Modal verb(s) of obligation and lack of obligation Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs, that help express additional

meaning, e.g. I go. Form: Affirmative: Subject + Auxiliary + infinitive w/o to You must go to the doctor. Question: Auxiliary + Subject + infinitive w/o to Must you go to the doctor? Negative: Subject + Auxiliary+not + infinitive w/o to You mustn t go to the doctor. You smoke. You must smoke. I must go

Forms of must and have to

Present must don t have to/doesn t have to Past had to didn t have to MUST + I must go to the cinema. - I don t have to go to the cinema. MUST +I had to go to the cinema. -I didn t have to go to the cinema. MUST +I will have to go to the cinema tomorrow. -I won t have to go to the cinema tomorrow. Present have to/has to HAVE TO + She has to go to the cinema. don t have to/doesn t - She doesn t have to have to go to the cinema. Past had to didn t have to HAVE TO +She had to go to the cinema. -She didn t have to go to cinema. HAVE TO +She will have to go to the cinema tomorrow. -She won t have to go to the cinema tomorrow.

Future will have to

Future will have to

won t have to

won t have to

Doctor: You must take three pills a day. (Doctor s rule.) Me: I have to take three pills a day as the doctor says. (Doctor s rule.) Airline: Passengers must fasten their seatbelts. (Airline s rule.)

Passengers: We have to fasten our seatbelts. (Airline r rule.) I feel sick. I must go to the doctor. You feel sick. You must go to the doctor. Yes, I have to go to the doctor. Must not = mustn t - lack of obligation Be very careful: Mustn t is not the negative of must!!! I must smoke. I don t have to smoke. I mustn t smoke. I don t need to smoke. Smoke Smoking or not smoking No smoking Smoking or not smoking your choice your choice