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a[mif;pmayudk wu@cGJjcm; xm;oifhayonf/
EkdifiHjcm;om;wOD;udk jrefpmydkYcs&m acwfopfpmayrsm;udk zwfap&m waeYpm
rsufEmS 50-rQ zwfEidk
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udk acwfopfjrefrmpmtkyf 3-4tkyfrQ zwf&m 2-ESpfwmtwGif; acwfopfjrefrmpmtkyf 70
ausmf 100-eD;yg;zwf NyD;avonf/

OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZm)

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tpOf yg0ifNyD;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/ odkYjzpf ]]jrefrmo'gusrf;}}udk avhvmenf;[l
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f abmu rsm;oGm;ayonf/ avhvmenf;
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a&;om;onfudk cGifhvTwf&ef awmif;yeftyfayonf/

E-book is created by shanyoma

jrefrmpmwuokdvf

10

E-book is created by shanyoma

4/ tbd"mefokH;pGJavhvmenf;
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tr&aumoygXf edosusrf;ed'gef; a&;om;xm;avonf/ xkdYaMumifh ynm&SdBuD;yif jzpf
jim;aomfvnf; tbd"mefukd vufuikd x
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ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; A[kokwyGg;rsm; Pftajrmftjrif wkd;wufvmnfrSm rkcsjzpf
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aysmufvG,favonf/
yxrESifh'kwd,urmppfBuD;jzpfvkduf&mwGif bmompum;rsm; obm0tavsmuf
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ajymif;ykHESifhywfouf uJhodkY a&;om;cJhonf/
jrefrmpmwGifom r[kwfao;? t*FvdyfpmaywGifvnf;a&S;tcgu (Fellow) qkad ompum;onf vl*P
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vnf; ajymif;vmMuonfrmS ocFg&avmuBuD;\"rwmayuk;d ...[kom xifjrif,q
l rdyg
awmhwnf;...[l 1938-ckESpfu a'gufwmvSaz\ta&;tom;udk awGY&ayonf/

OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZm)

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jzpf csD;usL;xkdufaMumif; qkdMuavonf/
jrefrmtbd"meforkdif;tcsKyfudk jrefrmEkdifiHokawoetoif;? *sme,ftwGJ 47?
tydkif;-1? 1964-ck? ZGefvwGif OD;wifvSu pkHvifpGm a&;om;xm;onfudk qufvufavh
vmoifhayonf/ OD;wifvSu ]]tbd"mefqkdonfrSm ygVdpum;tbd"mefrS qif;oufvm
trnfwkdYudk a[maomusrf;}}[k t"dyg,f&onf[k qkdavonf/
xkrd w
S yg; ]]tbd"mefukd a,bk,soabm? uJo
h zYkd iG q
hf Edk idk yf gao;onf/ tbd"mef
usrf;qko
d nfrmS bmompum;wckwiG &f adS om pum;vk;H wku
Yd kd tu&m0vdpOfum rlvbmom
pum;jzifhjzpfap? tjcm;bmompum;wrsKd;rsKd;jzifhjzpfap teufzGifhqkdxm;aomusrf;rsKd;
jzpfonf}}[l wrsKd;jyxm;jyefavonf/
tbd"mefudk okH;pGJavhvm&mwGif tbd"mef atmufygtcsufrsm;udk txl;*&kjyK
avhvm&ayrnf/
1/ pum;vkH;\pmvkH;aygif;?
2/ pum;vkH;\AsLywdt"dyg,f? pum;vkH;\teuft"dyg,fzGifhqkdcsuf?
3/ pum;vkH;\t"dyg,fwlpum;rsm;?
4/ pum;vkH;\toHxGufykH xGufenf;?
5/ pum;vkH;\rlv &if;jrpf jzpfay:ykH?
6/ pum;vkH;\qif;oufay:aygufvmykHrsm;yif jzpfonf/
t"dyg ,fziG q
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k nf;
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[efESifhpma&;[efjcm;em;rIrsm;? bef;pum;ESifh&yfpum; &Gmpum; "avhpum; uGJjym;ykH
rsm;udkvnf; avhvmawGY&Sd&ayrnf/
OD;wifv\
S tbd"meft*Fg&yfrsm; az:jy&mwGif az:jyaom atmufygtcsufonf
vnf; rSwfom;xkdufvSayonf/
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h iG ;f az:jy&
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vkH;? tokH;yg;onfhpum;vkH;? t&Sif-uRefponfuJhodkY acwfESifhravsmfaom pum;vkH;wkdYudk
zufrvkduf r,drf;-r,dkif? twaem rwd rygyJ a&G;cs,f&onf}}[l qkdxm;avonf/

