Level 2. The second vibhakti. It is time that we take our study of Sanskrit to Level 2.

You would have developed quite a bit of understanding of the language by now. However, when reading texts or when attempting to translate subhashitas, you might find yourself wondering why a particular vibhakti has been used and not another more 'logical' one. The answer is quite simple actually. grammar rules. And how! I'll take you through each vibhakti and list out the words that compel you to use a particular vibhakti. Explanations/examples follow after the list. Let's understand a few technical terms first. The relationship between a noun and a verb is called kjk ~ Therefore any relationship between words that are not connected to a verb cannot be called a kjk> ~ There are six kjks in Sanskrit. kl& kc& kjC mcov DHov and

DOkjC ie, all the vibhaktis except the sixth.

The sixth connects to another noun in a sentence and not to a verb and therefore is not categorized as a kjk> ~ For exmple: MJm H$:

iCM:~ MJm connects to H$:~

Certain indeclinables,DJs , are used with certain vibhaktis. For example when ever you use DYl: , which means 'all around', you need to use the second vibhakti. DOHkcd DYl: s$: GHJMvl ~ The students sit all around the teacher. Vibhaktis which are thus governed by indeclinables are called GHHoJYs. Similarly, we have vibhaktis which are governed by verbs. For example, whenever you use the verb o in any form, the person that the gift is 1 Shri Chitrapur Math

sanskrit lesson 65. Level 2. www.chitrapurmath.net

.itk a hbi v dnoce s ehT .2 le veL

Lesson 65.

GHHo/kjk- JY: l JY:

given to is always'chosen' from the fourth vibhakti. Dncd jc H<Hb

ooc ~ I give Rama a flower.

These verb-governed vibhaktis are called kjkJYs.

Now let's get to the job on hand: Whenever you use the following words, you must use the l JY: You've already done a few in Level 1. This is the complete list. The first vibhakti is used only to identify the subject and the number and gender of the subject. It is not an GHHoJY: or a kjkJY:~

DJ:

sanskrit lesson 65. Level 2. www.chitrapurmath.net

.itk a hbi v dnoce s ehT .2 le veL

l JYqkwl:
1. (between) 2. (without, excepting, with reference to, regarding) 3. : 4. : 5. : 6. 7. 8. : 9. (near) 10. mc (near) 11. (woe be to) 12. (sometimes used with the nominative or vocative.) 13. GH&Hj, DOeO:, DOO (when nearness is indicated otherwise use the ) 2 Shri Chitrapur Math

Ho / Ol:

sanskrit lesson 65. Level 2. www.chitrapurmath.net

.itk a hbi v dnoce s ehT .2 le veL

1. kc& 2. Verbs signifying " to name", "to choose", "to make" " to appoint" " to call" " to know" " to consider" govern the accusative. pvc lJb k=lH<cd ~ I know thee to be the chief person. 3. icd and all verbs that mean 'to go.' (greater detail is given in the explanation) 4. JMd (also with the. m. J , and in the<.J if Dvlj is used) 5. JMd (also with the. m. J , and in the<.J if Dvlj is used) 6. Hd (destination) 7. DO +M ( General rule to follow: when intransitive verbs are preceded by an upasarga, they are governed by the Accusative: Dv + J=ld DvJl&l to follow, act according to; D +nd Djnl ascend;

Dv +OJd DvOJl to run behind )

8. DO +mL 9. DO +Dmd 10. GH-Dv-DO-D-Jmd 11. pd 12. words denoting duration of space and time are put in the Accusative. 13. CHld , Ccd ( also dative) 14. oM&l ( also dative) 15. the secondary object with the root , to think, takes accusative when contempt is NOT to be shown. 3 Shri Chitrapur Math

kc&Jvcd
prepositions used as separate words NOT as upasargas.

Let's look at each one in greater detail:

DJ:
(between) Dvlj lb lb vL:~ There is a book between him and her. (without, excepting, with reference to, regarding) lJcd DvljC Dnb v ic<c ~ I will not go without you. lcd DvljC k k: kl&cd Mkwvl ? Who can do the work except for him? jcCcd DvljC SJ Dnb Slod Mukb Joc ~ I say this shloka with
reference to the Ramayana. cb DvljC lm k: Jj: ~ What is his opinion regarding me?

: i=ncd DYl: J=#: Jl&vl ~ There are trees all around the house. : i=ncd : J=#: Jl&vl ~ There are trees on both sides of the house.
sanskrit lesson 65. Level 2. www.chitrapurmath.net

.itk a hbi v dnoce s ehT .2 le veL

16. governs the accusative. Other words implying belief and confidence govern the Locative. 1. Dv after, in consequence of, being indicated by, resembling, imitating. 2. DY before, in 3. GH near, inferior to 4. Dl superior to 5. Dv the side of, along, inferior

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 : i=nb : J=#: Jl&vl ~ There are trees all around the house. DOHkb l Dncd Discd ~ I went towards the teacher. lJb Jv m: Jub ivlb v Fsl ~ Without you he does not desire to go
to school.

