ã¨OYº#∞ J=ã¨~åxfl
„áê^è•<åºxfl |\ì̃ ã¨=Úz`« „áêux^茺O LO_ÕÖÏ K«@ìѨ~°OQÍ x|O^èŒ# KÕÜ«∂e.——
2. ''Ѩa¡H± ã¨sfiã¨∞ÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_® Ã+_»∂ºÖò¤ ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åi ã¨OYº#∞, J=ã¨~åxfl
„áê=ÚMϺxfl |\ì̃ L^ÀºQÍ=HÍâßÅ∞ LO_ÕÖÏ K«@ìѨ~°"≥∞ÿ# x|O^èŒ# LO_®e.——
3. ''âßã¨#ã¨ÉèíÅÖ’#∂, ™ê÷xHõ ã¨Oã¨÷ÅÖ’#∞ "åi ã¨OYº#∞, J=ã¨~åefl,
„áê=ÚYº`«#∞ |\ì̃ „áêux^茺O LO_ÕÖÏ K«@ìѨ~°"≥∞ÿ# x|O^èŒ#Å∞ KÕÜ«∂e.——33
„ѨѨOK« K«i„`«#∞ J=¸Å„QÍO Báêã¨# KÕã≤# JOÉË^Œ¯~ü qq^èŒ ^ÕâßÅ qq^èŒ
*Ï`«∞Å J=ã¨~åÅ∞, ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ ZѨC_»∂ XˆH ~°HõOQÍ LO_»=x, <åQÆiHõ`« ѨÙ~ÀQÍaè=$kú`À
^ÕâßÅ, =∂#= ã¨=¸Ç¨Å J=ã¨~åÅ∞ ~°∂áêO`«~°O K≥O^Œ∞`åÜ«∞<Õ QÆu `«i¯Hõ ã¨∂„`«
„áê=ÚYº`«#∞ J=QÆ`«O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl"å_»∞. nxH˜ `À_»∞ <åºÜ«∞âßG HÀq^Œ∞_»∞.D J=QÍǨÏ#Å
"≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ ™ê=∂lHõOQÍ, Pi÷HõOQÍ, ~å[H©Ü«∞OQÍ J}z"Õ`«‰õΩ QÆ∞iHÍ|_»¤ ^Œo`«∞Å Jaè=$kúH˜
"åi [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ P^è•~°OQÍ J=HÍâßÅ∞ HÍ"åÅx _ç=∂O_£ KÕÜ«∞_»O [iyOk. J~Ú`Õ
XHõ<å\˜ J=ã¨~`° « =∞~À<å_»∞ J^Õ ~°∂ѨOÖ’ (LO_»=K«∞Û) LO_»Háõ È=K«∞Û. ã¨O^Œ~åƒù#∞™ê~°OQÍ
L`«Ê#fl=∞ÜÕ∞º ã¨=∞㨺ʼnõΩ ã¨O^Œ~åƒù#∞™ê~° Ѩ~åëê¯~° =∂~åæÅ∞ J=ã¨~°O. JO^Œ∞ˆH
q^•º–L^ÀºQÆ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ ^Œo`«∞Å „áêux^蕺xH˜ ˆH=ÅO XHõ¯ [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ
ã¨∂„`«O P^è•~°OQÍ<Õ Ñ¨OÑ≤}© [~°QÍÅx „ѨuáêkOK«ÖË^Œ∞. P ã¨∂„`«O`À áê@∞ ^Œo`«
‰õΩÖÏÅ 'J=ã¨~åÅ#∞ |\ì̃, "åi ã¨=∞㨺Š„áê=ÚYº`«#∞ |\ì̃— ‰õÄ_® i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å∞
HõeÊOKåÅx `«# f~å‡#OÖ’ „ѨuáêkOKå_»∞. D q+¨Ü«∂<Õfl =∞i H˘O`« ã¨Ê+ì̈`«`À `«#
'¿ãì\òû JO_£ "≥∞ÿ<åi\©ãπ—Ö’ K≥ѨÊ_»O [iyOk.
"Weightage carved out from the share of majority shall not be
assigned to one community only. But the same shall be divided among all
minority communities equally or in inverse proportion to their 1) Economic
position, 2) Social Status and 3) Educational advance."34
'"≥∞*Ïi\©–"≥∞ÿ<åi\©Å `Õ_® P^è•~°OQÍ "≥∞ÿ<åi\© =~åæxH˜ ~Ú=fi|_ç# =ã¨`«∞Å∞
("≥∞ÿ<åi\©ÅÖ’x) U^À XHõ Hõ=¸ºx\˜H˜ ~Ú=fi_»O ã¨iHÍ^Œ∞. J\ì̃ =ã¨`«∞Å#∞ P "≥∞ÿ<åi\˜
=~°æOÖ’x Jxfl Hõ=¸ºx\©Å‰õΩ ã¨=∂#OQÍ Ñ¨OÑ≤}© [~°QÍe–ÖË^• 1) Pi÷Hõ ã≤÷u 2)
33
JOÉË^¯Œ ~ü, a.P~ü. (1994) 'QÍOnè! Jã¨Ê $â◊√ºÅ q=ÚHÎ̃,— _®II ÉÏÉÏ ™êÃÇÏÉò JOÉË^¯Œ ~ü ~°K#« Å∞
– „Ѩã¨OQÍÅ∞, ã¨OѨÙ@O – 9,ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£:PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO „ѨK«∞~°}Å∞, ѨÙ@. 380 (w`«Å∞
"åºã¨H~õ qΰ ).
34
Ambedkar, B.R. (1947) States and Minorities : What Are Their Rights And How
To Secure Them In The Constitution of Free India, Bombay : Thacker & Co, p. 23.
31
™êOѶ‘∞Hõ ã≤÷u =∞iÜ«Ú 3) q^•º=$kú JOâßÅ#∞ „áê=∂}˜HõOQÍ fã¨∞H˘x PÜ«∂ q+¨Ü«∂ÅÖ’
("≥∞ÿ<åi\©ÅÖ’) U ‰õΩÅO "å~°∞ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç L<åfl~À "åiH˜ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å∞ HõeÊOKåe.—
™ê~åOâ◊OÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å∞ "≥∞ÿ<åi\©ÅÖ’x (^Œo`«∞Å#∞ "≥∞ÿ<åi\˜ =~°æOQÍ x~°‚~ÚOKÕ
~å*ϺOQÆOÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ HõeÊOK«_»O [iyOk) Jxfl ‰õΩÅ ã¨=¸Ç¨ÏÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂# ѨOÑ≤}˜
[~°QÍÅx, ÖË^• P =~°æOÖ’ Pi÷HõOQÍ, ™ê=∂lHõOQÍ q^•ºÑ¨~°OQÍ "≥#∞Hõ|_»¤ "åiH˜
i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ HõeÊOK«_»OÖ’ „áê^è•#º`«#∞ ~Ú"åfiÅx JOÉË^Œ¯~ü „Ѩuáê^Œ#. D „Ѩuáê^Œ#Ö’
i[ˆ ~ fi+¨ # ∞¡ ˆ H =ÅO ¿Ñ^Œ " åiˆ H QÍx, ^è Œ # =O`« ∞ ʼnõ Ω HÍ^Œ h JOÉË ^ Œ ¯ ~ü =∞<ÀQÆ ` « O
J~°÷=∞=Ù`«∞Ok.
JOÉË^Œ¯~ü „ѨuáêkOz# D =¸_»∞ „áê=∂}˜HÍÖ’¡ ™êOѶ‘∞Hõ ™ê÷~Úx „ѨHõ¯#ÃÑ\˜ì
q∞ye# Ô~O_»∞ „áê=∂}˜HÍÅ#∞ (Pi÷Hõ, q^Œº) ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë =∂kQÆÅ∞ =∂ÅÅHõO>Ë
"≥#∞Hõ|_ç Ü«Ú<åfl~°∞. D ã¨`åºxH˜ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi ÖˇHõ¯Å`Àáê@∞ âıY~ü `«# ѨÙãÎ̈HõOÖ’ ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl
JOâßÖË ™êHõ∆ ºO. JOÉË^Œ¯~ü „Ѩuáê^Œ#Å P^è•~°OQÍ =∂kQÆÅ ã¨=∞㨺#∞ Ѩije¿ãÎ [<åÉèÏÖ’
JkèHõ ã¨OYº Hõey q∞ye# ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅHõO>Ë (=ÚYºOQÍ =∂ÅÅ`À) áÈÅ∞Û‰õΩ#flѨÙ_»∞
Jxfl q^è•Å "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# =∂kQÆňH i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ 'J=ã¨~°O— LOk. D 'J=ã¨~°`«— P^è•~°OQÍ
`«=∞ [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎH˜ q∞Oz i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨u HõeÊOKåÅx =∂kQÆÅ∞ HÀ~°∞‰õΩ<åfl Jk
<åºÜ«∞ã¨=∞‡`«OQÍ<Õ LO@∞Ok. "åi `«~°Ñ¶¨Ù# JOÉË^Œ¯~ü =HõÖÏΠѨÙK«∞Û‰õΩ<Õ"å_Õ. J~Ú`Õ
=∂kQÆÅ∞ `«=∞ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£#∞ 'J=ã¨~°`«, „áê=ÚYº`« P^è•~°OQÍ HÍHõ U [#ã¨OYº
ã¨∂„`«O P^è•~°OQÍ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ HõeÊOKå~À P ã¨∂„`« P^è•~°OQÍ<Õ =sæHõ~°}
K≥Ü«∞º=∞x HÀ~°_»O [iyOk. JO^Œ∞ˆH JOÉË^Œ¯~ü ã≤^•úO`«–ã¨∂„fHõ~°} ѨikèÖ’x =∂kQÆ
^ŒO_À~å#∞, JOÉË^Œ¯~ü =∂#gÜ«∞ ã≤^•úO`åʼnõΩ Hõ@∞ì|_ç# ÉÏÅQÀáêÖò, SÅÜ«∞º,
ã¨`«º<å~åÜ«∞}Å∞ ã¨=∞i÷OKåˆ~QÍx, =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å∞ q=∞i≈ã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡QÍ ã≤^•úO`« ~å^•úO`åÅ∞
KÕÜ«∞ÖË^Œ∞. Jxfl ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 'ã¨=∂# "å\Ï—, JO^Œ∞‰õΩ '[<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuΗ P^è•~°O J#fl
gi "å^Œ# ZHõ¯_» #∞O_À J~°∞=Ù `≥K«∞Û‰õΩ#flk ‰õÄ_® HÍ^Œ∞. JOÉË^Œ¯~üx J^茺ܫ∞#O KÕã≤,
™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∂xH˜, J@ì_»∞QÆ∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ Jaè=$kúH˜ PÜ«∞# ã≤^•úO`åÅ#∞ PK«~°}Ö’ ÃÑ@ì_»"Õ∞
"å~°∞ KÕã≤# „Ѩܫ∞`«flO. gix ^ŒQÍHÀ~°∞Åx xOkOK«_»O =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å J=HÍâ◊ ^èÀ~°}˜H˜
J^ŒÌO Ѩ_»∞`«∞#fl q+¨Ü«∞O. HÍ~°OKÕ_»∞, h~°∞H˘O_», K«∞O_»∂~°∞, "ÕOÃÑO@ ~ÚOHÍ Ü≥∞<Àfl
^•~°∞} =∞~°}ÏÅ∞ [iy#ѨC_»∞ ÉÏkè`«∞ʼnõΩ ÉÏã¨@QÍ xez, "åi áÈ~å\ÏʼnõΩ =∞^ŒÌ`«∞ѨeH˜,
P áÈ~å\ÏÅ#∞ ã≤^•úOfHõiOz, JHõ∆sHõiOz# ÉÏÅQÀáêÖò, SÅÜ«∞ºÅ#∞ XHõ<å_»∞
Éèí∞*ÏÅÔH`«∞ΉõΩx Tˆ~y#"åˆ~ ˆH=ÅO =∂kQÆÅ =sæHõ~°}#∞ ã¨=∞iúOz#O^Œ∞‰õΩ QÍ#∂
^ŒQÍHÀ~°∞Å∞QÍ, "≥∂ã¨QÍà◊√§QÍ xO^ŒÅ∞ "≥∂Ѩ_»O =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å U~°∞^•\˜ `≥ѨÊ`«QÆÖË¿ã
|∞kúH˜ Ѩ~åHÍ+¨ì.
32
 WHõ, a.ã≤. <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å#∞ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ ã¨=∞iúã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞? D „Ѩâ◊fl‰õΩ
ã¨=∂^è•#O 1990ÅÖ’ ~åROÖ’ L^ŒƒùqOz# #∂`«# ™ê=∂lHõ L^Œº=∂Å Pâ◊Ü«∂Å∞,
Jq `≥zÛ# "å^•Å∞ K≥|∞`å~Ú. `«∞_»∞O^≥|ƒ, _ÀÅ∞^≥|ƒ, ÅOÉÏ_®–#OQÍ~å ÉèËi ~ÚOHÍ
Z<Àfl ‰õΩÅ „áêuѨkHõOQÍ =zÛ# L^Œº=∂Å =ÚYº _ç=∂O_£: 'Pi÷Hõ ã¨OѨ^ŒÖ’,
~å[H©Ü«∂kèHÍ~°OÖ’ =∞Okx |\ì̃ "å\Ï.— `«~°`«~åÅ∞QÍ ^Õâ◊ã¨OѨ^Œ#∞, ~å[H©Ü«∂kèHÍ~åxfl
`«=∞ ÃÑ~°\’¡ HÍz# ѨO_»¡ÖÏQÆ ™êfiǨ KÕã¨∞Î#fl „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ ÃÑ`«Î<åxfl „ѨtflOz,
~ÚHõ<≥·<å `«=∞ "å\Ï `«=∞‰õΩ ~å"åÅx J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ „Ѩ[Å∞ L^Œºq∞OKå~°∞. D<å\˜H˜
~åROÖ’ XHõ ™ê÷~Ú#O^Œ∞‰õΩ#fl a.ã≤. L^Œº=∞O JOÉË^Œ¯~ü ã¨∂„`åxfl P^è•~°O KÕã¨∞‰õΩx `«=∞
[<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O Jxfl ~°OQÍÅÖ’ `«=∞‰õΩ "å\Ï HÍ"åÅx J_»∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~°∞.
„Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º|^Œú"≥∞ÿ# a.ã≤.Å _ç=∂O_£H˜ =∂kQÆÅ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£H˜ ™ê~°∂Ѩº`«, Ãã·^•úOuHõ
™êxflÇ≤Ï`«ºO L<åfl~Ú. U ã¨∂„`«O „ѨHÍ~°"≥∞ÿ`Õ `«=∞ "å\Ï `«=∞‰õΩ W"åfiÅx J_»∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~À
J^Õ ã¨∂„`«O „ѨHÍ~°O =sæHõ~°} HÀ~°∞`«∞#fl =∂kQÆÅ _ç=∂O_£x ã¨=∞iúOK«_»O a.ã≤.Å Hõhã¨
<≥·uHõ ÉÏ^茺`«. P ÉÏ^茺`« QÆ∞iÎOKÕ a.ã≤. <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ ^ŒO_À~å‰õΩ =∞^Œú`«∞ ѨÅ∞‰õΩ`«∞<åfl~°∞.
