Rain all Analysis for the Design of Storm Sewers in Bombay

S D' Ch··a·~·w·'·athe
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' t,··;j; fBlnlrBl1 Inten,slrY-,uuratlon'·l.f'equ'B'I1C Y' - reletions hi z .' J . ,6' I '" '" ...' D evetopment 0, ~.l/JS IS a p"ereq~ulslte tor the design of ,8 storm dreln agel system tore city,~, The raj-n'fall data for the plJ',st2:4 end 33 ,.' d Sem« .. . " t· se! ,~', -,' :' "b '.. isve b .,'" ~,' ',1: tee '.... d .e --: .,- .. -.. d .. o year'S a··t "C'oteoe .. ena S··'.- -:-·t'· '-'. C" :'rI1Z, f6,SpeC".Ivey In B~;':rne,B,Y,.,: h- '. . -. t. sen conec ctr ·t·· ani. f3fJ8 yselur ~ '.'-'.·1 ..b partly rna,nas/ly end partly with, the he'/p of' a computer proqrem speciticstlv developed for the purpose. The relationships derived and the techniaues used in the analysis hove been reported,
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INTRODUCTION
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Public health engineers arc often called 'upon to plan and design storm drainage system far a' cify~ An engineer preparing the report and design of such a, system, is handicapped by the lack of hydrological informa,~ I d D, r. recoros are d ID'n w'hich c'a,nj b' d· _IC~ be directty usee, xamra 1']" generally available' at most of the meteorological ,tat,ions _ major towns and cities in, India, 'bu~,',~ 'vast in a' mount ;of' rainfall data gle'n,erat ed at these statiens has to be processed before the results 'C3'n be used directly in ·~ intensity of tile storm to 'be used ill the equation ,I~'~e ,.he design of storm sewers .. -Engineers who may not , '~~ , . • '0--:" 'be 'r-el ~'~ ·t·, 0,": " ,"", eu t',' 1;'iI'a~ -'fl"': '1 t-I~In· ':;'. a·'·' n-' ,d "~ .he have sufficient time and funds 'to undertake data collec- . f~.'~L' ey of occurrefi~ ~<f the storm. ..."point-to-peint .. ..'~;.., and' further processing;' g', enerally tend to' 'use ~Ar,~l of the st· rm drainage. 'System requrres repcetive ~ ,I simple thu lrlb "rules, . Most of the existing systems of Hlllecti 0: of magnitude of this intensity. - Thiscan only etorm drainage in India have been designed by such r!Jl'8S~, be' done if the rainfall intensit y... ..auon..rea.'·~·'.ncy' du f I_ ~ 8,0'~,' cases, such practices have yielded under-designed relationshins for' the city under consideration are, a¥a.ga,~le, };~~te-18 with the result that frequent flooding of ;rB:a~y to the de'S!, .. C,-",;:· ottlerwise .th~6y are be eveioped . areas in, cities paralyses trafficand .the normal working first by aualysin g the past rain fallreeer '•'• for the city. s ,~n".h0" 'I¥.'~ _. . . _. " .' • -. _u ....
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The duration ~f the stormIs generally taken to' be e,qu1al to the concentration time for' ·tfit point 'under design, The concentration time is the sum of the inlet time Or timei equired for the runoff to gain entrance in a, sewer and' the time of flow in the sewerage system, The time' o,f ftow- in .the _SY'Sle111 goes on increasing as points fa-rther away' from the inlet are considered suecessivelv "design.·· Th~· ~~L~ff .ooeffi~itittsi~di~ai~ c~~;. .. -acteristic ofthe area under' conside ~atioJt.
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'Thp·' rational ethod of'-design « iseussed has, its, ~ The city of' ,B'OIn'~a,Y"has -been facing, 'the problem ,~r~' drawbacks", The method ignores the '~fact t~at the -,ooding if! ita streets at the time 0:£ heavy rainfall, The calc 1,,, ' nestgn u.sc , calculateddl" d:' . '." /'-.ri) ..,....:argc ' t_.. po!n :",ay. 'L,~ <1·>······· th ,an a ,.' int " .. 1JQ ,ielS'S '-'., .xistin!i. storm drainage system .in Bombay has been that at a point farther upstream if the 'fithe' of :(t,O'\V - .c. 1 fu ... .. '. _ :---, ...', eSI,gntl .. ,t_l,OU.'· ,~,.~erJng a:""y r&IDJ·a" II! ,re'qoenc,y . betw een ,_, t he poin.ts, ~a sufficiently r.. rae, .' ···l· ".n d· .t . ned_ V/Jtl ,,'"'t' consl id." 1~;~~ 111.. ,,,,,,~J. A:' the tl;'IO-'W'· ."",,111... y "~' 0'" ,u relationships. ..t was, therefore, decided to un~ertake for which a particular line in t-e system i~ des,igned he art~.~ys"j· of~ rai'ofall in Blombay" arid, to evolve •iainf1'li .. ,_tar ,t~ -.. . "-'a'IY' re·.··a·~.[ch 'm,aximu-, ... a at .. .ti'mr a ot, ~r . thrtl t:8.t at fteq!U"en,cy for.m'u~,aewhic~'an 'be u~.~Jd111 des~"grun~ ftftw ..... c H:-: "o····w:,'·e'··-'v···er··. d,l· ,,'. n]~ ,c._y -,e~·m- -r·e···a·: (':·b:e-';~ a:~·-'8·' x'·']·..;,IJ"' =U'·.m-~'" W... h' 'l'''c''h ,t-~,c=-' w",h' ,~. sto['m sewers. aDd in p'r'~po.s,ing,'add.it:io:ns t(}l the' !C'xif'£ing t ',,8 ." '.,,, "1 me',"h' 0'.'..• IS .-.- '~IIIrc'co _.,'. rrled>': ,c.-,. ".' " ·t·~J·]"'n - nttlo,na: -."d" ', st,1 " .'~ ":.Inen" ,.:.,~,_,lor llSf:. ·.m, on:B:S. .. . '-'h .- d- .- .. -.-. d" ~fi·····'··· ,~", .. ." '. -" ..' '--.-~~ 'new .. met_'i" 0,': s,or mO~_~l -,Io'ns, 0',f:CI'.L .......atl,·'na"·1 m:etJllO(~ arc ..cat I. 11,"' I. ,~mplctely in'v(stig'·.tetl a.nd" porJ~cct'~: for COIlV'-,' 'ient ,RATIONAL l\iE'T~OD OF DES:IG,N' _pptication in, the ".'.~signoffiCf:'-S~,
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The ,desl,2.·:n ,of 'a :storm d:rain,&«_~... SY~'" stem h;y~.':" the rational . e Jnethod involvs repea·!-~duse ilftbe equation MErnc~S

