1

f,da

lfha nyq,j j.d lrkq ,nk

fYaIh ia ksf*rdh' th
leiamshka yd l uqyqo wjg m%foaYfhys
iNjh we;ehs ie,fla' fuhg wu;rj
W;=re weuldkq iNjhla we;ehs ie,flk
ia ,en%iald fYaIh j.djla jYfhka
ksf*rd ;r ckm%sh ke;'
w;a m<;=rla f,i wdydrhg .ekSug" jhska
ksIamdokh yd h<s ksIamdokh hk m%Odk
m%fhdack ;=k i|yd j.d lrkq ,ef'
1990 jifr f,dalfha uq ksIamdokfhka
71] la jhska i|yd o 27] w;a m<;=rla
f,io 2] la h<s i|yd o fhdf.k ;sf'
f wkqj j.d lrkq ,nk j._o fjkia f'
fuhg wu;rj hqI ,nd.ekSu" ka lsu jeks
ldrhhka i|ydo wiajekak Nd;d l<
yelsh'
1995 jifr w;a m<;=rla jYfhka os
fu%la fgdka 850 la yd h<s jYfhka
fu%la fgdka 1412 la furgg wdkhkh lr
we;' ta i|yd remsh,a ,shk 100 la muK jeh
;sf' 1999 jifr fu%la fgdka 1815 l
muK m%udKhla m<;=rla f,io h<s
jYfhka fu%la fgdka 1685 la muKo
wdkhkh lr we;' f i|yd jeh we;s uqo,
remsh,a ,shk 225 la muK f'
idr:lj j.d lsu i|yd fYAI
mqyqKqjla ;sh hq;=h' fYAIfhka lmamd
lsu yd mqyqKq lsu jeks b;d jeo.;a j.d
md,k l%u ksis m bgq fkdlsu ksid
wiajekak fnfyka wvq h yelsh' tfiau
j.dj flfrys wLKavj wjOdkh fhduq
lsuo b;d jeo.;ah'

fjk;a fndfyda m<;=re j.djka iu ii|k

l< os j.dj i|yd je uQ,sl m%d.aOkhla
fhoh hq;=h' kuq;a l%uj;aj kv;a;= l<
j.djlska Yd, wdhula ,nd .; yelsh'
Y%s ,xldf j.d l< yels fjk;a ishu
m<;=re j,g jvd je wdr:sl m%;s,dNhla
,ndug j.dj iu;ah' tksid idr:lj
j.d l< yels m%foaYj, fiiq m<;=re j._
wNSnjd bfhka isug thg yelShdjla
we;' foaYShj mj;sk wl b,au iy je
,lg w, lr .; yelsu ksid j.dj
f.dka w;r l%u l%ufhka ckm%shug fya;=
;sf'

foaY.=l wjYH;d
jdc ugka j.d lsu i|yd;a" wiajekafka
.=Kd;auh jelr.; yelsu ksid;a" j.d
lsu i|yd b;du iqiq jkafka wm rf
h<s l<dmhhs' kuq;a j.dj i|yd
c,imdok myiql ;su w;HdjYHh'
lmamdfjka miqj wju jYfhka udi ;=kl
muK h<s ld<.=l ;;ajhla mej;Suo
jeo.;ah' tksid j.dj i|yd jeo.;a
jkafka h m%foaYhlg ,efnk uq
jrIdm;kh fkdj" th jir mqrd flfia
jHdma; ;sfo hkakhs'
jdhqf.da,fha wdr;djh yd WIaK;ajh je
ld,j,os j.df m;%j,g ,Sr frda.
je,ug je yelshdjla ;sf' fuhg
wu;rj wdr;djh yd jrIdm;kh je jQ
g j.df u,a ye,su jef' tfukau f.
je ixLHdjla msmsug o bv we;'
j.dj iq<ska wdrCId lr .ekSu o
jeo.;ah' oreKq iq< ksid" mi h<S hdug
wu;rj j.df je,a iy f. j,go ydks
ish yelsh'

mi

ldk,a

j.dj i|yd b;du fhda.H jkafka b;d

fydka c,h nei hk" ieye,a" .eUqre mils'
mfiys ue iajNdjh wlu fuu fnda.hg
t;r iqiq fkdf'
mfiys .eUqr gr 2 - 2 1$2 muK ;sf k
j.df uq,a jO_kh b;d fydka isug
wjldY ,ef' mi u;=msgg wdikakj ;o .,a
ia:rhla mj;sk pQrKuh fkdjk UQre mia
we;s wr,.x, yd wmdr ia;%slalfha
iuyr m%foaY os j.dj i|yd t;r iqiq
fkdf' fuhg wu;rj ,jK wlmiaj,o"
,jK wl c,h mj;sk m%foaY j,o"
idr:lj j.d l< fkdyels f'
h<s l,dmfha N+ msysu wkQj bvf by<u
fldgiaj, mfiys .eUQr gr 2 - 2 1$2 muK
jq" fydka c,h nei hk" c,imdok
myiql iys; yd ysre t<sh fydka ,efnk
ia:dk j.dj i|yd iqiqh' jI_d ld, j,
jqjo N+.; c, ugu fmd<j u;=msg isg
wju jYfhka gr 2-3 la muK .eUQrlg
my;ska msysgk ia:dk uo fYAIfhka
jeo.;ah'
j.dj i|yd mfiys mej;sh hq;= jvd;a iqiq
mS't' w.h 6'5-7'5 muK f'

iqiq m%fNAo
Y%S ,xldf kg jdc ugka j.d lrkq
,nk m%fNAo lsysmhls'

f. r;= mdgg yqre meyehla .kS' bKq f.

j, fmd;a; ;+kSh' fydka bKq f. j, ukd
merihla ;sf' m%ikak iqj|la we;'
fmdl=fr f. ,sys,aj msysgd ;sf' tfiau
fmdl+rl we;s f. tljru bfoa'
w;a m<;=rla f,i Nd;d l< yelsh' lmamd
lr udi 2 1$2 la muK .; jQ miq wiajekak
fk,d .; yelsh'

BY%dh,a
bKQ f. ;o o mdgg yqre ks,a meye;sh'
fmdl=re j, f. ;ka weys we;s w;r"
;rula rg tljr f. bu isfkdf' tfia
jqjo fmdl+fr ishu f. bKq miqj wiajkq
fk,d .; yel'
f. j, fmd;a; ldk,a m%fNAohg jvd
>Kluh' tfiau fuu m%fNAofha bKq f.
ldk,aj, ;r meri ke;' bKq f.j,
;rul lyg rihlao mj;S' fuu m%fNAofha
f. j, ldk,a m%fNAohg jvd je c
ixLHdjla olakg ,ef' w;a m<;=rla f,i
3

bKQ f. ;o o mdgg yqre l mdgh'

uOHia: m%udKfha Yd,;ajhla yd m%ikak
iqj|la we;' f.hl c 1-2 muK mj;S'
fmd;a; ;=kSh' uoh ;rula >Kluh' fmdl=fr
f. ;rula ,sys,aj msysgd we;' f. tljr
bfoa' ta i|yd udi ;=kla muK .;f' w;a
m<;=rla f,i fukau jhska ksmou i|ydo
fhd.; yels m%fNaohls'

je hqKq l< bifn,d

wdydrhg .kakd m%fNAohls' lmamd lr udi

;=kla muK .; jQ miq wiajekak fk,d .;
yelsh'

,ela uial

fuu m%fNaofha f. BY%dh,a m%fNAohg

jvd m%udKfhka l=vdh' fmdl=fr f. tljr
bula isfkdf' fmdl+fr f. ish,a,u
bfok f;la fk,su m%udo l< hq;=h' uoh
fmd;af;ka myiqfjka fjka fkdf' bKQ
f.j, mjd ;rul weUQ,a .;shla mj;S'
bKq f. o mdgh' c iys;h' f.
bug udi ;=kl muK ld,hla .;f'
fuu m%fNAoh h mqia frda.hg fndfyda fihska
m%;sfrdah' tksid f;;a l<dmfha jqjo j.d
l< yelsh' flfia jqjo" h<S l<dmfha jdc
ugka j.d lsu i|yd fuu m%fNaoh
ksrfoaY lrkq fkd,ef' jrIfha kEu
ld,hl lmamdlsfuka u,a yg .efka' jhska
iEu i|yd fhd.; yel'

fif,daka

f. m%udKfhka l=vdh' bf.k tk g ,d

fld, mdgg yqre ly meyehg yefr' fmdl+fr
f. ;ka weys we;' f. bu tljr is
fkdf' bKq f. j, mjd ;rul weUQ,a
rihla mj;S' iq jhska ksmo u i|yd fhda.H
m%fNaohls' lmamd lr udi ;=klska wiajkq
fk,d.; yel'

f;dika iS,ia

uial t'whs'
^uial yenr.a&

bKQ f. ;o o mdgh' fmdl=fr kgqj

b;d fl ksid fk,sf je,g yd f.j,g
ydks fkdug fYAIfhka j. n,d .;hq;=h'
f. uOHia: m%udKfhka hqla;h' fmdl+r
fla;= wdldr yevhlska hq;=h'
fuu jr.fha fYAI ,laIKhla jkafka"
lmamd l< hq;= jvd iqiq wjia:df u|
fjkialula is jqjo th u,a yd f. yg
.eksu flfrys n,meula we;s fkdlsuhs'
lmamdfjka miq udi ;=kloS muK wiajkq
fk,d .; yelsh' fuh w;a m<;=rla f,i
fuka u r;= jhska ksmou i|ydo iqiq
jr.hls'

fuu jr.h w;a m<;=rla f,i muKlau

fkdj h<s ksmou i|ydo nyq, jYfhka
fhd .efka' b;d meri bKq f. fld<
meyehg yqre rkajka ly meyehla .ks' tajdfha
c ke;' u,a ygf.k wiajekak fk,d .eksug
udi 3la muK .;f' fydafudak Nd;d lr
fyda f. w;ska ;=kS lr fyda f. j,
Yd,;ajh je lr .; yelsh' fydka bKq
f. b;d myiqfjka kgqfjka .e, jef'
5