E-book is created by shanyoma

11

E-book is created by shanyoma

jrefrmpmwuokdvf

12

tbd"mefrsm;udk avhvmaomtcg jrefrmpmayavmuwGif atmufygtbd"mef

rsKd;rsm;udk cGJjcm;odxm;&monf/
1/ ygVdouwqkdif&mtbd"mef?
2/ ayg&mPtbd"mef?
3/ t*Fvdyf-jrefrmESifhjrefrm-t*Fvdyftbd"mef?
4/ jrefrm-jrefrmtbd"mefrsm; jzpfayonf/
jrefrm-jrefrmtbd"mefrsm;wGif zsmykHNrdKU toQifMobmbd0HojyKpkaom jrefrmt
bd"mefonf tapmqkH;jzpfonf/
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xl;xif&Sm;aomusrf;rsm;jzpfonf/
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"mefusrf;jzpfonf/ &efukefNrdKU jrefrmEkdifiHawmf pmMunfhwkdufom awGYEkdifavonf/
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H ed ;f t& ]]jrefrmtbd"mef
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tbd"mefjzpf toHxGufaz:jy&efrvkd[k ,lqojzifh az:jyrxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tu,f
toHxGufukdyg az:jy&efvkdonfqkdtHh? urmokH;toHxGufvuPmrsm;jzifh az:jy&rnf
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o&yif rNyD;ao;? 4-wGrJ QxGuaf vNyD/ xkt
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f rsm; MumOD;rnf[k od&onf/
acwfrsm;ajymif;vJvsuf&&dS m tcsKdUpum;rsm;onf acwfaemufususefrnfyif pd;k &dr&f av

13

OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZm)

rnfodkYyif qkdapumrl (Tongues like government have a natural tendency to degeneration) [lbmompum;onf jynfydkiftpkd;&uJhodkY "rwmtavsmuf
ysufpD;&mbufodkY a&S;&IoGm;MupNrJwnf;}}[l t*Fvdyfpum;onf&Sd\/ taMumif;udk
ayg&mPrsm;ESiahf &;xm;aom r[moDv0Ho\]]ayg&m,e0wK? &mZ0ifausmf}}pmtkyrf sm;
u oufaocHvsuf&Sdavonf/ xdkYaMumifh bmompum;tcsKdUonf aysmufysufvsuf&SdNyD;
bmompum;topftopfrsm;vnf; wk;d yGg;vsuf&adS vonf/ ,ckacwftcg awmfveS af &;
tpk;d &\tm;ay;ulnrD jI zifh bmom&yftoD;oD;rS pmtkyrf sm;udk bmomjyefqv
dk suf&MdS u&m
bmompum;topfwnfxGifrIrsm; ykdrsm;vmavonf/
xkdrSwyg; jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudk csrSwfum jrefrmrsm; c&D;qufoGm;aeMu
ojzifh awmfveS af &;tpd;k &acwf jrefrma0g[m&topfrsm; wk;d yGg;vsuf&o
dS nf/ odaYk om
a0g[m&rsm;udk woD;woefY ppfwrf;xkwfum okawoe jyKxm;oifhvSayonf/

avhvm&ef tbd"mefqkdif&mpmayrsm;
1/ wuokdvf jrefrmtbd"mef(OD;0ef-OD;wifvS)
2/ ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef(OD;[kwfpdef)
3/ owfykHtbd"mef rdwfvifpkH(OD;tkef;a&T)
4/ ,k'oeftbd"mef
5/ jrefrmt*Fvyd t
f bd"mef(a*s-at-pwl;0yf? pD'AvsL-'ef;? OD;cifarmifvwf a'gufwm
vSaz? tdwf(csf)tuf(z)pm;vf)
6/ wuokdvf t*Fvdyf-jrefrmtbd"mef(a'gufwmb[ef)
7/ t*Fvdyf-jrefrmtbd"mef(OD;xGef;Nidrf;)
8/ ayg&mPtbd"mef (OD;zkd;usm;)
9/ a0g[m&wyumoeDusrf;
10/ tbd"mey'dydumed,(awmifaygufq&mawmfOD;puygv)
11/ jrefrmEkdifiHokawoe*sme,f? (1964- ZGef twGJ-1)
12/ if;...1962- ZGef twGJ-1/ Some of the Problem of a Lexicographer by Dr.Ba
Han.