OP R'.'iFALL~NA;Y~-'lS

Rainfa,ll analys:,{i ca:~,·~c".cone "JY .'ne f' .ilowing m,et' '~ds,:: ·

(i) grap'hi~~'~ ,:."ethel.' '" " (j~i). le~as'.: $,q,uare's method,,:' (ii"") probabilisti:.· mro-thoo bdsed ,on, :aJlnual ill':lIt\Q;
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D Chlaw.athe is \vith Associate,d Ind'ustria'l Consultants" Boinb.ay,; ,':_"R S~ind,e is V4d~b:. 'M~'tfJ't.a~'~tra ... ~r_e~~Il,tion 'Board, Born ay; and 8 S Fadanvis and V V G~ are PriLctisin. EngiDCers at P- n& .>8 Bth 'ay, respec JveJy. _ llR 'paper. wu ,reeel,yeil011 l\fu1.' '.',~:. '1977. W,dtteaJ ,diSQllIiOJl, oa,Ws :-. '. _-,'TiD! be: r~, ,~~ : ,'.' ..=. '-,"~-Der 31., :tm',~
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whet e 'i' ,':e·ns.i.t~ of rainfall (' ~1T) is In rnm!' ir during t: .Ie storm, du 'atior of he :8 ·.' ..rm ru ,R in, minutes, frequency of cccurrencc in m n" bS1 nd
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(i) ,_. -'STORM--tl' tal nnmbe of stor: 18 to _ analvsed Tl 3418 for ICI." I'! a a a id " 7(-'8 f' 'f' . ·. : .ruz) ~
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":,~~_ " T-- 'ics of i rl'en sities in m lhc~ ,'~:·r formatic '.cr °a two-way frequne table howing number of ~.orms of var OU~~,dura .• tiona and intensities (5 to ~,25' mm/hr for Colaba a' ~d 5 to mm/hr "~:~·'.:r<·I,~·_Jl··
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"REQCON'2

Aft. '1 COin, erting equation (4) '-'0 la IS r,:':, irc,·'t ine Co m, it ";,g 'ea': y to fit 'a ,tl:aight Iine b'_,·Icast 'uam'~. princi :.'I.le~ The strs iah li ne form "f' equati n (3) is give ,.'by
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(':V)I '-'U ~.I.~:".'ricy of durati -, -, in I. inutes ..used ~I':', fOil at ion 0: the above ientio ned two w,. ,Y' frequency ta '1:' .' to 160 ' . .inutes) i; (v) N·.. ~,':.' 11 '--.,U ber f -,"tuenci ..:s .'f occur renee used for formins inrens _'y duration-frequency r·..ila--. '.·nllS· 1n;Q, ' 2:,,) ~ . . ti .' t'~ ~ (vii .'__ series 0= :: ,'~ e'qu.e'n' cies f.' ccurrenee ill months chc ~en for forming the anove men .. ti· ned I,;!l~, ionship ('::" onth to 1.21 _ ionths ; '._ m N·~·RO.' total I-IU-Bhe'l of groups formed b subdivic ing' tl _:_' freqr ei ,cy range a IO'" e for having -caran inter si ., -~ ~i' n-frequency r Iationshl 1 't( r thes ,gi ,01 'I'- (5 ,.and : DI- rec nency ranges fo - the (vj'~i) < ST '. -/1"_ 2S a, 10, C "f,' Pi ,6 _ '.. Lt, sol . el -f ~ 1~,:', to 2 years, 2.2':', t .... yi. ", .rs, 3~:115 to 4 years and 3 ;5, to 1'0 years ..
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. he e ;~~ analysis of' rainfal I data b·~ least sqi .ares ..Ire ' a" f 'd d· 'I:.ql1l~rS '.. ' ..... -:-o~ .7' m.e, h 0..·'-. .s -.' pr-~Sa111.: g"-' 0 _,_~~3' mo'" " nt· of . lata '·_·,t .. ,: i~' 'tim,e'~.n, ..jn"·!.:""'-I:',n I performed manual Y comp .tc~- irogram -in 'OR T R '8 .: I._I, '~1.;1 ,.~ 0for the nresc analysis
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NPUT DI,'TA
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(i)'wo~wa,y freque ·cy ta ·le sh. !win.g ~he 11UJ~.ber of storms of various dun 'til sns . nd inteusi _I S,; (ii) ..ables sh .·win~ durations · -", inte n~ities -"f storms Co' chosen fre: uen :ic, lof occur renee: (iii) Intensity-duration-frequeney . . ·bf io 1. .ip or chosen grou of fl"-)I,UI_11IC~'" ~ and (tv) tables showing . bserved and calculated '.1 of rai '"a,,' i- ~t sitie fr'_ r 1·'·Od'-'BS,S I':f fit.
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'L", ., ,', '--.' t ',. -,- ',,',-" ,t, ", ' 'I at t , ..11e computer program was. D,O,'_ avanat' 'be'I 10' at th ,e start th of'.- t'h"'- P"" "',', '-,'t -,;(. 'd'~' s and__ 1', was d: ecld d 0 process t ,~' .. - 'le; {-re,&C:Jl, St,U, les, dR , it :-e<CI"e~; rainfall data manually upto a certain stage. Cumulatlve tables,e,;,_c;~~,mJ,(art:0 'Tf'b'l'" e' 'I'. ,'were -'," a",re'a_-y '. .pre'])are ' ,.or -" a,_n ,; '" - "a.~, ,.',' ,'1'·'- d ,-, -" '.'," '-'d" f: .' 'l'l .~... ' d,t· t"\i;,iII'-m-'1it' and w·>' "e"'l~ further ]-n~'-!fIin--,"'~:, -"_ ..._' VV~Glse,('1- tc Slve flS;e ' .~.JU.,I. t~, '·i);. ually p··~·rrllif".aa:-;..... '0 ,-,~, ' . tOI tables which containeo rainfall in millimeter for successive Intervals of 5 minutes and maximum rainfall in. millimeter for' continuous durations _ from , JO to ~O·','-, ~' -.. .. .-". - "', _ t i. 0 U milnn tAS'. Table 2 1'~8, typical. example ~,h,'-",O,-·'I'I:"":·n-'c' th .'; ,y~ ~'-' ¥ ,I 'f'r ..-}e , information in Table 1 ill a. further processed form ~ 10, . Tables 3 and 4 'were then prepared separately 'for the data ,+ ba "," 'd"I'C1,-, t' b .a4lIC' ': "---J"" ana anc eanta v.ruzoy.;rererrmg to 'tne tnrorma tk " <:0 10 tJ:' .~._,C', ion given in tables similar to' Table 2 for all 1348 and 2,70:8 storms torColaba all-a Santa Cruz, rcpectively by' count···fi~ -- '-' a intenslties an d dura ' _t~l_ .• .U-1 '~I~,O:,'~'-1~_D_;€f.' storms o various ,~.~ e' . . •. .
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'MAXIMUM ItAINFA:L'L
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R.AINF,AL,L IN' SU'CCE;s$rvE S

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T',ABLE.3
D'URATI'ON'"

R~1!CORD OF IN'TE'NSE R.AINFAL1 .. FOR 24 'YBAR. AT' COLA,B,A~ S,H.OWINIG N'UMBER, OF ,STOR'MS OF ST,ATED A' " " '·N"D"·'," 'S':T.l-T"~D--,"_-:". IN";T'E:'N" 'S"I'T~"Y""" "0"&-'·" 'M'O'.--"R_'E1 .' ..·'UR-:'A·',-TI,O',-'N-,"',-<",_ .' .,.. ,,' " ":, . ,M.. _" C, ',' ' __ D ', .' .,' " ~.'. _:_,"_ . _ '. ' ;/
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minutes

-'N,,"I" ,--,':',':, OF "_lU.MBER ',',

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S',~'I"','-:i ",'_"TORMS

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10

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10 1.5 '20
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1 348 1 20B 1.068 1033 1 340 I 16,1 ,O~'t!L 791 . :7'0