Wk "åi qâßÅ ^Œ$HõÊ^ä•xH˜ x^Œ~°≈#O. JO`Õ QÍx, =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å ÖÏQÆ `«=∞HÀ <åºÜ«∞O,
T~°O`«\ ˜H© XHõ <åºÜ«∞=∞x J#_»O ÖË^Œ∞.
Jã¨Å∞ Z=ik ã≤^•úO`« ~å^•úO`«O?
=∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞ <åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞ =∞Öˇ¡Å "≥OHõ„\Ï=Ù ™ê=∂lHõ ã≤^•úO`åxH˜ `«#^≥·#
ÉèÏëêºxfl ~Úã¨∂Î ~ÚÖÏ „"åâß_»∞: ''™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∞O K«Å#jÅ"≥∞ÿ#k. „áê^äŒq∞Hõ ^Œâ◊Ö’
^ÀÑ≤_ô ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ, „âßq∞Hõ ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ =∞^茺 ™ê=∂lHõ ã¨=∂#`«fi ™ê^èŒ# [~°QÍe. `«~°∞"å`«
Ñ‘_ç`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 JO`«~åÅ#∞ Ѩi+¨¯iOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ ^Œâ◊. J#O`«~°O _®II JOÉË^Œ¯~ü K≥Ñ≤Ê#
=∞Ǩϟ#fl`«"≥∞ÿ# ã¨OѨÓ~°‚ ™ê=∂lHõ ^Œâ◊.——35 "≥OHõ„\Ï=Ù ™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∞ ã≤^•úO`«O „ѨHÍ~°O
"≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ^Œâ◊Ö’ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ =∞^茺, â◊¥„^Œ ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#`«fiO ™êkèOKåe.
JÖÏ ™êkèOz# `«~°∞"å`Õ =∂kQÆ – =∂ÅÅ =∞^茺 JO`«~åÅ#∞ Ѩi+¨¯iOK«∞HÀ=_»O
™ê^茺O. JO>Ë "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ^Œâ◊H˜ Ô~O_»= ^Œâ◊H˜ XHõ eO‰õΩ LOk. ‰õΩÅ=º=ã¨÷Ö’ ^Œo`«∞ÅHõO>Ë
ÃÑ·#∞#fl ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#`«fiO ™êkèOK«|_»HõáÈ`Õ, „H˜O^Œ∞#fl =∂kQÆ – =∂ÅÅ =∞^茺
QÆÅ `Õ_®Å#∞ Ѩi+¨¯iOK«‰õÄ_»^Œ∞. ^Œ∞~°^Œ$+ì̈=âß`«∞Î JÖÏ Ñ¨i+¨¯iOK«∞‰õΩO>Ë Jk "≥OHõ„\Ï=Ù
„ѨHÍ~°O ™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∞O HÍ^Œ∞.
„ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, â◊¥„^Œ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, „H˜Ok ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ Jx `Õ_® ÖˉõΩO_® Jxfl
‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#`«fiO ™êkèOKåÅx JOÉË^Œ¯i[O "åkã¨∞ÎO>Ë ÃÑ·=~åæÅ "å~°∞ `«$Ñ≤ÎQÍ
35
"≥OHõ„\Ï=Ù, =∞Öˇ¡Å. (2004) '=sæHõ~°}`À ^Œ̂H¯k X\ì̃ qãÎ̈ˆ~!— PO„^èŒ*’ºu, 19 _çÃãO|~ü.
33
Éè’OKÕã≤ „`ÕxÛ# `«~°∞"å`« „H˜Ok =~åæÅ "åi QÆ∞iOz PÖ’zOKÕ^Œx '=∂e[O— KÕã¨∞Î#fl
É’^èŒ. WOHÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë "≥OHõ„\Ï=Ù ã≤^•úO`«O „ѨHÍ~°O ÃÑ·‰õΩÖÏÅ "åi ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ fi#
`«~°∞"å`« „H˜Ok ‰õΩÖÏÅ ã¨=∞㨺Š„Ѩ™êÎ=#. Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ‰õΩÖÏÅ ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ fi#
`«~°∞"å`Õ J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ f~åÅx ã≤^•úOfHõiOz# =∂Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞
„ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ`À ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ ã¨=∂#`«fiO, ~å[H©Ü«∂kèHÍ~°O HÍ"åÅx ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ
J_»∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~°∞? gi ™ê=∂lHõ K«Å#jÅ ã≤^•úO`«O „ѨHÍ~°O „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ`À
ã¨=∂#`«fiO HÍ"åÅx J_»∞QÆ=Åã≤#k „ÉÏǨχ} =~åæÅ "åiH˜ kQÆ∞=#∞#fl â◊¥„^Œ∞Å∞ HÍx
^Œo`«∞Å∞ HÍ^Œ∞. â◊¥„^Œ∞Å∞, „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ "åi =∞^茺 ã¨OѨ^ŒÅ∞, JkèHÍ~åŠѨOÑ≤}©
^Œâ◊ `«~°∞"å`« ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ ѨOÑ≤}© ^Œâ◊. JO>Ë, Ô~O_»= ^Œâ◊Ö’ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ – â◊¥„^Œ =~åæÅ
=∞^茺 ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ Ѩi+¨¯iOK«|_ç# `«~°∞"å`« =¸_»= ^Œâ◊Ö’ ^Œo`«∞Å ã¨=∞㨺ʼnõΩ Ѩiëê¯~°O,
~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O Åaèã¨∞ÎOk. WѨC_»∞ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ^Œâ◊ ‰õÄ_® Pq+¨¯iOK«|_»ÖË^Œ∞. J@∞=O\˜k
=¸_»= ^Œâ◊ QÆ∞iOz WѨC_Õ PÖ’K«#ÖˇO^Œ∞‰õΩ? W^Õ WOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜
^Œâ◊ `«~°∞"å`« Ô~O_»=^Œâ◊, nx `«~°∞"å`« =¸_»=^Œâ◊ Z\Ï¡#∂ „Hõ=∂#∞QÆ`«OQÍ ã¨OÉèíq™êÎ~Ú.
HÍ|\ì̃ â◊`åÉÏÌÅ `«~°|_ç ^Œo`«∞Å ã¨=∞㨺ŠѨiëê¯~åʼnõΩ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~åxH˜ K≥Ü«∞º=Åã≤Ok
áÈ~å\ÏÅ∞, L^Œº=∂Å∞ HÍ=Ù, =¸_»= ^Œâ◊ PQÆ=∞#O H˘~°‰õΩ 'Z^Œ∞~°∞ K«∂_»_»O.—
™ê=∂lHõ Ѩi}Ï=∞ „Hõ=∂Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞‰õΩO_® XHõ Ѩ^Œúu, `«~°¯O ÖˉõΩO_® =∂Å`«fi
"å^Œ∞Å∞ „ѨuáêkOz# D ™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∞O ˆH=ÅO =∂kQÆňH HÍ^Œ∞ =∂ÅʼnõΩ ‰õÄ_®
=ºuˆ~HõOQÍ Ñ¨x KÕã¨∞ÎOk. Zxfl HÀ}ÏÅ #∞O_ç K«∂ã≤<å "≥OHõ„\Ï=Ù ™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∞
ã≤^•úO`«O Ѩã¨ÖËx^Õ QÍHõ ^Œo`«∞ÅO^ŒiH© „Ѩ=∂^ŒHÍi. H˘=∞‡ g∞^Œ ‰õÄ~°∞Ûx H˘=∞‡#∞ #iˆH
J*Ï˝#∞Å QÆ∞iOz q<åfl=Ú QÍx `«=∞ "Õe`À `«=∞ HõO_»¡<Õ á⁄_»∞K«∞‰õΩ<Õ J*Ï˝#∞Å#∞ K«∂KÕ
J=HÍâ◊O "≥OHõ„\Ï"Õ HõeÊOKå_»∞. „á⁄^ŒÌã¨Î=∂#∞ JOÉË^Œ¯~ü Éèí[# QÍqOz PÜ«∞# ¿Ñ~°∞
K≥ѨC‰õΩx HÍÜ«∞Å=Ú‡‰õΩO@∞#fl =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å∞, PÜ«∞# q„QÆǨʼnõΩ ^ŒO_»Å∞ "Õã≤
'JOÉË^Œ¯sÜ«ÚÅO— Jx K≥ѨCHÀ=_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ, P =∞ǨÏhÜ«ÚxÖ’x ã¨=∞`«, =∞=∞`«, ã¨=∂#`«fi
ÉèÏ"åÅ∞, J}QÍi# =~åæŠѨHõ∆O =Ç≤ÏOKÕ `åºQÆx~°ux PHõoOѨ٠KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe. PÜ«∞#
PÖ’K«#Å#∞ ã¨O„QÆǨÏOQÍ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl"åÔ~·`Õ =∂ÅÅ∞, =∂kQÆÅ <åºÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# HÀiHõ‰õΩ
J_»∞¤Hõ@ì "Õã≤ =∂kQÆ Ü«Ú=`«`À áê@∞, =∂Å Ü«Ú=`« Éèíq+¨º`«∞Î <åâ◊#O KÕ¿ã"å~°∞ HÍ^Œ∞.
8. ã¨"∞≥ Hÿ ºõ `« ÉèÏ=# „Ѩ=∂^ŒH~õ "° ∞≥ #ÿ ^•? ^Œo`« â◊HxÎ̃ JO`«"Ú≥ OkOKÕ ~å[H©Ü∞«
‰õΩ„>Ë =sæH~õ } °
=∞x+≤ ã¨OѶ¨∞rq. ã¨OѶ¨∞O`À ã¨"≥∞ÿHõºOQÍ „|`«HÍÅx „Ѩu =ºHÎ̃ HÀ~°∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞.
ã¨OѶ¨∞ Jaè=$kú ‰õÄ_® `«# ã¨Éèí∞ºÅ =∞^茺 ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O, "åi Jaè=$kúÃÑ·<Õ P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç LO@∞Ok.
U ã¨OѶ¨∞O ‰õÄ_® `«# ã¨Éèí∞ºÅÖ’ H˘O^ŒiÃÑ· =∂`«$„¿Ñ=∞, =∞i H˘O^ŒiÃÑ· ã¨=u `«e¡ „¿Ñ=∞
34
K«∂Ñ≤OK«^Œ∞. XHõ "Õà◊ JÖÏ K«∂Ñ≤¿ãÎ ã¨=u `«e¡ „¿Ñ=∞‰õΩ QÆ∞Ô~·# ã¨Éèí∞ºÅ∞ P ã¨OѶ¨∞OÖ’
LO_»\ÏxH˜ W+ì̈Ѩ_»~°∞. JO>Ë ~ÚHõ¯_» ã¨OѶ¨∞ ã¨Éèí∞ºÅ =∞^茺 ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« ÉèÏ=# Ѩi_è»qÖË¡k
XHõi Jaè=$kÌH˜ =∞~˘Hõ~°∞ Ѩ~°ã¨Ê~° ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~åÅ∞ JOkOK«∞‰õΩ#flѨC_»∞. ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« XHõi
ѨÙ~ÀQÆuH˜, =∞iH˘O^Œi u~ÀQÆuH˜ HÍ~°}"≥∞ÿ#ѨC_»∞ J}QÆ„^˘Hõ¯|_ç#"åÔ~=~°∞ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`«
=∞O„`«O [Ñ≤OK«~°∞. D `«~°Ç¨Ö’<Õ ^Œo`«∞Å ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« H˘xfl ^Œo`«‰õΩÖÏÅ Jaè=$kúH˜ =∞Ô~<Àfl
^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ J@ì_»∞QÆ∞ ã≤÷uH˜ ÉÏ@Å∞ Ѩ~°zOk. ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« =∂kQÆ–"åi LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞,
Ô~e¡–"åi LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ "å\ÏÅ#∞ =∂ÅÅ∞, Pk PO„^èŒ∞ŠѨ~°OQÍ=_®xH˜ HÍ~°}=∞~ÚºOk.
JO>Ë =∂ÅŠѨÙ~ÀQÆuH˜, =∂kQÆÅ u~ÀQÆuH˜ ¿ÇÏ`«∞=~ÚºOk. W@∞=O\˜ ã≤÷uÖ’ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`«
„ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞#fl =∂ÅʼnõΩ J=ã¨~°OQÍx „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ HÀÖ’Ê`«∞#fl =∂kQÆʼnõΩ
J=ã¨~°O ÖË^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH "å~°∞ ^Œo`« ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« =Úã¨∞QÆ∞ zOz JO^Œ∞Ö’ ^•QÆ∞#fl =∂Å`«fi
=ÚMÏxfl Ö’HÍxH˜ K«∂Ñ≤OK«_O» [iyOk.
=∂ÅÅ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« =∂kQÆÅ =sæHõ~°} "å^•Å#∞ =∞#O QÍOnè – JOÉË^Œ¯~°¡
q"å^ŒO #∞O_ç ‰õÄ_® J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û. „a\©+π "å~°∞ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ Ô~O_»∞ F@¡ q^è•<åxfl
„Ѩ"Õâ◊ÃÑ\˜ì#ѨC_»∞, Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ =∞`åxfl <åâ◊#O K≥Ü«∞º_®xH˜, Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ =∞^茺 SHõº`«
K≥_»Q˘\ÏìxH˜ „a\©+π "å~°∞ Ѩxfl# ‰õΩ„@Ö’ ÉèÏQÆ=∞O@∂ Z„~°"å_» *ˇ·Å∞Ö’ P=∞~°} x~åǨ~°
nHõ∆ KÕã≤ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ HõeÊOz# ~å[H©Ü«∞ ǨωõΩ¯#∞ `˘ÅyOKÕ =~°‰õΩ QÍOnè `«# Ѩ@∞ì
=^ŒÅÖË^Œ∞. JOÉË^Œ¯~ü ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl@∞¡ ^Œo`«∞Å#∞ ~å[H©Ü«∂kèHÍ~°O #∞O_ç ^Œ∂~°O KÕã≤ P
JkèHÍ~°O `«~°`«~åÅ∞QÍ `«=∞ KÕuÖ’ LO_Õ@@∞¡QÍ K≥Ü«∞º_®xH˜ QÍOnè ~Ú`«~° Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂
<åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ `«yeOK«∞‰õΩ#fl =Úã¨∞ˆQ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`«.36 K«i„`«Ö’ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« ¿Ñ~°∞`À ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ
[iy# J<åºÜ«∂Å #∞O_ç áê~îåÅ#∞ ã¨^Œ~°∞ =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å∞ K«Hõ¯QÍ „QÆÇ≤ÏOz#@∞¡<åfl~°∞.