fm%aka t'whs'
^*afrka fldf,dnd&

o~qq len,s uska

me< ksmojd .ekSu
je,a f;dard .ekSu
me< ksIamdokh lr .eksu i|yd o~qq len,s
,nd .; hq;af;a f;dard .;a je,aj,ska mu'
f i|yd Wiia wiajekakla ,nd fok ksfrda.s"
.+Kd;aufhka je f. yg .kakd" m%foaYhg
jvd .e<fmk m%fNaohl je,a f;dard .kak'
idudkHfhka o~q len,s ,nd .kafka je,a
lmamd lrk wjia:dfh'

o~qq len,s f;dard .ekSu

iq jhska ksmou i|yd wm rf bfha
jHdma; lsug n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk m%fNAohls'
fld< meye;s f. m%udKfhka ;rula l=vdh'
fmdl=fr f. ;oska weis we;' bKq f.
fld<mdgh' fmdl=fr f. bu taldldj
isf' h mqia frda.hg ;rula m%;sfrdalh'
h, yd uy lkak j, wiajekak w;r meye,s
fjkialula fkdmj;S' u,a ygf.k f.
fk,Sug udi ;=kla .;f'

me< ksIamdokh
c" noaO l%u" w;= neu yd o~qq len,s hk l%u
uska me< ksmojd .; yelsh' tfy;a
jdc j.djla i|yd wm rf jvd ir, yd
myiq l%uh jkafka o~q len,s uska me< ilia
lr .eksuhs'

uq,a woaojd .ekSu i|yd iqiq o~qq len,s

f;dard .eksf my; i|yka lreKq ms<sn|j
fYAIfhka ie<ls,su;a jkak'
miq .sh lkakfha lmamdfjka miqj yg .;a
Uqre meye;s" frE" ksfrda.s o~q ^o, oXq&
f;dard .kak' oXq lene,af,a wxl=r wl%Sh
;;ajfha mej;sh hq;=h'
fuu oXq mekai,hl IalNhg jvd je
h hq;=h' tk" IAlNh fika grhla
muK u jvd iqiqh' oXqj, IAlNh
fuhg jvd je fyda wvq fyda jqjfyd;a uq,a
yg .ekSu wvq h yelsh'
uq,a woaojd .ekSu i|yd fhd .kakd oXq
lene,a,la fika gr 25-30 ^w,a 10-12& .
jk m iy .eg 4 muK wvx.+jk fia
lmd.kak' fujeks oXq lene,a,l wju
jYfhka .eg 3-4la j;a ;su w;HdjYHh'
oXq lene,af,a hdno .eg folla w;r
^mrjhl& r w,a 3la ^fika gr 6'5-7&
muKj;a hhq;=h'

foienr ui lmamdfjka ,nd .kakd w;=

len,s j,ska jvd idr:lj uq,a woaojd .;
yels nj fmkSf.dia ;sf'
oXq lene,a,l hdno .eg folla w;r r
^mrjhl& b;d je jq g tys wvx.= ;ekam;a
wdydr m%udKh wvqh' tfiau mrj b;d fl
k th frda.hla fyda fjk;a whym;a
;;ajhla ksid fyda h yelsh' ta ksid fujeks
oXqq len,s uq,a woaojd .ekSu i|yd fhd
.eksug t;r iqiq fkdf'

o~q len,s ilid .ekSu

uq,a woaojd .eksug ovq len,s ilid .ekSf
oXqq lene,af,a by,skau we;s .egfha isg
fika gr 01 la ^w,a 1$2 & muK by,ska
yria w;g lmd.kak' bka miq o~q lene,af,a
my;skau we;s wxl=rhg reoaO Ydfjka
.eghg wdikakfhka wdk;j lemqula
fhdokak'

fuuska oXq lene,af,a by, yd my,

fl,jrj,a myiqfjka ykd .; yelsh'
fuhg wu;rj by, fl<jka c,h ydks
uo wju f' my, lemq ;,h wdk;
yevhla .kakd ksid tys u;= msg fCIa;%M,h
jef' th uq,a yg .ekSug fya;= jk
lskl mgl je m%udKhla yg .kajd .ekSug
Wmld f'
by; wkaoug lmd .;a o~q len,s lemagdka
jeks ,sr kdYl djKhl kd 05la muK
ld,hla imQrKfhka .s,ajd ;nkak' fuh
jeo.;a jkafka ,Sr frda. j,ska o~q len,s
wdrlaId lr .eksu i|ydh'

uq,a woaojd .ekSug

iqk lsu
lmd .;a o~qq len,s tljru fmd,s;ska
nkaj, isgqu iqiq fkdf' fujeks oXq
len,s j,ska me< ksmojd .ekSf yelshdj
we;af;a 10] la muK b;d wvq ugulh'
uq,a woaojd .ekSu l%u lsysmhlg l< yelsh'
fuys my; i|yka m<uq l%u ;=k i|yd len,s
25 la muK ixLHdjla wvx.=jk m o~qq
len,s jYfhka ne| .kak'

^1& je,s nkla fhd .ekSu

ksjerj lemqu fhu

f i|yd fijk iys; ia:dkhl ,S fyda

.fvd,a j,ska fyda fika gr 45la muK Wi
fmhla id.kak' fuys . iy m<, uq,a
woaojd .; hq;= oXq m%udKh u; ;SrKh
lr.kak'
fmfha m;=,g fika gr 15 ^w,a 6 &
muK msis je,s ;gqjla oud" th u; oXqq
len,s yria w;g isk fia ;gq jYfhka
wiqrkak' fuf,i ;ekam;a lrkq ,nk iEu
o~qq len,s ;gqjlau je,s ;gqjlska
jikak'
7

o~qlen,s ;ekam;a lrk whqre

f.dakshla

bka miq by<skau ;ekam;a l< o~qq len,s

imqrKfhkau jeiS hk m fika gr 10
^w,a 4& muK >Klula iys; je,s ;gqjla
oukak'

o~q len,s ;ekam;a

lr we;s wdldrh

je,s nfkys ;ekam;a lr k 10-15 muK .;

jQ miq oXq len,s j, lemq mDIAGh u;
buqula jeks jrOkhla ^lskl& we;sf'
fuf,i lskl mgl fydka jrOkh we;s
oXqq len,s nka lsu i|yd iqiqh'
lskl je fkdue;s oXqq len,s f;dard kej;
je,s nfka ;ekam;a lr ;j k lsysmhla
;sug bv ykak'

^2& fmd,s;Ska nka

fhd .ekSu
imQl, je,s nkl yrialvla

fuu je,s ;gqj fydka f;;a lr f;;a

f.dakshlska jikak'
je,s ;gqj h<s hdu j,ld .ekSu i|yd
jka jr thg c,h imhkak'
8

fika gr 30 la muK m<, yd fika gr

50-60 muK . fmd,ss;Ska len,s f.k tys tla
fl<jrla uqd ;nkak ^iS,a lrkak&' bkamiq
,Sr kdYl djKfha .s,ajd.;a oXqq len,s
hla th ;=,g oud fmd,s;Ska nfka b;s
fl<jr o uqd ;nkak'

f wkaoug oXqq len,s wvx.= fmd,s;ska nka

wre ia:dkhl k 10 la muK ;ekam;a lr
;nkak' tg oXqq len,sj, lemq mDIaG u;
lskl jrOkh f' f nj fmd,s;Ska nk
msg;ska mlaId l<g b;d fydka l.;
yelsh'

moug f;;al, fldyqn;a

o~q len,s h ;ekam;alr we;s wdldrh

yrialv fmkqu

fuhg wu;rj" oXqq len,s wvx.=

fmd,s;ska nka wfr fkd;nd Ys;lrKhla
;=, k 8-10 muK ld,hla ;ekam;a lsfuka o
lskl jrOkh lr.; yelsh'

^3& fldyqn;a udOHhla

fhd .ekSu
fuyso fmr l%ufha fuka fmd,s;ska nka
ilid th ;=,g ,Sr kdYl djKhl
.s,ajd.;a oXq len,s hla we;=,a lrkak'
bkamiqj oXq len,s h imQrKfhkau
wdjrKh jk fia f;; fldyqn;a ^.=,shla
f,i w;ska ;o l< g c,h jEiafik fkdjEiafik moug f;;a l<& j,ska mqrjd
fmd,s;ska nfka jD; fl<jr uqd ;nkak'

fldyqn;a udOHh ;=, o~q len,s

h ;ekam;alr we;s wdldrh
yrialv fmkqu

f i|yd fhd .kakd fldyq n;a o ,Sr

kdYlhla iu Y% lsu jvd iqiqh'
f wkaoug ilid.;a fmd,s;Ska nka fijk
iys; ia:dkhl ;ekam;a lrkak' k 10-15
muK oXq len,s j, lemq ;, u; lskl
jrOkh f'
by; i|yka O l%u u.ska lskl fydka
jrOkh lr .;a oXqq len,s j,ska muKla
f;dardf.k fmd,s;ska nka j, isgqjkak'
tjeks oXq len,s j,ska idr:l f,i uq,a yg
.ks'
fuu l%u w;=ka jvd idr:lj oXqq uq,a
woaojd .; yels jkafka fldyqn;A udOH
Nd;d l< gh'
9

^4& je,s ;jdkl uq,a

woaojd .ekSu
je,s ;jdka i|yd fijk iys; t,suyka
ia:dkhla f;dard .kak' f i|yd uvqjla"
y;d.drhla fyda Ydl m%pdrKh i|yd ilia
lr .;a l=hla fhd .; yelsh'
fuu ia:dkfha fika gr 12-15 ^w,a 5-6&
>Klug isk fia je,s ;gqjla oud wjYH
. yd m<,g wkQj .fvd,a fyda ,S len,s
j,ska wiqrd .kak' ;jdka i|yd msis je,s
muKla Nd;d lrkak' tfiau fhdok c,h
myiqfjka nei hk ia:dkhl ;jdk ilia lr
.; hq;=h'
oXqq len,s lmd .;a .i tys my, fl,jr
tk wdk;j lemQ flf,jr iu o~qq
lene,af,a .eg folla je,s j,ska hg jk fia
isgqjkak' isgjQ o~qq len,ss h<s hdu j<ld
.ekSu i|yd jka jr je,s ;jdkg
m%fYfuka c,h fhdokak'
f wkaoug je,s ;jdfka isgqjd .;aa me< j,ska
i;s 4 la muK .;jq miqj uq,a yg .ekSu
isf' tg tjeks oXq fmd<s;Ska nkaj, isgq
h yelsh'
f.dka jefofkl= iska kg nyq, jYfhka
wkq.ukh lrkafka fuu l%uhhs' flfia jqjo
by;ska ia;r lr we;s l%u ;=k uska ;r
fuuska idr:l m%:sM, fkd,eug bv ;sf'

