Power System Analysis Lab Manual

POWERSYSTEMANALYSISLABMANUAL
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
SUBMITTEDTO: ENGR.M.JUNAID
SUBMITTEDBY: ASAD NAEEM 2006-RCET-EE-22
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (A CONSTITUENT COLLEGE: RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY GUJRANWALA) UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY LAHORE, PAKISTAN
ASADNAEEM 2006RCETEE22
01
To plot the daily load curve for the given data using MATLAB
02
Introduction to basics of Electrical Transients Analyzer Program (ETAP)
03
Evaluate the value of voltages for a 4-BUS system using node equations in MATLAB
04
Modeling and Load flow analysis of RCET power distribution network using ETAP
05
Bus elimination of a 4-BUS system using MATLAB
06
To study the Concept of Modifications of an Existing BusImpedance Matrix & Implementing in MATLAB
07
Application of Gauss-Siedal and Newton-Raphson method for load flow studies on a three bus system using MATLAB
08
Harmonic Load Modeling using built-in and user defined models of ETAP Impact of personal computer load on power distribution network of RCET Flow of triplen harmonics (zero-sequence harmonics) during 5 different schemes of connection for a 3-phase transformer with presence of large non-linear load using ETAP Three phase short circuit analysis (3-phase faults-device duty) for a given power system using ETAP Three phase short circuit analysis (3-phase faults-30 cycle network) for a given power system using ETAP Three phase short circuit analysis (LG, LL, LLG, & 3-Phase Faults - Cycle) for a given power system using ETAP Three phase short circuit analysis (LG, LL, LLG, & 3-Phase Faults - 1.5 to 4 Cycle) for a given power system using ETAP Three phase short circuit analysis (LG, LL, LLG, & 3-Phase Faults - 30 Cycle) for a given power system using ETAP
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
EXPERIMENT#01
Toplotthedailyloadcurveforthegivendatausing MATLAB Givendata: Intervalfrom 12A.M 2 6 9 12P.M 2 4 6 8 10 11 Requirements: 1. 2. 3. 4. Findaveragevalueofload Findpeakvalueofload Findtheloadfactor Plottheloadcurve To 2A.M 6 9 12 2P.M 4 6 8 10 11 12A.M LoadMW 6 5 10 15 12 14 16 18 16 12 6
Theory
Loads:
Loads of power systems are divided into three main categories that are given below. 1. Industrial Loads 2. Commercial Loads 3. Residential Loads Very large industrial loads are served through the transmission lines. Large industrial loads are served directly from the sub-transmission level. And small industrial loads are served directly from the primary distribution network. The industrial loads are composite loads and induction motors from a high proportion of these loads. These composite loads are functions of voltage and frequency and form a major part of the system load. Commercial and residential load consist largely of lighting, heating and cooling. These loads are independent of frequency and consume negligibly small reactive power. The real power of loads is expressed in terms of kilowatts or megawatts. The magnitude of load varies throughout the day and power must be available to the consumer on demand. The daily load curve of a utility is a composite of demands made by various classes of users. The greatest value of load during a twenty four hours is called the peak or maximum demand. Smaller peaking generators may be commissioned to meet the peak load that occurs for only a few hours. In order to asses the usefulness of the generating plant the load factor is defined. The load factor is the ratio of average load over a designated period of time to the peak load occurring in that period. Load factor may be given for a day, a month or an year. Yearly or annual load factor is the most useful since a year represents a full cycle of time. The daily load factor is
Daily load factor = average load / peak load Multiplying the numerator and denominator by a time period of 24 hr we have Daily load factor= average load*24 hr / (peak load*24 hrs) = energy consumed during 24 hr/ (peak load*24 hr) The annual load factor is Annual load factor = total annual energy / (peak load*8760 hr) Todays typical system load factors are in range of 55-70%. In Pakistan WAPDA standard for urban areas load factor is 60% and that of rural areas is 65%.
Matlab code:
data=[0 2 6; 2 6 5; 6 9 10; 9 12 15; 12 14 12; 14 16 14; 16 18 16; 18 20 18; 20 22 16; 22 23 12;
23 24 6]; p=data(:,3); Dt=data(:,2)-data(:,1); w=p'*Dt; pavg=w/sum(Dt) peak=max(p) LF=pavg/peak*100 L=length(data); tt = [data(:,1) data(:,2)]; t = sort(reshape(tt, 1, 2*L)); for n = 1:L pp(2*n-1)=p(n); pp(2*n)=p(n); end plot(t,pp) xlabel('TIME,Hr'),ylabel('P,MW')
Matlab results:
pavg=11.5417 peak=18 LF=64.1204
18
16
14
12 P,MW
10
4 0
10 TIME,Hr
15
20
25
COMMENTS:
In this experiment we learn how to find the daily load curve for any power system using MATLAB. Load curve is very important as we can achieve very important information from it like: Peak load Average load Load factor These quantities are very helpful for understanding any power system.
EXPERIMENT#02
IntroductiontobasicsofElectricalTransientsAnalyzer Program(ETAP) What is ETAP?
ETAP is the most comprehensive analysis platform for the design, simulation, operation, control, optimization, and automation of generation, transmission, distribution, and industrial power systems.
Project Toolbar
TheProjectToolbarcontainsiconsthatallowyoutoperformshortcutsofmany commonlyusedfunctionsinPowerStation. Create Open Save Print Cut Createanewprojectfile Openanexistingprojectfile Savetheprojectfile PrinttheonelinediagramorU/Gracewaysystem CuttheselectedelementsfromtheonelinediagramorU/Graceway systemtotheDumpster CopytheselectedelementsfromtheonelinediagramorU/Graceway systemtotheDumpster PasteelementsfromaDumpsterCelltotheonelinediagramorU/G system MagnifytheonelinediagramorU/Gracewaysystem ReducetheonelinediagramorU/Gracewaysystem Resizetheonelinediagramtofitthewindow Checkthesystemcontinuityfornonenergizedelements
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PowerCalculator
ActivatePowerStationCalculatorthatrelatesMW,MVAR,MVA, kV,Amp,andPFtogetherwitheitherkVAorMVAunits
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Mode Toolbar
ETAPoffersasuiteoffullyintegratedsoftwaresolutionsincludingarcflash,loadflow, shortcircuit,transientstability,relaycoordination,cableampacity,optimalpowerflow, andmore.Itsmodularfunctionalitycanbecustomizedtofittheneedsofanycompany, fromsmalltolargepowersystems.
EditMode
Editmodeenablesyoutobuildyouronelinediagram,changesystemconnections,edit engineeringproperties,saveyourproject,andgenerateschedulereportsinCrystal Reportsformats.TheEditToolbarsforbothACandDCelementswillbedisplayedtothe rightofthescreenwhenthismodeisactive.Thismodeprovidesawidevarietyoftasks including:
Drag&DropElements ConnectElements ChangeIDs Cut,Copy,&PasteElements MovefromDumpster InsertOLEObjects Cut,Copy&OLEObjects MergePowerStationProject Hide/ShowGroupsofProtectiveDevices RotateElements SizeElements ChangeSymbols EditProperties RunScheduleReportManager

Example implementation:

