Different Types Of Air Conditioning Systems

COMPILED BY;
4TH YEAR B.ARCH (I.D.) 1. DIVYA JHAWAR 2. SWAPNALI TAKKE 3. VARSHA PATEL

Different Types Of Air Conditioning Systems

The basic type of air conditioning are Non Ductable system Ductable system
AIR CONDITIONING

NON-DUCTABLE PRODUCTS

DUCTABLE SYSTEM

SPLIT AIR CONDITIONERS

WINDOW AIR CONDITIONERS

PACKAGE AIR CONDITIONERS AIR COOLED DUCTABLE SPLITS

CENTRAL PLANTS

FLOOR MOUNTED

WALL MOUNTED

FLOOR STANDING PACKAGED AIR CONDITIONERS

DX SYSTEM WATER COOLED VAPOUR COMPRESSION UNITS

CHILLED WATER SYSTEM VAPOUR ABSORPTION UNITS

CEILING MOUNTED

AIR COOLED

EXPOSED TYPE HIDE AWAY TYPE

CASSETTE TYPE RECIPROCATING UNITS, AIR AND WATER COOLED SCREW TYPE UNIT, WATER COOLED

CENTRIFUGAL UNITS, WATER COOLED ONLY

HOT WATER FIRED

DIRECT FIRED

STEAM FIRED SINGLE AND TWO STAGE

NON DUCTABLE conditioning system

Non ducted product refer to those air conditioners that do not used any air ducting to cool the conditioned space . This include window mounted air conditioners and non ducted split air conditioners . These products are suitable where air throw is limited to around 4m and small spaces are involved . Where large spaces are involved multiple units are used to distribute the air . In order to distribute the air uniformly using less units , ductable system are preferred.

1.ROOM AIR CONDITIONERS

It is a machine which can be seen mounted in the window , called as window air conditioners. Here the compressor ,condenser fan , condenser and evaporator are enclosed in single cabinet This unit is to be installed in a wooden frame either in the window or in a hole in the wall . The air blown through the condenser must pass freely through without restriction . These air conditioner come in cooling capacities of 0.5, 0.75, 1.5 ,and 2tons for room size 5 &20 sq mts.

Advantages Outdoor unit can be mounted on roof or the ledge some distance away from the room to be air conditioned . They are preferred for their low noise levels. Disadvantages Split air conditioners are more expensive than the window mounted type. Types Of Split Air Conditioners Indoor Unit The out door units are always similar The indoor units are available in different types to suit the needs of air conditioner space The different types of indoor units are floor mounted High wall mounted Ceiling mounted

Floor Mounted

it is kept on the floor against the wall of the space to be air conditioned Here air throw is from the top, the space above the indoor unit must be free from obstructions

Mounting safety and serviceability In wall mounted units ,the wall to which out door unit support frame work is grouted , is structurally sound and capable of supporting its load and this applies to any other structure on which ODU is mounted This frame work should be properly designed with a catwalk to permit serviceability along with safety railing Coastal installation Following taken into consideration The condenser fan outlet is not facing see wind. ODU are not located near ground level , close to beach. Care is taken to give supporting frame work ,a good quality anticorrosive paint treatment The isolator switch and electrical components are properly protected from moisture.

This type is ideal for living rooms or office rooms where adequate floor space is available.

High Wall Mounted

It is fixed to the wall at a height of about 2.5m usually below the false ceiling . It is mounted on the wall , preferred for rooms having less floor space . The controls are operated either by a corded or cordless remote control unit . This model is widely used for domestic and commercial applications.

Ceiling Mounted
1. These are designed to be suspended from the main ceiling They are available in three models. Exposed

2. Hidden 3. Cassette Exposed   They are fixed directly to the ceiling and are visible. Units are similar to floor mounted units

These are easy to install Are preferred in commercial areas or offices that do not have a false ceiling . Hide /away These units are mounted on the ceilings but designed for the hidden . They are concealed by a paneled box or false ceiling. These are suitable for commercial areas where the interior design required concealed air conditioning equipment . It is used in places like restaurant and office. Cassette type These are mounted above the false ceiling with out let grill flushed with bottom of false ceiling. A small motorized pump is employed to the drained out the condensate.

Ductable Air Conditioning Systems

There are two types of ductable system Packaged type Central plants The ductable implies any air conditionings suitable for ducting.