1 ,3,22,I 084
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'728 :649 S70 479 38:7 218 2,49' 19 8 'm48 10,8

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167
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SO 32
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:261 ,21 17

13

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601 483, '3,,64 290 216 1.5'7' 97 66 35 24 13

4,86 373 261 19-3 124
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93

62, 4·~ 20

12

1 ,27'S I 008
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"38
577

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369 280 191 142 9] 67 41 23

312 231 148 108

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3 2

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8310

357'1 ,484,

30
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1 113
l 02,6 9'8,3
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752
'70S682
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2.19 1.5,2, 182 125 86: 67
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83 4,1 168
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TABLE 4, RECORD OF INTENSE RAIN,PAL'L ,FOR 13 YEA'R AT ISANT,A C'R'U'Z, 5,H:OWING, NU'MB:ER .OF STOR,MS 'OF '~TIA:-'TE-,' .D: n-'.··.··U·..· D .... O·····..···,N··'" A",'·,NI·'D,',. S:·.:IT', ·A··.·T~;Dc INT,'·' . _C. _._' y",,': .. IO•. ' M','·on'E ll.TI,-' ._ .~ ,_,_. ..:.···· ·~ A.n.. C _,' .,,_.. cN'IS~-I]T~
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15 2 588 2 140 I 692 I 30J

20 2 315 'I 8,31. 1. ],47' 1 034

910

712

j13 ,4·03 ,293, 242 1.90 147 104,

78

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316 ,2'0 is :m6, 1.2

8
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720
606'·"
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386 .318 2,49 187' 12.5

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n.n~ ~',70

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4 :3,24 217' 162 101 22.S' 1.40 10'1 6],

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1. 8,60 1 ,43S

"8 4,9 33 11' 131

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4·0 1 45'

6:63 1 24,9
n,6'·", '", .,,' 2,_·,

772
,,3F.1' 6:ctli

,:;71
4,84

3-10'"
',: I
l '. •

,274 1'7:8 132 84 60 3 S 24

42 22

12 to
8

I!f._

s
3

1.
1 1

I 466 I 063

3"'09··:-·-~
. ..'

'.,

, ..

IS:

2
2 I

2
1

1.
1

1
1 10

5:0, 1 3Jl~
55 1 209'

s_,n~
..~JI

,43,S
3,8,6' :3,3'7

27'4
:240 ""O'~ 4'·~.~

198 111, 86 49 34 l8 13 ·7
172 10'3 '710 ,38 26 14 1:0 l,4S:
'8,4
5,:5
.
.r:.'

If;l ;1'

ll71 77'S

S,3,2 4:6:S

1.

fi,O 1

o~a,~

2:6: 18

10i

81

1.

ooo
l' E-~_ ,. ' _:__~. IE-' .(l'r.) J0(11,' n{~~'...N-". '' , ,,-_,..' "I -" "', ,','"

1..'-~8·,
,
"

intensity- ... --, :~1J;, ~:,', - g":Ii:'tiC" Iuration-frequ ~J,1,.,I _:~_, :,~l~' -lIt,-,
k.

_'f"u'rther processing of the above data was accomplished 'h,_Ji ,,-,,,-. th -", T--'an'L..),e' ,e ,8:_: :-,' the , "._ ..) " f'h" O'WS, h 'UY ust ng '_ .e C'OmIJll" er program,
11" . '. -:'
'.,-C.'. , '" '.',

I'

:f" .....

-,

- " ." ,'.,

-.'.

,'.

. ',,'

y:' relat ,"'.'',"',_, ob t.. d '.' 1,PS , e_ a,JOnS,I, hios 0,' alne~_!l1
_
'1:._."

'_ l'

'I'~

now be: used with equation (I) to arrive at the' runoff

-.~

.!Iit.

st 0-" r~ 1.1.1
1__ _'_"

seWA rs
!LlI. -..,.,

'. ~ •
~

Formation of' tt'rlf)·'U··--,g by subdivid ,"·n-:ii.'t' the frequ ency P' ~ , .-,;-,-,.".• O~, u n·,,··t,,' ~ .,,~" .., .," ~-' t,-il"."do-d' range ".-.'f'~-~'m·.··o~ hr )~~t'" ]"10-'- years.~.'was '~mten eo ,t'- give more ,0 :~O accuracy which would not 'be possible if ill single uniform illte'l~sjt,y'-,du,ration-frelquen\oy'relatj.o,ns,h:ip, is proposed 'for the entire frequency range, The relationships can
V . ~;:~_", ",.'

'

,,~.,di

.1

...

Tables 6-9 show the comparison between observed , and calculated values of' rainfall' intensities at Colaba and 'Santa Cruz, respectively,

_The observed values were obtained by processing Tables ,3,and 4 with, the C()J;llput,er:.,Calculate,d, values

~D Jr-'.~£',,<

sou, ..

'I\(~J,C" ~rl"·I1!11· ".1

un' "·NNn A",~'.

I'\.JC

COLAB,A,

:s'····_ .
'_ _ _

.,

A' ..Jr~ Jl,~Ii. ''h"lfi''iljl'.

.' , ~ ,

C"'"
r

I,.,

•_

'R.r:~ TLtI. '!Ii 17'

'_ _ ,

4,~:o..~ \0 ,.J0 9.0

-

_F", ..

:CRE/' - Q·.··,O~2'23,
1 ~"' .. '

(DUR·+ .J a 16)0.,'188
Co'. :~ ,:' I 2"·-:' 2'.'_. -.;J '~'O' ,
.~ iii 'v'

2t:i4..t,2. FR,EQ,O,.:Z212 (bUR

+ 4,~SO)OJ~H)OO

i':ii .:___: .h~ ~I ..

,\~1;Ii ~r~,

ll3..3 FREQO~1.:914 ;
_ '(DU'R,+J, .. 7)OJ1819, 5
.13.4,.69 FREQOml~Ol (D"C':'U''~-R'" - n 2- 1'\0 373,9 . -, .. .... -~!IIh···~T-~·· ._,

~3,S~06FREQO~,2.1(9 3

'(DUR~+'1017,5)0.6011.
3,3.§'~,24:FREQOIS209

,(DU'R,+, 16,~~99)O'~16,"1&4

, 3 "....), .0,-, '.-2->''= 't -.-:4':" 'Y':ea'-' -_1Jri' .

rs

,S{t99

FRH'QOJ!O(l

(DUR~I J}3)O~a2ti6
IO;S~I,44FRJ3Q~'O~089!1

,(""'D',U-' ... '

".f

'D ,~I

_L

1~- ...41'4··' )O,.8~t,S _,7

~1,.
.,"

1 7',cnt;:' '12~,F,~?'..~'.Q"."0,,56;80
'{JUlIO,!!!" . ,~ '.,

(D·Ul\~3112:l

)O~279S

-(DUR"-"
_'

',', +1"
r,'

1,",-'

10··.I'~7)···l,r.4~I,a
[1,,7" " ... '

,_,:_' "," TAU"Lldl

a ~:l3. U',

O"'-"B"'E--'D'V"'E""n' '-:Ia,-R.,

.: A..·N···· ' \._.,,-": " D"". ~IA'L""

C"U"LA-'_.:T'~D" V' 'A'L' D'I'cS' O"F'" R.'·A··]"N" 'FA' L'L' I'N'TE"'-'N"~r-:-'TY' "om! /1..-:) A' 'T-' ~\O''-'''LA-'B'-.A" !i':"FO"--'R.. P"'DEQ''--U'"'D'N'' ',;_ , II: t ' .l1t.'~ c···r,;..r ,: _,'. " lP~ ,E,.__ :', 1 ~', L< ,a I U" _ I, __ ' ' Ji'L", Q, 'D. AN"RE' 'B-E"~'I7E' 'D'N" -: _ 10 M" O''-'N-'TH' e: 's, 'T""O'-::-" "'0':-;;'" M"'O"""N' ". T--H-" S-·, AA·L··< Y'. '-. >r.l -v¥', 0., .......
I,>,
_c: ~_

_~,

c,~,C

'--,I

_c:'

"

I::.'