10

nka ilid .ekSu

f.a 250-300 fmd,s;skaj,ska m<, fi'' 15 la
yd Wi fika gr 25-30 la jQ nka ilid
.kak' rdm;ajQ f.du fyda fldfmdaia" je,s
iy u;=msg mia" iu wkqmd;hg Y%lr
.ekSfuka nka Y%Kh ilid .kak' flfia
jqjo u;=msg miaj, ue m%udKh wkqj nka
Y%Kh i|yd Nd;d lrkq ,nk je,s iy
fldfmdaia m%udKh fjkia lr.kak' bka
miq ilia lr.;a fmd,s;ska nkaj,g fuu
nka Y%Kh mqrjkak'

o~q len,s isgqu

my< lemq mDIAGfha lskl mgl iy l=vd ls
uq,a ygf.k we;s yd oKaf by< fl<jr m;%
wxl=r fuda ug wdikak we;s oXqq len,s
muKla nka lsu i|yd f;dard .;ak' wjYH
m%udKhg jvd je .lska hq;=j uq,a je we;s
iy wxl=r j, m;% ys we;s o~q len,s nka
l< g je m%udKhla hhdug bv we;'
fujeks ;;ajhla we;sjkafka uq,a yg .kajd
.ekSu i|yd fhd .kakd udOH ;=< je
ld,hla o~q len,s ;sug bv yeu ksidh'
oXq len,s nka lsu i|yd m<uqfjkau ilia
lr .;a nka" wvla muK ksh; nka
udOHfhka mqrjd .kak' f;dard.;a o~q lene,a,
ls uq,a fkdlefvk m nfkys y ueka
nka udOH u; m%fYfuka ;ekam;a lr th
u;g nka uOHfhys b;s fldgi oukak'
wju jYfhka oKafvys .eg follaj;a nka
udOHfhka msg;g isk fia udOH mqrjd .kak'
flfia jqjo nkg c,h iemhsu idr:lj
islr .ekSu i|yd nfkys by< fl<jka
fika gr 2-3 muK my<ska isk fia udOH
mqrjd .ekSu jeo.;ah' imhk je c,h
bj;au i|yd nkaj, my<ska isre
lsysmhla ielisuo l< hq;=h'

;o jeis ld,hkays isgjQ me<j, jrOkh

rj, f' fuhg wu;rj me<j,g frda.
je, kdYug we;s yelshdjo jeh'
fjk;a fndaa. i|yd fuka fkdj me<
isgqh hq;= jvd fhda.H;u wjia:dj f,i
;srKh l< hq;af;a jeis iuh wjidk
,efnk h<s ld,h wdrN jQ wjia:djhs'

j.dj i|yd iqiq

ia:dkhla f;au
o~q len,s ksjerj
nka lsu

f wkaoug o~q len,s isgqjk ,o nka

fijk iys; ia:dkhl ;ekam;a lr c,h
imhkak' my< lemq ;,fha lskl jrOkh
we;s oXqq len,s fuf,i isgqjd i;s 2-3 muK
.;jQ miqj wxl=r jeu wdrN f' f
wkaoug nkaj, isgqjd .;a oXqq len,s j,ska
yg.kakd me<" fCIa;%fha isgq ug iqiq
wjia:djg m;aug udi 3-4 muK ld,hla
.;f'
flfia jqjo fuhg jeld,hla nkaj, me<
;sug bvyefuka me< j, jrOkh kej;s
we;s iajNdjhlg m;af' fujeks me<
isgqug n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk wjia:dj t<ug
i;s 2 lg muK fmr" oKaf fydka frE
UQre meye;s fldgfia .eg 2-3 la muK b;s
jk fia fiiq fldgia lmd bj;a l< hq;=h'

isgqug iqiq ld,h

j.dj i|yd f;dard .; hq;af;a fydka

ysre t<sh ,efnk" ;o iq<x j,ska wdjrKh jQ
c, imdok myiql iys; bvh' fuh
iu;,d bvula k jvd iqiqh' ;rula nEjq
iys; bvul k ifudap l%uhg c,h
iemhsug myiq jk m fld ilid .kak'
fuuska j.djg c,h iemhsu myiqf'

isgqf mr;rh
isgqu i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;= mr;rh
je,a mqyqKq lsug n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk l%uh
wkqj fjkiaf'

mkao, l%uh
me< w;r gr 7'2 fma,s w;r gr 3'6
^w 24 w 12&

jeg l%uh
wm rf h<s l,dmfha mj;sk foaY.=l
;;aj wkQj me< isgqu i|yd jvd;a iqiq
jkafka idudkHfhka fmnrjd isg wf.daia;=
olajd ld,hkaysh' ;o jeis ld,hka yS me<
isgqu iqiq fkdf'

me< w;r gr 3'6 fma<s w;r gr 1'8

^w 12 w 6&

11

mre l%uh
me< w;r gr 1'8 fma<s w;r gr 1'8
^w 6 w 6&

j,j,a ilid .ekSu

je,la jir ;syla muK ld,hla olajd
jqjo wdr:slj ,dNhsj idr:lj kv;a;=
l<yelsh' ta ksid j.dj wdrNfha isgu
fYaI wjOdkhla fhduq lr lghq;= l< hq;=h'
j.df me< fma<s msysgk idj" c,imdok
l%uh" bvf nEjqu iy iq<x yuk idj jeks
lreKq u; ;SrKh h hq;=h' m<uqfjkau
j.djg c,h iemhsug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka
l=uk wdldrhgo hkak ms<sn|j o, woyila
fyda ;su jeo.;ah' WyrKhla f,i u;=msg
ldkq moaO;shla fhdf.k c,imdokh
lsug n,dfmdfrd;a;=jkafka k" fma<s ysh
hq;af;a bvf nejqug yria w;gh'
iq< ksid je,aj,g we;s h yels ydks o
yels;dla rg wvq lr .; yelsh' f i|yd
iEu wjia:djlu" ueis l%ufha k gr 7'2
l mr;rh ,nd fok idjo" jeg l%ufha k
jeg msysgk idj o iq<x yuk osidjg
iudka;r h hq;=h'

fufia ,efnk h mi kej; j, msru

i|yd Nd;d fkdlrkak' lmd.;a iEu j,la
ioydu fydka rdm;ajq f.du fmdfydr fyda
ldnksl fmdfydr ,ane/lal ;=kla muK
^lsf,da .%E 50& wjYHf' bkamiqj j,
lemsf fjkalr .;a u;=msg mia" wjg
m%foaYfhka ,nd.;a u;=msg mia yd ldnksl
fmdfydr iu j, wi,u l,jlr tu
Y%Kfhka j, mqrjkak'

u;=msg mi iu f.du fmdfydr

ls'.%E' 50

gr 1

flfia jqjo fYAIfhka jeo.;a jkafka

c,imdok l%uhg .e,fmk m j.df
fma,s ilid .ekSuhs'
me< isgqu i|yd ilia lrkq ,nk j,l ."
m<, yd Wi wju jYfhka grhla ne.ska
h hq;=h' j, lemsf u;=msg mia yd h mia
fjka fjka jYfhka j, wi, f.dv lrkak'

12

gr 1

bka miq udihla muK ld,hla fuu Y%Kh

jf,ys fydka ;ekam;a ug bv ykak'
me, isgqug k lsysmhlg fmr uQq,sl
fmdfydr f,i fhh hq;= ridhksl fmdfydr
m%udkh j,g fhdokak' fuu ridhksl
fmdfydr" jf,ys u;=msg m%foaYfha we;s
ldnksl yd u;=msg mia iu muKla lj,
lr.ekSu m%udKj;a fkdf' tg isgqfuka
miq me< h hdug bv ;sf' ta ksid uQ,sl
fmdfydr" jf,ys we;s u;= msg mia yd ldnksl
fmdfydr imQrK m%udKhu iu b;d
fydka lj< lr.kak'

me, isgqu
m<uqj" me, wvx.= nkaj, fmd,s;Skh
bj;a lrkak' bkamiq ilia lr.;a j, ueog
jk fia me,h m%fYfuka isgqjkak' me,h
isgqf nka udOHh is fkdhdug j.
n,d.kak'
udi 4 g jvd je ld,hla nfka ;snQ me,
isgqug fmr" nk m;=f,a .eg .eis we;s uq,a
;gqj lmd bj;a lrkak' fmd,s;skh bj;a
lrk wjia:df nk m;=f,a isg fika
grhla muK by<ska lmd fuka fuu uq,a
;gqj bj;a l< yelsh'
tfiau isgqjk wjia:dj jk g me,h nka
lr je ld,hla .; ;sf k" tys ls,a,
wkjYH m la ;sug bv ;sf' tg
me,fha frE Uqre meye;s .eg 2-3 muK
b;sjk fia" isgqug i;s 2 muK fmr
ls,af,a w. fl<jr lmd oud me< isgqjkak'
me,h isgqfuka miq wdOdrhla f,i fldagqjla
me,fhka fikagr 15la ^w,a 6& muK ka
isgqjd thg me,h nkak'

je,a mqyqKq lsu

je,a mqyqKq lsu uska Yla;su;a iels,a,la
,nd .eksug o" lmamd lsu" lDIs ridhk
jH fhu" wiajekak fk,Su yd fjk;a j.d
lghq;= myiqug o fya;=f'
idudkHfhka je,a mqyqKq lsu i|yd
wkq.ukh l< hq;= jvd iqiq l%uh ;srKh
jkafka j.d lsug n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk
m%fNaofha fYaI ,CIK u;h' tfiau" j.dj
i|yd jeh l< yels uqo,a m%udKh iy
wiajekak l=uk ldrhla i|yd fhd .eksug
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafkao hkak u; o
wkq.ukh l< hq;= je,a mqyqKq lsf l%uh
fjkiaf'