13/ 1958-arv? twGJ-2(u) Some Ean; by Reformecy to the Fit of Burmese English
Dictionary of 1826-E.P.Quingcy.

E-book is created by shanyoma

onf/

jrefrmpmwuokdvf

14

E-book is created by shanyoma

tbd"mefokH;pGJavhvmenf; oifcef;pm
wuodkvfjrefrmtbd"mef (u-rS-q)txd tokH;jyK&efjzpfonf/
(u) pum;vkH; pmvkH;aygif;rsm; t&m jrefrmpma&;xkH;ESifhowfykHusrf;rsm;
vnf; ndEIdif;avhvmMu&ayrnf/ odkYaomf EkdifiHawmftpdk;&\pH-owfykHcsKyfxGufNyD;ygu
xdkpHowfykHt&omvQif vufcH&rnfomjzpfonf/
ykHpHqkd&aomf ]]u}}tbd"mef pmrsufESm 84-
usufoa&
eH=r*Fvm? r*Fvm&Sjd cif;? wifw
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jcif;? r*Fvm&Sdjcif;/
2/ bkef;wefckd;tpkd;&aomtjzpf/ ajrjyiftvkH;? bkef;Muuf
oa&awmfudk ESYHapvwnf;(&mausmf 82?)
3/ *kPf,lbG,f *kPfwufbG,f tcsufwkdYESifhjynfhpkHaom ouf&Sd
ow0goufrJht&m/ awm&aumifnGefY? pdkabmifuGefYom;?
awmifuRefYMuufoa&? (Adrmef-12)jynfBuD;Muufoa&? rwf
acgifawGwGif? (aum-38?)
4/ bkef;ynm]]yknm ynm? ESpfjzmcGJa0? Muufoa&xGef;nd? t
euf&Sdom;? oD&dwwef}}(yOmed*Hk;-7)usufoa&&I-[lvnf;
qkdxm;onf/
(u) pum;vkH;\pmvkH;aygif;/
(c) pum;vkH;\AsLywdt"dyg,f?
pum;vkH;\teuft"dyg,fzGifhqkdcsuf?
(*) pum;vkH;\t"dyg,fwlpum;rsm;?
(C) pum;vkH;\rlv&if;jrpf jzpfay:vmykH?
(i) pum;vkH;\qif;oufaygufyGm;vmykHrsm;udkjyxm;avonf/

OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZm)

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rsm;ukdom t>rufrQ az:jyavonf/
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ayg&mPpum;ESifhywfouf tbd"mefpmrsufESm-60 ukef;apm=eH(ayg)nDnGwfjcif;? puf&kH? oif;csyfwD;(ayg=189)[l awGY&ayrnf/
pmrsufESm-16 umwpf=eH(umvokH;pum;&kdif;)rdef;rwkdY\wifyg;qkH(rEav;qkHwHqdyfaq;qkdif\trnf)
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u pmrsufESm 6uepkd;=eH(bef;)Zmwfrif;om;?
pmrsufESm 25
umeD(eD) aum-Bud? (bef;) vifr,m;tjzpfaygif;oif;onf/
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d af v? umeDaumvku
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pG aumif;avpG?}} ([H 2-648)
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bef;pum;rSm a&S;acwfokH;bef;pum; jzpfonf/ ,cktcg jrefrmbef;pum;
pmtkyfrsm; xGufaeayonf/ vSordef\jrefrmbmomjzifhjyKpkaom pmtkyfrsm;&Sdonf/
jrefrmtbd"mefavhvm&m &ckdif? [dEL? yg&Sif? w&kyf? *syef? rGef? ,kd;',m;rS &&Sd
aom pum;rsm;udk awGY&SdMu&ayrnf/

E-book is created by shanyoma

15

jrefrmpmwuokdvf

16

jrefrmpum;ajyESifhpmpDpmukH;a&;enf;
(0g)
a&TpmrnfodkY rIef;rnfenf;