.,."~'\'~_>'.:.

",

,.!

'.~"'j

,,",_

".:

l?j'· ..·

..,,~'.,_ . '._ ....",

~Dn,nUE'Yri.l·C·.. v .£".~~ ,Icc:' ,I:!,J:,.":. :;1.,

'T\C~ ·vn~,_,,_

·.I·n-o' N" .....,

,

U-I !j! ~'Iln' ..: ·","~, ,U•. ...

,:~:,

tes
.

S
"

10
1

IS'
",[1"':"";'

20

,15'

.' 30'

3,05

A'n
[~

4;' 3'1,,50
'

CO' '.)
..

ss
.

0, '

.-

60

,r.,

'M'" o ths ,'1fI

_,., _' ,I._A

~ .. ~

Observed
Calculated Observed

8'~ +1lU
7',4··,-j'2·''I~ .._ '.

,t::. g,~'··.I~' ~

'20
'",

C '8-- "11

,S~j,c1 S~I,8,
C' .L"A ,J~J~

,4. H,'?'
,11:]70

4~2,3 4 3,8·
,
!II' ::_.-"

,]191

!..•..•.

3'4'~
,I~

3.12

6'44-'
.

,"

!Ii - _ -

S '73
'I ..

I@!

-'

· ,4~'4,
,S~,26
5.,108,
!'~4,3

'

"I

4 O"8~)
'. r ,,'-.
1 I ••• -.

31;083
~,>_"" 3 B3
" o ~:.

,3'iIO
,

'1,n , ~;)7

0 ,6,.:"]-0' 4·

iI'

']2'
.....
,,"",

it,"'S
,4;-' ""0""
; 'I "
,,"'

3~,66

[-

3::«····1
,

"~'

i_,

3 ..32 , 3,~312,
'""!ll' - _ 1,_44' '

,Calc,ul ated
,,~on' , 10"";" "M"" .. mths,s.
. I,

7.. 9;'5~'
,
'_.'

6,~l4
11.: '.. :'0: U[~_JQ
2····'9 "';·."
,

S~,.S6
S,84':';
" _. ,I

4.. 0 1
.

'3' '8'_'~
'. ',' I

!'

-.

~:

..

3.ViD'
£L_
!

.31~,48
~ 6"]7-" ,;)!~." .'

O~Dselved

.' . ':t,._

,-

8/1'7
8.39 9~1.20

6 29
,'r ,-_

'

III!!'['"

",

. 49"'8'
,
.

II ';-. ~

4~'70

4- '"'6"
_ 'ii,,J1

..:1

A, e. ~' I - !II

04'
.. ' _ .. _.I

'. L

3-8":"8"
_,~ ..

j' .. '
'.'

caIcula,ted.
1 'Y"_' Year

6'4"9'
I_'~ _.~'.:

!l!!l

•.

,~ 'OlL' JI~roO

".3'7'
c: J~JI~

,4~'96

4~;1!!!I1 1''0,''"
A 40J I~.·:--O

'408'
.. _
':
- _' tl

-e- ...

,3~8,7 4~04,
i5!fJ~~

3 67
I I .. '-,
J ~"

·0 bserved

1'00'.'::-"
".<.. •

I1 ,t '..".

'_

s 9···"
'.

i,

.. ·

I•• '

'~f1'

s.n
S'~19'
...;al ...

41'8
.
.
~ J _.

"1:

JI[I·2U

~ nn

',3,.5:6

8,~1'7
1,,2··~·S~·Year ~ ~~
_'

'i,62
7.22,

e: 78' u..:1 ...:_.

'£ ~'~'
\J~~IJ

s.rs
e.n
';:}11i7.',·.

S,~'6'1

4- 8:-""11
_Ii .._~

,4~,S3,
41,74

,.
1~1Il""",,~.

Al2'"

A ,n~·

3~,S4
4~11
4~08 41,23 4j2,]

3116,6
3 8' -6'"
I,;;, .

_..

Observed Calculated.
,0'·'

'~li'73
Iii,

s.sr
SI,4S 5"196 S~i64
,e:; n£
U~!I\JUI

.. 2"'0 1D

,~ O,~'0?: L
~I!I! _

42"2"
_ i!Ii
co' ... ,

__

.. ~/

.::.r.:·

9~'2,9
10'
I
,

'149
7',,3,6

6.5,]1
,ell,7,S' ,fi~76'

,e fl.-'O' ,,-,

,S~1.0
5'.:3,,8, 5,~28

'1 4·...0·
·:'Ii~·.·.

4'1,23

3..",5 ,
4t,06

.··~~p~J'~A' ." UQ'W~-~~U,

'~~'. Ii!

~I

iJ

'6~21
6:~,11. 6~j27'
n £1,/.7 U

,5'~2l
It: '00"'" .'. ,Ji\,·:.:.:.·

4,~94 4,~7'6 5,~I07' 4' on

~i:7U
._ 'I"

4 A~l"
ti~'J_

4,~3'
A:, ",,~, ~iI!~'o.

9 .. 6'2'"
.'.

. ".',.,

'j.

7:,7,S
7.47

41,S;
,4_."t- ,:.1 8'
1

4.'09
4 "",~ ~
_ Ii :_

10,41

6'8'0,

'II_-.'.",

,5.45
,_Ji!li

5~30'
,J!II!!!':' .. '

4,~,4,3
4'i,51 4,,~O'
~~I

:2; Years

Observed

9'~~ll .:£'31 10.'~Ul.j

r '_' .

7~9B,
6",3·1 7·_i, , <7---r
I

·2

.3,81
Iii

44':··.•
I~ ~

,i/:

'14:,

4'~169

4 3':",6.',,'-'
,

II!I,I_

"

: It. .~ ." -.'"

,iii ....

00"""
"I

:.:_

a: 3~1 ll.~,.4;

ellA Ull~
~.[~I

~~

«:_,50 ..

5.38,
Jif"O

5 1'7'
I~,

4"t':1'1
''I!~'
[

4,~,39
4l,~;4'7'
ii' ilfili ~._.

41,28: 4~,,]3

CiJcula't'cd
" 'r .... "'-_,, Ob:!J!W:, :V··'"ed bser .-.-_:, ;' - 2S Y _'",.-'Ye ,_ears
I, ,

1.0.11 IO,~79

8: ,l,'n ::I
'7 '7"9'
.
.

"1.14
7~lO '7~31
7-lil1
- _: ~ 1 l
J"

6~46
"'l,t:.,' 6[..:l'tJ'

S'i'96
"I:

,S'~5,8:
,S'163
c C'll' ,JiUD
.ai" ? J iii','
.-"4':_"

2.-.-01

4- '8-1'
.,
11;,. '.'
"1

,_:

4"I'~il

,I

',' .- .. '

"

"U'!ii£ll 1:' '0 -']' O,~\ ' '..:'

'1-'1(\

,~I

,e'

•.