JO^Œ∞ˆH HÍÉ’Å∞ "å~°∞ JOÉË^Œ¯~ü ¿Ñ~°∞ K≥ѨCH˘O@∂<Õ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« J<Õ =Úã¨∞QÆ∞#∞ QÍOnè
^ŒQÆæ~° #∞O_ç J~°∞=Ù `≥K«∞ÛH˘O@∞<åfl~°∞. U ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« ¿Ñ~°∞ K≥Ñ≤Ê Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ∞ ^Œo`«∞ÅÃÑ·
~å[H©Ü«∞, ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ, Pi÷Hõ ÃÑ`«Î<åxfl K≥ÖÏ~Úã¨∞Î<åfl~À J^Õ "å^Œ#`À =∂ÅÅ∞ q^Œº, L^ÀºQÆ,
~å[H©Ü«∞ J=HÍâßÅÖ’, =∂kQÆÅ "å\Ï#∞ Hõ|oOz "åiÃÑ· ÃÑ`«Î<åxfl K≥ÖÏ~ÚOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ
HõѨÙʉõΩ#fl =Úã¨∞ˆQ D ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`«.37
36
q=~åʼnõΩ K«∂_»O_ç, _®II ÉÏÉÏ™êÃÇÏÉò JOÉË^¯Œ ~ü ~°K#« Å∞ – „ѨãO¨ QÍÅ∞ : HÍO„ÔQãπ, QÍOnè
JO@~åx "åiH˜ UO KÕâß~°∞? ("≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ÉèÏQÆO)† Jã¨Ê„â◊√ºÅ q=ÚH˜Î – QÍOnè (Ô~O_À ÉèÏQÆO)†
ã¨OѨÙ@O. 9, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£† PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò „ѨÉèí∞`«fi=Ú, 1994.
37
ã¨"∞≥ Hÿ ºõ `« JOâ◊OÃÑ· =∞iH˘O`« J=QÍǨÏ# H˘~°‰Ωõ K«∂_»O_ç. Chinnaiah, Jangam. (1998)
'Sub-Caste consciousness and challenges before Dalit intellectuals,' in
Mainstream, March 14, pp : 7-8 & 32.
35
WHõ, =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å∞ "åkã¨∞Î<åfl@∞¡QÍ ^Œo`« â◊H˜Îx JO`«"≥ÚOkOKÕ ~å[H©Ü«∞
‰õΩ„>Ë =sæHõ~°} J~Ú`Õ ~ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ H˘xfl „Ѩâ◊flʼnõΩ ã¨=∂^è•#O HÍ"åe. "å~°∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯O@∞#fl
^Œo`« â◊HÎ̃ Z=ik? P â◊HÎ̃Ö’x ^Œo`«∞Öˇ=~°∞? HÍ~°OKÕ_»∞ `«~°∞"å`« U~°Ê_ç# ^Œo`« =∞Ǩã¨ÉèíÖ’
=∂kQÆÅ∞, =∂ÅÅ∞, Pk PO„^èŒ∞Å∞ ~ÚOHÍ Z<Àfl ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ HõÅã≤ Ѩx KÕâß~Ú.
^Œo`«∞ÅÃÑ· [iy# ǨÏ`«ºÅ‰õΩ, J`åºKå~åʼnõΩ, Ç≤ÏOã¨Å‰õΩ, J==∂<åʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ
JO^Œ~°∂ Hõeã≤ áÈ~å_®~°∞. 1994Ö’ [iy# ~åR âßã¨#ã¨Éèí ZxflHõÅÖ’ a.Zãπ.Ñ≤. `«~°Ñ¶¨Ù#
„ѨKå~°O KÕã≤# "åiÖ’ ‰õÄ_® Ô~O_»∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ "å~°∞ L<åfl~°∞. J~Ú`Õ =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å
q^•º, L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’, `« = ∞ =O`« ∞ `« = ∞‰õ Ω ~å"åÅx J_» Q Æ _ » O , JO^Œ ∞ ‰õ Ω =∂ÅÅ∞
x~åHõiOK«_»O`À áê@∞ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ PO^Àà◊# KÕѨ\ ˜ì# `«~°∞"å`« =∂kQÆÅ∞, =∂ÅÅ∞
"Õ~°∞"Õ~°∞ ‰õΩOѨ@¡~Ú# q+¨Ü«∞O qk`«"Õ∞. =∂kQÆ, =∂Å, Ô~e¡, Pk PO„^èŒ∞Å ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞
Hõeã≤ L#flѨC_»∞ ^Œo`« â◊HÎ̃ HÍx, Z=iH˜ "å~°∞ "Õ~°~Ú#ѨC_»∞ Jk =∂kQÆ â◊HÀÎ, =∂Åâ◊HÀÎ
J=Ù`«∞Ok. JO`ÕQÍx =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å∞ "åkã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡QÍ ^Œo`« â◊H˜Î HÍ^Œ∞. WOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ
K≥áêÊÅO>Ë ^Œo`«∞Å (=∂kQÆÅ) Jaè=$kúH˜ ^Œo`«∞ÖË (=∂ÅÖË) J_»∞¤QÀ_»Å∞ Hõ\ ˜ì#ѨÙ_»∞ P
‰õÄ@q∞Ö’ SHõº`« ÖË^Œ∞, â◊HÎ̃ JO`«HõO>Ë ÖË^Œ∞.
J~Ú`Õ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« J<Õ JOâßxfl 1) ™ê=∂lHõ 2) ~å[H©Ü«∞, =∞iÜ«Ú3) Pi÷Hõ
^Œ$HÀ¯}ÏÅ #∞O_ç ѨijeOK«=Åã≤ LOk. "≥Ú^Œ@k, =∞#∞^èŒ~°‡âßGO Éèí~°`« *Ïux S^Œ∞
=~åæÅ∞QÍ peÛ q_»nã≤#>Ë¡ „Ѩu=~åæxfl ‰õÄ_® ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞QÍ, LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞QÍ, LѨ–LѨ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞QÍ
q_»Q˘\˜ì xK≥Û# "≥∞@¡ ™ê=∂lHõ =º=ã¨÷Ö’ U "≥∞@∞ìÖ’ L#fl "åi =∞^茺 ‰õÄ_® SHõº`«
ÖˉõΩO_® KÕÜ«∞QÆeyOk. XˆH "≥∞@∞ì g∞^Œ L#fl ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 Z<Àfl JO`«~° ^˘O`«~°Å`Àáê@∞
P ‰õΩÖÏňH (=~åæňH) Ѩiq∞`«"≥∞ÿ# XHõ 'q∞x ÃÇ·Ï~åi¯— (Mini Hierarchy) LO@∞Ok.
WHõ¯_» F q+¨Ü«∂xfl QÆ=∞xOKåe. „H˜Ok =~åæÅ ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 Z<Àfl `Õ_®Å∞, qÉèí[#Å∞
L#flѨÊ\˜H© ÃÑ·=~°æO "åiH˜ „H˜Ok =~åæÅ „Ѩ[ÅO^Œ~°∂ XHõ>Ë. =∂kQÆ, =∂Å, Pk–PO„^èŒ,
Ô~e¡ Jx ^Œo`«∞Å =∞^茺 qÉèí[#Å∞ L#flѨÊ\˜H© Hõ=∞‡Å‰õΩ, Ô~_»¡‰õΩ, "≥Å=∞ʼnõΩ ~ÚOHÍ
J@∞=O\˜ ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åiH˜ ^Œo`«∞Å =∞^茺QÆÅ `Õ_®Å`À, qÉèí[#Å`À ã¨O|O^èŒO ÖË^Œ∞.
WOHÍ q=~°} ~Ú"åfiÅO>Ë HÍ~°OKÕ_»∞Ö’ =∂kQÆÅÃÑ· =∂~°}Ǩϟ=∞O ã¨$+≤ìOz# Hõ=∞‡Å‰õΩ
=∂Å "åiÃÑ· „¿Ñ=∞ L#fl@∞¡ HÍ^Œ∞. K«∞O_»∂~°∞Ö’ =∂ÅÅ#∞ TK«HÀ`« HÀã≤# Ô~_»¡‰õΩ =∂kQÆÅÃÑ·
PáêºÜ«∞`« L#fl@∞¡ HÍ^Œ∞. h~°∞H˘O_», Ñ≤ѨÊ~°, Ѩki‰õΩѨÊO ÖÏO\˜ ã¨OѶ¨∞@#ÖË ~ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ
„Ѩ|Å x^Œ~°≈#=Ú. `«=∞ ™ê=∂lHõ PkèѨ`åºxfl, ÃÑ`«ÎO^•i`«<åxfl „ѨtflOKÕ =∂kQÆ~Ú<å,
=∂Å~Ú<å, =∞OQÆÅ~Ú<å PkèѨ`«º ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ XHõ>Ë. ^Œo`«∞ÅÃÑ· g~°∞ ™êyã¨∞Î#fl J}z"Õ`«
K«~°ºÖË ~ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ ™êH∆ͺÅ∞. W\ì̃ K«~°ºÅ‰õΩ K«~°=∞w`«O áê_®ÅO>Ë J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺
SHõº`« `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i. Jk XHõ ™ê=∂lHõ J=ã¨~°`«. WOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë ™ê=∂lHõ
36
HÀ_≥<åQÆ∞Å Éèí~°`«O Ѩ\ÏìÅO>Ë K«ep=∞Å =∞^茺 SHõº`« J=ã¨~°O ÖË^• P p=∞Å q<åâ◊#O
`«Ñ¨Êxã¨i. HÍ~°OKÕ_»∞, K«∞O_»∂~°∞, h~°∞H˘O_» ~ÚOHÍ Z<Àfl ^•~°∞} ã¨OѶ¨∞@#ÅÖ’ =∂kQÆÅ∞,
=∂ÅÅ∞ ~ÚOHÍ ~Ú`«~° J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, =~åæÅ∞ XHõiH˘Hõ~°∞ ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞,
KÕÜ«¸`« xK«∞Û‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. D<å\˜ '^ŒO_À~å,— '=∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞—Å∞ XHõ <å\˜H˜ L<åfl ÖˉõΩ<åfl
xK≥Û# "≥∞@¡ =º=ã¨÷ H˘#™êy#O`« HÍÅO ^Œo`«∞ÅÃÑ· ^•~°∞}ÏÅ∞ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∂<Õ LO\Ï~Ú. P
^•_»∞Å#∞ uÑ≤ÊH˘\ÏìÅO>Ë Ñ¨~°ã¨Ê~° ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O`À ã¨"≥∞ÿHõºOQÍ LO_»_»"Õ∞ JѨÊ\˜H©–~ÚѨÊ\˜H©
J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# ^Œo`«∞Å ™ê=∂lHõ PÜ«Ú^èŒO.
Ô~O_»=k, 'J}K«|_»¤ =~åæÅ "åà◊§ ã¨OˆH∆=∂xfl HÍáê_»∞HÀ=_»O HÀã¨O, âßã¨#
HÍ~°ºx~°fiǨÏ}ÏkèHÍ~åÅ#∞ „ѨÉÏè q`«O K≥Ü∞« º_®xH˜—38 ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ K«@ãì ɨ Åíè Ö’ „áêux^躌 O HõeÊOK«_O»
[iyOk. 1937Ö’ [iy# ZxflHõÅ ^ŒQ~æÆ ° #∞O_ç D<å\˜ =~°‰Ωõ (P~üÑS≤ , aÜ«∞ãπÑ≤ ÖÏO\˜ H˘xfl
L^•Ç¨Ï~°}Å∞ q∞#Ǩ~ÚOz) ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ ˆH\Ï~ÚOz# ã‘@¡Ö’ Z#∞flHÀ|_ç# Ü«∞O.ZÖò.UÅ∞,
Ü«∞O.Ñ≤.Å∞ ^Œo`«∞Å~Ú#ѨÊ\˜H© P ã‘@¡ ^•fi~å ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞#flk HÍO„ÔQãπ, a*ˇÑ≤,
`≥Å∞QÆ∞^Õâ◊O ~ÚOHÍ ~Ú`«~° áêsìÅ∞. ¿Ñ~°∞‰õΩ ^Œo`« „Ѩ*τѨux^èŒ∞Å~Ú<å "åã¨Î=OÖ’
PÜ«∂ áêsìÅ "≥∞O|~°∞¡ HÍ|\˜ì "å~°∞ P áêsìʼnõΩ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ #_»∞K«∞‰õΩO\ψ~ QÍx,
^Œo`«∞Å Jcè+¨ìO "Õ∞~° =∂„`«O HÍ^Œ∞. WOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë Z=i „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞
HÍáê_»\ÏxÔH·`Õ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ K«@ìã¨ÉèíÅÖ’ „áêux^茺O HõeÊOKå~À "åi „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ `«∞OQÆÖ’
`˘H˜¯ "åix ™ê=∂lHõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞, Pi÷Hõ J}z"Õ`«‰õΩ QÆ∞i KÕ¿ã "åi „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ HÍáê_»@O
[~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ T_çQÆO #∞O_ç |Ü«∞@Ѩ_ç ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ x["≥∞ÿ#
„Ѩux^èŒ∞Å∞QÍ =∂~åÅO>Ë, ѨiáêÅ#Ö’ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO ~å"åÅO>Ë J}QÍi#
‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 ~å[H©Ü«∞ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i.
=¸_»=k Pi÷Hõ ^Œ$HÀ¯}O: ^Œo`«∞Å ™ê=∂lHõ =∞#∞QÆ_»‰õΩ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ Z^Œ∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ‰õΩ
J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`«#∞ "åi Pi÷Hõ J=HÍâßÅ`À =Ú_çÃÑ@ìÖË=Ú. JÖÏ =Ú_ç ÃÑ@ì_»O
=º‰õΩÎÅ`Àáê@∞ ã¨=¸Ç¨Å (‰õΩÖÏÅ) Jaè=$kúH˜ Q˘_»¤eÃÑ@∞ì. q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ, ~å[H©Ü«∞
J=HÍâßÅÖ’ ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅxflO\˜x XHõ =~°æOQÍ KÕã≤ ~å*ϺOQÆO HõeÊOz# i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡
15 âß`«O. 15 âß`«O i[ˆ~fi+¨<£Å∞ JO>Ë L^•Ç¨Ï~°}‰õΩ =O^Œ ã‘@∞¡#fl q^•ºã¨Oã¨÷Ö’
~å*ϺOQÆO „ѨHÍ~°O ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ =KÕÛ ã‘@¡ ã¨OYº 15. "≥Ú`«ÎO [<åÉèÏ âß`«OÖ’ ^Œo`«∞Å
[<åÉèÏ âß`«O 15 QÍ|\ì̃ D 15 ã‘@∞¡ "åiH˜ ~å=_»O ã¨=∞O[ã¨"≥∂. J~Ú`Õ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ
15 âß`«O ã‘@¡O>Ë ^Œo`«∞ÅÖ’ 15 âß`«O =∞OkˆH J=HÍâßÅ∞. JO>Ë q^•º ~°OQÆOÖ’,
L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÆOÖ’, ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ „Ѩu =O^Œ=∞Ok ^Œo`«∞ÅÖ’ Ѩk¿ÇÏ#∞ =∞OkˆH
38
Ambedkar, B.R. (1994) Op.cit. p. 378.
