Professional Documents
Culture Documents
,
200900
.
2003
01 - Title.p65
28.01.2003, 14:11
621.395
66
32.88
. .
. .: , 2003.
318 .: .
ISBN 5820601084
,
200900 ,
201000 550400
,
.
,
, ,
,
.
.. (),
.. (),
.. ()
ISBN 5820601084
.., 2003
Boris Goldstein.
Technical edition
01 - Title.p65
28.01.2003, 14:11
................................................................................ 7
1 ..........11
1.1 ................................................................... 11
1.2 .................................... 12
1.3 ............................................................................. 13
1.4 ................................................................. 14
1.5 ...............................................
1.5.1 ..............................................
1.5.2 ........................................................
1.5.3 .............................................
1.5.4 .............................
1.5.5 ..................................................................
16
16
22
31
34
37
1.6 .............................................................. 38
1.7 ................................... 42
2 .......................................47
2.1 ................................................... 47
2.2 .................................................................................. 50
2.3 . ..............
2.3.1 ................................................
2.3.2 ............................................................
2.3.3 ............................................................
52
52
54
55
2.4 ....................................................... 57
2.5 ................................ 60
3 .............................................63
3.1 ..................................................... 63
3.2 ................................................................... 68
3.3 ..................... 73
3.4 50/200 ................................... 77
3.5 100/2000 ................................................. 79
02 - Contents.p65
28.01.2003, 14:11
4 ....................85
4.1 ............................................................... 85
4.2 ......................................................................... 90
4.3 ................................................................ 92
4.4 ISDN .............................................................. 97
4.5 ............................................................
4.5.1 .......................................
4.5.2 ..................................................
4.5.3 STS () ...
4.5.4 TST () ...............
103
103
104
104
104
4.6 ,
............................................................ 106
4.7 .................................. 108
5 ............................. 109
5.1 .............................................................................. 109
5.2 5ESS. Lucent Technologies .......................... 113
5.3 12 ............................................................................. 121
5.4 EWSD Siemens .......................................... 125
5.5 AXE10 Ericsson ........................................ 128
5.6 Linea UT iMSS ................ 130
5.7 NEAX61 NEC ............ 133
5.8 DMS 100 ................................................................... 135
6
........................ 137
6.1 ........... 137
6.2 90 .................................... 141
6.3 ............................................... 155
02 - Contents.p65
28.01.2003, 14:11
7 ......................................... 167
7.1 ....................... 167
7.2
.. 169
8 ..................... 185
8.1 ..................................... 185
8.2 .............. 190
8.3 ............................................... 194
8.4 7 .........................................
8.4.1 MTP ..........................
8.4.2
SCCP .......................................................
8.4.3 ....................................
8.4.4 ISUP ............................................................
199
206
208
209
214
9 .............................. 223
9.1
.................................................................... 223
9.2 .......................................................
9.2.1 .......................................
9.2.2 . ...........................................
9.2.3 ..........................................
02 - Contents.p65
224
225
226
226
9.3
............................................................. 227
9.4
........................................... 234
28.01.2003, 14:11
10 .................. 247
10.1
..................................... 247
10.2 ....................... 251
10.3 .................. 252
10.4 ....................................................... 255
10.5 ..................................... 258
10.6 TMN .................................................................... 258
10.7 OSS ........................ 264
11 ............................................................... 269
11.1 ................................................. 269
11.2 (IN) .................................................. 273
11.3 (CTI) ............................................ 283
11.4 ........................ 286
.......................................................... 295
....................................................................... 297
.......................................................................... 307
................................................... 314
......................................................... 317
02 - Contents.p65
28.01.2003, 14:11
IBM
, , :
.
,
.
,
,
: ?
?
,
:
18%
49%
3%
30%
,
.
,
()
(), ,
.
11 ,
,
, ,
..
, ,
. 1890 . 60
03 - Intro.p65
28.01.2003, 14:11
,
,
, ,
. 60
:
,
;
. ,
,
1.
IX
. ,
.
2, , , .
3.
,
( ) 7
. , ,
2 3, ,
. ,
(. ),
.
1970
.
. ,
.
4,
5 6.
.
.
7 ,
ISDN,
(, , ),
V5.1 V5.2 .
( 2,
1, , 7),
ISDN (DSS1, ISUP, SCCP, TAP,
7), (
03 - Intro.p65
28.01.2003, 14:11
03 - Intro.p65
28.01.2003, 14:11
10
,
.
,
, .
,
, , .
,
,
.
,
.
, ,
,
,
.