4.;'~,
~~

'-

5'~
, II!!!

24'..

'.'

'.

"

4~7'3,

4'163

44:,:

_,I

4,,~3,S
4,~3'4, 4~41 4~,,3:9
-~~

'C.."",8,''I'euI'" t' d'~ .-~ _,a"e .-. _'

., ~ ¥ ~[~l ·v'Alg .. ~ 11l~I.,L~1

.1.1..15'
'.,_,····.·~7~1 I: .0'1

8' '5"3":
'.'

'.

- 'I"

-,

6.5'6

I_

5' 0'5
[,'
,"

•• '

4JJ3
4,.8,4
4-,8"_'
-I . ;,

,4~64 4.14
,4,~,7'O
&E±

4.. 8 4 4,,~,4,8
4'j54
_

Observed Calculated

'0"

7~,93
,8
I

6~39
'6,J14

6,~,2S'

,~~ •. ~.J\~D,0

S:,~,30 ,;;11.

(j"4
_

s,10
5J75Ti '

_ _.- _._

'~r2

_-

17

oS

lOIS
,l:t.74
7~;4,9

2,0

,2.5'=
e-

-3~O - as
5JtJ

40
,

""

......

4~,
,
. "_ II: ,: 4 ~,'8"J~'
"

11~,03
I0:.·C·:·,·I·:""'" Iated a,cu.!.··.,.U

'6..,29

S' ..,53 5' 44'1"1

' ,,' I''', !
!!

~' lJii 3;,5···· ,

A' ~~ 1;: ') _.:l

41:~ II'
llill"-'~

A£' 4_E!l~'L'

'6~,72
t)~44

6'~17

511116
C' Jl
iIIi

'~r

,5~",1.1
,5.39

4~~)'5

3 Years
'i "1 G

erved O bs..
'_ ~r~

:'M'~'~"

n.n
'1.1. ~S4

s.ro
'a~_·..,3l Q: _ 8······"'

4~44
twi: 4,,'
-.lli'7U

7/29 7~5'J
7'~,33

6,,~32,
J!' 2"··.· u,,'~'4''"
I'

_Pf\ :7-U
Oi 1,

J,'ll'·.·.J

'6::;;:}1

~ttOO
!LOO S',~06 ,S~,04 5~]J,

~ 4 til
' •.. I.

.~

4iSO
,4~4·9

Calculated
,":.'~ AJ

6,~79
,£ l= y~ 4,_,u

,01

~,iiO,~'

S~jO
..5~70 $~SO
~' 42'
J'~~_ .... ;

4,,8,: 1 ...t. ~-.J.