Packaged air conditioning system

These are of two types 1.Air cooled ductable splits 2.Floor standing packaged air conditioners

Air Cooled Ductable Splits

The indoor portion here do not occupy the floor space as placed above false ceiling and connected to the ducting. Currently available in 3, 5 and 7.5 tons capacities Ideally located in corridors , above lofts, where accessibility is not a problem (so that attending machine is not a problem)

Floor Standing Packaged Unit

These are shaped like a cupboards and are placed in a small enclosed adjusting to the conditioned area. A cupboard consist of compressor, evaporator and evaporator blower. These are mostly used with ducting but can be used without ducting where cooled air is thrown directly in to the room. These come in capacities of 5, 7.5, 10 & 15tons These are available in 1.water cooled and 2. air cooled models Water Cooled Units It requires water which used to cool the refrigerant in the condenser . Water is pump through the shell and tube condenser which is the part of the packaged unit This water is than sent into a cooling tower outside the air conditioned room where the heat is dissipated in the atmosphere Water cooled units give higher capacities and are more power efficient owing to lower operating pressure

Air Cooled Models

These are suitable for places where water is scarce or of hard quality or were there is no space for a cooling tower The heat is removed by away of an air cooled condenser with a fan blowing through it . It is mounted outside building in sunshade or a terrace

Advantages
They required a small plant room They are serviced friendly bcoz of easy accessibility They can handle long ducts with used of more powerful fans Large tonnage can be handle. Interiors are clean and undisturbed as machines are placed in separate plat room

CENTRAL PLANTS
Central plants are large air conditioning plants assembled at the site. These are used for big buildings,such as hotels , theaters , hospitals , large office complexes and factories They are designed for accurate control of all parameters of comfort A central plant is housed in the central location These plant room could be in the basement or adjutants to the building They consist of equipments such as one or more compressors, condensers ,air handling units, water chillers and cooling tower. They can use direct expansion (DX)or chilled water

1.Direct Expansion System (DX)

Here air is cooled and conditioned in the plant room This treated air is pumped to various parts of the building The returning air is sucked through a coil-filled arrangement by a fan The refrigerant inside the coil picks up heat from this air and evaporates The cold air is then pumped back to the air conditioned space.

In DX plants the place where this heat exchange takes place is called as air handing unit (AHU) This system typically uses ducting passing through structure to the various parts of the building to be conditioned.

2.Chilled Water System

It is a system where interaction of a refrigerant and water takes place. The refrigerant in shell and tube heat exchanger evaporates by picking up heat from water in other portion of heat exchanger. this is circulated to various water air heat exchangers called fan coiled units or air handing units. the system is also preferred where multiple zones are to be cooled ex : hotels and hospitals The vapors compression system compresses the refrigerant gas Smaller central plants use 1 or 2 compressors , large ones use bank of such machine. Compressors most widely used in central plants are reciprocating type , screw type and centrifugal type .

RECIPROCATIVE TYPE:
It employs a crane shaft to drive reciprocating piston to compress the refrigerant Used where application ranging from less than a ton to 120 tons .

Screw type compressor

This employs a pair of helical shaped screws which mesh while rotating and compress the volume of refrigerant gas Used in capacities over 100 TR

Centrifugal Compressor
This employs 1 or more rapidly spinning disks to force the refrigerant gas from it centre to it extremity there by increasing it volume into its increase pressure. Used in application from 150TR to several thousand tons

Types of chilled water system 1.Package chillers

This provide chilled water for many large air conditionings applications They are mounted on a frame that has compressor with dry motor , a condenser (air or water cooled )and a shell and tube heat exchanger.

These can be classified as( depending on compressors used) Reciprocating chillers Screw chillers Centrifugal chillers Where absorptions system is used chillers are called absorption chillers .