. . . . ,
.
(
)
,
: ,
, .
03 - Intro.p65
10
28.01.2003, 14:11
, ,
, , .
1.1
to communicate (, ...)
communico,
, , . com
munication ( ),
( s )
, , ,
( ,
, . .).
(telecommunications)
( )
,
.
,
, ,
.
, , , (Post,
Telegraph, Telephone PTT).
04 - Chap 1.p65
11
28.01.2003, 14:11
12
,
, .
,
,
( ,
),
()
.
,
,
. : (
, , ,
), (
,
), ( ,
), .
,
.
,
, ,
,
. ,
.
1.2
: , ,
. ()
. ()
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
04 - Chap 1.p65
12
28.01.2003, 14:11
13
,
.
(),
.
,
. ,
(
) ,
,
, .
, ,
,
, , ,
. ,
.
.
1.3
(switching)
.
,
: .
, ,
, .. , ,
, ,
.
(ITUT),
() (
) ,
,
. ,
, ,
, .
, ,
.
, ,
04 - Chap 1.p65
13
28.01.2003, 14:11
14
(, ) ,
, .
,
.
, , ,
.
,
,
,
,
, ..
.
, .
,
.
, , .
.
,
( ,
).
.
,
.
.
1.4
, | .
,
, , ,
,
. :
, ,
04 - Chap 1.p65
14
28.01.2003, 14:11
15
, .
,
,
,
.
, ,
4.
, ,
.
,
, ,
,
.
,
, :
(), (),
(), () ()
, (),
(), (), (),
() ()
.
, ()
,
() ;
,
,
; ( )
; ;
; ;
.
. [15] ,
,
,
,
, .
04 - Chap 1.p65
15
28.01.2003, 14:11
16
(, ,
), , (,
, , , ),
(, ), (
, , ).
1.5
1.5.1
, ,
,
.
, . ,
, ,
, ,
. 1658 .
. ,
, :
.
.
, 1796
I
3000 ,
. , , , 1838 .,
.
700
1 . 20 .
XVIII , ,
, ,
.
.
,
,
,
.
(, 1753 .)
(, 1809 .).
04 - Chap 1.p65
16
28.01.2003, 14:11
17
,
,
,
,
1812 .
.
, .
, .
, .. ,
, I
. , ,
:
, , ,
.
.
4338 . ,
1840 ,
. , 1627 ,
.
. 1854 .
, ,
,
, , .
1861 .
. , ,
. 15
, 14 1876 .,
,
.
[42, 43, 51].
,
.
.. , .. , .. , .
, . , .. , .. , . ,
.. , . , .. .
2. ..
04 - Chap 1.p65
17
28.01.2003, 14:11
18
.
Bell Laboratories,
,
.
:
,
,
....
. ,
,
.
: (
)
. , ,
,
.
, .. .
: ...
,
, .
1881 .. ,
, ,
.
1882
, 100
,
. ..
:
, ,
1884 .
, ( ?)
, , ,
.
1881 ..
,
04 - Chap 1.p65
18
28.01.2003, 14:11
19
, , ,
, .. 1882
: , ...
,
,
,... ...
,
.
, , .. .. ,
, , ..
.. ,
,
.
,
.
(
) .
XXI
NASDAQ.
XIX Western Union
100 000 .
,
, Western Union
:
15 1876
.
Western Union Telegraph Co.
:
174.465 Western Union Company.
. . . , ,
, "", .
""
. , ,
. ,
.
""
. .
,
04 - Chap 1.p65
19
28.01.2003, 14:11
20
,
?
, ,
,
, .
. . , ,
;
, ,
. . . , ,
, "", ,
,
.
, ..
100 000 ,
.
.
, ,
.
1877 Bell Telephone Compa
ny .
,
. , Bell Tele
phone Company, (
) , ,
. , ,
, ,
.
,
.
$20
$40 ;
.
Bell Telephone New England
Telephone Company, 1878 .
, ,
. , 1877 ,
600 ,
, ,
, (.1.1).
1880 New England Telephone Company Bell Tele
phone Company American Bell Telephone Com
pany, AT&T. Western Electric
04 - Chap 1.p65
20
28.01.2003, 14:11
21
Western Union
. 1882
American Bell
Western Elec
tric. ,
,
American Bell
Western
Union ,
. AT&T Western
Union 1911 . 1908
AT&T ,
1911 AT&T
Bell System,
1984
. 1923 AT&T Bell
Telephone Laboratories . 1.1
,
.
, ,
,
.