l ..
_ ',I!I'

~~~

:t.: .. A

years , .. .... :.,' "

Observed Calculated

'l1,~2,O'

8... 16
o I.::'n
Q~\'U7

6 35
. I· ':

"-

._.:_

i@!'__:'

4' 9·,16',
. .
..' ..1.

4",,70
4~71 4 ' 'I''1-~ ,
II!

4~58 4'"~'8'"
·'·"iI!J·_-~

11.,89 Ili27

7~43: 1~'31
1~S4

L 1;j

ll

6'tli lll·.···7
..
. 1

6.. !j: 1 16;.01

5~2S
!t,45'

4~,8:7 ,S~.Ol
4,.,94 5~,:06

1_.II!!JI

3' ~ V"~'ears - I~,.a

Observed

8,~.21 8J3l2

648
'I,
I

"

'.1,." ...

,.)"',

.~ (7-"7'
'

4,~64 4.65 4 .. 0 7 4,~11 4,~7,5

Calculated ,3~75Years

~7"A \Jlfi 7
6~4'9

6·2'··:'1":
'~I .• .

s.es
6~106
S~,97

St;,3J, .5~4,8,
~ 4\~_'~ J" '1

S~1.2
5,..16

..t, -' ..,.,,.,jI

1'~
:'.'

Observed,
Calculated

.ll~j,3, .1.2.'24
11~18: l2~41
1 ~ ~,:5,3,
'_

,,' 1JI 4 8.:J

,~

:.

8- '9-" 5-'
, "

!!iI .':'

'

(1,.89:

5,~19 5~201
,d-'J~J

S,~Ol 5'~ 0 1.
!L08

4~85
4r,~,88 4L92
cq JI~'" O'.. ""3" '.:".'1

Observed
Calculated

:8~,30 '9,~06 8,,~42

7,~4,3 7~,75
'7--53
I __

,6~50
61~)'8 '6,~70

61,4J fL4·4
,6t.~6
,~ All'
UI '!I-9t~~~

s.ro
6,~05'

5J~,B'
,J!iii ,\~..

~~I.,

'c'o'-"
..

,~,~3:.'
I~

;c' ~,i'

4~18 4,!,90 4(\),

1117',,'1' .

os oservecd'
Caloul ad: ed O'bserved

6.,22
. [:Jl'!I '0-" '",._. .. 8" :

I;J"

~7c "0-"1
::.

;'

'Ii ..' ( ....

'3'2.." '

'

;~2,2
!L20

1.2,~.94,
1~~6'7
I

Bc~92
,~t,50
"

I ~,
iI! .'_'.['

6-'5'·,
t

.r

15,~91
6.,8,3

t:.:

,j,t80

5,.,5'6'

,~ '3'7
j",.

Ii} ~ '.:.'.. ,_ ~.

7~6'7

6'~30

6~.l3

s .sa
'6.,00 SJJO
:f),~15:

.... -' '4·0

.5'~,30 ,5.29'
,Ii

13~1.6 8 Years

,9.. 1 0

·7.17'
!~

7 04'
.'

_,

ill'

I.

~'

e.rs
I

1S'~Ol ,S'~2S
5.2,8
,€
I~I~I

s.oo
Calculated,
13~S:O
11 ~91 9~,31

I!l!'J! l'iiO.:_.'

°3"

5', .4"0""
_.

I@l

',':

6I,~J 2"C
I~IO~
P{J
ll!' ... 1.)1

5·5'0"
.',
Iii ~_·)l.'_"

'

5,40
S,t43
5~46 S~514

S,~13 S~'1.4
''In, 5''i~-;U

7~9,8
7',!,9,3,

_~,.J' 7 '2" "l

~I

fi '7'2:'
I ,,"

'Ii ' . "

,Et3,4

S'J50
·c 'aO""1. ~I"U .. ~
IJ.I.~I l.

10 'Years

'9~15

7!~1,S'
'117"/," 7 ~~
-~

69"'0'"
,_'

~,"'

...

..:_.

G,~4,6
,e. 4,',",' gil
i -,~

].:':]>
.. '
"

"

91~4,9_

,B,~14

Si92

c 7·,,2",.

5 ]'-"8'"
.

!,..'

~~

.5

10
8 .. .,J'O.~'"' - ~'

IS:
'"l'rjJ~'1IiiiiI tI"I"

"20,

2S
6,~'('4
~!II"~J
4:'

3'0,'"'
,'.

3~'1"
...

·j

40

45
.

,5;0

5,5 4~,06
'i) g
JI'I!IO.:

6 Months
:8 Months . ",' "M·.... tb10 ,<on,- .,:51,

Observed
Calculated
Observed

11..tZ !

6~41
,if:£nl
Uj~,ll'lJ

,S~44
S~4·S'

5;~,21
_

4 8""8":'
l~1

I'
.'

'.':.

4,~,44,
,4, ,4~.',4: ~,~ _J

4,~27

1~
I

II i2\2
11,1,8'0

8 !!'~'tJ Be.

'7~SJO
7(
I~I

fie

,5, 0'5'
Ii·
." __'.' l-

4-"7''''
,"i ""~

,4·.21.
~t,4,9
AI ,ltO'" l~iliJI ...
~

4J)]
,4-1 ,-

....:

'3'

'Ii' ',,:

:83'
,.

'

Ii! I_ .: .

ss

.:J

'61,19'4
'7l·.J·l~~ ." RA

6:~3i4

,!L:Sl 5~'8l
6JJ6,
(it 1.2

n.ss
Observed Cal,eoll,ted,
1.1.9:(}
nn7'" :7.• ~_ ~

,8,~Ol
'7''i,S:8

6' '~~
)It;),.jl

5'.,49 5 3·:~
_ !ii~."~

4 80
'.'

:'

'

'1Ijij":"

'.:....

~12"" .[~
.'

4il0
4,Jl9; 4,~27

:],.,

_1 .'

04'"

.•

"

iii ~.'.:_ ~- _. .

4"17'j

Ai'i"!Ig .• · ~~£, ... '

q 6,', n,
..... ,~J~

S 79
.

'

I•

.:',

~ '.~

5,-..4,' ,II ,~ _. S' 30"

:
'll:.:..:.1·.:....
.J
I

5,.,'06
•

-4~81 ,4~13
(-' III'" ._.I

4 '_. \0. 4-;0!

-I

'_.

12~6.J
12~,07' l3,~14
12'" l'~7"
i,····· ~_I'_

9,~94
1: J,
"

8~42
,It09
1

7' 4."1'1~:
~ iji- I

'6.68
7,00' 6,~,96 i
!Ii iIIP·

oC' J ...' ,

67

..
.

u<" ~

'"

00",' .
l·

._ .. '

4- '€li
_'Ii~
I

4.3-1
'110 4'li,,~la

t 'Year
li~2j Year

Observed

0'" '2'-j 'C

!.'
'.'

'7~5'.9
1'~7'2

6~23
[_ '~'IQI 6.~,a

6'~{M)

S,~"j9 S',~,5'31
j',.:d:r~

10":"' 5',' 3:"

4,~71
'_l

Calculated
Observed.

1037
". _ '.'11 :
j •• ~

s.ra
iOilli.···: ..

S'~91 '6~21
.IZ 0:"','8'"". UI~
··.l •

j',~2l S~,39
~)t.

.,;1 4-"-'' !3'

4 1~"O"
·1
'.1 L' ", ~.

4~4'5'
4,~,49

10 5'6
..
'.

.'.

..... :!I!' ~.: 1·, •. ~ ...

:.

areu - eo C ..... )1,8;:ted

,'ll"..

"11'-S··'~,
[Jii! ...• ~

8~:3.0 01 5"0 ·IO :8.,44 n 8", 3" ~.,.;;'.:.1 '

,

7,.,89

1,7"

I'

6"39"
.'
".'"

!liCe'

.'.'

~' 99'

7:71
,.8~OS,
I'O 8'·' -'_"
'._\.'~' ••• ' I~

,7·,,'I.,J O;,,··~

6 5.·.·'1'
.... 'r:li _.'.
I

,S,.7l
,i€.: UHl.··.O!

,f/t ,4-

."

,0'1

4J39
5i38, ,S~,13,

,4,~'8'
4~1S
4~'86 4,~9,S:
Ii :J li' _.

1.. Year 5
1,~7S Year

Observed
Calculated "
Observed

12~~4
1,1,.:99
],2,,2:9

IJ,t.OO
lOil6 .1.1~26 ",1' 10,'-,',
_.
"._.
~,~,

7,~fi4, 7~,33

6,~,50
,6i77
r: 0,) U~!D._

?4.···: U,.,,~
L

'0 ..~

,~' C
wJi,J1

5·~11 "1008
.it ;2.0""", J~~J_'

6'1.3,2 ., 5194, 'fit-,44

I~
r

S.,fii 5L72 5.810

5' 8"'9-'
, .. ,

Calculated
.2.1 Y:'. ,~,;r ... 'T'~ '-: .,,~,g

:12,~,40

8"'79'" .. .. 9,',2·3
I.

'ii!!!

'

•~ .

•~ -

..'

,ft'21
c.',

7.8:7
.I~:-

""!II' 6","",,_I
,

.~

.~,: ,

'~"'.

"."

8.~2~9 8:~:31
8
_ liI!.;}';).

7-ss

..·I

7 00
'Ii

c"t 6I~J~

fi.,~4,

Si47 ~l lJ,.,~'i~

S.2.S S~40

03"

~.~.'

Observed Calculated

1'" '3":'
..~!i,D,~,

11~46

g.'38
0" •

-/1"-

1',·· :' ..•.

8.03
7~,80
If)
'Ii,

1.0'51
'7';i:2l

6'~.s'6,
fi~jlr2

6t.31
1'6~'3: 2.
, _ tll'_' 1
....~ j

!!!I':': ;'.,.'

.12t,7fi,

io.s:

C,'ll .

5,.,91
l

S~167
S ~o~· -

~-:'..J ....." 2-2c Y'ear:s

Observed ,

...•. 123,,1"U
1

I .•

n.so
.lO~,4,3, :~ 1~70 lO~,7'S:

n 1tf..'.. 71 0 1
1

'

II':

Calculated
Observed

Cil'7' IIi' " .-'.,'7' .

n~·o
9' 8S"
!!iii •. __
"

7~1'j _'~.,

.,

8', '3"'9 ' 8 43

'..; 'II _',"."
_ ."':-

Ol!ll:

IS"

,.'>

6~'79

~ '1i9 UI'~~'
6 ~ 29
, _

Uli!~l . ~ t(l,C:'

iC