E-book is created by shanyoma

tprf;pm
jrefrmpmayavmuwGif uAsmvuFm? pum;ajyESiv
hf uFmpum;ajyESpaf xGa&m&m
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wrf;? twKywdpmwrf;ponfjzifh awGY&Sd&aomfvnf; ]]pmpDpmukH;}}[l od&SdMuaom ]]t
prf;pm}}rsm;onfum; aemufacwfraS y:aygufvmaom jrefrmpum;ajywrsKd;jzpfayonf/
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okdvfrsm;wGif ]]pmpDpmukH;}}[lomvQif ac:a0:a&;om;vsuf&Sdavonf/
odkYaMumifh a0g[m&tm;jzifh tufaq;tprf;pm pmpDpmukH;[l trsKd;rsKd;&Sdjim;
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ausmif;wGif;ocFPf;pm
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avonf/
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OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZm)

jzpfonf/ ,if;odkYa&;om;aompmaywGif a&;om;aomtaMumif;t&m rdrd\udk,fydkif

tawG;tac: ,lqcsufrsm;udk az:xkwfa&;om;Ekdifayonf/ xkdrSwyg; taMumif;t&m
ESifhqkdif&m tajctaeoabmw&m;rsm; tao;pdwfzGJYEGJYpDukH;&efrsm;ESifho&kyfaz:zGJYEGJYaom
pmrsm;onf pmpDpmukH; tusKH;0ifavonf/
]]tufaq;}}[laom a0g[m&udk Bud,mtjzpf (To essay) ok;H aomtcgwGif (To
attempt, to try) vkHYvjyKonf? BudK;pm;tm;xkwfonf[l t"dyg,f&avonf/ ausmif;
rsm;wGif a&;aom ]]tufaq;}}onf vkHYvjyKrI? BudK;pm;rIjyK rdrd\tawG;tac:udkjy
aom ocFP;f pmrsm;jzpfavonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ausmif;wGif (Trial) tprf;a&;aom]]tprf;
pm}}[lqkdaomf qkdEkdifayonf/

o&kyfcGJaomf
jrefrmpmpDpmukH;onf t*FvdyfpmpDpmukH;udkrSDum ay:aygufvmonfhtwkdif; pm
pDpmukH;trsKd;trnfrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;&m1/ taMumif;t&maz:jyonfhpmpDpmukH; (Narrative Essays)
2/ o&kyfaz:pmpDpmukH; (Descriptive Essays)
3/ csJUxGifaz:xkwfjyonfhpmpDpmukH; (Expository Essays)
4/ tawG;tac:wifjyonfhpmpDpmukH; (Reflective Essays)
5/ pdwful;,OfpmpDpmukH; (Imaginative Essays) [l cGJjcm;awGY&Sd&ayrnf/

rsufvSnfhq&m\zefrD;tdrf
pmpDpmukH;a&;enf; (Essay Writing) rSwyg; pmyef;csDzGJYenf; (0g) o&kyfaz:pm
pDpmukH;enf; (Descriptive Writing) [lvnf; u@cGJjcm;&Sdavonf/ pmyef;csD\o
abmrSm Pfrsufprd aem &kyyf u
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jrifwwfatmifvnf; avhusifh&ayrnf/

E-book is created by shanyoma

17

jrefrmpmwuokdvf

18

E-book is created by shanyoma

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aqmiftprf;pm}}rsm;wGif pmyef;csD\oabm pDukH;xm;aompmrsm; yg&Sdayonf/
xkdYaMumifh pmyef;csDzGJY&mwGif tcsKyfoabmrSm1/ tao;pdwfavhvm&IMunfhyg/
2/ xkdYaemuf ta&;BuD;qkH;tcsufrsm; pDppfa&G;cs,fyg/

19

OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZm)

3/ ,if;odkYpDppfa&G;cs,fNyD;aemuf wifjya&;om;rnfhtcsufrsm;udk tpDtpOfjyKvkyfyg/

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h aMumif;
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om;rsm;tbkYd tawGt
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om;&ef yxrjyifqifrIw&yfyif jzpfayonf/

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ppfol NiD;aiGYavmufaprnfhtcsufrsm;ukdvnf; owdxm;oifhvSonf/ xkdYaMumifh"O poor Examiner! O foolish candidates! who has be withched
you? will no one tell you that examiners are human, made of flesh and
blood like yourself that they can get tired, bored irritable and unfair?"