. 1885 300
,
. 1907 ,
: Bell Tele
phone Company, , ,
.
Bell
, .
1910 AT&T
,
. AT&T
,
.
, , ,
.
04 - Chap 1.p65
21
28.01.2003, 14:11
22
1.5.2
,
. 1.1
, , 1878
. 28,5
21 .
,
.
. ,
N=5, .1.2.
,
N=10 , .1.3,
N(N1)/2.
04 - Chap 1.p65
22
28.01.2003, 14:11
23
(.1.4), ,
Western Union, Bell
, Bell System
Western.
. 1.4
, , ,
, , 4
,
, .
.1.4
... ,
, , 26,
, 10 120
; ;
; ; ;
;
.....
1882 .
. 26
.
(.1.5),
, ,
.
.
,
. , 50 ,
04 - Chap 1.p65
23
28.01.2003, 14:11
24
90
. ,
, 50
,
.
2.2 .
(!) 1.25 1.4 .
. 1.5
,
,
.
:
8 11 .
, ,
, ,
.
( )
.
.
1. . ,
, , 23
, .
, ? ... (
).
04 - Chap 1.p65
24
28.01.2003, 14:11
25
, , ,
. , ,
, . ,
, ,
.... :
... , .
, . :
, ?, : .
, , .. : ,
. ,
.
2. . ,
, , : ,
?. (. . 1) .
,
, , .
.
1879
,
. ,
,
, .
, () ,
,
.
:
,
.
, . . .
,
. ,
,
. ,
, .
,
,
,
, , , ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
.
04 - Chap 1.p65
25
28.01.2003, 14:11
26
A, : ,
. A ,
, ,
, (
,
,
). , ,
. A
,
.
1.6. ,
, . .1.6
,
.
, (tip, ring, and sleeve).
.
,
. , , . 1.6
. ,
, .
, ,
,
(tip) (ring) . ,
(sleeve),
. tip
ring
,
T R ,
.
, tip, ring sleeve
a, b, c .
( )
()
()
. 1.6
, ,
04 - Chap 1.p65
26
28.01.2003, 14:11
27
, , P. ,
, ,
.
, :
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
. ,
,
.
.
.
,
.
. 1885 .
,
. 60 ,
,
1 1886 . .
,
, , .
,
,
.
,
.
,
04 - Chap 1.p65
27
28.01.2003, 14:11
28
. ,
,
.
.. .. .
..
90
. , ,
1897 .
, 1900 1902 .
, (.1.7).
1874 . . .
, 1884 .
, . X. , 1895 .
,
.
..
,
III
,
04 - Chap 1.p65
28
28.01.2003, 14:11
29
..
,
,
, .
,
,
. 1853
,
, , ,
,
. . 1912 .
,
. ,
, .
, , 100 ,
,
(
, , ).
, .
1900 . ,
, ,
.
.
, 2860
, .. .
18 , 1 1901 .,
: ,
1917
,
1994 .
, 1901
,
,
. 1905 .
40 .
,
.
04 - Chap 1.p65
29
28.01.2003, 14:11
30
1 20000,
20001 40000.
. , ,
, ,
.
1917 ., 232 . .
.. 13 1918 .
.
,
.
.
, .
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
. 5 1922
89 . .
/
, .
, ,
, .1.4,
. : switchmen
. , ,
, , ,
,
1871 . .
, , ,
. , ,
, , , ,
, ,
, .
,
, ,
04 - Chap 1.p65
30
28.01.2003, 14:11
31
,
:
,
. ,
.
1891 .
1.5.3
, . ,
,
, . .
,
,
, .
,
, 99 ,
1892
Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange Company.
Automatic Electric Company
General Teelephone and Elec
tronics Corporation (GTE).
.
.
1921 .
,
. ,
Bell
. 1896 .
,
,
. ( 1906 ) ,
Bell Systems 100%
. 1906 , AT&T
,
.
,
,
.
, ,
.
04 - Chap 1.p65
31
28.01.2003, 14:11
32
1923 .
:
. 1924 .
1000
100 .
,
.. ,
.
..
,
,
,
,
.
,
27 1925 ., 1926 .
.. .
1929 ., ,
, , , .
. 1931 .
,
.
,
,
. ,
20, .
, ,
,
04 - Chap 1.p65
32
28.01.2003, 14:11
33
.
.
1947
. ,
47, .
. 1947 .
(,
). .. , ..
, .. , .. .. 1950 .
.
47,
54. 47.
,
40 ,
,
, .
, .