mkao, l%uh
f i|yd wdOdrl lKq jYfhka fldkal%S fyda
l,amj;sk ,S lKq ke;fyd;a .e,ajkhsia hlv
ng Nd;d l< yelsh' je,la jir 30
muK ld,hla wdr:slj mj;ajd.; yels ksid
thg i,k m mkao,u i|yd Nd;d lrk
jH f;dard .eksu jeo.;ah'

mkao, l%uhg ilial< j.djla

13

gr 7'2 . yd gr 3'6 m<, iDcq

fldaKdY%hl me, isgqjd we;s j, y ueog
isk fia wdOdrl lKq isgqjkak' fuu
wdOdrl lKqjla fika gr 240 muK ^w
8& Wi h hq;=h' lKqf fika gr 60 ^w
2& muK Wi m%foaYhla olajd miska hg
lsfuka mkao,f Wi fika gr 180 ^w 6&
muK ugulska ;nd .; yelsh'
flfia jqjo mkao,f Wi ;SrKh h hq;af;a
j.dlreg myiqfjka wjYH ldrhka bgq lr
.ekSug bv ie,fik mh' f i|yd w;
by,g tijq g uelalgqfjys ugu"
wdOdrl lKqj, by, ugu jk fia Wi
ilia lr .; hq;=h' fuu lKq u; .e,ajkhsia
ng fyda Yla;su;a ,S iy f.a 8 yd 12 l
fhd ueiai ilid .kak'

fuys m<uqfjkau mkao,f msg;ska isgqjd

we;s wdOdrl lKq u; w,l YalNhla
we;s .e,ajkhsia ng" Yla;su;a ,s ovq fyda
w,a 12 m%udKfha t,a yeve;s hlv m
fhd fydka ;olr .kak' Yd, mkao,
i|yd fujeks yeve;s hlv m fhd .eksu
jvd iqiqh'
bka miqj" mkao,u we;=,;ska msys iEu
wdOdrl lKqjla u;skau f.a 8 fyda 10
m%udKfha >kl l weo mkao,f msg;
lKq iu inkaO lrkak' mkao,f
msg;skau we;s wdOdrl lKq isriaj ;nd
.ekSug yels jk m fuu l" mkao,ug
msg;ska fmd<fjys wdk;j i lr we;s
l=CoaCoj,g ;ka .eg .ikak'
tfia ke;fyd;a mkao,f msg;skau we;s
lKqj,g fika gr 50 - 60 muK rlska"
;j;a lKqjla mkao,ug msg;ska isgqjkak'
bkamiq tu lKq fol bksu.l yria m
msysgk wdldrhg ia:dk 3 - 4 lska muK hlv
m oud ;o lr .kak' fuu lKq folgu ;o
jk fia wdOdrl lKq j, by< fl<jka
l wkak'

mkao, Wi j.dlreg myiqh hq;=hs

14

mkao,u blsu

mkao,f ieu hdno lKq folla w;r mj;sk

gr 3'8 r m%udKh iudk fldgia 3 lg
fnfok fia f.a 8 fyda 10 l wkak'
fuu wjia:dj jk g ieu lKq 4la w;r
mj;sk bv m%udKh f.a 8 fyda 10 lj,ska
iudk m%udKfha fldgq 9lg fn we;s nj
fmfka'
fuhg miqj mkao,f . iy m<, fome;a;
Tiafiau fika gr 25 - 30 mr;rhlska
f.a 12 l weo fydka ;o lr.kak'
mkao,u u; wkq ,nk f.a 8 fyda 10 iy 12
m%udKfha l fojr.hu fhh hq;af;a
tlsfkl iu f.;s we;s wdldrhgh'
uq,sl hou je jqj;a fuh" wm rf jvd

oukak' mkao,u wdikakfhka mdrYal YdLd

folla yg .ekSug bv yer mkao,f .

m%d:l
YdLd

m%Odk l|

idj Tiafia fomig jeug i,iajkak'

ksjerj l fhu

ckm%sh l%uhhs'
fydka /ln,d .;a g me,h isgqjd udi
2 1$2 - 3 muK .;jq g th mkao,u olajd
jrOkh f' me,h wi,ska isgjQ fldagqf
wdOdrfhka me,h mkao,u olajd jeug
i,iajkak'
mkao,f isg my<g fikagr 15 ^w,a 6&
muK ugula olajd jefvk f;la jef,ka
mdrYal w;= yg .ekSug bv fkdfokak'
mkao,u olajd jevqkq g tys lrh lmd

mkao,u u; fomig jrOkh ug i,iajk

m%d:l YdLd j,ska ksis mr;rhlg isk fia
oa;Shsl YdLd ,nd.; hq;=h' f i|yd
m<uqfjkau m%Odk jef,ka fomig jeug
i,iajk m%d:l Ydld fika gr 30-40
muK lajQ miqj w.%ia:h lmd oukak' tg
m%d:l YdLdj wdrN jk ia:dkh
wdikakfhkau oa;Sl YdLd folla fomig
jrOkh lr .; yelsh'
m%d:l YdLdj

oa;Sh YdLd

15

f wkaoug jef,ys m%Odk iels,a, l%udkql+,j

ilia lr .ekSu ms<sn|j wdrNfha isgu
fYaI wjOdkhla fhduq lrkak' tuska
mkao,u u; taldldrj is mj;sk m os
fmdl=re yg .kajd .; yelsh'
bka miqj iEu fika gr 60 muK rlska
m%d:l YdLdf w.%ia:h lmd oukak' fuh
jeo.;a jkafka mkao,f . w;g fhd we;s
l f.a" m%d:l YdLdf isg fomig
oa;Shsl YdLd fol ne.ska jrOkh lr
.ekSug iy m%d:l YdLdj mkao,u f.a
bhg jeug i,iajd .eksu i|yd tla
wxl=rhla jrOkh lr .ekSug yelu
i|ydh'
flfia jqjo je,lska yg.kakd m%d:l
YdLdjka mkao,u u; tla idjlg jeug
bvyeh hq;= r gr 3'6ls' thg fya;=j
hdn| jef,kaa yg.kakd m%d:l YdLdjg o
fuu jef,ys m%d:l YdLdj jefvk idjg
reoaO idj Tiafia gr 3'6 la rg jrOkh
ug bv i,id h hq;= ksidh'
f wkaoug je,lska yg.kakd oa;shsl
YdLdjla mkao,f yria w;g jeug bv
yeh hq;= Wmu r gr 1'8 ls' tu
ia:dkfhka tys w.%ia:h lmd fuka hdn|
fma<sfha isgqjd we;s jef,ka yg.kakd oa;Shsl
YdLd j,go gr 1'8 l rla mkao,f yria
w;g jeug bv ,nd h yelsh' f wkQj"
mkao, l%uh hgf;a kv;a;= lrkq ,nk
tla je,lsska yg .kakd m%d:l yd
oa;Shsl YdLd j,g mkao,u u; j._ gr 26
muK ^jr. w 288& m%foaYhl jrOkh ug
bv ,ef'

w 6

mkao,u u; YdLd mqyqKq lsu

f wkaoug je, mqyqKq lsf wdrNl

wjia:df isgu oa;Shsl Ydldjka ksis
mr;rhlska jrOkh ug bv ie<eiaug
lghq;= fkdl<fyd;a mkao,u u; fydka
ysk iels,a,la we;s fkdf' mkao,u u;
ysveia we;sjk fujeks rj, iels,a,la iys;
je,lska ,nd.; yelafla wvq wiajekakls'
fuu l%ufha m%Odk jdis lsysmhls'
f.fhka jO_kh jk yd jO_k h je
m%fNao i|yd fuh iqiq l%uhls'
m;% j,g fydka iQrhdf,dalh ,nd
.ekSug wjia:dj ,ef'
m;% fijku wvq ksid j.djg je<f|k
fndfyda ,Sr frda. md,kh lsu jvd
myiqh'
fmdl=re mkao,ka my<g t,a,S
msysgk neka iq<ska wdrCIdf'
fYaIfhka w;a m<;=rla i|yd
ksmojk j.djka i|yd fuu l%uh jvd
iqiqh'
wjYH m je,a lmamd lr mkao,u u;
jeug ie,eiah yelsh' tksid je
wiajekakla o ,nd .ekSug ms<sjk'
mkao,u hg j,a me, jO_kh u wvqh'

16

flfia jqjo fuu l%uhg kv;a;= lrk j.djla

i|yd m<sfndaOkdYl bisf fYAIfhka
m%fY h hq;=h'
tla mkao,ul Wmu Yd,;ajh
wlalrNd.hl N+ m%foaYhlg iSud lrkak'
fuhg jvd Yd, j.djkays ksYa; fldgia
jYfhka j.dj msysgqjd fjka fjka jYfhka
mkao, ilid .kak' fuuska j.df kv;a;=
lghq;= myiqf'

f wkaoug je,lska yg .kakd tla mdrYal

YdLdjlg yria l f.a gr 1'8
^w 6 muK& rla jeug bv ie,ish yelsh'
wdOdrl lKqjla olajd jevqkq miqj mdrYal
YdLdj, w.%ia:h lmd oukak'

jeg l%uh
iEu hdn| lKq folla w;ru me, tlla
msysgk fia tlsfklg gr 3'6l ^w 12& ka
fma,sh t,af,a lKq isgqjkak' isgqfuka miqj
fuu lKqjla fmd<j ugf isg gr 2la
muK Wiaj ;sh hq;=h' fuu wdOdrl lKq
tlsfkl inkaO jk fia fmd<j ugf isg
grhla by<ska iy wdOdrlh lKqf by<
fl<jr wdikakfhka yria l wkak'

jeg l%uhg mqyqKq lsu

lh f.a jeug bv ykq ,nk m%d:l

YdLd j,ska oa;Shsl YdLd yg .kS' tlsfklg
fika gr 30 - 45 muK ^w 1 - 1 1$2&
mr;rhlska Yla;su;a oa;Shsl YdLd ,nd
.ekSu jeo.;ah' f i|yd jkajr lh
f.a jefvk m%d:l YdLdf w.%ia:h lmd
oukak'

jefvk me,h wi,ska me, fkdjk .