37
J=HÍâßÅ∞ ^˘~°∞‰õΩ`å~Ú. WHõ¯_» Ô~O_»∞ q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞ ã¨Ê+ì̈O KÕÜ«∂e. "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜k, J=HÍâßÅ∞
Ѩk¿ÇÏ#∞ âß`«O =∞OkˆH HÍ|\ì̃ q∞ye# Z#Éè̌· S^Œ∞ âß`«O =∞OkH˜ Z@∞=O\˜ J=HÍâßÅ∞
LO_»=Ù. J=HÍâßÅ∞ ÖËx D 85 âß`«O ^Œo`«∞Å∞ `«=∞ rq`åO`«O „QÍ=∂ÅÖ’ =º=™êÜ«∞
‰õÄbÅ∞QÍ<À, Ѩ@ì}ÏÅÖ’ HÍi‡‰õΩÅ∞QÍ<À „=∞yæáÈ=_»O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. Ô~O_»=k, ^Œo`«
=~°æO JO>Ë ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞O. D ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞OÖ’x „Ѩu ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ XHõ
ã¨fi`«O„`« „ѨuѨuÎ, QÆ∞iÎOѨ٠L<åfl~Ú. XHõ =ºHÎ̃ ^Œo`« ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂xH˜ K≥Ok#"å_≥·#ѨÊ\˜H˜
J`«x Jã≤÷`«fiO „áê^èŒq∞HõOQÍ J`«x ‰õΩÅO ^•fi~å<Õ U~°Ê_»∞`«∞Ok. JO>Ë =∂kQÆÅ∞–=∂ÅÅ∞
^Œo`«∞Å~Ú#ѨÊ\˜H© =∂kQÆÅ∞–=∂ÅÅ∞ HÍ~°∞, =∂ÅÅ∞–=∂kQÆÅ∞ HÍ~°∞. Z=i ã¨fi`«O„`«
Jã≤÷`«fiO "åiH˜ LOk. D q=~°} P^è•~°OQÍ Ñ¨k¿ÇÏ#∞ âß`«O J=HÍâßÅÖ’ „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞
á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞#fl P H˘kÌ =∞Ok (Privileged Few) U ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ K≥Ok# "å~°x Ѩije¿ãÎ JkèHõ
"≥Ú`«ÎOÖ’ =∂Å ("åi LѨ) ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ K≥Ok# =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ Jx „ѨÉèí∞`«fi x"ÕkHõÅ ^•fi~å `Õe#
q+¨Ü«∞O. ‰õΩÖÏÅ`À xq∞`«ÎO ÖˉõΩO_® ^Œo`«∞ÅO^Œ~°∂ Jaè=$kú K≥O^•e. J~Ú`Õ Jaè=$kú
K≥O^Œ_®xH˜ J=HÍâßÅ∞ Ju ã¨fiÅÊOQÍ LO_»_»O, P ã¨fiÅÊ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ ‰õÄ_® XˆH ‰õΩÅO
"å~°∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=_»O, ÃÑ·QÍ D qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩ#fl ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ "åˆ~ =∞~°ÖÏ =∞~°ÖÏ
qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=_»O =Å# q∞ye# ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ "å~°∞ ^•i„^ŒºOÖ’, J*Ï˝#OÖ’, =ÚiH˜
‰õ Ä áêÅÖ’ „=∞yæ á È=_» O [~° ∞ QÆ ∞ `« ∞ Ok. JO^Œ ∞ =Å# 㨠" ≥ ∞ ÿ H õ º `« J<Õ JOâßxfl
™ê=∂lHõ–~å[H©Ü«∞ HÀ}ÏÅ #∞O_ç K«∂z#@∞¡QÆ QÍHõ Pi÷Hõ JOâßÅ`À "Õ~°∞ KÕã≤ K«∂_»=Åã≤#
J=ã¨~°O LOk. JO>Ë aè#fl ã¨=∞㨺ʼnõΩ, aè#fl J=ã¨~åʼnõΩ aè#fl Ѩiëê¯~åÅ∞, aè#fl ^Œ$HõÊ^ä•Å∞
J=ã¨~°=∞=Ù`å~Ú. JO`ÕQÍx XHõ ã¨=∞㨺 Ѩiëê¯~°O =∞~˘Hõ ã¨=∞㨺 Ѩiëê¯~åxH˜ '=∂~°æO—
HÍ=K«∞Û HÍx Ѩiëê¯~°O HÍ^Œ∞.
WHõ, '=sæHõ~°} =^Œ∞Ì, J#fl^Œ=Ú‡Å∞QÍ LO>Ë<Õ =Ú^Œ∞Ì— J<Õ ‰õΩ@∞O| ѨiÉèÏ+¨#∞
„ѨÜ≥∂yã¨∞Î#fl =∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞ "å^•xfl Pi÷Hõ HÀ}O #∞O_ç Ѩije^•ÌO.39 #Å∞QÆ∞~°∞
H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ∞#fl F J=∞‡ ^èŒ#=O`«∞~åÅ~Ú`Õ ‰õΩO_» xO_® J#flO =O_ç U H˘_»∞‰õΩH˜ ZO`«
J#flO HÍ"åÖ’ JO`« J#flO ÃÑ_»∞`«∞Ok. J#flO ‰õΩO_»xO_® LO_»_»O`À U=_çH˜ ZO`«
HÍ"åÖ’ JO`« =_ç¤OK«∞‰õΩ u<Õ J=HÍâ◊O LOk. HÍ|\˜ì #Å∞QÆ∞~°∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ =∞^茺 P
J<åflxfl "å\ÏÅ∞ "Õã¨∞HÀ=_»O J<Õ ã¨=∞㨺 ~å^Œ∞. J~Ú`Õ J=∞‡ ¿Ñ^Œ~åÅ~Ú`Õ ‰õΩO_»xO_®
39
'‰õΩ@∞O|O,— 'J#fl^Œ=Ú‡Å∞— ÖÏO\˜ ÉèÏ=#Å P^è•~°OQÍ =sæHõ~°} =^ŒÌO@∞#fl =∂Å
=∞Ǩ<å_»∞ "å^Œ##∞ ѨijeOKÕ xq∞`«Î"Õ∞ ~ÚHõ¯_» 'J#fl^Œ=Ú‡Å∞— J<Õ Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨ ÉèÏ+¨#∞
"å_»@O [iyOk. WÖÏ "å_»_®xfl ¢ã‘ÎÅ#∞ ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀ#@∞¡QÍ ÉèÏqOK«~å^Œ∞.
'^Œo`« „Ѩ[ÅO>Ë J#fl^Œ=Ú‡ÖË<å, JHõ¯K≥Öˇ¡à◊√§ ÖË~å— Jx ^Œo`« ѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅ#∞ xÅnã¨∞Î#fl
^Œo`« ¢ã‘ÎʼnõΩ D "åºã¨Hõ~°Î =∞^Œ∞Ì`«∞ ѨÅ∞‰õΩ`«∞<åfl_»∞.
38
J#flO =O_»∞‰õΩ<Õ ™È÷=∞`« ÖËHõ ã¨QÍxˆH =O_»QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. #Å∞QÆ∞~°∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ∞ `«$Ñ≤ÎQÍ
Éè’[#O K≥Ü«∞º_®xH˜ ã¨QÆO ‰õΩO_» ã¨iáÈ^Œ∞ HÍ|\ì̃ P J=∞‡ `«#∞ =O_ç# J<åflxfl #Å∞QÆ∞~°∞
H˘_»∞‰õΩÅH˜ ÃÑ@ì_®xH˜ Ô~O_»∞ Ѩ^Œú`«∞Å∞ áê\˜ã¨∞ÎOk. ÃÑ^ŒÌH˘_»∞‰õΩ–z#fl H˘_»∞‰õΩ J<Õ `Õ_®
ÖˉõΩO_® L#fl H˘OK«O J<åfl<Õfl <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ÉèÏQÍÅ∞ KÕã≤ #Å∞QÆ∞~°∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#OQÍ
ѨOK«_»O XHõ Ѩ^Œúu. XHõ H˘_»∞‰õΩH˜ ~ÚOH˘Hõ H˘_»∞‰õΩH˜ =∞^茺 =Ü«∞ã¨∞ûÅ∞ `Õ_® LO\Ï~Ú.
ÃÑ^ŒÌH˘_»∞‰õΩ u#QÆeˆQ@O`«\ ˜ J<åflxfl Ô~O_»= H˘_»∞‰õΩ u#ÖË_»∞. Ô~O_»= H˘_»∞‰õΩ
u#QÆeˆQ@O`«\ ˜ J<åflxfl =¸_»= H˘_»∞‰õΩ u#ÖË_»∞. J^Õ q^èŒOQÍ =¸_»= H˘_»∞‰õΩ
u#QÆeˆQ@O`«\ ˜ J<åflxfl <åÅ∞QÆ= H˘_»∞‰õΩ u#ÖË_»∞. WOHõ, ÃÑ^ŒÌH˘_»∞‰õΩH˜ <åÅ∞QÆ∞= H˘_»∞‰õΩH˜
=∞^茺 =Ü«∞ã¨∞û `Õ_® Z‰õΩ¯= LO@∞Ok HÍ|\˜ì "åo§^ŒÌ~°∞ u#QÆeˆQ ™ê=∞~°÷ºOÖ’ ‰õÄ_®
`Õ_® LO@∞Ok. J@∞=O@ѨC_»∞ #Å∞QÆ∞i H˘_»∞‰õΩÅH˜ ã¨=∂#OQÍ J#flO ÃÑ@ì_»=∞<Õ Ñ¨^Œúux
Hõh㨠*Ï˝#=Ú#fl U `«e¡ áê\˜OK«^Œ∞. 'Z^Œ∞Ì#∞ |\˜ì "Õ∞`« "≥Ü«∞º=∞<Õ— =º=™êÜ«∞^•~°∞_ç
PÖ’K«#Ö’, 'a_»¤ á⁄@ì#∞ |\˜ì J#flO ÃÑ@ì=∞<Õ— `«e¡ PÖ’K«#Ö’QÆÅ 'ã¨Ç¨Ï[ <åºÜ«∂xfl—
=∞#O ~ÚHõ¯_» QÆ=∞xOK«=K«∞Û.
ÃÑ·q=~°} P^è•~°OQÍ ÉèÏ~°`« ~å*ϺOQÆOÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ HõeÊOz# Ѩ^Œúux J~°÷O
KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û. ^Œo`«∞Å∞, Pk"åã‘Å∞, "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# =~åæÅ∞, ‰õΩÅÇ≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ∞ („ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞,
Hõ∆„uÜ«ÚÅ∞, "≥·â◊√ºÅ∞), "≥∞ÿ<åsìÅ∞–~ÚÖÏ Z<Àfl =~åæÅ∞QÍ L#fl Éèí~°`« *ÏuH˜ q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ,
~å[H©Ü«∞ J=HÍâߊѨOѨHõOÖ’ fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl ã¨∂„`«O [<åÉèÏ „áêuѨkHõ. *Ïu Ѩk =~åæÅ∞QÍ
(L^•Ç¨Ï~°}Ö’) LO>Ë L#fl J=HÍâßÅ#∞ Ѩk ã¨=∂#"≥∞ÿ# "å\ÏÅ∞QÍ qÉèílOK«‰õΩO_® U
=~°æOÖ’ ZO`« [<åÉèÏ LO^À ^•x P^è•~°OQÍ<Õ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ ~Ú=fi_»O [iyOk.40 JO>Ë
ÃÑ· q=~°}Ö’ ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl@∞¡QÍ J#flO ѨOѨHõOÖ’x '=Ü«∞ã¨∞û#∞ |\ì̃ ѨOѨHõOÖ’ÖÏ— [<åÉèÏ#∞
|\ì̃ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ ѨOK«_»O [iyOk. =ÚO^Œ\ ˜ ¿ÑrÅÖ’ q=iOz#@∞¡ =∂kQÆÅ∞ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ
HõeÊOz# i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡Ö’ =sæHõ~°}#∞ K≥Ü«∞º=∞<Õ _ç=∂O_£x ‰õÄ_® D =Ü«∞ã¨∞ûx |\ì̃ J#flO
ѨOѨHõO J<Õ ã¨Ç¨Ï[ <åºÜ«∞ ã¨∂„`åxH˜ Hõ@∞ì|_Õ KÕÜ«∞_»O [iyOk.
J#flO ѨOѨHÍ<Õfl ~ÚOHÀ HÀ}O #∞O_ç PÖ’zOz =∂ÅÅ∞ =sæHõ~°} =ºuˆ~Hõ`«#∞
Ѩije^•ÌO.J=∞‡ J#flO =O_ç `«# #Å∞QÆ∞~°∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩʼnõΩ =_ç¤OK«_®xH˜ XHõ ã¨=∞Ü«∂xfl
x~°‚~ÚOK«_»O KÕã≤Ok (‰õΩO_» ã¨QÍxˆH =O_ç# ^Œiq∞à◊). P x~°‚~ÚOz# ã¨=∞Ü«∂xH˜ =ÚO^Õ
Ô~O_»= H˘_»∞‰õΩ P ã¨QÆO ‰õΩO_»OÖ’x J<åflxfl Ô~O_»∞ Ѩ~åºÜ«∂Å∞ Éèí∞lOK«_»O [iy`Õ,
40
WHõ¯_» XHõ¯ q+¨Ü«∞O ã¨Ê+ì̈OQÍ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe. q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ 15 âß`«O,
Pk"åã‘ʼnõΩ 7 âß`«O, "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ 27 âß`«O ("≥Ú`«OÎ 49 âß`«O) i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ HõeÊOK«_O»
JO>Ë q∞ye# 51 âß`«O J=HÍâßÅ#∞ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ q∞ye# =~åæʼnõΩ i[~°∞fi KÕÜ∞« _»=∞x J~°O÷ .
39
J`«xH˜ q∞ye# =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ`À =_ç¤OK«=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O Ô~O_»∞HÍ~°}ÏÅ∞QÍ LO_»^Œ∞.
XHõ\ ˜, JѨÊ\˜H© Ô~O_»∞™ê~°∞¡ Éè’[#O KÕã≤ =¸_»=™êi Éè’[<åxH˜ ‰õÄ~°∞Û#fl"å_ç PHõeH˜ –
"≥Ú@ì"≥Ú^Œ\ ˜™êi Éè’[#O KÕã¨∞Î#fl "åi PHõeH˜ =∞^茺 ZO`À `Õ_® LO@∞Ok. giH˜
Éè ’ [#O „|`« H õ _ ®xH˜ J=㨠~ ° = ∞~Ú`Õ "å_ç H ˜ Éè ’ [#O „|`« H õ _ ®xH˜ HÍ^Œ ∞ . WHõ ¯ _»
"≥Ú@ì"≥Ú^Œ\ ˜™êi Éè’[#O K≥Ü«∞º_®xfl „|`«Hõ_®xH˜ J=ã¨~°OQÍ =∞#O J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe.