Air cooled chiller

Centrifugal chiller

Screw type chiller

Reciprocating type chiller

Absorption chiller

2. Vapour absorption machines

This system uses a chemical reaction to produce low temperature . This system works on cooling cycle called as absorption refrigeration Used for large application where some form of heat source is economically available It consists of evaporator and an absorber. Cooling towers In the cooling tower the water is sprayed through nozzles into air. The water becomes small droplets and evaporates there by losing heat and becoming cool. This cool water falls into the sump tank at the bottom of the cooling tower from were it is circulated in through the shell and the tube condenser and the cycle repeats again. There are two types 1. Atmospheric or natural draft tower 2. Forced draft tower

Vapour absorption machine This employs cooling cycle know as absorption refrigeration This is used for large application with some form of heat source is economically available It consist of evaporator and absorber Inside absorber there is salt solution , lithium bromide , has strong affinity to water In low pressure evaporator chamber has water and a mist of water vapour The salt solution in absorber chamber absorbs water vapour from low pressure evaporator chamber this maintain the low pressure in evaporator chamber and causes water temperature to drop The solution formed by mixing of water and salt is heated so that salt solution is regenerated The solution is pump through higher pressure section where heat is used to separate the refrigerant (water )from absorbent salt (lithium bromide Salt then releases water evapour at high temperature Vapour is condensed in condenser to water using cool water from cooling tower and return to evaporator to begin the cycle again .

Air handling unit it is a centrifugal type fan that pumps the air this fan is usually located in the air handler/water coil cabinet its purpose is to create a pressure differential so that the air from the conditioned space is drawn back to the unit. The air passed through a filter first to remove the dust and then over the the coils or chilled water coil where the heat is rejected this cooled air is drawn back into the suction fan then back feed into the conditioned space which is to be cooled. A damper arrangement in the suction side of AHU is kept alittle open to draw in the fresh air . AHU is sheet steel cabinet housing cooling coil and blower fan. Motor being mounted on outside the cabinet , drives the blower by a pulley belt arrangement. Depending on appications AHUs varies in sizes.

Fan coil unit it is a sheet metal cabinet that houses a chilled water coil constructed out of copper tube and aluminum fins. , boiler with motor and an air filter. It is used where multiple areas are to be cooled . The water is chilled centrally and pumped to various parts of the building through insulated pipes the chilled water enter the FCU , where heat exchange take place between the room air and the chilled water in the coil. Air passed over the coils using a three speed blower motor, mounted in the FCU The air speed can be controlled by choosing the bower motor speed from a selector switched in the conditioned space Thermostat is mounted in the air conditioned space that controls a solenoid valve that closes when desire temperature is reached and shuts of flow of chilled water in FCU water coil and when temperature rises the thermostat activates the solenoid valve to open and allowing chilled water flow in the coil

Freshening Air

Installation practice for air coil units The indoor units of any split air conditioners are connected to out door unit through refrigerant piping which is imported copper pipe Soft drawn copper tubing is used for single phase non ducted split air conditioners and hard drawn , l grad copper tubing is used for three phase ducted splits or package units

Refrigerant pipe insulation

Refrigerant piping carrying gas from evaporator (cooling coil) to the compressor is known as suction line and piping carrying liquid refrigerant from the condenser to evaporator is liquid line The insulation . If metering device is located in ODU the suction and liquid lines must be separately insulated and a gap maintained between two. If device is located in IDU the suction and discharge line must be insulated together

System design approach

energy efficiency optimum space utilization cost effectiveness 1 initial cost 2 operating cost application- based equipment

Saving energy on air conditioning

a little care to minimize energy consumption on air - conditioning will result in substantial saving in the long run . Energy saving can be made by adopting an energy efficient building design. Building design orientation use materials like foam concrete , double wall glazing ,hollow concrete blocks etc

Energy efficient air conditioning equipment

to use equipment with the best energy efficient ratio. Package air conditioners / ducted splits are available with reciprocating compressor as well as scroll compressors. Scroll compressors are of higher EER and hence save on energy. For higher tonnage's screw and centrifugal equipment are most preferred because of low operating costs. Where heat source such as steam or hot water is available as a by product of economically absorptive type units are a good energy saving choice.

Effective maintenance and utility management

regular maintenance will ensure efficient performance. Cleansing of filters, de-scaling of the heat exchangers , lubricating friction points , such as fans , motors and shafts, should be done regularly this will save energy on the air conditioning turn off the the system when not in use will save energy.

There are two type of AHU

1.single skinned type 2. Double skinned type In single type consist of single layer cabinet and are usually placed inside an AHU room. The room has to be insulted so that the air in does not pick up heat from outside warm air and acoustics in the conditioned space is maintained In double type has an inner and outer cabinet which sandwiched a layer of thermal insulation They are more expensive than singled skinned type but have more advantages of thermal and acoustic insulation

THANK YOU

COMPILED BY;
1. DIVYA JHAWAR 2. SWAPNALI TAKKE 3. VARSHA PATEL