fldagqjla isgqjkak' tys wdOdrlfhka
me,h iDcqj jeug i,iajkak' fuf,i
jefvk me,h m<uqfjka my< lh
olajd jeug i,iajkak' fuu lhg
my<ska jef,ys m%Odk lf|ka yg.kakd ishu
mdrYAl w;= lmd bj;a lrkak' tu lh
wdikakfhka yg.kakd mdrYl Ydld
^m%d:l& folla tlsfklg reoaO me;s j,g
jeug bv ykak'
bka miq by< lh olajd je, jeug bv
ykak' lfha by< ugug u|la by<ska
m%Odk jef,ys w.%ia:h lmd oukak' kej;;a
by< lh f.a mdrYal Ydld folla
jef,ys fomig jeug bv ykak' yria
l fol w;r m%Odk jef,ka yg.kakd
wkjYH mdrYal Ydldj, w.%ia:h lmd
oukak'

oa;Shsl YdLd mqyqKq lsu

fuu l%uhg wkQj j.d kv;a;=j myiqh'

f i|yd mkao, l%uhg ;r uqo,la jeh
fkdf' flfia jqjo tla je,lska ,nd.; yels
wiajekak mkao, l%ufha je,lska ,efnk
wiajekakg jvd wvqh'
17

mre l%uh

ksjd oa ;sr l%uh

f l%ufha me, isgqjkafka tlsfklg

gr 1'8 ^w 6& l mr;rhlgh'

(Geneva Double Curtain Method,T l%uh

h)

me,h wi,ska isgqjd we;s wdOdrlhla f.a

je, by<g jeug i,iajkak' fmd<j
ugf isg w 6la ^gr 1'8& by<g je,
jevqKq miq" tys lrh lmd oud mdrYAl
YdLd 4 la tlsfklg reoaO idjg jeug
i,iajkak' Bg my,ska we;s jk ishu
mdrYal YdLd bj;a lrkak'

mre l%uhg
mqyqKq lsu

m%Odk jef,ka yg .kakd m%d:l YdLd

y;frka oa;Sl YdLd jeug bv ykak'
b;du ,dNhs l%uh fuhhs' kuq;a tla je,lska
,nd.; yels wiajekak by; l%u folgu jvd
wvqh' b;d f.fhka jrOkh fkdjk m%fNao
i|yd fuu l%uh je jYfhka fhd .kq
,ef' f wkaoug kv;a;= lrkq ,nk
je,la f.da,dldr yevhlska ia f' fjk;a
rgj, fuu l%uh je jYfhka fhd .kafka
jhska iy h<s ksmou i|yd kv;a;=
lrkq ,nk j.djkaysh'
18

fuysoS jeg l%ufha fukau fma<s j,g je,a

msysgq jk w;r" je,a folla w;r mr;rh
gr 2'6 la yd fma,s folla w;r gr 4 la
jYfhka mj;ajd .kq ,ef' uq,ska ls
wdldrhg jeg l%ufha fuka lKq isgq h hq;=
w;r" iEu lKqjlu by< fl<jfr gr 1 la
. ,S mhla fyda hlv nghla T yevh
,efnk fia ilr.; hq;=h' bka miq f.a 8
fyda f.aca 10 m%udkfha l 3 la by; ia;r
l< ndyqf fofl<jr yd ueka isk fia i
lrkak' fjd wfkla lKqj,g taA wdldrhgu
;ka inkaO lr.kak' fuh je
fjda,ah;djhla we;s ,s /yeka weo we;s
wdldrhg ia f' fuu lh ksid fuu lKq
iu;aj fmd<f /|s isug Wmldf'
w;ka m;r f.a 12 yria l ;sriaj
fhh yel

T l%uhg je,a mqyqKq

lsf mr;rhka

lmamd lsu
je,la lmamd lsf uQ,sl jYfhka
isjkafka ,m yd ;rula fre oXqq fldgia
yd m;% bj;a lsuhs' os je,la lmamd
lsfuka ,efnk jdis lsysmhls'
lmamd lsu ksid wvq Y%uhlska" frda. yd
m<sfndaO md,kh" wiajekak fk,Su yd fjk;a
jeo.;a j.d md,k lghq;= myiqjk wdldrhg
je, ilid .ekSug bv ,ef'
je, ys we;s m%foaY ;=, tAldldrj M,
yg.kakd wxl=r ksmojd .ekSug o" .=
ld,Skj je,lska ,nd .kakd wiajekak ie,lsh
hq;= ugulska wvq je fkd mj;ajd
.ekSugo" lmamdj uska yelshdj ,ef'
je,lska .=Kd;aufhka je wiajekakla
,nd .ekSugo idr:l lmamdjla ksid bv
ie,fia'
je,lska i;=gqhl wiajekakla ,nd .ekSu
i|yd th ksjer wkaoug lmamd l< hq;=hs'
fndfyda j.djkaf.ka i;=gqhl
wiajekakla ,nd.; fkdyels we;af;a l%uj;a
wkaoug lmamd lsu isfkdlrk ksidh'
je,l u,a yg.kafka fuu lkakfha
yg.;a w;a ls,s j,h' fujeks w;a ls,s
je ixLHdjla yg.kajd .ekSu i|yd lmamd
lsu w;sYhska jeo.;a j.d md,k lghq;a;la
f,i i,lkq ,ef'
jef,ys oa;shsl YdLdjkays ;o Uqre
meye we;s m%foaYfha fydka jevqkq wxl=r
lSmhla b;s lr fiiq fldgia lmd bj;a
lrkak' f wkaoug oXq lene,a,l b;s lrkq
,nk wxl=r ixLHdj" j.d lr we;s os
m%fNaoh" tys u,a yg .ekSf iajNdjh" tk
mqIam yg.kakd wxl=r msys m%foaYh" jef,a
jhi" h jeks lreKq u; wvq jef' f

wkaoug lmamd l< je,l ishu fld<

meye;s oXqq fldgia bj;a ;sh hq;=h'
lmamdj ksid" idudkHfhka je,l tu
lkakfha jrOkh jQ oXqq fldgia j,ska
80 - 90] muK bj;a f'
t;r jhia .; fkdjq iy jrOk h wvq
je,a lmamd lrk g oa;Shsl YdLdjkays
wxl=r 2-3 muK b;s lrkak' fuuska
jef,ys Yla;su;a iels,a,la we;s lr .;
yelsh'
f.fhka jefvk" h je je,a lmamd lrk
g oa;Shsl YdLd j, wxl=r 4-6 la muK
ixLHdjla b;s lrkak' j.d lr we;s
m%fNaoh wkqjo lmamdf b;s l< hq;=
wxl=r ixLHdj ;SrKh f' flfia jqjo
idudkH lmamdjla ksid jef,ys m%Odk
iels,a,g ydks fkdug j. n,d .kak'
BY%h,a m%fNaohg wh;a je,la lmamd
lrk g fydka jevqk oKavl wxl=r ^.eg&
4-6 muK b;s lrkak' kuq;a lmamd lrkq
,nk oKav rj, k ^>Klu mekai,lg jvd
wvq k& tys .eg folla muK wvq ixLHdjla
b;s lrkak' oKaf >Klu uymgs,a,la
;r jQ g tys .eg 4-5 la muK b;s lrkak'
f;dika iS,ia m%fNaohg wh;a je,a
lmamd l< hq;af;a oKavl .eg ^wxl=r&
8-12 la muK b;s jk mh' kuq;a fuu
m%fNaofha >Klka wvq rj, oXqq i|yd .eg
3- 4 lao >Klu je oXqq i|yd .eg 12 la
muKo b;s l< hq;=h'
f wkaoug tla tla m%fNao i|yd wkq.ukh
l< hq;= lmamdf oKaf b;s l< hq;=
wxl=r ^.eg& m%udKh ;srKh jkafka tu
m%fNaofha o~q j," mqIam wxl=r msysgd we;s
m%foaYh wkQjh' tlsfklg ka .eg msysgd
we;s fukau me;,s l|la we;s oXqlen,s j, M,
u wvqh' taksid fujeks oXqq fldgia wxl=r 2
la muK b;s lr lmd bj;a lrkak'
19

Y%S ,xldj jeks rgj, jirlg foj;djla

je,a lmamd lr fojrla wiajkq ,nd .;
yelsh' lmamd l< hq;af;a udi 3 l muK .=
h<s ld<.=Khla bfha ,ef hehs
n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjks' f ld,h ;=<o u,a yg
.eksu" f. yg .ekSu" f. b wiajkq
fk<su" hk ishu foa ish hq;=h' tksid wm
rf h, lkakfha uehs w. isg cQks uq,a
Nd.h olajdo" uy lkakfha foienr w.
isg ckjd uq,a Nd.h olajdo lmamd l<
yelsh'
lmamd lsu jef,ys jrOkh kej;s
we;s ^wl%Sh& wjia:djl l< hq;=h' fujeks
wjia:djla fndfyda g lsh yels jkafka
by; i|yka ld,jljdKq j,h'
lmamd lsug iqiq wjia:djg m;a we;s
je,la myiqfjka ykd .; yels ,laIK
lsysmhla ;sf' oa;Shsl YdLdj, jvd fre
m;% lsysmhla ly meye.eka ;su fyda m;%
ye,S hdu" jef,ys w;a o yg.ekSu kej;s
we;s wdldrhla fmkakq lsu yd oXqj,
fl,jkau msys m;% fydka f ;su f
w;r m%Odk f'
wm rf mj;sk ld<.=l ;;aj wkQj h<s
h, lkakhl by; ,laIK fmkakq lrk
wjh" i;shl muK ld,hla ;=< meye,sj
l .; yelsh' kuq;a udia lkakfha f
wkaoug je,aj, wl%Sh wjia:djla meye<sj
l .ekSu wmyiqh' je, wl%Sh ;;ajhg
m;a we;s nj gq .i" thg c,h iemhsu
kj;ajkak'
idukHfhka mia jr. wkqj wju jYfhka k
10 la j;a r;= Uqre miaj, c,h rys;j mi
h<s l< hq;=h' je,s fyda je,s f,dau mia
^l,amsh& k 4la muK c,h keje;au
iEfya'
20