EXPERIMENT#03
Evaluatethevalueofvoltagesfora4BUSsystemusing nodeequationsinMATLAB
GIVEN ONE LINE DIAGRAM
REACTANCE DIAGRAM
In the first step, we draw the reactance diagram of the given one-line diagram as shown below:
SOURCE TRANSFORM
After making the reactance diagram, we apply source transformation on the given network by replacing the voltage sources with current sources Replace all the reactance by admittances using the relation: Y=1/X The resultant diagram now can be shown as:
NODE EQUATIONS
Now, using the above figure write the node equations of the system: Applying KCL at node-1: I1= (V1-0) y10 + (V1-V4) y14+ (V1-V3) y13 I1= (y10+y14+y13) V1 + 0V2 + (-y13) V3+ (-y14) V4
Applying KCL at node-2: I2= (V2-0) y20 + (V2-V3) y23+ (V2-V4) y24 I2= 0V1+ (y20+y23+y24) V2 + (-y23) V3+ (-y24) V4 Applying KCL at node-3: I3= (V3-0) y30 + (V3-V1) y31+ (V3-V4) y34 + (V3-V2) y32 I3= (-y31) V1+ (-y32) V2+ (y30+y31+y34) V3 + (-y34) V4 Applying KCL at node-4: 0= (V4-V1) y14+ (V4-V3) y43 + (V4-V2) y42 0= (-y14) V1+ (-y42) V2 + (-y34) V3+ (y14+y43+y42) V4 Matrix form of the node equations is:
Where:
CALCULATIONS
MATLAB CODE
YBUS= [0-9.80i 0 0+4.00i 0+5.00i 0 0-8.30i 0+2.50i 0+5.00i 0+4.00i 0+2.50i 0-15.30i 0+8.00i 0+5.00i; 0+5.00i; 0+8.00i; 0-18.00i];
I= [0-1.20i; 0-0.7200-0.9600i; 0-1.2000i; 0]; ZBUS=inv (YBUS); V=ZBUS*I
MATLAB RESULTS
V= 1.4111 - 0.2668i 1.3831 - 0.3508i 1.4059 - 0.2824i 1.4010 - 0.2971i
COMMENTS:
In this experiment we learn that using the bus impedance or admittance matrix we can find the voltages and currents for all buses of a given power system. Moreover, we use MATLAB for the calculation of these quantities by just entering the bus impedance matrix and one given quantity (current or voltage) and MATLAB gives the results of very complex networks within no time.
EXPERIMENT#04
ModelingandLoadflowanalysisofRCETpower distributionnetworkusingETAP INTRODUCTION:
LOAD FLOW STUDIES

In power engineering, the power flow study (also known as load-flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a power system. Unlike traditional circuit analysis, a power flow study usually uses simplified notation such as a one-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses on various forms of AC power (i.e: reactive, real, and apparent) rather than voltage and current. It analyses the power systems in normal steady-state operation. There exist a number of software implementations of power flow studies. The great importance of power flow or load-flow studies is in the planning the future expansion of power systems as well as in determining the best operation of existing systems. The principal information obtained from the power flow study is the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus and the real and reactive power flowing in each line.
LOAD FLOW STUDIES IN ETAP

ETAP load flow analysis software calculates bus voltages, branch power factors, currents, and power flows throughout the electrical system. ETAP allows for swing, voltage regulated, and unregulated power sources with multiple power grids and generator connections. It is capable of performing analysis on both radial and loop systems. ETAP
allows you to select from several different methods in order to achieve the best calculation efficiency and accuracy.
Run Load Flow Studies Update Cable Load Currents
Load Flow display Option Alert View
Report Manager
Halt current calculations
Net on line data
STEPS Modeling of the main network Modeling of composite networks Running of load flow analysis Complete report from ETAP load flow analyzer
MODELING OF BASIC RCET NETWORK
MODELING OF COMPOSITE NETWORKS

STAFF COLONY:
OLD BUILDING:
NEW BUILDING:
HOSTEL-A,B:
HOSTEL-E:

Complete ETAP load flow analysis report of the given network is attached with this experiment.
COMMENTS:
In this experiment we learn how to: Model a power system in ETAP Model composite networks in a basic network Assign properties of components added Study the load flow analysis for that network
EXPERIMENT#05
Buseliminationofa4BUSsystemusingMATLAB
REACTANCE DIAGRAM
It is given that the transformer and generator at bus-3 are disconnected, so the reactance diagram now becomes:
SOURCE TRANSFORM
After making the reactance diagram, we apply source transformation on the given network by replacing the voltage sources with current sources Replace all the reactance by admittances using the relation: Y=1/X The resultant diagram now can be shown as:
Part1:EliminationofBus3&4
MATRIX FORM
Where:
MATLAB CODE
>>YBUS= [0-9.80i 0 0 0+4.00i 0+5.00i 0-8.30i 0+2.50i 0+5.00i 0+4.00i 0+2.50i 0-14.5i 0+8.00i 0+5.00i; 0+5.00i; 0+8.00i; 0-18.00i];
>>K= [0-9.80i 0; 0 0-8.30i]; >>L= [0+4.00i 0+5.00i; 0+2.50i 0+5.00i]; >>M= [0-14.5i 0+8.00i; 0+8.00i 0-18.00i]; >>LT= [0+4.00i 0+2.50i; 0+5.00i 0+5.00i]; >>N=inv (M); >>P=L*N*LT; >>Ybus=K-P
MATLAB RESULTS
Ybus = 0 - 4.8736i 0 + 4.0736i
0 + 4.0736i 0 - 4.8736i
Part-2: Elimination Bus-4
MATLAB CODE:
>>Ybus=[-9.8i 0 4i 5i 0 -8.3i 2.5i 5i 4.0i 2.5i -14.5i 8i 5i; 5i; 8i; -18i];
>>K=[-9.8i 0 4i;0 -8.3i 2.5i;4i 2.5i -14.5i]; >>L=[5i;5i;8i]; >>M=[-18i]; >>P=L'; >>T=inv(M); >>A=K-L*T*P
MATLAB RESULTS
A= 0 -11.1889i 0 - 1.3889i 0 + 1.7778i 0 - 1.3889i 0 - 9.6889i 0 + 0.2778i 0 + 1.7778i 0 + 0.2778i 0 -18.0556i
Part-3: Elimination Bus-3
MATLAB CODE:
>>P=[-11.1889i -1.3889i;-1.3889i -9.6889i]; >>Q=[1.7778i;0.2778i];
>>R=[-18.0556i]; >>S=Q'; >>T=inv(R); >>B=P-Q*T*S
MATLAB RESULTS
B= 0 -11.3639i 0 - 1.4163i
0 - 1.4163i 0 - 9.6932i
COMMENTS:
Bus impedance matrix is a very important tool for the calculation of voltages and currents at all the buses of a given network. Suppose that any fault occurs in the power system then we can get a task to modify the bus impedance matrix by eliminating the faulty node which will reduce the order of matrix by eliminating the faulty node. In this experiment we learn how to: Eliminate last two nodes together Eliminate only one last node
EXPERIMENT#06
TostudytheConceptofModificationsofanExistingBus ImpedanceMatrix&ImplementinginMATLAB
IMPEDANCE MATRIX
Impedance matrix is a very important tool in power system analysis. Using this matrix we can find: Voltages at all buses when currents are given Currents at all buses when voltages are given So it is very important that how to modify the bus impedance matrix when any new impedance is add into the original system. Suppose a power system with n-buses having the impedances matrix of order n*n:
There are four cases that can take place while adding a new impedance Zb in the system: Adding Adding Adding Adding Zb Zb Zb Zb from a new bus-P to reference bus from a new bus-P to an existing bus-K from an existing bus-K to reference bus between two existing buses
MODIFICATION CASES
CASE1:ADDINGZbFROMANEWBUSTOREFERENCEBUS
This condition is explained in the following diagram:
Clearly, Vp-0=Ib*Zb Vp=Ib*Zb Hence the modified matrix will take the form as:
MATLAB CODE
function [Z]=Case1(Zorg,Zb) Zorg=[1 2 3 4;2 5 6 7;3 6 8 9;4 7 9 10]
Zb=17; l=length(Zorg); for i=1:l+1 for j=1:l+1 if i<=l && j<=l Znew(i,j)=Zorg(i,j); elseif i==l+1 && j==l+1 Znew(i,j)=Zb; else Znew(i,j)=0; end end end Znew
MATLAB RESULTS
CASE2:ADDINGZbFROMANEWBUSPTOANEXISTINGBUSK
Clearly, Vp-Vk,new=Ip*Zb Vp=Vk,new+Ip*Zb Where, Vk,new=Vk,org+Ip*Zkk Vp= Vk,org+Ip(Zkk+Zb) Hence the modified matrix will take the form as:
MATLAB CODE:
function [Z]=CASE2(Zorg,Zb) Zorg=[1 2 3 4;2 5 6 7;3 6 8 9;4 7 9 10] Zb=5; l=length(Zorg); row =Zorg(l,:); column =Zorg(:,l); for i=1:l+1 for j=1:l+1 if i<=l && j<=l Znew(i,j)=Zorg(i,j); elseif i==l+1 for p=1:l Znew(i,p)=row(p); end elseif j==l+1 for q=1:l Znew(q,j)=column(q); end end if i==l+1 && j==l+1 Znew(i,j)=Zb+Zorg(l,l); end end end Znew
MATLAB RESULTS
CASE3:ADDINGZbFROMANEXISTINGBUSKTOREFERENCE BUS
Here we can apply the same case as in case-2 and then put Vp=0. This task can be achieved by eliminating the last row and column of the Znew matrix.
Now this matrix is of the order (n+1)*(n+1), we have to achieve a matrix of order n*n using formula: Zkj(new)=Zkj(org)-(Zk(n+1)Z(n+1)j/Zkk+Zb) In this case, K=n
MATLAB CODE:
function [Z]=CASE3(Zorg,Zb) Zorg=[1 2 3 4;2 5 6 7;3 6 8 9;4 7 9 10] Zb=5; l=length(Zorg); row =Zorg(l,:); column =Zorg(:,l); for i=1:l+1 for j=1:l+1
if i<=l && j<=l Znew(i,j)=Zorg(i,j); elseif i==l+1 for p=1:l Znew(i,p)=row(p); end elseif j==l+1 for q=1:l Znew(q,j)=column(q); end end if i==l+1 && j==l+1 Znew(i,j)=Zb+Zorg(l,l); end end end Znew for a=1:l for b=1:l K(a,b)=Znew(a,b); end
end for a=1:l L(a,1)=Znew(a,5); end M=Znew(l+1,l+1); P=L'; T=inv(M); Zwithnewbusrefferenced=K-L*T*P
MATLAB RESULTS
CASE4:ADDINGZbBETWEENTWOEXISTINGBUSES
In this case, Zbb=Zb+Zjj+Zkk-2Zjk Hence the modified matrix will take the form as:
Here again we have to eliminate the last row and column to achieve the final matrix.
MATLAB CODE:
function [Z]=CASE4(Zorg,Zb) Zorg=[1 2 3 4;2 5 6 7;3 6 8 9;4 7 9 10] Zb=5; l=length(Zorg); R1 =Zorg(l,:); C1 =Zorg(:,l); R2 =Zorg(l-1,:); C2 =Zorg(:,l-1); for i=1:l+1 for j=1:l+1 if i<=l && j<=l Znew(i,j)=Zorg(i,j);
elseif i==l+1 for p=1:l Znew(i,p)=R1(p)-R2(p); End elseif j==l+1 for q=1:l Znew(q,j)=C1(q)-C2(q); End End if i==l+1 && j==l+1 Znew(i,j)=Zb+Zorg(l,l)+Zorg(l-1,l-1)-(2*Zorg(l,l-1)); end end end Znew for a=1:l for b=1:l K(a,b)=Znew(a,b); end end for a=1:l
L(a,1)=Znew(a,5); end M=Znew(l+1,l+1); P=L'; T=inv(M); Zfinal=K-L*T*P
MATLAB RESULTS
COMMENTS:
Bus impedance matrix is a very important tool for the calculation of voltages and currents at all the buses of a given network. Suppose that any improvement occurs in the power system then we can get a task to modify the bus impedance matrix by adding the new impedance in the system. The new impedance can be added in four different conditions: Addition of new bus Addition of new bus Addition of new reference bus Addition of new impedance from a new bus to reference impedance from a new bus to existing impedance from an existing bus to impedance between two existing buses
In this experiment we learn how to modify the bus impedance matrix for all four cases using MATLAB.
EXPERIMENT#07
ApplicationofGaussSiedalandNewtonRaphsonmethodforload flowstudiesonathreebussystemusingMATLAB(Implimentation ofexample#6.7,6.8&6.10fromPOWERSYSTEMANALYSISbyHadi Saadat)
EXAMPLE 6.7
Given figure shows the one line diagram of a simple three bus system with generation at bus-1. The magnitude of voltage at bus-1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The scheduled loads at buses-2 and 3 are as marked on the diagram. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100-MVA base and the line charging susceptances are neglected.
(A) Using the Gauss-Siedal method, determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load buses 2 and 3 (P&Q buses) accurate to four decimal places (B) Find the slack bus real and reactive power (C) Determine the line flows and line losses. Construct a power flow diagram showing the direction of line flow
SOLUTION
Line impedances are converted to admittances:
At the P-Q buses, the complex loads expressed in per unit are: S2sch=-(256.6+j110.2)/100= -2.566-j1.102 pu S3sch=-(138.6+j45.2)/100= -1.386-j0.452 pu Starting from an initial estimate of V2(0)=1.0+j0.0 and V3(0)=1.0+j0.0
GAUSS-SIEDEL FARMULA
SLACK1=conj(V1)*[V1*(y12+y13)-( y12*V2+y13*V3)] Sij=Vi*conj(Iij) Iij=yij*(Vi-Vj)
MATLAB CODE
y12=10-j*20; y13=10-j*30; y23=16-j*32; V1=1.05+j*0; %CODE FOR PART-A iter=0; s2=-2.566-j*1.102; s3=-1.386-j*0.452; V2=1+j*0.0; V3=1+j*0.0; for I=1:10; iter=iter+1; V2=(conj(s2)/conj(V2)+y12*V1+y23*V3)/(y12+y23); V3=(conj(s3)/conj(V3)+y13*V1+y23*V2)/(y13+y23); end V2 V3
%CODE FOR PART-B Pslack=conj(V1)*[V1*(y12+y13)-(y12*V2+y13*V3)] %CODE FOR PART-C I12=y12*(V1-V2) I21=-I12 I13=y13*(V1-V3) I31=-I13 I23=y23*(V2-V3) I32=-I23 s12=V1*conj(I12) s21=V2*conj(I21) s13=V1*conj(I13) s31=V3*conj(I31) s23=V2*conj(I23) s32=V3*conj(I32) SL12=s12+s21 SL13=s13+s31 SL23=s23+s32
MATLAB RESULTS
PART-A RESULTS
V2 = 0.9800 - 0.0600i V3 = 1.0000 - 0.0500i PART-B RESULTS SLACK-BUS POWER Pslack = 4.0949 - 1.8900i
PART-C RESULTS I12 = 1.9000 - 0.8000i
I21 = -1.9000 + 0.8000i I13 = 2.0000 - 1.0000i
I31 = -2.0000 + 1.0000i I23 = -0.6400 + 0.4800i I32 = 0.6400 - 0.4800i
LINE FLOWS s12 = 1.9950 + 0.8400i
s21 = -1.9100 - 0.6700i s13 = 2.1000 + 1.0500i
s31 = -2.0500 - 0.9000i s23 = -0.6560 - 0.4320i s32 = 0.6640 + 0.4480i
LINE LOSSES SL12 = SL13 = SL23 = 0.0850 + 0.1700i 0.0500 + 0.1500i 0.0080 + 0.0160i
EXAMPLE 6.8
Given figure shows the one line diagram of a simple three bus system with generators at buses-1 and 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus-1 is adjusted to 1.05pu. voltage magnitude at bus-3 is fixed at 1.04 pu with a real power generation of 200MW. A load consisting of 400MW and 250MVAR is taken from bus-2. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100MVA base, and the line charging susceptances are neglected. Obtain the power flow solution by the Gauss-Siedal method including line flows and line losses.
Where,impedances are replaced by admittances as:
FARMULAS
S3=conj(V3)*(y33*V3-y13*V1-y23*V2) Q3=-imag(conj(V3)*(y33*V3-y13*V1-y23*V2))
MATLAB CODE
y12=10-j*20; y13=10-j*30; y23=16-j*32; y33=y13+y23; V1=1.05+j*0; format long iter=0; s2=-4.0-j*2.5; p3=2; V2=1+j*0.0; Vm3=1.04; V3=1.04+j*0; for I=1:10; iter=iter+1; E2=V2; E3=V3; V2=(conj(s2)/conj(V2)+y12*V1+y23*V3)/(y12+y23) DV2=V2-E2; Q3=-imag(conj(V3)*(y33*V3-y13*V1-y23*V2)) s3=p3+j*Q3; Vc3=(conj(s3)/conj(V3)+y13*V1+y23*V2)/(y13+y23); Vi3=imag(Vc3); Vr3=sqrt(Vm3^2-Vi3^2);
V3=Vr3+j*Vi3 DV3=V3-E3; end V2 V3 Q3 format short I12=y12*(V1-V2); I21=-I12; I13=y13*(V1-V3); I31=-I13; I23=y23*(V2-V3); I32=-I23; s12=V1*conj(I12); s21=V2*conj(I21); s13=V1*conj(I13); s31=V3*conj(I31); s23=V2*conj(I23); s32=V3*conj(I32); I1221=[I12,I21]; I1331=[I13,I31]; I2332=[I23,I32]; SL12=s12+s21 SL13=s13+s31 SL23=s23+s32 S1=(s12+s13) S2=(s23+s21) S3=(s31+s32) S12=s12 S21=s21 S13=s13 S31=s31 S23=s23 S32=s32
MATLAB RESULTS ITERATIONRESULTS:

1STITERATION V2 = 0.974615384615385 - 0.042307692307692i Q3 = 1.160000000000002 V3 = 1.039987148574197 - 0.005170183798502i 2NDITERATION V2 = 0.971057059512953 - 0.043431876337850i Q3 = 1.387957731052817 V3 = 1.039974378708180 - 0.007300111679686i 3RDITERATION V2 = 0.970733708554698 - 0.044791724463619i Q3 = 1.429040300785471 V3 = 1.039966679445820 - 0.008325001047174i 4THITERATION V2 = 0.970652437281433 - 0.045329920732880i Q3 = 1.448333275594840 V3 = 1.039963173621928 - 0.008752000354604i 5THITERATION V2 = 0.970623655331095 - 0.045554240372625i Q3 = 1.456209166612119
V3 = 1.039961668920058 - 0.008929007616053i 6THITERATION V2 = 0.970612037114234 - 0.045646940090561i Q3 = 1.459469889628077 V3 = 1.039961037734205 - 0.009002221658867i 7THITERATION V2 = 0.970607253520093 - 0.045685276728252i Q3 = 1.460818201396914 V3 = 1.039960775170297 - 0.009032502820155i 8THITERATION V2 = 0.970605276281561 - 0.045701131870879i Q3 = 1.461375872168914 V3 = 1.039960666313617 - 0.009045027392915i 9THITERATION V2 = 0.970604458527297 - 0.045707689707255i Q3 = 1.461606535170454 V3 = 1.039960621244008 - 0.009050207830587i 10THITERATION V2 = 0.970604120282796 - 0.045710402176455i Q3 = 1.461701943643423 V3 = 1.039960602594413 - 0.009052350604469i
FINALRESULTS:
V2 = 0.970604120282796 - 0.045710402176455i V3 = 1.039960602594413 - 0.009052350604469i Q3 = 1.461701943643423 SL12 = 0.0839 + 0.1679i SL13 = 0.0018 + 0.0055i SL23 = 0.0985 + 0.1969i S1 = 2.1841 + 1.4085i S2 = -3.9999 - 2.5000i S3 = 2.0000 + 1.4618i S12 = 1.7936 + 1.1874i S21 = -1.7096 - 1.0195i S13 = 0.3906 + 0.2212i S31 = -0.3887 - 0.2157i S23 = -2.2903 - 1.4805i S32 = 2.3888 + 1.6775i
EXAMPLE 6.10
Given figure shows the one line diagram of a simple three bus system with generators at buses-1 and 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus-1 is adjusted to 1.05pu. voltage magnitude at bus-3 is fixed at 1.04 pu with a real power generation of 200MW. A load consisting of 400MW and 250MVAR is taken from bus-2. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100MVA base, and the line charging susceptances are neglected. Obtain the power flow solution by the Newton-Raphson method including line flows and line losses.
Where,impedances are replaced by admittances as:
The bus impedance matrix can be constructed as: YBUS=[20-j50