Ô~O_»=™êi Éè’[#O J#flѨC_»∞ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ Ѩ~åºÜ«∞Ѩ٠J=ã¨~°O LO_»^Œ∞. D J=ã¨~° ™ê÷#OÖ’
™œY~°ºO =ã¨∞ÎOk. JO>Ë Ô~O_»= H˘_»∞‰õΩ Ô~O_»=™êi Éè’[#O K≥Ü«∞º_»O J<Õk ™œY~°ºO
HÀã¨"Õ∞QÍx J=ã¨~°O HÀã¨O HÍ^Œ∞. D „Hõ=∞OÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ Ѩ~åºÜ«∞Ѩ٠'J=ã¨~°O— f~°∞ÛH˘x
Ô~O_»= Ѩ~åºÜ«∞Ѩ٠'™œY~°ºO— á⁄Ok# "å_çH˜ =¸_»=™êi ‰õÄ_® Éè’[#O JO>Ë J\˜ì
Éè’[#O "å_çH˜ 'qÖÏã¨O— J=Ù`«∞Ok. J=ã¨~åxH˜–qÖÏ™êxH˜ =∞^茺QÆÅ `Õ_®#∞ ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜
fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë =¸_»=™êi Éè’[<åxH˜ ‰õÄ~˘Û#fl Ô~O_»= H˘_»∞‰õΩH˜ Éè’[#O ÃÑ@ì=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O
ÖË^Œ∞. Ô~O_»∞, "≥Ú@ì"≥Ú^Œ\ ˜™êi Éè’[#O KÕã¨∞Î#fl =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ`À JѨÊ\˜ˆH Ô~O_»∞
Ѩ~åºÜ«∂Å∞ Éè’[#O KÕã≤# Ô~O_»= H˘_»∞‰õΩ#∞ áÈe¿ãÎ ~Ú`«#∞ `«#‰õΩ HÍ=Åã≤# XHõ¯
"å\Ï`À áê@∞ J^Œ#OQÍ ~ÚOH˘Hõ "å\Ï Éè’[<åxfl P~°yOK«_O» [iyOk. J@∞=O@ѨC_»∞
=∞~˘Hõ¯™êi Éè’[#O JO>Ë `«# "å\Ï`À áê@∞ J^Œ#OQÍ Ô~O_»∞ "å\ÏÅ Éè’[<åxfl
á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞#fl@∞¡. J`«#∞ 'á⁄O^Œ@O— JO>Ë q∞ye# =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ∞ `«=∞‰õΩ L=∞‡_çQÍ
~å=Åã≤# "å\ÏÖ’ ÉèÏQÍxfl 'HÀÖ’Ê=@O— Jx J~°O÷ . XHõ¯ =∂@Ö’ ~°∂áê~Úx L^•Ç¨Ï~°}QÍ
fã¨∞H˘x K≥áêÊÅO>Ë ~°∂áê~ÚÖ’ #Å∞QÆ∞i H˘_»∞‰õΩÅH˜ ã¨=∂# "å\Ï JO>Ë #Å∞QÆ∞iH˜
<åÅ∞QÆ∞ áê=àÏÅ∞. JÖÏ H͉õΩO_® XHõ¯_»∞ `«#‰õΩ ~å=Åã≤# "å\Ï`À áê@∞ J^Œ#OQÍ
Ô~O_»∞ "å\ÏÅ∞ á⁄O^Œ_»O JO>Ë `«#‰õΩ ~å=Åã≤# áê=àÏ`Àáê@∞ J^Œ#OQÍ J~°÷ ~°∂áê~Úx
á⁄O^Œ_»O. WHõ ~°∂áê~ÚÖ’ =ÚáêÊ=à◊ áÈQÍ q∞ye# áê=àÏ#∞ (XHõ¯_ç "å\Ï#∞) =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∞
ѨOK«∞HÀ"åe.
D K«~°Û P^è•~°OQÍ =sæHõ~°} JOâßxfl Ѩije¿ãÎ 1950Ö’ ~å*ϺOQÆO
J=∞Å∞Ö’H˜ =zÛ# "å\˜ #∞O_ç 2000Å ã¨O=`«û~°O =~°‰õΩ JO>Ë Ü«∂Éèˇ· ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞
^Œo`«∞Å L=∞‡_ç i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞ÅÖ’ J„QÆÉèÏQÍxfl =∂Å ‰õΩÖÏxˆH K≥Ok#"å~°∞ á⁄O^Œ@O
[iyOk. ^Œo`«∞Å∞ q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ J=HÍâßÅÖ’ XHõ¯ ‰õΩÅO "å~°∞ 'á⁄O^ŒQÍ—
P "Õ∞~°‰õΩ q∞ye# ‰õΩÖÏÅ "å~°∞ 'HÀÖ’Ê=_»O— [iyOk. HÍ|\ì̃ J\ì̃ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ HÀÖ’Ê~Ú#
"åiH˜ #+¨ìѨiǨ~°O ~Ú"åfie. ~ÚÖÏ #+¨ìѨiǨ~°O ~Ú=fi_»=∞O>Ë ~Ú<Õflà◊√§ =∂ÅÅ∞
qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩ#fl J=HÍâßÅ#∞ ~Ú`«~° ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ ~Ú=fi_»O. J~Ú`Õ, J#∞ÉèíqOz#
J=HÍâßÅ#∞ uiy ~Ú=fi_»O Jã¨OÉèí=O, HÍx #+ì̈ѨiǨ~°O `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i. W@∞=O\˜ ã≤÷uÖ’
QÀK«~°=∞ÜÕ∞º XˆH XHõ =∂~°æO QÆ`«OÖ’ =∂Å ‰õΩÅO á⁄Ok# J=HÍâßÅ#∞ ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜
40
fã¨∞H˘x q∞ye# ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_® ã¨=∞`«∞ź`« H˘~°‰õΩ Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å∞
=∂ÅÅ∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ‰õΩO_® x"åiOK«_»"Õ∞. JO>Ë gix Ü«∞ãπã≤ *Ïa`å #∞O_ç
`˘ÅyOK«@"Õ∞.41 J~Ú`Õ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£Ö’ QÆ`« Ü«∂Éèˇ· ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞QÍ `«=∞ ‰õΩÅ
[#ã¨OYº‰õΩ q∞Oz i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å#∞ á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞#fl =∂ÅÅ#∞ Ü«∞ãπã≤ *Ïa`å #∞O_ç
`˘ÅyOK«=∞<Õ _ç=∂O_£ ÖË^Œ∞. ‰õΩÅѨ~°OQÍ PÖ’zOz#ѨÙ_»∞ =∂kQÆ ‰õΩÅO HõO>Ë =∂Å
‰õΩÅO Jxfl ~°OQÍÅÖ’ =ÚO^ŒO[Ö’ L#flѨÊ\˜H© =∂Å ‰õΩÅOÖ’x =º‰õΩÎÅO^Œ~°∂ JÖÏ
=ÚO^ŒO[Ö’ L#fl@∞¡ HÍ^Œ∞. WO`«‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞ K≥Ñ≤Ê#@∞¡QÍ ^Œo`«∞Å i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#∞ =∂Å
‰õΩÖÏxH˜ K≥Ok# XHõ „âı}˜H˜ K≥Ok#"åˆ~ JkèHõOQÍ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=_»O [iyOk. =∂ÅÅÖ’
#∂\˜H˜ `˘OÉèˇ· =∞Ok =∂kQÆÅÖÏQÍ<Õ „QÍ=∂ÅÖ’ =º=™êÜ«∞ ‰õÄbÅ∞QÍ, Ѩ@ì}ÏÅÖ’
k#ã¨i "Õ`«# HÍi‡‰õΩÅ∞QÍ „|`«∞H©_»∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. D =∂Å ¿Ñ^ŒÅ#∞ ^Œ$+≤ìÖ’ LOK«∞‰õΩ#flѨC_»∞
=∂Å ‰õΩÖÏxfl Ü«∞ãπã≤ *Ïa`å #∞O_ç `˘ÅyOK«_»O Jq"ÕHõ"Õ∞ QÍHõ J<åºÜ«∞O ‰õÄ_®
J=Ù`« ∞ Ok. J~Ú`Õ , =∂ÅÅ#∞ Ü« ∞ ãπ ã ≤ *Ïa`å #∞O_ç `˘ÅyOK« ‰ õ Ω O_®, J@∞
=∂kQÆʼnõΩ–~Ú@∞ =∂ÅʼnõΩ ~ÚOHÍ ~Ú`«~° ^Œo`«∞ÅO^ŒiH© <åºÜ«∞O KÕ‰õÄ~åÅO>Ë HõxÊOKÕ
`«H}∆õ =∂~°Oæ : Z=i [#ã¨OYº „ѨHÍ~°O "åiH˜ ~å=Åã≤# J=HÍâßÅ#∞ =sæHiõ OK«∞HÀ=_»"∞Õ .D
q+¨Ü«∂<Õfl ~ÚOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë, =∂kQÆÅ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£Ö’ QÆ`« Ü«∂Éèˇ·
ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞QÍ =∂ÅÅ∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩ#fl ^Œo`«∞ÅO^Œi J=HÍâßÅ ÖˇHõ¯Å _˘Hõ¯Å „Ѩã¨HÎ̃
`≥zÛ#ѨÊ\˜H˜ ~Ú<Õflà◊√§QÍ #+ì̈Ѩ_»¤ `«=∞ ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ #+ì̈ѨiǨ~°O K≥e¡OK«=∞<Õ _ç=∂O_£ ÖË^Œ∞.
P ÖˇHõ¯Å–_˘Hõ¯Å P^è•~°O`À [iy# J<åºÜ«∂xfl |Ç≤Ï~°æ`«O KÕã≤ '[iyáÈ~Ú# ^•x
QÆ∞iOz qKåiOK«Hõ [~°∞QÆ=Åã≤# ^•xÖ’<≥·<å *Ï„QÆ`«ÎѨ_ç, Z=iH˜ K≥O^Œ=Åã≤# "å\Ï#∞
"åiH˜ K≥OkOK«∞‰õΩO^•O— J<Õ HÀiHõ =∂„`«"Õ∞ LOk.
'D q=~åÅ`À PÖ’K«#Å`À ã¨O|O^èŒO ÖË^Œ∞. =sæHõ~°} =^Œ∞Ì–J#fl^Œ=Ú‡Å∞QÍ
LO>Ë<Õ =Ú^Œ∞Ì— J#fl áê`«áê@<Õ =∞~°ÖÏ =∞~°ÖÏ áê_»@=∞O>Ë, 'J<åfl, <Õ#∞ Hõ_»∞Ѩ٠xO_®
41
^Œo`«∞ÅÖ’ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ‰õΩÖÏÖË i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`∞« Å#∞ LѨÜ∂≥ yOK«∞HÀ=_»O`À P J=HÍâßÅ#∞
HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# q∞ye# ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõeÊOKÕ xq∞`«OÎ Ü«∞ãπã≤ *Ïa`å#∞ ã¨=iOK«_®xH˜
ÉèÏ~°`« „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO 1965Ö’ a.Ü«∞<£. Ö’‰õÄ~ü J^茺Hõ∆`« XHõ Hõq∞\©x U~åÊ@∞‰õΩ KÕÜ«∞_»O [iyOk. P
Hõq∞\© „ѨuáêkOz# =ÚYº"≥∞#ÿ ã≤áê¶ ~°∞ûÅÖ’ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ#∞ (L`«~Î „° Ѩ^âÕ ò, cǨ~ü,
ѨO*ÏÉòÅÖ’x K«=∂~°∞,¡ ѨtÛ=∞ ɡOQÍÖò, Xi™êû, cǨ~ü, L`«~Î „° Ѩ^âÕ òÅÖ’x ^ÀcÅ∞ (KåHõÅ∞Å∞)†
=∞Ǩ~åR, =∞^躌 „Ѩ^âÕ òÅÖ’x =∞Ǩ~üÅ∞† PO„^è„Œ Ѩ^âÕ òÖ’x =∂ÅÅ∞† ѨtÛ=∞ ɡOQÍÖòÖ’ <å=∞â◊¥„^Œ∞Å∞,
~å[ÉèOí jÅ∞) Ü«∞ãπã≤ *Ïa`å #∞O_ç `˘ÅyOK«=∞x. „Ѩ[Å Jaè=$kú HõO>Ë „Ѩ[Å "À@¡ÃÑ<· Õ ^Œ$+≤™ì êiOKÕ
~å[H©Ü∞« <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ D Hõq∞\© x"ÕkHõ#∞ K≥`|Ϋ ∞@ì ^•YÖÏ KÕÜ∞« _»O [iyOk. q=~åʼnõΩ K«∂_»O_ç
Galanter, Marc. (1984) Competing Equalities, Op.cit, pp : 136-138.
41
Éè’[#O KÕâß#∞. WHõ h PHõe f~°∞`«∞Ok— Jx J#_»O. `«=Ú‡_»∞ `«$Ñ≤ÎQÍ Éè’[#O KÕ¿ãÎ
J#fl PHõe ZÖÏ f~°∞`«∞Ok, J^≥ÖÏ ™ê^茺O J=Ù`«∞Ok? Z=_ç Hõ_»∞Ѩ٠"å_ç^Õ, Z=_ç PHõe
"å_ç^Õ. HÍ|\ì̃ Z=_ç |∞=fi "å_çH˜ ÃÑ\ÏìeûO^Õ.42
9. ^Œo`«∞Å ÅHõ∆ ºO i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ HÍ~å^Œ∞ – ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O HÍ"åe
q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ 15 âß`«O ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ, 7 âß`«O Pk"åã‘ʼnõΩ, 24
âß`«O â◊¥„^Œ∞ʼnõΩ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#∞ ‰õΩkOz ˆH=ÅO 15 âß`«O L#fl „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ "å~°∞
52 âß`«O =~°‰õΩ J=HÍâßÅ∞ J#∞Éèíqã¨∞Î#flO`« =~°‰õΩ ^Œo`«∞Å ã¨=∞㨺ʼnõΩ ÖË^• W`«~°
"≥#∞Hõ|_ç# =~åæÅ „Ѩ[Å ã¨=∞㨺ʼnõΩ 'Q˘„Ô~`ÀHõ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡—43 Ѩiëê¯~°O HÍ^Œ∞ J<Õ
"åãÎ̈"åxfl =∂ÅÅ`À áê@∞ =∂kQÆÅ∞ ~ÚOHÍ W`«~° J}QÍi# =~åæÅ „Ѩ[Å∞ JOwHõiOKÕ
q+¨Ü«∞O. ÃÑ·QÍ „ѨѨOpHõ~°}, „ÃÑ·"Õ\ ©Hõ~°}Å L^Œú$uÖ’ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi ~°OQÆOÖ’ L^ÀºQÍÅ∞
`«∞_»∞K«∞‰õΩáÈ~Ú# ^Œiq∞ÖÏ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi ~°OQÆOÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ iÅ"≥<£û D<å_»∞ JO`«QÍ
HõxÑ≤OK«^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH ÖËx Q˘„Ô~ `ÀHõ#∞ Ѩ@∞ì‰õΩx „"ÕÖÏ_»@O =∂x L^ÀºQÆ J=HÍâßÅ∞#fl
„ÃÑ·"Õ\ò ~°OQÆO "≥·Ñ¨Ù ^Œ$+≤ì ™êiOKåe. „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ KÕuÖ’ #∞#fl ~å[H©Ü«∞ =∞O„`«
^ŒO_»O ^Œo`«∞Å Jaè=$kúH˜ J_»∞¤Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok. HÍ|\˜ì P =∞O„`« ^ŒO_®xfl `«=∞ KÕuÖ’H˜
fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõeÊOz, "åi L#fluH˜ ÉÏ@Å∞ Ѩ~°K«=K«Ûx aÜ«∞ãπÑ≤
#∞O_ç =∂kQÆÅ∞, =∂ÅÅ∞ JO^Œ~°∂ JOwHõiã¨∞Î#fl q+¨Ü«∞"Õ∞. J~Ú`Õ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O H˘~°‰õΩ
[~°∞Ѩ=Åã≤# áÈ~å@ „Hõ=∞O`Àáê@∞ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O KÕuHõOk# Ñ≤^ŒÑ¨ Ѩi}q∞OKÕ ã¨=∞㨺ÅÃÑ·
J=QÍǨÏ#, XHõ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∞O ÖË#O`«=~°‰õΩ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~° PÖ’K«# PÖ’K«#ˆH Ѩiq∞`«O
J=Ù`«∞Ok HÍx HÍ~°º™ê^èŒ# "≥·Ñ¨Ù #_»Hõ ZÖÏ ™êQÆ∞`«∞Ok? ^Œo`«∞Å JOu=∞ ÅHõ∆O
~å*ϺkèHÍ~° ™ê^èŒ<Õ J~Ú`Õ ˆH=ÅO 17 âß`«"Õ∞ L#fl ^Œo`«∞Å∞ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~åxfl ™êkèOK«_»O
™ê^茺O HÍ^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞‰õΩ W`«~° =~åæÅ, ‰õΩÖÏÅ ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O fã¨∞H˘#=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O LO@∞Ok.
