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CONCEPT MAP
Synthetic polymers Sulphuric acid Glass and Ceramics
Composite Materials
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Sulphuric Acid
Uses of Sulphuric Acid
Sulphuric acid is very important industrially, and has many uses including: a. The production of fertilisers such as ammonium sulphate, potassium sulphate, calcium superphosphate (Ca(H<2PO4)2), etc.; these are straight fertilisers, as they supply one of the important elements of nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium (NPK); b. The manufacture of non-soapy detergents: modern detergents are organic compounds 'sulphonated' with concentrated sulphuric acid; c. The making of artificial silks like rayon: here, the fine threads in the alkaline cellulose solution are neutralised by passing them through a bath of sulphuric acid; d. The cleaning of metals by removing the surface oxide coating: this is called pickling and is important in preparing articles for electroplating. e. Its use as an electrolyte inside batteries for cars: most car batteries are made up of lead plates in a sulphuric acid electrolyte; occasionally, the electrolyte needs to be 'topped up' with distilled water ; this is because small amounts of hydrogen and oxygen gases are given off by the chemical changes inside the battery, and therefore the sulphuric acid loses water and becomes too concentrated ; in the manufacture of drugs, paints, dyes and many other chemicals .
Stage 1
Combustion of Sulphur sulphur + oxygen sulphur dioxide S (s) + O2 (g) ---> SO2 (g) or Heating of metal sulphide such as lead(II) sulphide 2PbS(s) + 3O2(g) ---> 2PbO(s) + 2SO2(g) or Combustion of hiydrogen sulphide 2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) ---> 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(ce)
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Stage 2
Formation of Sulphur trioxide sulphur dioxide + oxygen ---> sulphur trioxide 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ---> 2SO3 (g) Catalyst: vanadium(V) oxide Temperature: 450C Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres Sulphur dioxide and air are then washed, dried and passed over a vanadium(V) oxide catalyst at 450C and 2-3 atmospheres. The reaction is reversible but at these temperatures and pressures, 98% conversion to sulphur trioxide is achieved: This reaction is exothermic, which means it favours a low temperature for high conversion to sulphur trioxide.
Stage 3 Formation of oleum H2S2O7 sulphur trioxide + concentrated sulphuric acid oleum SO3(g) + H2SO4(aq) ---> H2S2O7(l) The next step is to dissolve the sulphur trioxide produced in concentrated sulphuric acid, to form oleum, or fuming sulphuric acid. Stage 4 Formation of Sulphuric acid Oleum + water ---> sulphuric acid H2S207 (1) + H2O (1) ---> 2H2SO4(aq) This oleum is then diluted with water to the required strength of acid:
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Sulphuric acid
Catalyst : V2O5
T : 450C-550C P : 1 atm
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III.
Example ; Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4 H2SO4(aq) + 2NH3(aq) --->(NH4)2SO4(aq) Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 HNO3(aq) + NH3(aq) ---> NH4NO3(aq) Ammonium phosphate (NH4)3PO4 H3PO4(aq) + 3NH3(aq) ---> (NH4)3PO4(aq) Urea NH2CONH2 CO2(g) + NH3(g) ---> CO(NH2)2(p) + H2O(l)
IV.
V.
They are solids for ease in handling and water soluble so that they seep into the soil to be absorbed by the roots of the plant. Nitrogen is an essential element for healthy plant growth as we saw earlier with the nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen is essential for making proteins which are needed for healthy growth of stems and leaves. The proportion of nitrogen present in a particular fertilizer can be calculated and is usually quoted as an 'N' value on the fertilizer bag.
b. Solvent Uses
1. Aqueous ammonia is used as a degreasing agent, as it is a good solvent of grease and fat. 2. Many household cleaners boast of the 'power of ammonia' for removing grease stains around the kitchen. 3. However, it is wrong, as stated in some commercials, to talk of 'liquid ammonia'. 4. It is more accurate to say 'ammonia solution', as ammonia does not liquefy until a temperature of -34 C is reached.
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Characteristic of ammonia
React with acid to form salt and water
1. As an alkali, ammonia can react with acid to form salt and water.
Example
H2SO4(aq) + 2NH3(aq) ---> (NH4)2SO4(aq) HNO3(aq) + NH3(aq) ---> NH4NO3(aq) H3PO4(aq) + 3NH3(aq) ---> (NH4)3PO4(aq)
The reaction
Ammonia is made by the Haber process from nitrogen and hydrogen:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ---> 2NH3(g); Heat of reaction = -92 kJ mo1-1 The reaction is exothermic, and involves a decrease in the number of moles of gas.
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Nitrogen
Nitrogen from liquefaction of the air
3. Condition
Catalyst Promoter Ratio of Hydrogen and Oxygen Temperature Iron Aluminium oxide The two gases are combined directly in a ratio of 3 : 1 At 450 C An application of Le Chatelier's shows that the forward reaction should be assisted by a low temperature. At low temperature, the rate of attainment of equilibrium is low. At high temperature, the position of equilibrium is over to the left. A compromise temperature is adopted, and a catalyst is employed to speed up the attainment of equilibrium concentrations. At 200-1000 atm An application of Le Chatelier's shows that the forward reaction should be assisted by a high pressure.