,
, ,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
, n m .
nm ,
3. ..
04 - Chap 1.p65
33
28.01.2003, 14:11
34
(
).
, Bell Laboratories
.
k (XBk), k= 1, 4 5. 1
1938 ,
2 .
, 4
,
4A Toll Switchboard.
5 1948 ,
.
100
100, ()
,
1957 .
60 ,
,
,
.
3.
1.5.4
,
, ,
, ,
.
,
,
:
, ,
,
()
. , ,
, ,
,
,
.
,
04 - Chap 1.p65
34
28.01.2003, 14:11
35
,
.
, 1960 1970 ,
,
.
,
.,
.
.
, , Bell System.
.
,
.
1950 Bell Laboratories.
, ESSEX,
1960 , .
, .
, ,
,
,
, .
SS1
30 1965 , (,
)
200 . ESS2
ESS3, .
, 20 ESS1
1A ESS.
, , ,
.
,
.
ESK.
04 - Chap 1.p65
35
28.01.2003, 14:11
36
( )
2050 35 ,
.
.
.1.8. , . 1.8 ,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
)
01
02
. 1.8
(),
.
(
,
).
():
.
.
(), , (
)
. ,
, ,
04 - Chap 1.p65
36
28.01.2003, 14:11
37
.
6.
1.5.5
, ,
(
,
, ,
, ).
Bell Laboratories,
10, 1970 ,
.
4ESS, Bell
Laboratories 1972
XB4,
DMS10 Nortel,
1970 . Bell Labora
tories, 5ESS
1980 .
.
,
,
, 9.
.
5SS 4
500 . . ,
Bell Laboratories.
1925 .
,
: Bell Laboratories
, ,
, UNIX , .
,
, 4,
5 6.
,
, .
04 - Chap 1.p65
37
28.01.2003, 14:11
38
1.6
,
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
,
,
.
, .
, ,
,
,
. ,
.
,
,
,
.
, ,
.
,
, , .
.
(carbon microphones),
.
,
,
.
,
, .
.
,
.
04 - Chap 1.p65
38
28.01.2003, 14:11
39
, ,
.
,
. ,
. , ,
, ,
,
.
. , . .
,
, ;
.
:
,
,
/ .
,
.
,
( ) .
.
60 48 .
, ,
(,
; , ,
,
).
, ,
, ,
.
, .
,
.
90 25 .
,
, ,
.
,
04 - Chap 1.p65
39
28.01.2003, 14:11
40
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
,
. ,
,
,
,
,
, .
, , ,
, .
, ,
.
, ,
,
,
. , ,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
, .
,
,
,
. ,
,
,
. , ,
,
.
, ,
,
.
[43].
04 - Chap 1.p65
40
28.01.2003, 14:11
41
,
.
, ,
, ,
(, , ,
, , ).
, , , 20 50 .
( )
, ,
,
.
.
, .1.9,
.
;
.
60
50
9 0
60
0
40
. 1.9
,
.
,
. .1.10,
.
( ),
,
.
, ,
( )
.
, ,
.
.
04 - Chap 1.p65
41
28.01.2003, 14:11
42
( )
( )
( )
. 1.10
1.7
,
,
:
, ,
, .
.
, ,
:
.
,
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
,
,
.
GSM,
DAMPS CDMA .
. , DECT (Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications), 7,
ETSI,
04 - Chap 1.p65
42
28.01.2003, 14:11
43
04 - Chap 1.p65
43
28.01.2003, 14:11
44
,
, .
ITU ()
,
.
1.1,
1.2.
1.1 ITU
K 2
,
K 3
,
K 4
, TMN
K 5
K 6
K 7
K 9
K 10
K 11
K 12
K 13
K 15
K 16
,
. K IMT2000
(ETSI Euro
pean Telecommunications Standards Institute) 1988
,
. Sophia
Antipolis ,
, ,
. , ETSI,
GSM,
, .
04 - Chap 1.p65
44
28.01.2003, 14:11
45
1.2 ITU
D
E
,
,
(TMN)
K ,
K
G
H
I
J
K
M
P
Q
V
X
Y
Z
(ISO), , ,
(OSI),
8, .
,
,
(IEEE). IEEE, ,
(LAN), ISO
. , , ISO 8002
Ethernet, IEEE 802.2.
, , ,
, .
(ANSI). ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
(FCC).
, AUSTEL, ,
,
.
FCC .
04 - Chap 1.p65
45
28.01.2003, 14:11
46
04 - Chap 1.p65
46
28.01.2003, 14:11