~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O `Õ<≥ `«∞>ˇì J~Ú`Õ `«∞>ˇì #∞O_ç `Õ<≥\ ©QÆÅ∞ ZyiáÈ~Ú KÕuHõOk`Õ P `Õ<≥
ZO`« =∞^èŒ∞~°O! HÍ|\ì̃ JO^Œ~°∂ JÖÏO\˜ `Õ<≥ H˘~°‰õΩ J„~°∞Å∞ KåK«_»O ã¨~°fi™ê^è•~°}O.
~å*ϺkèHÍ~° ™ê^èŒ#Ö’ ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°=∞O>Ë ^•xH˜ ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOz# "åiH˜ ÉèÏQÆO W"åfie. JÖÏ
ÉèÏQÆO W™êÎ~°<Õ #=∞‡HõO ÖˉõΩO_® W`«~°∞Å∞ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O ~Ú=fi~°∞. J~Ú`Õ W`«~°
=~åæÅ, ‰õΩÖÏÅ ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O á⁄O^Œ_®xH˜ =ÚO^Œ∞ K≥@∞ì H˘Hõ~°∞, ѨÙ@ìH˘Hõ~°∞QÍ L#fl ^Œo`«
‰õΩÖÏÅ#∞ XHõ\ ˜QÍ KÕã≤, =∂ÅÅ#fl@∞ìQÍ, XHõ ^Œo`« â◊HÎ̃QÍ U~°Ê~°K«=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O LOk.
42
D Pi÷Hõ HÀ}O kâ◊QÍ <å PÖ’K«#‰õΩ Ѩ^∞Œ #∞ÃÑ\ì̃# ã¨∞nÑÎ̈ Hõq~å*òH˜ Hõ$`«[`˝ Å« ∞.
43
K«„Hõáê}˜, 1990, ѨÙ@ : 16.
42
J~Ú`Õ `«=∞HõO>Ë Pi÷HõOQÍ, ™ê=∂lHõOQÍ, q^•ºÑ¨~°OQÍ `«‰õΩ¯=QÍ L#fl ‰õΩÖÏÅ#∞ z#fl
K«∂Ѩ٠K«∂_»@"Õ∞ HÍHõ JO@~åx`«<åxfl ^Œo`«∞Ö’¡ H˘xfl Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ áê\˜OK«_»O
™ê^è•~°}OQÍ =∞#O QÆ=∞xã¨∞Î#fl q+¨Ü«∞O. D<å\˜ =sæHõ~°} ã¨=∞㨺 áê`« ã¨=∞㨺Å`À
[`«HõÅã≤ ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 ѨÓiOK« Hõ+¨ì`«~°"≥∞ÿ# qѶ¨∂`«O U~°Ê~°zOk. L\˜ìÔHHõ¯ÖËx
"å_»∞ H˘O_»#∞ ZQÆ„ÉωõΩ`å#x „ѨQÆÖσùÅ∞ ѨeH˜#@∞¡ J~°H˘~°QÍ L#fl i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ =ã¨`«∞ÅÖ’
<åºÜ«∞OQÍ K≥O^Œ=Åã≤# ÉèÏQÍxfl ѨOK«\ÏxˆH JÉèíºO`«~åÅ∞ ѨÅ∞‰õΩ`«∞#fl "å~°∞, ˆ~Ѩ\ ˜
~å*ϺkèHÍ~°OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO ~Ú™êÎ~°#fl #=∞‡HõO ÖË^Œ∞. ™ê~åOâ◊OÖ’ ^Œo`« ~å[º ™ê÷Ѩ# JO>Ë
„Ѩã¨∞Î`«O L#fl 'H“\˜Åº ~å[º— ™ê÷<Õ '=∂Å ~å[º— ™ê÷Ѩ#. J}QÍi# =~åæÅ "åiH˜ '„Ѩ*Ï~å[ºO—
HÍ"åeQÍx '‰õΩÅ~å[ºO— J=ã¨~O° ÖË^∞Œ . JO^Œ∞Hˆ `«H} ∆õ ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ g_ç Éèqí +¨º`«∞Î HÍ~°º„Hõ=∞"≥∞#ÿ
'~å[º™ê^èŒ# "≥·Ñ¨Ù ^Œ$+≤ì ™êiOK«O_ç— Jx J#@OÖ’ J~°÷O ÖË^Œ∞.
=∞#q∞ѨC_ÕO KÕÜ∂« e?
„ÉÏǨχ}`«fi ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxH˜, H“\˜Åº ~å[º =º=ã¨÷‰õΩ ÉÏkè`«∞Öˇ·# ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ "åi
[<åÉèÏ ^•=∂ëê ã¨∂„`« „áêuѨkHõÃÑ· q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ J=HÍâßÅÖ’ ^Œo`«∞Å
"å\Ï ^Œo`«∞ÅH˜=fi=Åã≤O^Õ##fl F Ѩ^Œ∞<≥·# PÖ’K«##∞ ÉÏÉÏ ™êÃÇÏKü JOÉË^Œ¯~ü P<å_»∞
~å*ϺOQÆ Ñ¨i+¨`«∞ÎÖ’ fã¨∞‰õΩ~å#@¡~Ú`Õ D<å_»∞ ^Œo`«∞ÅÖ’ H˘O^ŒÔ~·<å P J=HÍâßÅ#∞
á⁄O^ŒQÆey LO_Õ"å~°∞ HÍ^Œ∞ Jx K≥ѨÊ_»OÖ’ Z@∞=O\˜ Juâ◊Ü≥∂H˜ÎQÍx, Jã¨`«º=ÚQÍx
ÖË^Œ∞. S^Œ∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ J=∞Å∞Ö’ XHõ¯ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’ q∞#Ǩ q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ
~°OQÍÅÖ’ ~å*ϺOQÆ|^ŒúOQÍ ÅaèOz# J=HÍâßÅ∞ ^Œo`«∞Å∞ á⁄O^ŒÖËHõáÈÜ«∂~°∞ J#_»O
HõO>Ë x~åHõiOK«|_®¤~°∞ J#_»O ã¨`«º^Œ∂~°O HÍ^Œ∞. J~Ú`Õ J~°H˘~°QÍ ÉèísÎ KÕã≤# MÏmÅÖ’
J=HÍâßÅ#∞ á⁄Ok# "åÔ~=~°x „Ѩtfl¿ãÎ, L`«Î~°„Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’ K«=∂~°∞¡, =∞^茺„Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’ =∞ǨÏ~üÅ∞,
Hõ~å‚@HõÖ’ ǨÏ∏à◊Ü«∂Å∞, `«q∞à◊<å_»∞Ö’ Ѩ~°Ü«∞Å∞, áêÖÏ~üÅ∞, PO„^茄Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’ =∂ÅÅ∞
Jx P ~åR x"ÕkHõÅ∞ K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∞Î#fl QÆ}ÏOHõ q=~åÅ∞. P<å_»∞ ^Œo`« – â◊¥„^Œ ‰õΩÖÏÅÖ’
=zÛ# K≥·`«<åºxH˜ ™êH˜∆QÍ "åi "å^Œ#Ö’x <åºÜ«∂xH˜ Hõ@∞ì|_ç =Åã¨, H“\˜Åº „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÅ∞
q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõeÊOKå~Ú. D<å_»∞ =∂OQÆ∞ÅÖ’ (=∞Ǩ~åR)
=∂kQÆÅÖ’ (PO„^èŒ, Hõ~å‚@Hõ ~å¢ëêìÅ∞), K«H˜¯eÜ«∂~üÅÖ’ (`«q∞à◊<å_»∞) =zÛ# K≥·`«#ºO
JOÉË^Œ¯~ü =∂~åæ<Õ, PÜ«∞# ã¨∂„`«"≥∞ÿ# [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°"Õ∞ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ =sæHõ~°} QÍqOz
U ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ K≥O^Œ=Åã≤# "å\Ï P ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ JO^Œ*ËÜ«∞=∞x J_»∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. P<å\˜ ^Œo`«∞Å
K≥·`«<åºxfl J}z"≥Ü«∞º_®xH˜ „ÉÏǨχ}`åfixH˜ ZÖÏ ™ê^茺O HÍÖË^À, D<å\˜ =∂kQÆÅ
K≥·`«<åºxfl „ѨuѶ¨∞\˜OK«_»O ‰õÄ_® =∂Å`åfixH˜ ™ê^茺O HÍ^Œ∞. PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò „ѨÉèí∞`«fi =sæHõ~°}
K«\Ïìxfl ã¨∞„Ñ‘OHÀ~°∞ì H˘\˜"ì ãÕ #≤ ѨÊ\˜H,© áê~°"¡ ∞≥ O@∞ ^•fi~å K«@Oì `≥KÛÕ =∂~åæxfl =¸ã≤"Ü
Õ ∞« ÖË^∞Œ .
L=∞‡_ç q^è•#OÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ á⁄O^ŒÖËHõáÈ~Ú# ÉÏkè`« ‰õΩÖÏÅxfl JdÅ ÉèÏ~°`« ™ê÷~ÚÖ’
43
F â◊HÎ̃QÍ, F L^Œº=∞OQÍ ~°∂á⁄Ok =sæHõ~°} ™êkèOK«_»O `«^茺O.
J~Ú`Õ ^Œo`«, Pk"åã≤, "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# =~åæÅ K≥·`«<åºxfl J}z "åi ã¨=∞㨺Å#∞
Ѩi+¨¯iOK«HõáÈ=_»"Õ∞ Hõ^• „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæʼnõΩ 'N~å=∞~°Hõ∆— (~å=Ú_»∞ KÕuÖ’ â◊OÉèí∞Hõ
=^èŒ#∞ QÆ∞~°∞ΉõΩ `≥K«∞ÛHÀO_ç). '=∂‰õΩ Ü«∞[=∂#∞Å∞QÍ LO_®Å#flk g∞ Jaè=∞`«O HÍ=K«∞Û.
HÍx, g∞ ÉÏxã¨Å∞QÍ LO_®Åx =∂ÔHO^Œ∞‰õΩO@∞Ok?— J#fl ^èŒ∂ºã≤ _≥_ç*ò =∂@Å#∞ JOÉË^Œ¯~ü
¿Ñ~˘¯#fl@∞¡QÍ 'áêʼnõΩÅ∞QÍ LO_®Å#flk „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ Jaè=∞`«O HÍ=K«∞Û. HÍx,
H“\˜Åº ~å[º=º=ã¨÷Ö’ áêe`«∞Å∞QÍ LO_®Åx J}QÍi# =~åæÅ ÔHO^Œ∞‰õΩO@∞Ok?— =∂Å
<åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl@∞¡QÍ '^Œo`« ~å[º— ™ê÷Ѩ# ÅHõ∆ ºO HÍ"åe.44 J~Ú`Õ P ÅHõ∆ º™ê^èŒ#Ö’
QÆÅ J_»¤O‰õΩÅ QÆ∞iOz =∂Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞, =∂Å`«fi ã≤^•úO`«"Õ`«ÎÅ∞ PÖ’zOK«_»O ÖË^Œ∞.
JO>Ë ÅHõ∆ º P^ŒºO`åÅ∞ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú QÍx PkH˜–JO`åxH˜ QÆÅ =∞^茺 ^Œ∂~åxfl, U~°Ê_Õ
ã¨=∞㨺Å#∞ "å~°∞ ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀ=_»O ÖË^Œ∞. „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º =º=ã¨÷Ö’ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~åxfl
™êkèOKåÅO>Ë "≥∞*Ïi\© „Ѩ[Å =∞^ŒÌ`«∞ `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i. L=∞‡_ç i[ˆ~fi+¨<£Ö’ '=sæHõ~°}— HÍ"åÅx
=∂kQÆÅ∞ ^ŒO_À~åx ™ê÷Ñ≤OK«∞‰õΩO>Ë, 'UH©Hõ~°}—QÍ<Õ LO_®Åx =∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞x =∂ÅÅ∞
U~°Ê~°K«∞H˘<åfl~°∞. ~åROÖ’x XHõ<å\˜ ^Œo`« ‰õÄ@q∞ D<å_»∞ =∂kQÆ ^Œo`« ‰õÄ@q∞,
=∂Å ^Œo`« ‰õÄ@=ÚÅ∞QÍ q_çáÈ=_»O [iyOk.45 ~åR [<åÉèÏÖ’ ˆH=ÅO 7 âß`«OQÍ
44
<å J~°÷OÖ’ '^Œo`« ~å[ºO— JO>Ë '„Ѩ*Ï~å[ºO.— ˆHO„^ŒOÖ’ áêʼnõΩÅ∞QÍ L#fl „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞,
~å¢ëêìÅÖ’ áêʼnõΩÅ∞QÍ L#fl #Ü«∂–„ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞ (Hõ=∞‡Å∞, ~Ô _»∞,¡ "≥Å=∞Å∞, ^Õ=~üÅ∞, eOQÍÜ«∞`ü,
XHõ¯ eOQÍÜ«∞`ü =Ú#flQÆ∞ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# â◊¥„^Œ‰Ωõ ÖÏÅ∞) `å=Ú, `«=∞ ‰õΩÅO, =sæÜÚ« Å∞ „Ѩ[Å∞
HÍ~å? Jx „ѨtflOK«=K«∞Û. „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞, #Ü«∂ – „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å ‰õΩÅ, =~åæÅÖ’x ™ê=∂#∞ºÅ#∞ fã≤
„ѨH¯õ # LOz`Õ, PÜ«∂ ‰õΩÖÏÅ #∞O_ç =zÛ# áêʼnõΩÅ∞ `«=∞ ‰õΩŠѨÙ<å^Œ∞ÅÃÑ#· <Õ `«=∞ ~å[H©Ü∂« kèHÍ~åxfl
xi‡OK«∞H˘<åfl~°∞. PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò J=`«~°} `«~°∞"å`« ~åR ѨQÍæÅ∞ KÕѨ\ ì̃# hÅO ã¨Or=Ô~_ç¤ ^ŒQÆæ~°
#∞O_ç <Õ\ ˜ =ÚYº=∞O„u ~å[âıY~°~Ô _ç¤ =~°‰Ωõ ~Ô _»¡ ‰õΩÅO #∞O_ç ~åQÍ, #O^Œ=¸i `å~°Hõ ~å=∂~å=Ù
J`«x `«~∞° "å`« =zÛ# <å~å K«O„^ŒÉÏ|∞<åÜ«Ú_»∞ Hõ=∞‡ ‰õΩÅO #∞O_ç =KåÛ~°∞. q=~°}Ö’ „Ѩu S^Œ∞
ã¨O=`«û~åÅ H˘Hõ™êi =KÕÛ ZxflHõÅ ^•fi~å JkèHÍ~°O XHõ áêsì #∞O_ç =∞~˘Hõ áêsìH˜ |kb HÍ=K«∞Û.