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E-book is created by shanyoma

taMumif;t&m b,fvkd&Smrnf

E-book is created by shanyoma

jrefrmpmwuokdvf

20

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tcsufukd axmufxm;NyD; yltu
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t&m a&G;cs,f&m txl;*&kpu
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tyfayonf/

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acs/ ]]uRefawmf\&nf&,
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OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZm)

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abmudkom xkwfaz:Ekdifygap/ odkYrSomvQif pmpDpmukH; aumif;rGefayrnf/

E-book is created by shanyoma

21

jrefrmpmwuokdvf

22

E-book is created by shanyoma

tcsKyfoabm
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3/ awG;qxm;aom tcsufrsm;udk &kH;pnf;NyD; qkdif&mtcsufrsm;udk pkaygif; u@cGJjcm;
yg/ rvkdaom tcsufrsm;udk a&G;EIwfypfyg/
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5/ ykHMurf;a&;qGJNyD; jznfhwefonfrsm;udk jznfhpGufyg/
6/ pmykd'frsm; toD;oD;cGJjcm;NyD; pmpDpmukH;pwifa&;yg/
7/ pmpDpmukH;wGif ed'gef; pmudk,f ed*kH;pkHvifatmif a&;om;yg/
(u) ed'gef;udk pdwf0ifpm;bG,fjzpfatmif a&;yg/
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pDukH;EIef;&rnf jzpfaMumif; owdjyKMu&rnf/

23

OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZm)

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(c) qDavsmfatmif bmomjyefjcif;? qDavsmfatmif bmomjyefqkdjcif;qkd&mwGif
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bmomjyefjcif;

jrefrmpmwuokdvf

24

3/ bmomjyef&m rl&if;t*Fvdyfpmukd em;vnfvG,fatmif jyefa&;NyD;rS tcsKdUbmomjyef

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ygVd ouwrsm;a&mufaeavonf/ xkaYd Mumifh tdE,
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11/ bmomjyefqkdaomtcg txl;ta&;BuD;qkH;rSm rl&if;pmudk ydkifydkifzwfNyD;rS bmomjyef
jcif;onf taumif;qkH;jzpfonf/

25

OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZm)

E-book is created by shanyoma

12/ ,cktcg (Forward) a&SUodEYk iS hf (Working People Daily, Guardian) rsm;udzk wf

&Ijcif;jzifh bmomjyefyHk jyefenf;ESifhtokH;tEIef;a0g[m&twGuf taxmuftul &&Sdygvdrfh
rnf/

jrefrmpmwuokdvf

26

E-book is created by shanyoma

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rmpma&;om;rItwGuf ygVdo'gudk jrefrmrI jyKay;xm;onf/
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27

OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZm)

E-book is created by shanyoma

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a[mif;yifjzpf tvGeaf umif;rGeaf om ykpH aH [mif;w&yftjzpf vku
d ef musifo
h ;Hk tyfayonf/

jrefrmpmwuokdvf

28

E-book is created by shanyoma

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E-book is created by shanyoma

29

E-book is created by shanyoma

jrefrmpmwuokdvf

30

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31

OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZm)

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E-book is created by shanyoma

9/ okawoepmwrf;a&;enf;

E-book is created by shanyoma

jrefrmpmwuokdvf

32

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OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZm)

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E-book is created by shanyoma

33

jrefrmpmwuokdvf

34

(3) a&;om;&m acwfESifhtnDtnTwf&Sd&rnf/ acwfaemufjyefaom pmwrf;rjzpfap&/

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rSDjirf;jyKavmufap&rnf/

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(5) ygoifah omtcsuftvufrsm; jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk yg0if&rnf/ <uif;usefraeap&? tcsuft

vufpkH qDavsmfaumif;rGefap&rnf/
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Ekdifaom a&;om;rIonfom okawoepmwrf;\wefbkd;udk tuJjzwfayonf/

35

OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZm)

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hf u
dk w
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az:jytyfayonf/

OD;armifarmifwif
(r[m0dZm)

E-book is created by shanyoma

okawoejyK&m a&SmifMuOf&rnfhtcsufrsm;