-10+j20
-10+j30
-10+j20 -10+j30
26-j52 -16+j32
-16+j32 26-j62];
FARMULAS
P1=V1^2*Y11*cos(11)+V1*V2*Y12*cos(12-d1+d2)+... V1*V3*Y13*cos(13-d1+d3) Q1=-V1^2*Y11*sin(11)-V1*V2*Y12*sin(12-d1+d2)-... V1*V3*Y13*sin(13-d1+d3) Q3=-V3*V1*Y31*sin(31)-d3+d1)-V3*V2*Y32*... sin(32-d3+d2)-V3^2*Y33*sin33
MATLAB CODE
V=[1.05;1.0;1.04]; d=[0;0;0]; Ps=[-4;2.0]; Qs=-2.5; YB=[20-j*50 -10+j*20 -10+j*30 -10+j*20 26-j*52 -16+j*32 -10+j*30 -16+j*32 26-j*62]; Y=abs(YB); t=angle(YB); iter=0; pwracur=0.00025; %power accuracy DC=10; %set the maximun power residue to a high value while max(abs(DC))>pwracur iter=iter+1 P=[V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)d(2)+d(1))+V(2)^2*Y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+... V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3)); V(3)*V(1)*Y(3,1)*cos(t(3,1)d(3)+d(1))+V(3)^2*Y(3,3)*cos(t(3,3))+... V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*cos(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2))];
Q=-V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))V(2)^2*Y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))-... V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3)); J(1,1)=V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+... V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3)); J(1,2)=-V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3)); J(1,3)=V(1)*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)d(2)+d(1))+2*V(2)*Y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+... V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3)); J(2,1)=-V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2)); J(2,2)=V(3)*V(1)*Y(3,1)*sin(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))+... V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2)); J(2,3)=V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2)); J(3,1)=V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+... V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3)); J(3,2)=-V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3)); J(3,3)=-V(1)*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))-2*V(2)*Y(2,2) *sin(t(2,2)) ... V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3)); DP=Ps-P; DQ=Qs-Q; DC=[DP;DQ] J DX=J\DC d(2)=d(2)+DX(1); d(3)=d(3)+DX(2); V(2)=V(2)+DX(3); V, d, delta=180/pi*d; end P1=V(1)^2*Y(1,1)*cos(t(1,1))+V(1)*V(2)*Y(1,2)*cos(t(1,2)d(1)+d(2))+... V(1)*V(3)*Y(1,3)*cos(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3)) Q1=-V(1)^2*Y(1,1)*sin(t(1,1))-V(1)*V(2)*Y(1,2)*sin(t(1,2)d(1)+d(2))-... V(1)*V(3)*Y(1,3)*sin(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3)) Q3=-V(3)*V(1)*Y(3,1)*sin(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))-V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*... sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2))-V(3)^2*Y(3,3)*sin(t(3,3))
MATLAB RESULTS
1STITERATION DC = -2.8600 1.4384 -0.2200 J= 54.2800 -33.2800 -33.2800 -27.1400 DX = -0.0453 -0.0077 -0.0265 V= 1.0500 0.9735 1.0400 d= 0 24.8600
66.0400 -16.6400 16.6400 49.7200
-0.0453 -0.0077
2NDITERATION DC = -0.0992 0.0217 -0.0509 J= 51.7247 -31.7656 -32.9816 -28.5386 DX = -0.0018 -0.0010 -0.0018 V= 1.0500 0.9717 1.0400 d= 0 -0.0471 -0.0087 21.3026
65.6564 -15.3791 17.4028 48.1036
3RDITERATION DC = 1.0e-003 * -0.2166 0.0382 -0.1430 J= 51.5967 -31.6939 -32.9339 -28.5482 DX = 1.0e-005 * -0.3856 -0.2386 -0.4412 V= 1.0500 0.9717 1.0400 d= 0 21.1474
65.5976 -15.3516 17.3969 47.9549
-0.0471 -0.0087
FINALRESULTS: P1 = 2.1842 Q1 = 1.4085 Q3 = 1.4618
COMMENTS:
Power system calculations are mostly very complex for large power systems. To analyze such power systems, there are two very important iterative methods: Gauss Siedel Method Newton Raphson method In this experiment we learn how to apply these two methods using MATLAB. Gauss-Seidel iteration has two advantages:
Errors do not accumulate during the calculation. If the procedure converges, it approaches the correct answer without rounding errors such as can occur during inversion of large matrices. The method can be used for nonlinear sets of equations.
While Newton Raphson method is readily applied to nonlinear equations, and can use finite-difference estimates of the derivatives to evaluate the gradients.
EXPERIMENT#08
HarmonicLoadModelingusingbuiltinanduserdefined modelsofETAP
HARMONIC ANALYSIS
Becauseofthewideandeverincreasingapplicationsofpower electronicdevices,suchasvariablespeeddrives,uninterruptible powersupplies(UPS),staticpowerconverters,etc.,powersystem voltageandcurrentqualityhasbeenseverelyaffectedinsome areas.Intheseareascomponentsotherthanthatoffundamental frequencycanbefoundtoexistinthedistortedvoltageand currentwaveforms.Thesecomponentsusuallyaretheinteger multipliersofthefundamentalfrequency,calledharmonics.In additiontoelectronicdevices,someothernonlinearloads,or devicesincludingsaturatedtransformers,arcfurnaces, fluorescentlights,andcycloconvertersarealsoresponsibleforthe deteriorationinpowersystemquality.
HARMONIC SOURCES
Thefollowingcomponentscanbemodeledasaharmonicvoltage sourceinPowerStation: PowerGrid SynchronousGenerator Inverter Charger/Converter
StaticLoad
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Transients
Thetermtransienthaslongbeenusedintheanalysisofpower systemvariationstodenoteaneventthatisundesirableand momentaryinnature.Transientisthatpartofthechangeina variablethatdisappearsduringtransitionfromonesteadystate operatingconditiontoanother.

Impulsive transient
Animpulsivetransientisasudden;nonpowerfrequencychange inthesteadystateconditionofvoltage,current,orboththatis unidirectionalinpolarity(primarilyeitherpositiveornegative).

Oscillatory transient
Anoscillatorytransientisasudden,nonpowerfrequencychange inthesteadystateconditionofvoltage,current,orboth,that includesbothpositiveandnegativepolarityvalues.

Long-Duration Voltage Variations
Longdurationvariationsencompassrootmeansquare(rms) deviationsatpowerfrequenciesforlongerthan1minute.
Overvoltage
Anovervoltageisanincreaseinthermsacvoltagegreaterthan 110percentatthepowerfrequencyfordurationlongerthan1
min.Overvoltagesareusuallytheresultsofloadswitching(e.g., switchingoffalargeloadorenergizingacapacitorbank).
Under voltage
Anundervoltageisadecreaseinthermsacvoltagetolessthan 90percentatthepowerfrequencyforadurationlongerthan1 min.Undervoltagesaretheresultsofswitchingeventsthatare theoppositeoftheeventsthatcauseovervoltages.

Short-Duration Voltage Variations
ThiscategoryencompassestheIECcategoryofvoltagedipsand shortinterruptions.Eachtypeofvariationcanbedesignatedas instantaneous,momentary,ortemporary,dependingonits duration. Shortdurationvoltagevariationsarecausedbyfaultconditions, theenergizationoflargeloadswhichrequirehighstarting currents,orintermittentlooseconnectionsinpowerwiring.