,R2··

, ' °3-:

5'1,41
,,J!II

5.17

,e,

,4'1
,I,:

5~21
11,:", 5'~1'1' _

.'

.. 'j

1_

Iii' '_, "~'I

"1~,74 -

7~li
7'1,3,8
7~42,

6'i70

..

"

'

.'

";';'J§i'J!..)

I:"J:.~

C~8"",

12i,3,S

..

8,~24

eL9S
16JJ3

6~,4S 6~,51

Calculated

,)2",,39

'9' '6"'2-"
" I

. If. . ~.' ~_

; .... '.

6:~,13 ......•_.j , 6; is

S~9S
J~lfJ' :~

S~lO S~,31

~ j;J'4

18

'2 0
1

':::.1 2-5'

30 7 ~,~-'IO 7~. 5

~,
7~)31
l'.. 1- 4· -

40
l(i71
6~1.5

45
,.,2

so
61~081

. 55:
.C' .. J~[

L':ft V\I

,8,,5'0

'75.:,

~j. ~ S. 18
., '
1 .:.

'~2~1'1'
-.-,3 Y'·' .' earN,

, i.iz

~~;r~1 8 tnn

6i.34
6,~29
.=-1,.,5 .

I~·O',2 U'!J '"

j~1'3
,S,~88;

,5:~48
5~44

O b "'e'~·11- d ·.iL. ." e:.'.'

_ I~:.~

12~4.·'

11 ,~,8,~'

112 10'_-:'.,

8~,63

8~38
8~-8

7~6,7 7 ~ ;-:6,';1
-

7.~.2j 7 ~_: 4, '7-'36

L

:\~11' 6~191
6 2~14II .
1

9~24
"'1 13
iii

'.

s.ss
Si,9'8·
I

2.~··Year .
.,.. ~

['N

L11

8.13

8~4']

7'~81 7',t52

[~i

[~ •.. -j

6 96"~
. ". I

ill

..

'6~.35;
lu~,~. "'fr'

4···~9· S":'-:-,
• , .••

Calcul a ted
3 S- y''ear .'
. .,.'."1
_ '!In

9.. '9 4

8~(j9
,

_I

.-- 45
.

...

.~

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_'1_"

1 1·2:1
.. ', : 1-0'-:-'.1 8·····'7
'."' .'. I.

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8' '8""·
!'Il .. " .
"

,8~O' 8 7'
~lrill
1'··[1_

7.0·7'
7 4i5··
~ : [_,I

6~68
III·"

t::

iI'Il

S'~,718
[(i,3D

S'15'4 S'Ji4 S·.14

.

7'i'93i 7' V8

0"','7

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.- ~~- 0 1411

'6;~07'

Ca culated
Obs
~~[VI

9 00
~.'
. .

···

8 ,,- ~'4'
.' "

7- :-'2I

"
.

6.9

6-~S',~ :.0
.. ~~
~AA

6~2G
6,.. ,; 3
fL4,6

S~98,
[6ii - S
,6.•1,81

~2,,46 JI.2i6S

12,10 m

'1'

0-4' .10:
-!!!

:8' 9:~O'C:
• 1,1 •

-8 ,.,53 8,~"-4
[

7,~S,S' '7mS:'6
7~'6'9 '7'..14
7~,22

00" S !'4iJ
I.)

91~,30· 8~97
11 ,0,$1
'J 2~Jil

1~7:-.:'
UJ[1i! '.

S~9J

4 Years

12' 4"6' ~~
-,~ ~,
.' ~I'
,

· 8 63
·'1 :'. ~, ... -.'
'

8~13
I

6,.. 8 4
16·",'; lIln :_~7.·~1

13",O,'~
12,~v' -/ /U1
1•

1 ".,'461
] 1iii ".'.
9 ·7.'0···· all' .

9 5",'1
1 ~l

_.1

88
,

......

'.

II!

"

'.'j

8
_

!II! •

--'19':"
'il ..

7 77
,!Ii'
1

'()1

7,...36, 7_4'[-:-1 I.
L!! ",'

'.',~40' '" 66
" '.'

6'.22

S;o~,4 (i. II

••

'

..

to'

9- 18
~ .J..,,'
I,"
._ ,. S·'
r.
.. I~

[8'~ !i:7-V
I.'

'"'

8.4"0
7~.. 2, ·

'8-' ",'JO- ~
(.

'

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643
'"
, t

6~23

9 8'8
I

".l.

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[I

1,_.

9~,2f;'

2'0"
.
, .'

7~,74
;J11i1 .' 18'·· I..

6,..9,5
·D S:-J':O.'I
!lL

6 60
,
'1 • ••
I -'.

86- I"~~ 2·"..~

':' " ill . -t

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-, •

!iii
1

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If r.J " ".1. "

7'2

' ~ ,4',1 .JI

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I" __. 0- 'b"'"served ,

J' •

I!.

.. ,2'11,34 10'.96
12,~66
1

11,~3:B
.

19~3l

10110"

8~6.1
8~J.2 8,,97' 91f,S6

I· ( Ca'~lc'u..-11

il1i1 [~J!t.1 ~

'r're'd' -'~[,
• '.1 • I

]0·"12;':','
-,~:, II! '~

'.'~ .,J

·'6····cl

'9iO,
9~,4._··,

,8"S~8 [9i,31 10~ 11,

7'.'7-0 ~
..

" 1,32

.'7 '
_.

'7[ -]'
,iii··.·

J-! Ul~J':'~1 ._

8' .

6·631 "'~'
"~'.'

16~42 6,~06
6;..7,2'7~,14
l

6'97
:

o b'· rved
_. ~ '. , ~ I~

'Iff

I,'

12 ..3.5 ; 2,.41

12,~11
.

8,'7,2

8;.,44,
8-6:-2~·' " ...

',[47
o ~!O::a~l'r.
",J

7.22 7,~82

6-3,4'"
II!! __
' ...

" (}'7,
~:~!

[r;n']c- ulated I~lti ",. .

~ ! ..
,1

12.40Sr .
12~7'3

;~~;Ji '''!6~
I

10170
.1,. ,

.. '

9',",,'7
8 9""3~··
1':~.'

7'1,47'
~a 71°' -D . 8 '011.": ,.'-.
I,

,,0 Years

Observed

9,~4S

1t)8

It,68
9,178;

78,S
rl! __

7,43T:
iii ~_

6,j9,3

ICaI· ulated
I,

5:,10

.,.

.'

.,,
l-

.-,-.~ · .. (. a :- d using the relations ips ,'ll,O'W- i~~ ... - ....'~ -., .... t··- .... t·. 1m In ..[e ,.Iit·..·_· t . ~'~1, ·b·'c ,a Ai. _d " S.:.···:· nt·a C''"':"~lZ ... a . " Cler 'Jng 1.0 '1..- inter ~lOS-:. '-A.11a . '~.:. - .. -· 'TI B:_.IC . 5~~ ·It'· .._" J8eon .._ ,a.' b' ·t~ ·'II!-"h· o.serve '- d·, la·n~. ell 1",c·. al 8:_d·":' .- bl i .....- ..'-', nil _'., _.' ~.... ,-" .' ·th·· .. t 1,·.:0 ..h U e: ·b·'· ,-,-~. assumin a linear variation with, respect to the distance be .,'n:fee'- n:- he m'- Thi'" If: arra nge"LUen,~~t .--'. '.-t1.01I..I'C'-On.V:e'leDlI: f. .-'.' -. '·V:' alue .'~O':-"n-9T"C ",' I' ·.·e seem.s - 1...._ c'......., "', .~: .. , "r r~' 'DJ:e i -the ab.. ,:.~'nceof allY ot -~,e-' inform tion ·~ ... ertaining t'OI '-a- ·l'''-"cal·, "3'r-:a .ion 0'" "e::;" ·t,··~· c··,;'ty·.' e lU.t, ',:,'_, Fig " shows the nr '. of Gre ater -,omblay .,:th loca .io__ t l ·:-, J:-' ra ;'1. -·u--a··· sta ions '---;-t' C·--'···-)' aba "'" ,. _~_Ba ' ,I',.... C' : ruz-_,~ +g, -'.: .0'- .'. . IUlifl. and ". ... Alter ,"Ltiv,J.~'-, the relations iips derived 'for Santa f-in guage station e eists neal. the nortl .e '~IDU-~I'~ of a.' Cruz may be' n~"d for the entire city, since Santa, Cruz' Is the IClty IO~~":,0 abay to e nable a complete picture of t ' ' nore or le '~;' e -~ c rally located, This would, .owever rair .:-,011 variation over 'the: city. .. .. yield higher in, ensi 'J,'- s which would be safe '.~~Iut lead .• a ,'0' cost J,e.· system. ~ Tab es 1&.9 clearly show II marked difference bel: een the .. infall intensities Eat Cola ia and San .a Cruz, The a The .~;oble ':, ,"f 'ood,in_g of eets in Bom .. j·c, a, i itensi -ies for all lrequenciea and duratioi --:ofstc 1nS a ,co' ,'1·' /V'~, o:-···,-·~ a-' ~;S'::-l~in- " out :.,.:.' g' f:' ',' y~' such ,"" generally lower for Colaba "as compared to those at choking of exist ~11g sto m sewers 'wit -.- grit and other -. ::'" .. S' ',:~ ,- c"'-" iz ~aaterial, simultaneous occurrence of hi.gh tide and' heavy rainfall, de' eloome ~.~f reclaimed areas ann adoption of an ad hoc 10;." in..~·n'~:i"y rinfall in' the, 0 ,delsigu 0' ~~ .... 'xis i' g st,o,r'm se:~ers The flo·odi: -.; pr'o'bt B