mia jr. wkqj r;= Uqre mia jeks tajdfha

mdofha isg grhla muK rlska fika gr
30 la muK m<, yd fika gr 25 la muK
.eUqr ldKqjla lmkak' ldKqj ieliSf
mekai,la muK Yd,;ajhla iys; uq,a b;s
lr fiiq l=vd uq,a ish,a, lmd oukak' udia
lkakfha je, jgd ldKqjla lemsu w;HdjYH
fkdf'
idudkHfhka f wkaoug je, jgd ldKq lemq
k isg k 5-7 la muK .; jQ miq lmamd l<
yelsh' tfy;a je,s mia we;s l,amsh jeks
m%foaYj, fufia ldkq u wjYHfkdf'
lemq j,ska hr .e,Sula is fkdjkafka k
lmamd lsu i|yd fydka mi h<S we;s nj
fmkakq lrhs'
lmamdlr k 5-7 la muK .; jQ miqj fyda
jef,ys wxl=r j,ska 50] la muK m%udkhl
jrOkh wdrN jQ wjia:df fyda je, jgd
lmd we;s fkd.eUqre ldKqj msfrk fia rd
m;ajq f.du fmdfydr yd ksh; ridhksl
fmdfydr m%udKh fhd c,h imhkak'
flfia fj;;a h,a lkakfha lrkq ,nk
lmamdj uska udia lkakfha Bg jvd je
wiajekakla ,nd.; yelsh' lmamd l< hq;=
meye,s wl%Sh wjia:djla j.dfjys l .;
yelsu yd mj;sk h<s ld<.=Ksl ;;ajh
ksid ,sr frda. je<|Sf yelshdj wvq u
fuhg fya;=jhs'

mqkrjk lmamdj
mkao, l%ufha tla je,la jeug ,nd
we;s bv m%udKh jr. gr 26 la muK f'
jir lSmhla .; j;au fuu imQrK
m%udKhu jeiS hk wkaoug je, je we;s nj
l .; yelsh' os fmdl=re yg .;afka w;a
ls<sj, ksid by; wkaoug ;j rg;a je,
kv;a;= l< fyd;a ,nd .; yels wiajekak l%u
l%ufhka wvq jk nj fmfka'

c, imdokh
jrIdj fkdue;s ld,j, wju jYfhka iEu
k 10 lg jrla ne.ska j.djg c,h
imhkak' kuq;a fuh m%foaYh wkqj fjkiaf'
j.djka i|yd m;% f;fuk wdldrhg
c,h fhfuka ,sr frda. yg .ekSf
wjku jef'
fmr i|yka wkaoug lmamd lsug k
8-10 lg muK fmr j.djg c,h iemhSu
kj;ajkak' kej; jrla je,aj,g c,h ,nd
h hq;af;a lmamd lr k 3-4 la muK .; jQ
miqjh'
u,a yg .kakd ld,fha j.djg wjYH ;r
c,h fkd,eu ksid u,a h<s hdu l=vd f.
ye,s hdu ksid wiajekak wvq h yelsh'
j.df wiajekak fk,Sug k 10 lg muK
fmr isg c, imdokh lsu kj;ajkak'
f.j, me rih jeug fuh Wmldr f'
j.djg ,jk Y%s; c,h fhu
fkdlrkak'

u;=msg c, imdokh
fuu ;;ajh j,ld .ekSu i|yd jef,ys
mer iels,a, bj;a lr l%ufhka kj
iels,a,la we;s lr .ekSug bv i,id h
hq;=h' f i|yd oa;Sh YdLdj, mDIaGsu;a
wxl=r 4-6 la muK m%d:l YdLdjg wdikakj
;nd lemSfuka w;a ls,s .; yelsh' fuh
mqkrjk lmamdj jYfhka yekaf'
mqkrjk lmamdj i|yd jvd;a iqiq jkafka
h, lkakhs' f i|ydo idudkH lmamdjl
fukau fCIa;%h iQk lsu jeo.;ah'

u;=msg c, imdok l%u wkq.ukh lrkafka

k je, jgd fiula wdldrhg msysgk
fia ilid c,h ,nd fokak'
;o jeis mj;sk udia lkakfha N+ msysf
my, m%foaYhkayS mfiys c,h tla/ia ug
bv ;sf' fuh j,ld .ekSu i|yd iqiq m
.eUqre ldKq ilid je c,h bj;a l< hq;=h'

21

CIq c, imdok l%u

j.dj i|yd x c, imdokh
(Drip Irrigation) yd isre -
c, imdokh (Spray Jet Irrigation) hk
CIq c,imdok l%u Nd;d l< yelsh' kg
nyq,j islrkq ,nk u;=msg c,imdok l%u
yd iei|Sf CIq c, imdok l%u
wkq.ukh lsu uska ,nd.; yels m%Odk
jdis .Kkdjla ;sf'
CIq c, imdok l%u i|yd wjYHjkafka
u;=msg c, imdokh i|yd wjYHjk
c, m%udKfhka wvla muK f' fuh
Yd, c, b;shls'
,nd.; yels wiajekak jelr .; yelsh'
wiajekak ,nd.ekSf ld,h fjkia
l<yelsh'
CIq c, imdok l%u uska j.df
lmamd pl%h fjkia lsug yd wiajekafka
.=Kd;auh by< kexu i|yd c,h
yeisrf rgdj fjkia l< yelsh'
c, imdok moaO;sh ;=<ska ridhksl
fmdfydr yd lDIs ridhksl fhfuka ta
i|yd jeh jk llre Y%uh 90] lska
muK b;slr .; yelsh'
CIq c, imdok l%u uska fl
ld,dka;rj, Ydlfha c, wjYH;djh
wkqj uQ, uKav,hg muKla c,h
,ndfoa' tuska mdxY= f;;ukh m%Yia:
ugulska mj;ajd.; yelsh' fuh Ydlfha
jeug w;sYhska jdishl jk w;r"
Ydlfha lmamdjg yd mqIamSlrKhg
wjYH m f;;uk ;;a;ajh myiqfjka
md,kh l< yelsh'

22

CIq c,imdok l%u fhf

i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq
m%foaYfha jrIdm;k rgdj
j.d lr we;s mia jr.h yd m%foaYh
wh;ajk lDIs foaY.=l l,dmh wkqj
fnda.fha c, wjYH;djh
Ydlfha jrOl wjh" lmamd l<hq;=
wjia:dj yd mqIam yg.kakd wjia:dj'
c,imdokh i|yd Nd;d l<hq;=
c,fha .=Kd;auh" j.dj i|yd Nd;d
l< hq;af;a m<uq mx;sfha c,h muKls'
fuu c,fha mS't' w.h 6'1 - 7'3 w;ro
oHq;a ikakdhl;djh' grhlg fvis
iSuka 0 - 0'8 w;ro mej;sh hq;=h' fuhg
wu;rj fuu c,fha wvx.= jk
laf,darhs (CI) whk idkaKh
oi ,CIhlg fldgia 150 g jvd wvqh
hq;=h'

fhd.; yels O CIq c,imdok l%u

x c, iemhq l%uh

fofma,s c, iemhq l%uh'

je,a fma,sh fomiska c, ircl ^%mria&
iys; mdrYal k, fhd we;' fuu mdrYal
k, fol w;r mr;rhg fnda.fha jeu
wkqj fjkia lrkq ,ef'

c, ircl

fmd,st;s,Ska
mrYal k,

tla Ydl fma,shla i|yd fma,s 2la f,i %mria

iys; mdrYal k, fhu mdrYal k, 2la
w;r mr;rh yd Ydlhg c,h m;s; jk
ia:dkh Ydlfha jO_l wkqj fjkia f'
23

;ks fma,s c, iemhq l%uh

tla je,a fma,shla i|yd %mria iys; tla
mdrYal k,hla muKla fhd ;sf'

c, ircl

fmd,st;s,Ska ng

Ydlfha ljhlg c,h ,ndu ^ljdldr nghla uska&

c, ircl

ishq k,
fmdmfha isg
c, iemfhk fmd,st;s,Ska mdrYal k,
24

c, irclh ^mria&

Ydlfha ljhlg c,h ,ndu

^ljhlg fh c,x ircl uska&

Ydlh

fl rlska c,h ,efnk

fmd,st;s,Ska k, uska c,h imhk k,
fmdmfha isg c, iemfhk
fmd,st;s,Ska mdrYal k,

iqre- c, imdok l%uh

Ydlh

by, ke.=kq k,h

iqre ysi (Spray Jet)
f;f wrh gr 1-3 muK

mSvkhla hgf;a ,efnk c,h

fmd,st;s,Ska ngh ;=<ska

fuu iqre ysi uska c,h ,ndf Ydl

l| fyda m;% f;ulg Ndckh fkdf'
25

jeo.;a
je,lg iemhsh hq;= c, m%udKh
km;d fyda fmr ;SrKh lr.;a ld,
mfoj, fyda ,ndh yelsh'
lmamd lsug k 5-7 muK fmr c,
iemhqu kj;ajkak' bkamiqj lmamdlr
k 5-7 lg miqj kej; c,h imhkak'
wiajekak fk,Sug i;s 2 fmr isg Ydlhg
iemhSh hq;= c, m%udKh l%ufhka
wvqlrkak' f wkaoug mfia b;d wvq
f;;uk m%udKhla mj;ajd .kska c,h
iemhqu l%ufhka md,kh lr bkamiq
c,iemhqu kj;d h hq;=f'