Interruption
Aninterruptionoccurswhenthesupplyvoltageorloadcurrent decreasestolessthan0.1puforaperiodoftimenotexceeding1 min.

Sags (dips)
Sagisadecreasetobetween0.1and0.9puinrmsvoltageor currentatthepowerfrequencyfordurationsfrom0.5cycleto1 min.

Swells
Aswellisdefinedasanincreasetobetween1.1and1.8puinrms voltageorcurrentatthepowerfrequencyfordurationsfrom0.5 cycleto1min.

Voltage Imbalance
Voltageimbalance(alsocalledvoltageunbalance)issometimes definedasthemaximumdeviationfromtheaverageofthethree phasevoltagesorcurrents,dividedbytheaverageofthethree phasevoltagesorcurrents,expressedinpercent.

Waveform Distortion
Waveformdistortionisdefinedasasteadystatedeviationfrom anidealsinewaveofpowerfrequencyprincipallycharacterized bythespectralcontentofthedeviation.

Harmonics
Harmonicsaresinusoidalvoltagesorcurrentshavingfrequencies thatareintegermultiplesofthefrequencyatwhichthesupply systemisdesignedtooperate(termedthefundamental frequencyusually50or60Hz).

Interharmonics
Voltagesorcurrentshavingfrequencycomponentsthatarenot integermultiplesofthefrequencyatwhichthesupplysystemis designedtooperate(e.g.,50or60Hz)arecalledInterharmonics.

Odd harmonics
Voltagesorcurrentshavingfrequencycomponentsthatareodd integermultiplesofthefrequencyatwhichthesupplysystemis designedtooperate(e.g.,50or60Hz)arecalledoddharmonics.

Even harmonics
Voltagesorcurrentshavingfrequencycomponentsthatareeven integermultiplesofthefrequencyatwhichthesupplysystemis designedtooperate(e.g.,50or60Hz)arecalledevenharmonics.

Voltage Fluctuation
Voltagefluctuationsaresystematicvariationsofthevoltage envelopeoraseriesofrandomvoltagechanges,themagnitudeof whichdoesnotnormallyexceedthevoltagerangesspecifiedby ANSIC84.1of0.9to1.1pu.

Power Frequency Variations
Powerfrequencyvariationsaredefinedasthedeviationofthe powersystemfundamentalfrequencyfromitspecifiednominal value(e.g.,50or60Hz).

Power factor, displacement
Thepowerfactorofthefundamentalfrequencycomponentsof thevoltageandcurrentwaveforms
Power factor (true)
Theratioofactivepower(watts)toapparentpower(volt amperes)
Total harmonic distortion (THD)
Theratiooftherootmeansquareoftheharmoniccontenttothe rmsvalueofthefundamentalquantity,expressedasapercentof thefundamental.

Triplen harmonics
Atermfrequentlyusedtorefertotheoddmultiplesofthethird harmonic,whichdeservespecialattentionbecauseoftheir naturaltendencytobezerosequence.
ONE LINE DIAGRAM
MODELING OF HARMONIC LOAD

Double click on the charger Select the harmonics section Select the type of harmonics from the given library of harmonics
BUILT-IN MODELS OF ETAP
ROCKWELL (12-Pulse-VFD)
TOSHIBA (PWM-ASD)
TYPICAL (LCI)
TYPICAL-IEEE (12-Pulse1)
TYPICAL-IEEE (18-Pulse-CT)
TYPICAL-IEEE (18-Pulse-VT)
TYPICAL-IEEE (Fluorescent)
TYPICAL-IEEE (Large-ASD)
TYPICAL-IEEE (SPC)
TYPICAL-IEEE (XFMR-Magnet)
USER DEFINED MODELING

Go to the library tab given on the main window of ETAP Select the harmonic section Click on add tab Enter the name of new harmonic model Click on edit tab Enter the spectrum components in the table
COMMENTS
In this experiment, we learnt: How to model a harmonic load using built-in models How to built a user-defined harmonic model How to model a harmonic load using user-defined models So, ETAP is a very powerful tool for harmonic analysis of any power distribution network.
EXPERIMENT#09
Impactofpersonalcomputerloadonpowerdistribution networkofRCET
Harmonics
Harmonicsaresinusoidalvoltagesorcurrentshavingfrequencies thatareintegermultiplesofthefrequencyatwhichthesupply systemisdesignedtooperate(termedthefundamental frequencyusually50or60Hz).
PC LOAD THDS Harmonic No.

3
rd
%THD
91.63 86.61 69.87 44.76 54.81 46.44 46.44 33.05 24.70 11.74 7.900 5.120 178.97
5th 7th 9
th
11th 13th 15th 17

th
19th 23rd 25
th
29th %THD
ONE LINE DIAGRAM
LOAD FLOW DIAGRAM


LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS REPORT
HARMONIC ANALYSIS RESULTS

VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS & SPECTRAS
BUS-5:
BUS-11:
BUS-27:
BUS-33:
CURRENT WAVEFORMS & SPECTRAS

CABLE-2:
CABLE-7:
CABLE-11:
CABLE-18:
HARMONIC ANALYSIS REPORT
COMMENTS
In this experiment, we learnt: How to apply harmonic analysis to a power distribution network How to perform load flow analysis on a power distribution network How to perform harmonic analysis on a power distribution network How to get harmonic spectra at required locations
EXPERIMENT#10
Flowoftriplenharmonics(zerosequenceharmonics) during5differentschemesofconnectionfora3phase transformerwithpresenceoflargenonlinearloadusing ETAP
ONE LINE DIAGRAM
HARMONIC MODEL USED

PC load is used as a source of harmonics in this experiment that has the following range of THDS.
Harmonic No.
3rd
%THD
91.63
5th 7th 9th 11th 13

th
86.61 69.87 44.76 54.81 46.44 46.44 33.05 24.70 11.74 7.900 5.120 178.97
15th 17th 19
th
23rd 25th 29
th
%THD
5 DIFFERENT SCHEMES OF TRANSFORMER WINDING PRIMARY SIDE

1 2 3 4 5 Y-Grounded Y-Grounded Y-Grounded Y-Ungrounded Delta
SECONDARY SIDE
Y-Ungrounded Y-Grounded Delta Delta Delta
HARMONIC ANALYSIS RESULTS

CASE-1: Transformer primary side Y-Grounded and secondary Y-Ungrounded

VOLTAGE SPECTRA ON LT-SIDE
VOLTAGE SPECTRA ON HT-SIDE
VOLTAGE WAVEFORM ON LT-SIDE
VOLTAGE WAVEFORM ON HT-SIDE
CURRENT SPECTRA ON LT-SIDE
CURRENT SPECTRA ON HT-SIDE
CURRENT WAVEFORM ON LT-SIDE
CURRENT WAVEFORM ON HT-SIDE
OBSERVATIONS:
Harmonic source is connected on the LT side of transformer, so the triplen harmonics are blocked due to ungrounded Yconnection. The magnitude of remaining harmonic components is reduced on the HT side of transformer.
CASE-2:
Transformer primary side Y-Grounded and secondary Y-Grounded