: cb mJ&l: HJ&l: mvl ~ There are mountains all around the village. (near) cc i=nb vk< Sk: l[i: Jl&l ~ There is a pond near my house. mc (near) cc i=nb mc Sk: l[i: Jl&l ~ There is a pond near my house. (woe be to) n Dumcd ! Woe be to laziness! (sometimes used with the nominative or vocative.) jb Okd ~ Fie upon the thief!

GH&Hj, DOeO:, DOO (when nearness is indicated otherwise use

the )

J=#cd GH&Hj/ DOO cI: ~The cloud is just above the tree. J=#m GH&Hj/ DOO m&: ~The sun is far above the tree.
sanskrit lesson 65. Level 2. www.chitrapurmath.net

.itk a hbi v dnoce s ehT .2 le veL

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cIcd DOeO: J=#: ~ The tree is just below the cloud. cIm DOeO: J=#: ~ The tree is far below the cloud.

Ho / Ol:
kc&
The object in a sentence is always picked from the second vibhakti. yuk: Kib HMl ~ The boy sees the bird.

Verbs signifying 'to name', 'to choose', 'to make', 'to appoint', 'to
call', 'to know', 'to consider' govern the accusative.

pvc lJb k=lH<cd ~ I know thee to be the chief person. icd and all verbs that mean 'go'
When physical motion is indicated, the place to which it is directed is either accusative or dative. m: cb /c isl ~ Mental motion is indicated, the place to which it is directed is accusative.

njb Jpl ~ JMd (also with the. m. J , and in the<.J if Dvlj is used) JMd (also with the. m. J , and in the<.J if Dvlj is used) m i=nb/i=n JMl /JMl ~ She enters the house. Hd (destination) lv cb Hlcd ~ The village was reached by him ( he arrived at the village) DO + M ( General rule to follow: when intransitive verbs are
preceded by an upasarga, they are governed by the Accusative: Dv + J=ld DvJl&l to follow, act according to; D + nd Djnl ascend;

Dv + OJd DvOJl to run behind)

sanskrit lesson 65. Level 2. www.chitrapurmath.net

.itk a hbi v dnoce s ehT .2 le veL

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Ki: MKb DOMl ~ The bird sleeps upon the branch. DO + mL m: Dmvob DOll ~ He occupied ( stood upon) the chair. DO + Dmd m: DOml i=ncd ~ He sits in the house. GH-Dv-DO-D-Jmd
All these upasargas when added to Jmd retain the original meaning of the word 'to stay'. Without the upasarga, Jmd is used with the m. J

MJ: kumcd GH-Dv-DO-D-Jml ~ Shiva lives in Kailasa. MJ: kum Jml ~ Shiva lives in Kailasa. pd the person to whom the sacrifice is offered is put in the
Accusative and the means or the thing by which the sacrifice is made is put in the instrumental. HMv b pl He sacrifices a bull to Rudra.

Words denoting duration of space and time are put in the Accusative. Mb ku vo The river runs winding for two miles. v JJ<& J<&C oM oMMl#: The thousand eyed Indra did not 'rain' for
twelve years.

CHld , Ccd ( also dative) Dnb ib/ijJ Ccc/CHlc ~ I bow to the Guru. oM&l ( also dative) Mo k=<Cb m oM&l ~ Yashoda shows Krishna the sun. Mo k=<C m oM&l ~ Yashoda shows Krishna the sun.
sanskrit lesson 65. Level 2. www.chitrapurmath.net

.itk a hbi v dnoce s ehT .2 le veL

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The secondary object with the root, to think, takes accusative when contempt is NOT to be shown. #clcd Dnb lJb k=<Cb cv ~ I'm sorry, I thought you were Krishna.

governs the accusative. Other words impying belief and

confidence govern the Locative. k: ml YlL&cd ? Who will believe the real state of things?

cc Jm: MJ Dml ~ My faith is in Shiva.

kc&Jvcd
Dv (after, in consequence of, being indicated by, resembling,
imitating.)

pHcd Dv DJ<&ld ~ It rained after japa. DY (before, in) Ykwl: oJcd DY ll ~ The devotee stands before the Lord. GH (near, inferior to) GH mjpb Mc: ~ Shyam is inferior/near to Suraj.

Dl (superior to)

Dl oJvd MJ: ~ Shiva is superior to all the Gods. Dv (the side of, along, inferior) Dv njb mj: ~ The gods are inferior to Hari.

And that's that. We'll work on the third vibhakti next.

sanskrit lesson 65. Level 2. www.chitrapurmath.net

.itk a hbi v dnoce s ehT .2 le veL

8 Shri Chitrapur Math