were ,btai' :edby

I., ' •.. .:_,_.~ '_. '.,'_,

=-

__c

l'

..

--:-.Iil

"","4-= ~.

J'II

. ,-I~. ·nl:~.~,

l,

ill

.,

I ~_J~I,I'

~'!In ......

I'

=-

l'- Iv .

~'.~

!,.II[", __ ,

<•••.

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_.,

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~','

I~ ". __ .. :,

10" '.' .

._ II

I,

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."

.... [ '..

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",.

"".1

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..

-'I'-~

I'

'I·_.~·

~I

.....

,I

.,~'

!.J_[W,

I.

11,.

:-.1

'__

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....

a···'

._~._

.-

.'

rl~'iililn"
~'~~.

".

I},_

S""

.Jjl,_.:..

1.1_.

5,·,1.

-'

'.~.

,",

'

',-:

uId '~-, to use the' relat,·o":~~,h·ips,dev'e_ope·d in the prese'ul s.-u,dies" i-It. ·design,lDg ne'w st.orm st.we~-s a'nd In modi(Yln,g or '-'e",-"la,c'i~'_:1 t -,·eold. ones~, ~.or impor dn,~, O'mmercial are~s,. it would, c 'be: s,afj.-- ..•~.. :ado'p ~- ·8, 'fr,e'·qnenc,y' 'o'f one·;, i. 5: )frc'ar.s for ,~sja"~'~; " ··,I,'le for oth~,r I!feas i' !t,e '~'ty,"',frequency ,r~,f'-o'I,. .~._ a YC7r c>,ay·· ':a.t sfa,ct=:'ry~
t' On"'c': o·,··f·c;:. :~. ,~,., ..... , ..... ' _'. I.

,u~ t'refor~,-,

fj,_ ap·~-1rio··a"·c,-··he~·-;-·+10"· '.t'he~"~"k '.',' ... -'S- :t." , .... 'n_'l~lo·"·b:·le-::"', ."j _.,,
..,,L.',,, ".,' : ",

-u"i

'II

-be

a_'E(1Ckel~'

',m-ny
W··· ":.. .. ,,' "- _

"ll :,ks.

,(JiG..

'-

..

19

II\lORT'H
-

...

The design of a storm drainage system bY 'rational method' involves repeated calculations of runoff contributing to, the 'Storm sewers. In the' .' computations, it is nece~siary to knowIntensities of rainfall corresponding tOI different magnitudes of' eoncentration time and frequencies, of' occurrence. This can be done by anaIysing past 'rainfall data, for the particular place, ,_ . Past rainfall data of 2,4 and 33 years for Colaba and Santa Cruz were analysed partly manually and partly 'by' using a computer, and. rainfall intensity-durationfrequency relationships were derived, These can be used for the design, of the storm drainage system in Bombay. .The frequencies of occurrence recommended .£ d' ,;;, At " .c.' ~. .. 'I 1,OT' aesrgn are once In j years l~r important commercrai areas and, once in a.year for other areas in the city .
iI

I~

..

Ii,
ill I.""'!

..
'.
• 'I'· •

! <::' -'c':_·4"~ •, " A- C"'X' N-"_O', ::::"W-, ·"LE"'O·G-'ll·JlE"N··" T~' ____ ,:'_.",
l~·.

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ill

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"I

The a~thors gratefully acknowledge the. inspiration and eneeuragement received from 'Prof S,' J Areeivala, Proiect M[',"'·:' g. ~e~r:1 W':~':HIIO";"··I/·':U~.~·N'nD; . Proieet a'D,'·a::"' ~' Ankara, . ,,:.1' ,r 'J~~"""' ' ,' Tuikey!~ .'~' They'arc"tlianlCtul- to Prof 'V'Raman, AS,S:i:8 . ant Director, 'NEE,RI, Nagpur for ,n1.8·' useful suggestions, Thanks 'are .due; t-o. Shri M, R Ranga Ra:~I:, Consulting Civil Engineer, -Tata 'Consulting E,ngir';cts, Bombay . ':"fbr··his ·.~n~ouragei1ient· 'hl~V'~lopirig'~ t~·Cl)lTlPllt~~ p~r&,n $TORM'and to·thw·coffu;;ers ofthe Meteorolo~cal'Qep3J,"triienf;'B~paYlpJ;' their kin~ permission to ".." _.refer- to the '! .. rainfall data for Bombay, . 'Plst
,L:.-: ,I..:_,. ,_,,', '~":_" ',. _" _
,j" .:", :'

• r\

,~~

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....-

REFERENCES
oiI!. ". • p; •
•

.-

..

_~.'I

-:"

',;;

..

.
_

.."
!fOIl II
II,

....
:.I

..

, .'
.
..

.
• • •

1;-

. ...

.'

. ,II·. .
•
~

loll"·
.1

iI

_
• .. ., • I

iii...

'I

.,.t!.

If"

'-,~. oII.J I! :..

111

.~;;,
... -:II

~.

I.~

•• I!i",

..

...

t.~~.

• ,""

II

.~
E ..
e

'1,

i!
.&.

n A:' '.. '.r'~·. ·~,·t·'I:I!O'·'''.(]iI M· ethod . 0-'',f-- Stor .m" DI ····r- 'a", . f'V t:Q .. ,,'- \lna rIP. ~." 1L1i· 1..~,,~,: ': "R""' [6""" Desfgh'~··Prt1ce.etlfngs.~f A.SCE, l~rigai{on "and Drainag« ,~ 'Di~ulJtn,VOl). 9~" 'no .1R4; December "-1968; p 46S~ ". ..
"101

._

,1.11

III

~..

0""

'Y' ..

.r\&1,[

A"J.a

-,~

'.

"'.

l~

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r;.r!1'1

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r.I"'......

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;

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.
,

.
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~.. II

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I .:

'-~T",.

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rio
II

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,' ••

.Frequency Formation for' D~~hi~: thvir'fj.~"'nmen'tlll Health, vDt-]O[~,'J'ul.y'-· 19·68." p-,~, 219,. '- ..
.. iii .• • ~. • '..

2... "oCT ,
(_,

"I

._

TOIh.niiwat.:":;:'~iWa,U.. .Inrensity-Duration'To
.III.

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