OBSERVATIONS:
Harmonic source is connected on the LT side of transformer, so the triplen harmonics are not blocked due to grounded Yconnection. The triplen harmonics are also present on the HT side of transformer as that is also Y-grounded.
CASE-3:
Transformer primary side Y-Grounded and secondary Delta

VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS ON LT-SIDE
OBSERVATIONS:
Harmonic source is connected on the LT side of transformer, so the triplen harmonics are blocked due to deltaconnection. The triplen harmonics are also blocked on the HT side of transformer as there are no triplen harmonics on secondary side of transformer.
CASE-4:
Transformer primary side Y-Ungrounded and secondary Delta

OBSERVATIONS:
Harmonic source is connected on the LT side of transformer, so the triplen harmonics are blocked due to deltaconnection. The triplen harmonics are also blocked on the HT side of transformer as there are no triplen harmonics on secondary side of transformer.
CASE-5:
Transformer primary side Delta and secondary Delta

OBSERVATIONS:
Harmonic source is connected on the LT side of transformer, so the triplen harmonics are blocked due to deltaconnection. The triplen harmonics are also blocked on the HT side of transformer as there are no triplen harmonics on secondary side of transformer. Moreover, primary side is also delta-connected.
EXPERIMENT#11
Threephaseshortcircuitanalysis(3phasefaultsdevice duty)foragivenpowersystemusingETAP
SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

The power station short circuit analysis program analyze the effect of three phase, line to ground, line to line, and line to line to ground faults on the electrical distribution networks. The program calculates the total short circuit currents as well as the contributions of individual motors, generators, and utility ties in the system. Fault duties are in compliance with the latest editions of the ANSI/IEEE standards and IEC standards. The ANSI/IEEE Short-Circuit Toolbar and IEC Short-Circuit Toolbar sections explain how you can launch a short-circuit calculation, open and view an output report, or select display options. The Short-Circuit Study Case Editor section explains how you can create a new study case, what parameters are required to specify a study case, and how to set them. The Display Options section explains what options are available for displaying some key system parameters and the output results on the one-line diagram, and how to set them.
Short-Circuit Toolbar
This toolbar is active when you are in Short-Circuit mode and the standard is set to ANSI in the Short-Circuit Study Case Editor.
3-Phase Faults - Device Duty

Click on this button to perform a three-phase fault study per ANSI C37 Standard. This study calculates momentary symmetrical and asymmetrical rms, momentary asymmetrical crest, interrupting symmetrical rms, and interrupting adjusted symmetrical rms short-circuit currents at faulted buses. The program checks the protective device rated close and latching, and adjusted interrupting capacities against the fault currents, and flags inadequate devices.
Generators and motors are modeled by their positive sequence sub-transient reactance.
ONE LINE DIAGRAM
FAULTY POINT
BUS-15 There is a short circuit fault on bus-15.
LOAD FLOW DIAGRAM
SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS DIAGRAM
COMMENTS:
In this experiment, we use three phase fault-device duty analysis to analyze the effect of fault on the system. Following results are obtained in this experiment: At bus-15: Current Power flow Before fault 568A 345KW After fault 4.8KA 3.6KW
We observe that the current flowing through bus-15 is increased up to many times as compared to the current before fault. We observe that the power flowing through bus-15 is decreased up to many times as compared to the power before fault due to the short circuit at bus-15 as the load connected to that bus is now shorted and no power is flowing into that load.
EXPERIMENT#12
Threephaseshortcircuitanalysis(3phasefaults30cycle network)foragivenpowersystemusingETAP
3-Phase Faults 30-Cycle Network

Click on this button to perform a three-phase fault study per ANSI standards. This study calculates short-circuit currents in their rms values after 30 cycles at faulted buses. Generators are modeled by their positive sequence transient reactances, and short-circuit current contributions from motors are ignored.
ONE LINE DIAGRAM
FAULTY POINT
LOAD FLOW DIAGRAM
COMMENTS:
In this experiment, we use three phase fault-device duty analysis to analyze the effect of fault on the system. Following results are obtained in this experiment: At bus-15: Current Power flow
Before fault 568A 345KW
After fault 3.6KA 3.6KW
EXPERIMENT#13
Threephaseshortcircuitanalysis(LG,LL,LLG,&3Phase FaultsCycle)foragivenpowersystemusingETAP
LG, LL, LLG, & 3-Phase Faults - Cycle

Click on this button to perform line-to-ground, line-to-line, line-to-line-to-ground, and three-phase fault studies per ANSI standards. This study calculates short-circuit currents in their rms values at cycles at faulted buses. Generators and motors are modeled by their positive, negative, and zero sequence sub-transient reactance. In all the unbalanced fault calculations ( cycle, 1.5-4 cycle and 30 cycles), it is assumed that the negative sequence impedance of a machine is equal to its positive sequence impedance. Generator, motor, and transformer grounding types and winding connections are taken into consideration when constructing system positive, negative, and zero sequence networks.
ONE LINE DIAGRAM
FAULTY POINT
LOAD FLOW DIAGRAM
COMMENTS:
In this experiment, we use three phase fault-device duty analysis to analyze the effect of fault on the system. Following results are obtained in this experiment:
At bus-15: Current Power flow Before fault 568A 345KW After fault 6.2KA 5.1KW
EXPERIMENT#14
Threephaseshortcircuitanalysis(LG,LL,LLG,&3Phase Faults1.5to4Cycle)foragivenpowersystemusing ETAP
LG, LL, LLG, & 3-Phase Faults - 1.5 to 4 Cycle

Click on this button to perform three-phase, line-to-ground, line-to-line, line-to-line-to-ground, and three-phase fault studies per ANSI standards. This study calculates shortcircuit currents in their rms values between 1.5 to 4 cycles at faulted buses. Generators are modeled by their positive, negative, and zero sequence sub-transient reactance, and motors are modeled by their positive, negative and zero sequence transient reactance. Generator, motor and transformer grounding types and winding connections are taken into considerations when constructing system positive, negative, and zero sequential networks.
ONE LINE DIAGRAM
FAULTY POINT
LOAD FLOW DIAGRAM
COMMENTS:
At bus-15: Current Power flow Before fault 568A 345KW After fault 5.7KA 5KW
EXPERIMENT#15
Threephaseshortcircuitanalysis(LG,LL,LLG,&3Phase Faults30Cycle)foragivenpowersystemusingETAP
LG, LL, LLG, & 3-Phase Faults - 30 Cycle

Click on this button to perform three-phase, line-to-ground, line-to-line, line-to-line-to-ground, and three-phase fault studies per ANSI standards. This study calculates shortcircuit currents in their rms values at 30-cycles at faulted buses. Generators are modeled by their positive, negative, and zero sequence reactance, and short-circuit current contributions from motors are ignored. Generator, motor, and transformer grounding types and winding connections are taken into consideration when constructing system positive, negative, and zero sequence networks.
ONE LINE DIAGRAM
FAULTY POINT
LOAD FLOW DIAGRAM
COMMENTS:
At bus-15: Current Power flow Before fault 568A 345KW After fault 4.8KA 4.8KW
COMPARISON OF SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