Pressure
4. Products
The yield is about 10%, and unreacted gases are recycled When the ammonia has been produced, it is liquefied 'out', by reducing the temperature to 34C(239 K)
Catalyst : Iron
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Alloys
1. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals mixed in a certain percentage.
Characteristic of metal
A pure metal has the following characteristics: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ductile can be drawn into wires Malleable can be made into sheets High melting and boiling points High density High electrical conductivity
V.
VI. VII.
VIII.
Many metal are also soft. Metals like iron and copper also form oxides easily. As a result, the uses of pure metals are limited, and alloys are made to improve the malleability, ductileness and hardness of a metal. A pure metal is composed of layers of atoms which are arranged in an even, orderly and close manner at fixed positions (see Figure 9.8). Each atom is surrounded by 8-12 atoms. This arrangement of atoms causes the metal to be very dense with high melting and boiling points. The strong forces of attraction between atoms require a great amount of heat to overcome. However, in spite of strong forces of attraction between atoms, the metal is not hard. If a force is applied on the metal, the layers of atoms can glide and slide on top of each other, causing them to move to new positions. This allows the metal to be drawn into wires (ductile). (See Figure 9.9.) The spaces left naturally between layers of metal atoms also make it easy to be beaten into sheets (malleable). The formation of alloys occurs when these empty spaces between metal atoms are filled with atoms of another metal, which may be higher or smaller than the original metal atoms. (Figure 9.10) The foreign atoms are usually another metal but sometimes a non-metal, like a carbon or silicon is used.
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Uses Coins Aeroplane parts, electric cables, racing bicycles Vehicles, ships, bridges, buildings Kitchen appliances, watches, machine parts, knives, forks, spoons Decorative items, medals, artwork, pots and pans Decorative items, electrical appliances, musical instruments, bell, nails, screw, pots Welding and soldering work Decorative items, souvenirs
Magnalium
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Alloys
to prevent corrosion
Synthetic Polymers
1. Synthetic polymer is a polymer that is manufactured in industry from chemical substances through the polymerisation process. Through research, scientists are now able to copy the structure of natural polymers to produce synthetic polymers. 2. Plastics, synthetic fibres and elastomers are examples of synthetic polymers. 3. The raw materials for the manufacture of synthetic polymers are distillates of petroleum. 4. The two types of polymerisation are: 5. Polymerisation by addition 6. Polymerisation by condensation 7. Polymerisation by addition involves monomers with >C = C< bonding, where the monomers join together to make a long chain without losing any simple molecules from it. Examples of polymers produced through this process are polythene, PVC perspex and other plastics. 8. Polymerisation by condensation involves the elimination of small molecules like water, methanol, ammonia or hydrogen chloride during the process. Examples of products of this process are terylene and nylon-66.
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polypropene : to make plastic bottles, tables, and chairs polythene : to make plastic bags,container and toys
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Glass
1. It is a mixture of two or more types of metallic silicates but the main component is silicon(IV) dioxide. 2. Glass has the following properties: 3. Transparent and not porous 4. Inactive chemically 5. Can be cleaned easily 6. Good insulators of heat and electricity 7. Hard but brittle 8. Can withstand compression but not pressure 9. Due to the above reasons and the low cost involved to produce glass, it is used in industry to make bottles, cooking utensils, plates and bowls, laboratory apparatus (such as conical flask, beakers and test tubes), window panes, bulbs and others. 10. Different types of glass can be obtained depending on the composition of substances in it. Summary Glass Soda lime,glass Composition SiO2 70% Na20 15% CaO 10% Others 4% Properties Low melting point (700C) Mouldable into shapes Cheap Breakable Can withstand high heat High density and refractive index Glittering surface Soft Low melting point (600C) Uses Glass containers, Glass panes, Mirrors, Lamps and bulbs, Plates and bowls Bottles
Containers for drinks and fruit Decorative glass and lamps Crystal glassware Lenses for spectacles
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reinforced concrete
photocromic glass
superconductors
fibre glass
fibre optic
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Conclusion
1. Chemical processes change raw materials into materials with certain properties that can we use 2. As technology evolves, new uses for existing materials would be found in many areas such as household use aerospace modern architecture, microelectronics, telecommunication and scientific research. 3. In many cases synthetic polymers, alloys and composites can be manufactured to meet our needs. 4. However, they can never totally replace the traditional materials that we have been using for many generations like wood and steel. 5. The synthetic materials, if not managed properly, will harm the environment.
References
1. http://wiki.oneschool.net/index.php/Synthesising_the_manufacture_of_ammonia_and_its_salts 2. Tan Yin Toon, Loh Wai Leng, Tan On Tin, Success Chemistry SPM, Oxford Fajar sdn Bhd. 3. Form 4 Chemistry Text Book. 4. Jamalia Jamil, Au Wei Leong, Smart Chemistry Form 4,Preston Corporation Sdn Bhd.
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