HÍx Jk Ô~O_»∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^èÕº =∂~°∞`«∞Ok. "≥Ú#fl\˜ =~°‰õΩ ~åRO Hõ=∞‡ ~å[º"≥∞ÿ`Õ <Õ_»∞ Ô~_ç¤ ~å[ºO
#_»∞ã¨∞OÎ k. D q=~°}Ö’ =∞#‰õΩ#flk '„Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞ºO— HÍ^Œ∞ '‰õΩÅ™êfi=∞ºO.— D <ÕÑ^¨ ºŒè OÖ’ ^Œo`«
~å[ºO („Ѩ*Ï~å[ºO) JO>Ë Ñ¨iáêÅ#Ö’ [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O U ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ K≥O^Œ=Åã≤# "å\Ï P
‰õΩÖÏxH˜ K≥O^Œ_»"Õ∞.
45
D ~Ô O_»∞ ‰õÄ@=ÚÅ`Àáê@∞ ~åROÖ’x ^Œo`« ã¨=∂[OÖ’ Z<Àfl âßYÅ∞, qÉèÏQÍÅ∞, ‰õΩOѨ@∞¡,
L<åfl~Ú. ^Œo`« L^ÀºQÆ∞Å ã¨OѶ∞¨ O – =∞~°ÖÏ ~ÚO^Œ∞Ö’ =∂kQÆ L^ÀºQÆ∞Å ã¨OѶ∞¨ O, =∂Å L^ÀºQÆ∞Å
ã¨OѶ¨∞O, ^Œo`« ¢ã‘Î "å^Œ∞Å∞–giÖ’ =∂kQÆ ¢ã‘Î"å^Œ∞Å∞, =∂Å ¢ã‘Î"å^Œ∞Å∞, ^Œo`« =∂i¯ûã¨∞ìÅ∞,
JOÉË^¯Œ iã¨∞Åì ∞ ~ÚOHÍ Z<Àfl ‰õΩÅ, LѨ ‰õΩÖÏÅ ã¨OѶ∂¨ Å∞ L<åfl~Ú. gi =Ú™ê~Ú^•Å#∞, Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞
D "åºã¨OÖ’ ¿Ñ~˘¯#HõáÈ=_»O Hˆ =ÅO "åºã¨Ñi¨ kè s`åºÜÕ∞QÍx "åi Ѩ@,¡ "åi „uHõ~} ° â◊√kú Ѩ@¡
JQ“~°=O`À HÍ^Œx "åºã¨H~õ ΰ =∞#q.
44
K≥ÖÏ¡K≥^Œ∞~°∞QÍ L#fl =∂ÅÅ∞ U JÃãOc¡ ÃãÔQ‡O@∞Ö’#∂ `«=∞‰õΩ `å=ÚQÍ (i[ˆ~fi+¨<£
HÀ\ÏÖ’ `«Ñ¨Ê) F Ü«∞OZÖòUx ÔQeÑ≤OK«∞HÀ=_»O ™ê^茺O HÍ^Œ∞. D Ѩiq∞u [<åÉèÏÖ’ 9
âß`«OQÍ L#fl =∂kQÆʼnõΩ ‰õÄ_® =iÎã¨∞ÎOk. JÖÏQÍHõ =∂kQÆÅ∞, =∂ÅÅ∞ ~ÚOHÍ Ô~e¡Å∞,
Pk PO„^è Œ ∞ Å∞ XHõ i H˘Hõ ~ ° ∞ =∞^Œ ú ` « ∞ ~ÚK« ∞ Û‰õ Ω O>Ë "≥ ∞ *Ïi\© ÖË q ∞x H˘O`« = ~° ‰ õ Ω
JkèQÆq∞OK«=K«∞Û. J~Ú`Õ ~åR [<åÉèÏÖ’ ˆH=ÅO 18 âß`«OQÍ<Õ L#fl ^Œo`«∞Å∞
~å*ϺkèHÍ~åxfl ZÖÏ ã¨OáêkOK«QÆÅ~°∞?46 ÃÑ·ÃÑK«∞Û ^Œo`«∞ÅO`å XˆH áêsìH© F@∞ "Õ™êÎ~°x
#=∞‡HõO Uq∞\˜? [<åÉèÏÖ’ 18 âß`«OQÍ L#fl ^Œo`«∞ÅO`å XHõ¯ áêsì̂H =∞^ŒÌ`«∞x=fi_»O
Jã¨OÉèí=O. XHõ "Õà◊ Jk ã¨OÉèí==∞~Ú<å `«=∞ [#ã¨OYº`À ~å*ϺkèHÍ~åxfl ™êkèOK«_»O
^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ ™ê^茺O HÍx Ѩx. Hõ#∞Hõ Pk"åã‘, "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# `«~°QÆ`«∞Å∞ gi`Àáê@∞ J}QÍi#
=~åæʼnõΩ =∞^ŒÌ`«∞xKÕÛ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ =∞^ŒÌ`«∞ fã¨∞HÀ=@O `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i.
ˆH=ÅO ^Œo`«∞Å =∞^ŒÌ`«∞`À<Õ „ѨÉèí∞`åfixfl U~°Ê~°K«_»O ™ê^茺OHÍ^Œx J#∞Éèí=
ѨÓ~°fiHõOQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ#fl =∂Ü«∂=u, 'U ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ ZO`« [#ã¨OM’º – P ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ JO`«
"å\Ï,— Jx ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åsQÍ ã‘@¡ ѨOѨHõO [~°∞ѨÙ`ÀOk. L`«Î~°„Ѩ^Õâò ^Œo`« ~å[H©Ü«∂Å
#∞O_ç PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò ^Œo`« <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ áê~îåÅ∞ <Õ~°∞ÛH˘x ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åsQÍ U ‰õΩÖÏxH˜
K≥O^Œ=Åã≤# "å\Ï P ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ ~Ú=fi=Åã≤ LOk. nxx ZxflHõÅÖ’ ~ÚKÕÛ "åQÆú#OÖÏ
QÍHõ KÕ`«Å`À K«∂ÃÑ@ì=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°=Ú LOk. WO^Œ∞Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ "≥∞@∞ì <åºÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ#
=∂kQÆÅ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£H˜ =∂ÅÅ∞ JOwHõiOK«_»"Õ∞. =sæHõ~°} [~°∞QÆHõ ѨÓ~°fiO ^Œo`«∞Å
HÀ\ÏÖ’ ã≤OǨÏÉèÏQÍxfl =∂ÅÅ∞ – "åi LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, Pk–PO„^èŒ∞Å á⁄Ok`Õ, [<åÉèÏ
x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O =sæHõ~°} [iy# `«~°∞"å`« =∂ÅÅ∞, Pk–PO„^èŒ∞Å∞ "åi "åi "å\ÏÅ
„ѨHÍ~°O HÀ\ÏÅ#∞ á⁄O^ŒQÍ, =∂kQÆÅ∞–"åi LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, Ô~e¡–"åi LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ `«=∞‰õΩ
<åºÜ«∞OQÍ, ~å*ϺOQÆ|^ŒúOQÍ K≥O^Œ=Åã≤# "å\Ï#∞ "≥Ú@ì"≥Ú^Œ\ ˜™êi á⁄O^Œ_»O [iyOk.
JѨÊ\˜ =~°‰õΩ ^•i„^ŒºO`À ZO_çáÈ~Ú, c@Å∞ ÉÏi# `«=∞ rq`åÅÖ’ `˘ÅHõi [Å∞¡Å∞
‰õΩiÑ≤OK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. =sæHõ~°} ^•fi~å L^ÀºQÆO á⁄Ok# "åiÖ’ #∂\˜H˜ `˘OÉèˇ· Zxq∞k
=∞Ok „QÍ=∂Å #∞O_ç, ‰õΩ@∞O|OÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜™êi „ѨÉèí∞`«fi L^ÀºQÆO á⁄Ok#"åˆ~. J~Ú`Õ
âıY~ü ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl@∞¡QÍ ~ÚѨÊ\˜ D =sæHõ~°} Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’ =∞~À =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£‰õΩ ^•i
fÜ«∞=K«∞Û. ^Œo`«∞ÅÖ’ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ <åºÜ«∞O KÕ‰õĈ~Û D<å\˜ =sæHõ~°} Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’
Hõ_»∞¿Ñ^ŒÅ#∞ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ J=HÍâßʼnõΩ ^Œ∂~°O KÕ¿ãÎ =∞~˘Hõ =sæHõ~°} QÍqOz "åiH˜ <åºÜ«∞O
KÕ‰õÄ~åÛe. Jk „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º q^è•#OÖ’ ™êOѶ‘∞Hõ <åºÜ«∞Ѩ^Œúu. ™ê~åOâ◊OÖ’ x~°∞¿Ñ^ŒÅ‰õΩ
XHõ¯ =sæHõ~°} KåÅHõáÈ`Õ #∂\ÁHõ¯ =sæHõ~°}Å∞ K≥Ü«∞º_»O ^•fi~å <åºÜ«∞O [iy`Õ P
46
2000ÅÖ’ ~åROÖ’ ^Œo`« [<åÉèÏ 3 âß`«O ÃÑiy# q+¨Ü∂« xfl QÆ=∞xOK«QÅÆ ~°∞.
45
#∂\ÁHõ¯ =sæHõ~°}Å∞ K≥Ü«∞ºHõ `«Ñ¨Ê^Œ∞. ¿Ñ^ŒÅ#∞ Hõ_»∞ ¿Ñ^ŒÅ∞QÍ, x~°∞¿Ñ^ŒÅ∞QÍ =∂~°Û_»O
„ÉÏǨχ}`«fi h`«~Ú`Õ, x~°∞¿Ñ^ŒÅ‰õΩ JO^Œi`Àáê@∞QÍ ã¨=∂# J=HÍâßÅ∞ ~ÚOHÍ J^Œ#ѨÙ
J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõeÊOz "åi rq`åÅÖ’ P#O^Œ–"≥Å∞QÆ∞Å∞ xOѨ_»"Õ∞ JOÉË^Œ¯~ü hu. =∂Å
=∞Ǩ<å_»∞ <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞, =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å∞ `«=∞`Àáê@∞ `«=∞ ‰õΩÅO "åix „ÉÏǨχ}`«fiO –
JOÉË ^ Œ ¯ ~° ` « fi O J<Õ Ô ~ O_» ∞ Ѩ _ » = Å g∞^Œ Ô ~ O_» ∞ HÍà◊ √ §Oz #_ç ã ¨ O „^Œ O Ö’
Ѩܫ∞}˜OK«=∞O@∞<åfl~°∞. Jk „Ѩ=∂^ŒHõ~°O. W^ŒÌiH˜ P„â◊Ü«∞O HõeÊOz, XHõ¯iH˜ PkèѨ`«ºq∞zÛ
q∞ye# "åix [Å „Ѩà◊Ü«∂xH˜ QÆ∞i KÕ¿ã „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi"≥∂, Ѩk =∞OkH˜ ã¨=∂# J=HÍâßÅ∞
~ÚzÛ, P„â◊Ü«∞O HÀi =KÕÛ ~ÚOHÍ Ñ¨k=∞Ok<≥·<å J‰õΩ¯# KÕ~°∞Û‰õΩ<Õ JOÉË^Œ¯~°`«fi"≥∂
`ÕÅ∞ÛHÀ"åeû# ã¨=∞Ü«∞O =∂ÅʼnõΩ Pã¨#fl=∞~ÚOk.
z=~°QÍ, âıY~ü P~ÀÑ≤Oz#@∞¡QÍ =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ
~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°}~°OQÆOÖ’ áê=ÙÅ∞QÍ =∂~å~°x "å^Œ# H˘~°‰õΩ x[=∞x JOwHõi¿ãÎ HÍ~°OKÕ_»∞
#∞O_ç K«∞O_»∂~°∞ =~°‰õΩ, '¿Ñ^Œ „Ѩ[Å áêsì— #∞O_ç '|Ǩï[# ã¨=∂*ò áêsì— =~°‰õΩ =∂ÅÅ`À
KÕ~ÚKÕ~Ú Ñ¨@∞ìH˘x, Éèí∞[O Éèí∞[O HõÅ∞ѨÙH˘x, Q˘O`«∞ Ñ≤Hõ¯\˜ÖË¡ÖÏ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ
AÅO #tOKåÅx, ^Œo`« SHõº`« =i÷ÖÏ¡Åx x#kOz# =∂kQÆÅ∞ D ~ÀA# ^ŒO_À~å
¿Ñ~°∞`À "Õ~°∞ ‰õΩOѨ\ ˜ ÃÑ@ì=Åã≤# Ѩiã≤÷`«∞ÖËq∞\’#x =∂ÅÅ∞, =∂Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞
„ѨtflOK«∞HÀ"åe. D „Ѩâ◊fl‰õΩ ã¨=∂^è•#O P"Õâ◊O`À QÍHõ PÖ’K«# #∞O_ç L^Œƒùq¿ãÎ, =∂Å`«fiO
#∞O_ç QÍHõ =∂#=`«fiO #∞O_ç [x~Ú¿ãÎ, ‰õΩÅQÆl˚`À ‰õΩo§ HõOѨ٠H˘_»∞`«∞#fl QÍO^èÕÜ«∞
"å^ŒO #∞O_ç QÍHõ =∂#=`«fiO`À Ѩi=∞oã¨∞Î#fl JOÉË^Œ¯~°∞x ã¨=∞`å"å^ŒO #∞O_ç „áê}O
áÈã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë =∂Åâ◊HÎ̃H˜ =∂kQÆâ◊HÎ̃ `À_»~Úº Jk ^Œo`« â◊HõÎ=Ù`«∞Ok. P ^Œo`« â◊HÎ̃H˜ J}QÍi#
â◊‰õΩÎÅ∞ `À_»~Úº Jk |Ǩï[# â◊H˜Î~Úº, „ѨÉèíO[#=∞~Úº, =∞Ǩϟ*ÏfiÅÅ~Úº ^Œo`«∞Å#∞
=∂#∞+¨`åfixH˜ ^Œ∂~°O KÕã≤# „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi ã≤^•úO`åʼnõΩ P ã≤^•úO`åÅÃÑ· xi‡Oz# H“\˜Åº
~å*ϺxH˜ „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º â◊‡âß# "å\˜HõÖ’ ã¨=∂kè Hõ_»∞`«∞Ok. P ã¨=∂kèÃÑ· xi‡OKÕ ^Œo`«
~å[º ™œ^èŒOÃÑ· he*ˇO_® Ô~ѨÔ~ѨÅ#∞ ™ê^茺O KÕã¨∞ÎOk. =∂ÅÖÏ¡~å–=∂Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÖÏ¡~å
^ŒO_À~å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ`À, =∂kQÆÅ`À KÕ~Ú Hõe¿ÑO^Œ∞‰õΩ, ^Œo`«â◊H˜ÎQÍ `«Ü«∂~°ÜÕ∞ºO^Œ∞‰õΩ,
ã¨=∞ã¨=∂*Ïxfl xi‡OKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ, |Ǩï[# ~å*Ϻxfl ™ê÷Ñ≤OKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ ã≤^ŒúOQÍ L<åfl~å? P
x*Ï~Úf g∞Ö’ LO^•?