CURRENT POWER 3.6 3.6 3.6 6.2 5.1
3phasefaults deviceduty 3phasefaults30 cyclenetwork LG,LL,LLG,&3 PhaseFaults Cycle LG,LL,LLG,&3 PhaseFaults1.5to 4Cycle LG,LL,LLG,&3 PhaseFaults30 Cycle
4.8
5.7
4.8
4.8

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POWERSYSTEMANALYSISLABMANUAL

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

SUBMITTEDBY: ASAD NAEEM 2006-RCET-EE-22

Introduction to basics of Electrical Transients Analyzer Program (ETAP)

Bus elimination of a 4-BUS system using MATLAB

Paste raceway ZoomIn ZoomOut

GIVEN ONE LINE DIAGRAM

I= [0-1.20i; 0-0.7200-0.9600i; 0-1.2000i; 0]; ZBUS=inv (YBUS); V=ZBUS*I

LOAD FLOW STUDIES

LOAD FLOW STUDIES IN ETAP

Run Load Flow Studies Update Cable Load Currents

Load Flow display Option Alert View

Halt current calculations

Net on line data

MODELING OF BASIC RCET NETWORK

MODELING OF COMPOSITE NETWORKS

Part-3: Elimination Bus-3

>>R=[-18.0556i]; >>S=Q'; >>T=inv(R); >>B=P-Q*T*S

end for a=1:l L(a,1)=Znew(a,5); end M=Znew(l+1,l+1); P=L'; T=inv(M); Zwithnewbusrefferenced=K-L*T*P

L(a,1)=Znew(a,5); end M=Znew(l+1,l+1); P=L'; T=inv(M); Zfinal=K-L*T*P

SLACK1=conj(V1)*[V1*(y12+y13)-( y12*V2+y13*V3)] Sij=Vi*conj(Iij) Iij=yij*(Vi-Vj)

PART-C RESULTS I12 = 1.9000 - 0.8000i

I21 = -1.9000 + 0.8000i I13 = 2.0000 - 1.0000i

I31 = -2.0000 + 1.0000i I23 = -0.6400 + 0.4800i I32 = 0.6400 - 0.4800i

LINE FLOWS s12 = 1.9950 + 0.8400i

s21 = -1.9100 - 0.6700i s13 = 2.1000 + 1.0500i

s31 = -2.0500 - 0.9000i s23 = -0.6560 - 0.4320i s32 = 0.6640 + 0.4480i

Where,impedances are replaced by admittances as:

MATLAB RESULTS ITERATIONRESULTS:

Where,impedances are replaced by admittances as:

The bus impedance matrix can be constructed as: YBUS=[20-j50

66.0400 -16.6400 16.6400 49.7200

65.6564 -15.3791 17.4028 48.1036

65.5976 -15.3516 17.3969 47.9549

FINALRESULTS: P1 = 2.1842 Q1 = 1.4085 Q3 = 1.4618

Thetermtransienthaslongbeenusedintheanalysisofpower systemvariationstodenoteaneventthatisundesirableand momentaryinnature.Transientisthatpartofthechangeina variablethatdisappearsduringtransitionfromonesteadystate operatingconditiontoanother.

Animpulsivetransientisasudden;nonpowerfrequencychange inthesteadystateconditionofvoltage,current,orboththatis unidirectionalinpolarity(primarilyeitherpositiveornegative).

Anoscillatorytransientisasudden,nonpowerfrequencychange inthesteadystateconditionofvoltage,current,orboth,that includesbothpositiveandnegativepolarityvalues.

Anundervoltageisadecreaseinthermsacvoltagetolessthan 90percentatthepowerfrequencyforadurationlongerthan1 min.Undervoltagesaretheresultsofswitchingeventsthatare theoppositeoftheeventsthatcauseovervoltages.

Aninterruptionoccurswhenthesupplyvoltageorloadcurrent decreasestolessthan0.1puforaperiodoftimenotexceeding1 min.

Sagisadecreasetobetween0.1and0.9puinrmsvoltageor currentatthepowerfrequencyfordurationsfrom0.5cycleto1 min.

Aswellisdefinedasanincreasetobetween1.1and1.8puinrms voltageorcurrentatthepowerfrequencyfordurationsfrom0.5 cycleto1min.

Voltageimbalance(alsocalledvoltageunbalance)issometimes definedasthemaximumdeviationfromtheaverageofthethree phasevoltagesorcurrents,dividedbytheaverageofthethree phasevoltagesorcurrents,expressedinpercent.

Waveformdistortionisdefinedasasteadystatedeviationfrom anidealsinewaveofpowerfrequencyprincipallycharacterized bythespectralcontentofthedeviation.

Harmonicsaresinusoidalvoltagesorcurrentshavingfrequencies thatareintegermultiplesofthefrequencyatwhichthesupply systemisdesignedtooperate(termedthefundamental frequencyusually50or60Hz).

Voltagesorcurrentshavingfrequencycomponentsthatarenot integermultiplesofthefrequencyatwhichthesupplysystemis designedtooperate(e.g.,50or60Hz)arecalledInterharmonics.

Voltagesorcurrentshavingfrequencycomponentsthatareodd integermultiplesofthefrequencyatwhichthesupplysystemis designedtooperate(e.g.,50or60Hz)arecalledoddharmonics.

Voltagesorcurrentshavingfrequencycomponentsthatareeven integermultiplesofthefrequencyatwhichthesupplysystemis designedtooperate(e.g.,50or60Hz)arecalledevenharmonics.

Voltagefluctuationsaresystematicvariationsofthevoltage envelopeoraseriesofrandomvoltagechanges,themagnitudeof whichdoesnotnormallyexceedthevoltagerangesspecifiedby ANSIC84.1of0.9to1.1pu.

Powerfrequencyvariationsaredefinedasthedeviationofthe powersystemfundamentalfrequencyfromitspecifiednominal value(e.g.,50or60Hz).

Theratiooftherootmeansquareoftheharmoniccontenttothe rmsvalueofthefundamentalquantity,expressedasapercentof thefundamental.

Atermfrequentlyusedtorefertotheoddmultiplesofthethird harmonic,whichdeservespecialattentionbecauseoftheir naturaltendencytobezerosequence.

ONE LINE DIAGRAM

MODELING OF HARMONIC LOAD

BUILT-IN MODELS OF ETAP

USER DEFINED MODELING

PC LOAD THDS Harmonic No.

11th 13th 15th 17

ONE LINE DIAGRAM

LOAD FLOW DIAGRAM

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS REPORT

HARMONIC ANALYSIS RESULTS

VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS & SPECTRAS

CURRENT WAVEFORMS & SPECTRAS

>>R=[-18.0556i]; >>S=Q'; >>T=inv(R); >>B=P-QTS

end for a=1:l L(a,1)=Znew(a,5); end M=Znew(l+1,l+1); P=L'; T=inv(M); Zwithnewbusrefferenced=K-LTP

L(a,1)=Znew(a,5); end M=Znew(l+1,l+1); P=L'; T=inv(M); Zfinal=K-LTP

SLACK1=conj(V1)[V1(y12+y13)-( y12V2+y13V3)] Sij=Viconj(Iij) Iij=yij(Vi-Vj)