CIq c, imdok
iu fmdfydr fhu
(Micro Irrigation with Fertigation)
CIq c,imdok l%u uska ksis m%fhdack ,nd
.ekSug k" c,iemhq moaO;sh uska
fnda.hg wjYH fmdfydr fhuo b;d
jeo.;ah' f i|yd c,iemhq moaO;shg
fmdfydr fhf Wmdx. lg,hla ilr
.; yelsh' tfia ke;fyd;a fjk;a wkaoulg
c,iemhq moaO;shg fmdfydr tl;=lr
fnda.hg ,ndh yelsh' f wkaoug fhh
hq;af;a c,fha fydka hfjk j.djg
.e,fmk ridhksl fmdfydr jr. f' hQhd"
wefudaksh i,af*a" fmdgEish khsf%"
fudfkda wefudaksh fmdiafma" fudfkda
fmdgEish fmdiafma jeks wY% ridhksl
fmdfydr fyda djH fmdfydr Nd;lr
id.;a djH fmdfydr Y%Khla fya f
wkaoug CIq c,imdok moaO;sh yryd
,ndh yelsh'

26

fuys i|yka lr we;s c,fha djH iuyr

ridhksl fmdfydr jr. ,nd.; fkdyelsk
uq,sl fmdfydr f,i hqfha T*a fmdgEIa yd
idka iqmr fmdiafma mig fhh yelsh'
hQhd jeks djH fmdfydr CIq c,imdok
moaO;sh ;=<ska fl ld,dka;rj, iq m%udK
j,ska j.djg ,ndh yelsh' fugo fnda.fha
jrOl wjh;a yd lmamd lsu jeks ls%hdjka
iu fmdfydr fhu md,kh l< hq;=f'

j,a me,E md,kh

je, jgd fika gr 120 la ^w 4 la&
muK m%foaYhla Wo .d oukak' je,a w;r
m%foaYfha md,kh lsug wmyiq l,dre jeks
j,a me<E ;sf k N+.; fldgia iu w;ska
Wrd bj;a lrkak' ke;fyd;a je,aj,g
fkdjk m .a,hsfmdfi jeks j,a
kdYlhla fhdokak'
mkao,ula ;=, md,khlska f;drj j,a
me,E jeug bv yeu ksid j.djg ,Sr
frda. je,ug we;s yelshdj jef' flfia
jqjo je,a fydka jrOkh we;s
mkao,ul t;r lrorld ugulska j,a
me,e yg fkd.ks'

fmdfydr fhu
j.dfjka idr:l m%:sM, ,nd .eksu i|yd
ldnksl fmdfydr yd ridhksl fmdfydr hk
fojr.hu uekka fhh hq;=h' fYaIfhka
j.dj i|yd Yd, jYfhka ldnksl
fmdfydr fhu wksjdrfhkau is l< hq;a;ls'

ldnksl fmdfydr
me, isgq ug fmr fydka rd m;ajQ f.du"
fld< fmdfydr wdh fhd j,j,a mqrjkak'
h fyhlska by;ska i|yka lr we;s m
je, jgd ldKq lemSu l, fkdyels g
ridhksl fmdfydr fhug fmr" je,a jgd
ldnksl fmdfydr iqrejd yer mig uq,a
lrkak' fujeks iEu wjia:djlu tla j,lg
rdm;ajq f.du fyda fjk;a ldnksl fmdfydr
jr.hlska 'fmd,siela' u folla j;a
wksjdrfhkau fhdokak'
lmamd lrkq ,nk ieu wjia:djlgu miqj
jef,ys isg grhla muK rlska fika
gr 30 muK m<, m%foaYhl fika gr
20-25 ^w,a 8-9& muK .eUqrlg mia bj;a
lrkak' fuh ;=,g ldnksl yd ridhksl
fmdfydr fhd mia j,ska jikak' je, jgd
fuf,i fkd.eUqre f,i mia bj;a lsf
u;= msg m%foaYfha we;s uq,a lemS" ls uq,a yg
.ks' tksid fhdok fmdfydr j,ska je
m%udKhla fnda.hg ,nd .ekSug bv ie,fia'

ridhksl fmdfydr
j.djg ksrfoaYs; m fhh hq;=
ridhksl fmdfydr jr. wY% fmdfydr f,i
,ndf.k Y% lr.kak' ksrfoaYs; wdldrhg
j.djg fhh hq;= ridhksl fmdfydr
j,ska lsf,da .%E 50 la ilia lr .eksu
i|yd hqhd lsf,da .%E 13 la idka iqmr
fmdiafma lsf,da .%E 09 la iy hqfha T*a
fmdgEIa lsf,da .%E 28 la wjYHf' fuu
fmdfydr m%udKh tlsfkl iu fydka Y%
lr j.djg fhdokak' me, isgqu i|yd ilia
lr .;a j,lg fuu fmdfydr Y%Kfhka
.%E 450 la fhd mia iu l,j lrkak'
me, isgqjd udi 4 la .; jQ miq by;
Y%Kfhka kej; jrla .%E 450 la je,lg
fhdokak'

m<uq lmamdjg miqj tla je,lg fmdfydr

.%E 900 ne.ska fhdokak' bka miq iEu
lmamdjlgu miqj tla je,lg fhh hq;=
fmdfydr m%udKh .%E 225 ne.ska je lrkak'
f wkaoug je,lg jirl fhdokq ,nk
fmdfydr m%udKh .%E 2700 la olajd je
lrkak' jirl je,lg fhh hq;= fmdfydr
m%udKfhka wvla ne.ska lmamdjg miqj
fhdokak'
je,a lmamd lr k 5-6 lg miqj ridhksl
fmdfydr yd ldnksl fmdfydr fhd c,h
imhkak'

wiajekak fk,Su
je,a lmamd lr wiajekak fk,sug .;
jk ld,h m%fNao wkQj fjkia f'
idudkHfhka f i|yd udi 3- 3 1$2 muK
ld,hla .;f' fk,d .; hq;af;a fydka b
we;s fmdl=re muKls' fk,d .ekSfuka
miqj f. j, bula is fkdf' fk,k
wjia:df" j.d lr we;s m%fNAohg wkql+,
jrKh f.j, mej;sh hq;=h' fld< meye;s
f. yg .kakd jr.j, wiajekak fk,Sug
iqiq wjia:df f.j, meyeh ,d lyfld< fyda kso fmfkk iajNdjhla .kS'
fmdl=rl f. bu is jkafka by< isg
my<gh' tksid fmdl=fr my<skau we;s f.
fydka me ri jQ wjia:df wiajekak
fk,d .kak'
wiajekak fk,k wjia:df yd fj<|fmd,g
iqk lsf f. jgd lsh yels w
mg,h bj;a fkdug j. n,d .kak' fuu
w mg,h f.fhka c,h bj;a h<s hdu
j,ld,hs'

27

 fmdl=re je,g inkaO we;s kgqfjka

lmd bj;a lr .kak' bka miq fmj,
m%fYfuka wiqrd fj<|fmd<g bm;a l<
yelsh'

wiajekak
je,lska ,nd .; yels wiajekak je,a
mqyqKq lrkq ,nk l%uh yd j.d lr we;s
m%fNAoh" md,k l%u wdh wkqj fjkia f'
uekka /l n,d .;a g yd ys;lr
ld<.=l ;;aj mj;sk g O je,a mqyqKq
lsf l%u hgf;a mj;ajd .;a j.djkays tla
je,lska ,nd .; yels wiajekak my; olajd
;sf'

ueis l%uh
isgqjd jirlg muK ^udi 14 lg& miqj
tla je,lska
m<uq wiajekak
- ls' .%E' 05
fojk wiajekak jir 1-1 1$2

- ls' .%E' 10

;=kajk wiajekak jir 02

- ls' .%E' 15

y;rjk wiajekak jir 2 1$2

- ls' .%E' 20

mia jk wiajekak jir 3loS

- ls' .%E' 25

jeg l%uh
isgqjd jirlg miqj tla je,lska
m<uq wiajekak
- ls' .%E' 02
jir 1 1$2

- ls' .%E' 04

jir 3 l

- ls' .%E' 08

28

frda. md,kh
h mqia frda.h
(Downy Mildew)
os j.djg je,h yels b;du oreKq frda.h
fuhhs' f;;a l,dmfha idr:lj j.d
lsu wmyiqug tla m%Odk fya;=jla jkafkao
fuu frda.hhs'
fuu frda.h we;s jkafka ^ma,diafudfmdard
flda,d& keu;s ,Srh usks' m;%fha h
me;af;a me,a, f,i iq meye;s ,Sr cd,
l .; yelsh'

fuu frda. ldrl ,Srh fmdl=rej,g iy

u,a j,go ydks lrhs' fuys m%:sM,hla jYfhka
u,a fmdl=re h<S hhs' ydks jQ f. we;=,;g
.s,d nei yels,s .sh wdldrhla .ks'
jrIdj iys; f;;a ld<.=l ;;ajhla
mj;sk wjia:dj, fuu frda.h je
jYfhkau j.djg je,f|a' tfiau h mqia
frda.h ksid Yd, wiajkq ydkshla we;sf'
fuu frda.h h, lkakhg jvd udia lkakfha
je jYfhka olakg ,ef' lmamdfjka miqj
yg.kakd w;a o yd l=vd u,a fmdl=re fuu
frda.hg myiqfjka f.dre f' fuu
wjia:df fuu frda.h ms<sn|j fYaIfhka
mCIdld jydu ksrfoaYs; ,Sr kdYlhla
fhu jeo.;ah'
fuu frda.h md,kh lr .eksu i|yd
m<uqfjkau l< hq;af;a oreKq f,i frda.h
je< we;s m;% yd fjk;a Ydl fldgia
j.dfjka bj;a lr .sks ;nkak' bka miq my;
i|yka ,Sr kdYlhla je,g fhdokak'

uekafldfi 80] c,fha h l< yels

l=vq .%E' 20 la c,h ,Sgr 10 l
fyda

fm%dmsfk 70] c,fha h l< yels

l=vq .%E' 20la c,h ,Sgr 10 l
fyda

fuge,elais,a 8] iy uekafldfi 64]

wvx.= f;;a l< yels l=vq .%E' 20 la c,h
,Sgr 10 l h lr"
tu ,Sr kdYlh k 6-10 w;r
ld,dka;rhlska m;%j, h me;a;g
fydka jkfia fhdokak'
fuu me,a, iys; ia:dk j, m;%h u;= msg
ly meye;s me,a, we;sf' fujeks me,a,
l%ufhka h<S miqj uq m;%hu h<S hhs'
frda.h oreKq ;;ajhg m;ajQ g m;% jef'