=ÚyOѨÙ
U [<åÉèÏ ^•=∂ëê ã¨∂„`åxfl „áêuѨkHõOQÍ KÕã¨∞H˘x ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ ~å*ϺOQÆOÖ’
i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ HõeÊOKå~À, S^Œ∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌʼnõΩ ÃÑ·QÍ PK«~°}Ö’ L#fl L=∞‡_ç i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ q^è•#O
^•fi~å ^Œo`« =~°æOÖ’x ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 U~°Ê_ç# ™ê=∂lHõ, Pi÷Hõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞, JQÍ^è•Å#∞
ѨÓiOK«_®xH˜ P [<åÉèÏ ^•=∂ëê ã¨∂„`«O „ѨHÍ~°"Õ∞ =sæHõ~°} HÀi# =∂kQÆÅ <åºÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ#
46
HÀiHõ#∞ q=iOK«_»O HõO>Ë, =∂kQÆ =sæHõ~°} HÀiHõ#∞ UÜÕ∞ HÍ~°}ÏÅ^•fi~å =∂ÅÅ∞
=ºuˆ~H˜ã¨∞Î<åfl~À P JOâßÅ<Õ fã¨∞H˘x "åi PÖ’K«#Å∞ Jâߢã‘ÎÜ«∂Åx, „ÉÏǨχ}`«`«fi
‰õΩÅã≤^•úO`åʼnõΩ QÍOnè `«`åfixH˜ U q^èŒOQÍ ™ê~°∂ѨºO Hõey#"À x~°∂Ñ≤Oz =∂kQÆÅ
=sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ Jxfl =~åæʼnõΩ ã¨=∞<åºÜ«∞O, ¿Ñ^Œ ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ–=~åæʼnõΩ
=∞iO`« <åºÜ«∞O J#fl JOÉË^Œ¯~ü `«`åfixH˜ U q^èŒOQÍ ^ŒQÆæ~° áÈeHÀ ¿Ñ~˘¯x =sæHõ~°}
™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∞ ã¨∂„`åxfl U q^èŒOQÍ Ñ¨iѨÙ+ì̈O KÕã¨∞ÎO^À#x K≥ѨÊ_»O [iyOk.
✥
47
D "åºã¨~°K«#‰õΩ LѨHõiOz# „QÆO^ä•Å∞, "庙êÅ∞ :
PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO. (1994), _®II ÉÏÉÏ™êÃÇÏÉò JOÉË^¯Œ ~ü ~°K#« Å∞–„ѨãO¨ QÍÅ∞, ã¨OѨÙ@O
9, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£.
SÅÜ«∞º, ÔH. (1990) 'Ѩ~å#fl Éèí∞‰õΩ¯Å∞ „ѨuÉèí QÆ∞iOz =∂\Ï¡_»∞`«∞<åfl~Ú,— #Å∞ѨÙ, ÃãÃÑìO|~ü.
Hõ$+¨‚Ü«∞º~ü, q.P~ü. (1994) 'JOÉË^Œ¯~ü áÈ~å@ "≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ ™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∞O,— ^Œo`«
~å[ºO, U„Ñ≤Ü«∞Öò.
K«„Hõáê}˜, Ѷ¨∞O\Ï. (1990) 'i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ =^ŒÌ#_»O ã¨=∞O[ã¨=∂,— #Å∞ѨÙ, [#=i 16–31.
`å~°HõO, ÉÁ*Ï˚. (2002) '‰õΩÅO–=~°æO,— ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ : ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ |∞H± „@ãπì.
^ŒÜ∂« Hõ~,ü QÍ^≥.(2005) '=sæH~õ }
° P"≥∂^ŒO ZѨC_»∞?— PO„^èŒ*’ºu, 28 "Õ∞.
Ѩ^•‡~å=Ù, HõuÎ. (2006) '^Œo`«∞Å∞ L^Œºq∞¿ãÎ<Õ `≥Å∞QÆ∞ ÉèÏ+¨‰õΩ ~°Hõ∆},— "å~°Î, 5 =∂iÛ.
|Ǩï[# q[˝# Hˆ O„^ŒO (2005) ‰õΩÅ~°ÇÏ≤ `« ã¨=∂*Ïxfl áêʼnõΩÅ∞ =∂„`«"∞Õ ã¨$+≤Oì K«QÅÆ ~°∞–J}QÍi#
‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ =∂#ºN HÍh¬~åO ã¨O^ÕâO◊ , ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£.
=∞™êÎ<£~å=Ù, ^Õ=~°Ñ¨e¡. (1994) '‰õΩÅ ã¨OˆH`åÅ∞,— ^Œo`« ~å[ºO, "Õ∞–E<£.
=∞™êÎ<£~å=Ù, ^Õ=~°Ñ¨e¡. (1989) i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡, á⁄#∂fl~°∞:ѨÙ~ÀQÍg∞ „ѨK«∞~°}Å∞.
g∞ Ãã"≥O\©<£Î HÍ„"Õ∞_£û. (2001) WO_çÜ«∂Ö’ UO KÕÜ«∂e? HÍII g~°#fl ™ê~°^茺OÖ’
‰õΩÅOÃÑ·, JOÉË^Œ¯~üÃÑ· ã≤^•úO`« K«~°Û, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£. ~À+¨<£ „Ñ≤O@~üû.
"≥OHõ„\Ï=Ù, =∞Öˇ¡Å. (2004) '=sæHõ~°}`À ^Œ̂H¯k X\ì̃qãÎ̈ˆ~!— PO„^èŒ*’ºu, 19 _çÃãO|~ü.
™êO|t=~å=Ù, L. (1990) 'i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ ã¨=∞㨺,— Z^Œ∞s`«, JHÀì|~ü.
âıY~ü ã≤.P~ü. (2005) ^Œo`« â◊HxÎ̃ JO`«"Ú≥ OkOKÕ ~å[H©Ü∞« ‰õΩ„>Ë =sæH~õ }
° : áê=ÙÅ∞QÍ =∂i#
=∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£:|Ǩï[# q*Ï˝# ˆHO„^ŒO.
Nx"åãπ, lÅ∞Hõ~°, z\ì̃ÉÏ|∞. (2005) '^Œo`« ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO KÕã≤# q+¨„ѨÜ≥∂QÆO,— PO„^èŒ*’ºu
AÖˇ· 18.
Aloysius, G. (1997) Nationalism without a Nation in India, New Delhi: Oxford
University Press.
Ambedkar, B.R. (1947) States and Minorities: What Are Their Rights and
How to Serve Them in the Constitution of Free India, Bombay: Thacker &
Co.
48
Ambedkar, B.R. (1989) ‘Annihilation of Caste,’ in Vasanth Moon (compiled)
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches, vol. I, Bombay: The
Education Department, Government of Maharashtra.
Balagopal, K. (2000) ‘A Tangled Web: Subdivision of SC Reservations in
AP,’ Economic and Political Weekly, March 25.
Singh, T.R. (1969) The Madiga: A Study of Social Structure and Change,
Lucknow: Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society.
Siva Reddy, G.V. (2002) ‘Competition and Conflict among the Dalits: Madiga
Dandora Movement in Andhra Pradesh,’ in Shah, Ghanshyam. (ed.) Dalits
and the State, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.

Blunck, E.A.H. (1960) The Caste System of North India with special reference
to the United Province of Agra and Oudh, Delhi: S. Chand and Company.
Chinnaiah, Jangam. (1998) ‘Sub-Caste Consciousness and challenges before
Dalit intellectuals,’ Mainstream, March 14.
Fishman, T. Alvin. (1941) Culture Change and the Underprivileged: A Study
of Madigas in South India under Christian Guidance, Madras: The Christian
Literature Society for India.
Galanter, Marc. (1984) Competing equalities: Law and the Backward Classes
in India, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Suri, K.C. (2001) ‘Dialectic of Social Justice: The Struggle of the Madigas
for Categorisation of Scheduled Caste Reservations in Andhra Pradesh,’ in
Balasubramaniam, R. (ed.) Social and economic dimensions of caste
organisations in South Indian states, Chennai: University of Madras.
Thaper, Romila. (1989) ‘Imagined Religious Communities? Ancient History
and the Modern Search For a Hindu Identity,’ Modern Asian Studies, vol.
XXIII, no.2.
Uma, Ramaswamy. (1974) ‘Scheduled Castes in Andhra: Some Aspects of
Social Change,’ Economic and Political Weekly, July 20.

Hardgrave, R.L. (1969) The Nadars of Tamil Nadu, Berkeley: University of

California Press.

❆
Ilaiah, Kancha. (1996) ‘Productive Labour Consciousness and History: The
Dalit-Bahujan Alternative,’ in Shaheed Amin and Dipesh Chakrabarthy (ed.)
Writing on South Asian History and Society: Subaltern Studies IX, Delhi:
Oxford University Press.

Irschick, Eugene. (1969) Politics and Social Conflicts in South India: The
Non-Brahmin Movement and Tamil Separatism (1916- 1929), Berkeley and
Los Angels: University of California Press.

Lloyd, I. Rudoloh. Susanne, H. Rudolph. (1967) The Modernity of Tradition:

Political Development in India, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Oddie, G.A. (1975) ‘Christian conversion in the Telugu Country 1860-1900:

A Case Study of one Protestant Movement in the Godavari – Krishna Delta,’
Indian Economic and Social History Review, vol. XII, no.1.

Omvedt, Gail. (1994) Dalits and the Democratic Revolution, New Delhi: Sage
Publications.

Sambaiah, Gundimeda. (2001) ‘Emergence of Caste Consciousness among

the Madigas of Andhra Pradesh,’ Dalit International Newsletter, vol. VI. No.1.

Shiva Rao, B. (1967) The Framing of India’s Constitution: Select Documents,

New Delhi: The Indian Institute of Public Administration.
49 50
 ~°K~« Ú`« q=~åÅ∞
¿Ñ~°∞ : ™êO|Ü«∞º QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_»
ѨÙ\˜ìOk : QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_» (`å_ÕѨe¡ =∞O_»ÅO, QÆ∞O@∂~°∞ lÖÏ¡)
ÃÑiyOk : #O|∂~°∞Ö’ – J=∞‡=∞‡ H˘eHõѨÓ_ç Zeâ◊=∞‡ X_çÖ’,
"Õ∞# =∂=∞Å∞ – PO„kÜ«∞º, ÜÕ∞+¨Ü«∞º, ~å=∂~å=Ù, r=<£‰õΩ=∂~ü
Éèí∞*ÏÅ g∞^Œ† z#fl=∞‡Å∞ – =∞OQÆ=∞‡, #==∞‡Å ÖÏÅ#Ö’
‰õΩÅO : =∂kQÆ
W+ì̈"≥∞ÿ# =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ : 65 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞ ÃÑ·|_ç<å Z=i ã¨Ç¨Ü«∂xfl PtOK«Hõ ~ÀE ‰õÄe
Ѩx KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∂ 'Ô~Hõ¯ÖÏ¡O\˜ K«∞\ÏìÅ∞ ZHõ¯_® ÖË~°x— P`«‡Ãã·÷~°ºOÖ’
„|`«∞‰õΩ`«∞#fl <åÜ«∞#=∞‡ QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_» <åQÆÉèí∂+¨}=∞‡, J=∞‡=∞‡
H˘eHõѨÓ_ç Zeâ◊=∞‡. D "åºã¨OÖ’ J_»Ñ¨^Œ_»áê <Õ#∞ "å_ç#
™ê"≥∞`«Å∞ =∂ <åÜ«∞#=∞‡ ^ŒQÆæ~° <Õ~°∞Û‰õΩ#fl=x K≥ѨCHÀ=_®xH˜
QÆ~°fiѨ_»∞`«∞<åfl#∞.
K«^Œ∞=Ù : „ѨÉèí∞`«fi „áê^äŒq∞Hõ áê~î°âßÅ, =∞OQÆà◊yi (x"åã¨O Zãπ.ã≤.   Zã‘ì
q^•º~°∞úÅ =ã¨u QÆ$ǨÏO)
Ãã~ÚO\ò *ËqÜ«∞~üû L#fl`« áê~î°âßÅ, ã¨∂~庿Ñ@, #ÖÁæO_» lÖÏ¡.
WO@s‡_ç Ü « ∞ \ò =∞iÜ« Ú a.Z. PO„^è Œ ÅÜ≥ ∂ ÖÏ Hõ à ÏâßÅ,
q[Ü«∞"å_».
ZO.Z. (~å[huâßGO) ÃÇ· Ï ^Œ ~ åÉÏ^Œ ∞ qâ◊ fi q^•ºÅÜ« ∞ O,
ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£.
Ѩiâ’^èŒ# : ZO.Ѷ≤Öò. =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å ÃÑ·#... ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞O,
ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞.
„Ѩã¨∞Î`«O : ^Œo`« ~å[H©Ü«∂ÅÃÑ·... ÅO_»<£ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞O, ÅO_»<£Ö’
Ñ≤.ÃÇÏKü._ç. Ѩ\Ïì H˘~°‰õΩ Ѩiâ’^èŒ#.
q^ÕâßÅÖ’ : 1) '™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∞O – J=QÍǨÏ#— H˘~°‰õΩ <≥^Œ~å¡O_»∞Ö’ =¸_»∞
"å~åÅ tHõ∆}.
2) '^ŒH˜∆} Pã≤Ü«∂Ö’ ÉèÏ~°`« ™ê÷#O— J=QÍǨÏ#ÃÑ· ÃÇ·Ï_»Öò |~üæ,
[~°‡hÖ’ <≥Å ~ÀAÅ tHõ∆}.
3) '<åÅæ= JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ ^Œo`« ã¨^Œã¨∞û— "åOHÀ=~ü, ÔH#_®Ö’
'JOÉË ^ Œ ¯ ~ü PÖ’K« # Ö’ „Ѩ * Ï™êfi=∞ºO— J<Õ q+¨ Ü « ∞ O ¿ÑѨ ~ ü
„Ѩ[O>Ë+¨<£.
4) '~å[H©Ü«∞ „áêux^䌺O, ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ Jã≤÷`«fiO:^Œo`«∞Å∞— J<Õ
q+¨Ü«∞OÃÑ· „Ñ≤<£û@<£ Ü«¸x=iû\˜, #∂º*ˇiû, J"≥∞iHÍ (U„Ñ≤Ü«∞Öò
7–8, 2006)Ö’ Ѩiâ’^èŒ# Ѩ„`«O ã¨=∞~°Ê}.
51