fuhg wu;rj fndafvda Y%Kh fhu uskao

fuu frda.h idr:lj md,kh lr.; yelsh'
29

msmqia frda.h
(Powdery Mildew)

ggfkda,a 300 g/EC idka

ff;f,daofhka ,s gr 10 la j;=r
,Sgr 10 l hlr
fyda

laf,dafrda;ef,dks,a 75] la f;;al< yels

l=vq .%E 20 la j;=r ,Sgr 10

f. l=Kq hdu
(Grape Ripe Rot)
fuh .af,dufr,a,d fYaIhg wh;a
(Glomarella Spp) ,Srhlska we;sf' fuu
frda.h ksid f.j, Wvg u;= jQ Uqremdg
l=vd ;s;a yg .kS' f;;a ld<.=Khla we;s g
frda.h jvd;a W.%f' frda.h je<k f."
yels,S h<S (Mummified Fruits) /,s je
l=Kq hhs' fmdl=rl f. lsysmhla jqjo fuu
frda.hg md;% h yelsh' fndfyda g uq
fmdl=ru h<S l=Kqulg ,laf'

msmqia frda.h je,f|kafka

^wkaiskshq,d fklfgdar& k ,Srh ksidh'
fuu frda.h ksid m<uqfjka fre yd <m
m;% fome;af;au ms jeks iajNdjhla .kakd
iq w meye;s me,a, yg.kS' u,a fmdl=re
yd ,m f.j,go fkdfre fld< meye;s
ls<s yd oXqj,go ,Srh ksid ydks we;s h
yelsh' l l,la .;jq miq fuu w iq
meye;s me,a, f,i iafjk ,Sr fldgia
lmeye .ekaf' jrIdj wvq h<s ld,.=l
;;ajhla hgf;a fuu frda.h nyq,j lsh
yelsh' frda.h je,kq ,m f. ;o
iajNdjhla .ekSu yd me,Su ish yelsh'
frda.s f.j, bu idudkH m is fkdf'
frda.h md,kh lr .eksu i|yd my; i|yka
,sr kdYl k 10lg jrla ne.ska je,g
fhdokak'
30

f i|yd k 7-10 jrla ne.ska my;

i|yka ,Sr kdYl je,g fhdokak'
laf,dafrda;ef,dks,a 75] f;;a l, yels
l=vq .%E 20 c,h ,Sgr 10
fyda

uekafldfi 80]f;;a l, yels

l=vq .%E 20la j;=r ,Sgr 10

lD yd
fjk;a m,sfndaO
m;% j,g ydks lrk o<Uq j._ fndfyda g
,m m;% wdydrhg .ks' b;d oreKq ydkshla
fkdmj;S k o<Uqjka w;ska wyq,d kdY l<
yelsh'

fldrfmd;= lDka
jef,ys O fldgia j,ska hqI Wdrdfndhs'
fudjqkaf.a wmjHj, wvx.= iSks iys;
ixfhda. fj; l=yqUqjka wdlrYKh f'
tfiau fuu iSks wvx.= ixfhda.h u;
l meye;s ,Srhla jrOkh f' fuu
l meyeh ksid m;%j, wdydr ksmoug we;s
yelshdj wvqf' f.j, .=Kd;auh my<
jef'

fuu ydksh md,kh lr .eksu i|yd

vhsf;dt 40] idka ff;f,daoh

lemais ul=Kd
lmamdfjka miq we;sjk w;a ls<sj, my<
m%foaYh isre lr hqI Wrdfndhs' hqI Wrdu
ksid je,g we;=,a jk I iys; ixfhda.
fya;=fjka ydks l< ls,s l=ref' iq<g lvd
jef' oreKq ydkshla mj;sk j.djkays Yd,
jYfhka wiajekak wvqf'

fuu ydksh md,kh lsu i|yd

lmamdfjka miq
fyda

,m ls<s yg.kakd wjia:df

fyda

ldn,a 85] c,fha hl< yels

l=vq .%E 06 la j;=r ,Sgr 10 l hlr
fyda

ldfndai,a*dka ,Sgrhlg .%E 200

idka ff;f,daoh ,s ,sgr 30
j;=r ,Sgr 10 l hlr fydka biskak'
ydksfha iajNdjh wkqj fhh hq;= jdr
.Kk ;srKhf'' flfia jqjo
ksIamd;fha ksrfoaYhka ms<smeu
jeo.;aa f'

fyda

Tlaisfvufgdka ;hs,a 25]

idka ff;f,daoh ,s ,Sgr 2- 4
j;=r ,Sgr 01 l hlr m;% yd l| fldgia
j, h me;a;g o jkfia biskak'
urOkh i|yd ridhksl fkdjk l%u
ykdf.k fkdue;'

fhd
j.dj wdrNfha isgu fuh .egjla ug
bv ;sf' ,m je,a jeu i|yd ta wi,ska
isgqjk me, fkdjk ,S fldagq fj; m<uqfjkau
fhka wdlrYkhf' bkamiq l%ufhka
jef,a uq,a" lf|ys msgfmd;a; wdh wdydrhg
.eksu ksid je, ue hhs'
fuu ydksh md,kh lsu i|yd my; l%Shd
ud._ wkq.ukh lrkak'
,m je,a i|yd wdOdrl f,i
fhkaf.ka ydkshg f.dre fkdjk ,S
j._hl ^flfydU jeks& fldagq isgqjkak'
31

 fldagqjl mig hgjk m%foaYh ms<siaiqk

tkaka f;,aj, .s,ajd fmd,s;Ska lene,a,la
wdjrKh lrkak'
j.djg Yd, jYfhka fhdok ldnksl
fmdfydr fj; fhkaf.a wdlrYKh
jeh' tksid fydka rdm;ajQ f.du
fmdfydr muKla j.djg fhdokak'
j.dj ms<sn|j ksr;=rej mCIdld
jkak' fhkaf.a ydksh ydksh we;s nj
olakg ,enq g laf,dafrd*hsfmdia fyda
weuhr lDkdYl u,a nd,ahlska je,
jgd fhdokak' je,a l=vd l< fuh
fYAIfhka jeo.;ah'

je,a isre lrk lDka

frE l| isre lsu ksid ydks l< ia:dk
j,ska ue,sh jeks wjrK ,sfik iq
jHhka jEiafia' Woh jref fuh jvd
meye,sh' jeis ld,fha fuu Y%djh jk jH
fidhd .eksu wmyiqh' l|g ydks l<
ia:dkhg by<ska jef,a jeu rj,f' ydksh
olakg ,efnk g je, jgd ldfnda*shqrdka
.%E 50 ne.ska mig fhd c,h imhkak'

me, uelald
ydks jQ m;% by<g yelsf,a' tjeks m;% UQre
meyef' u,a yd f.j,g o ydks we;sh
yelsh' ydks jQ ,m f. iq meyehlg yefr'
ydks l< frE f.j, msg fmd;a; r f'

l=re,af,da
fmdl=rej,g ydks lrk l=re,a,kaf.ka
j.dj wdrCIdlr .eksu i|yd mrK ud ,a
j,ska j.dj wdjrKh lrkak' ke;fyd;a
my; fl<jr jD;j mj;sk fmd,s;ska Wr
j,ska fmdl=re wdjrKh lrkak'

32

fonre
BY%dh,a jeks" bug .= ld,hla .;jk
j._ j, f. j, hqI Wrdfndhs'

f. me,Su
wiajekak fk,sug wdikak wjia:df
je,g c,h iemhSu ksido jI_dj ksid o
f. me,Shd yelsh' tksid wiajekak fk,Sug
k 10 lg muK fmr isg j.djg c,h
iemhsu kj;ajkak' jrIdj ksid mfia
tla/iajk je c,h .eUqre ldkq fh bj;a
lrkak'
mkao,ug fika gr 60 ^w 2& muK
by,ska wdrelal=jl wdldrhg iels,a,la ilia
lr th u; kso fmfkk fmd,s;skhla
we;sfuka je, jrIdfjka wdrlaIdlr
.; yelsh' fuh jvd jeo.;a jkafka
udr;= - wfma%,a udij, h<s l,dmhg
fndafydag ,eh yels jrIdfjka bKq f.
wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|ydh'

j._ gr 1000 l ^wlalr 1$4& j.djla mkao, l%uhg

msysgqjd .ekSu
j.dj ms<sn|j m<mqreoaola ke;s whl=yg b;d wl uQ,sl houla ord Yd,
m%udKfhka j.djla wdrN lsu t;r kqjKg yqre fkdf' tksid j._ gr 1000
^wlalr 1$4& muK m%udKfha j.djla wdrNhla jYfhka we;s lsu jvd iqiqh'
bvu iup;=rY%dldr yevhlska hqla; k iy me< fma,s je ixLHdjla we;s jk m
j.dj ilia lr.; yelsk th jvd ,dNhlh' bvf yevh wkqj wjYH jH
fjkiaf' idudkHfhka f m%udkfha j.djla mkao, l%uhg ilid .eksu i|yd
my; i|yka jH wjYH f'
w 8 Wi fldkal%S lKq 80 - 90
fuu fldkal%S lKqj, mdoh w.,a 6 6 m%udKh o by< fl<jr w,a 44 m%udKho
;sh hq;=h'
fldkalS% lKq fjkqjg w,a 1 1$2 m%udKfha 'whs' ng fhd.kafka k iu; .ska hq;a
ng 40 wjYHf'
f.a 8 fyda f.a 10 m%udKfha 'whs' l - ls' .%E' 90
f.a 12 m%udKfha 'whs' l - ls' .%E' 250
w,a 1 2 t,a yev;s hlv o~q - 16
isfuka;s

- ls' .%E' 75-100

je,s iy .,a wjYH muKg

Y%u wjYH;dj
j,j,a lemSu
j,j,a msru
me, isgqu
lKq isgqu
l weu

ksia k
-

10
08
02
15
20

33