Indeed all praise is due to Allah (swt).

We praise him, we seek His help, we seek His forgiveness and we seek refuge with Him from the evil of our souls and the evil of our actions. Whomsoever Allah (swt) guides, none can misguide and whomsoever Allah (swt) leaves to stray, none can guide. I bear witness that there is none worthy of worship save Allah(swt),theOnewhohasnopartner,andIbearwitnessthatMuhammad(saw)isHis servantandMessenger.ThebestspeechisthespeechofAllahandthebestguidanceisthe guidanceofMuhammad(saw).Theworstofallmattersarethosenewlyintroducedinthe religion. Every newly introduced matter is an innovation and every innovation is going astray.AllgoingastrayleadstoHellfire. WeaskAllah(swt)thathemakethisactionsincerelyforHim,asallgoodcontainedinthese notesisfromHim,andweaskAllah(swt)toforgiveusforanyerrorsastheyareallfromus. Pleaseusethesenotestocomplementyourpersonalnotesandnottosupplementthem JazakumAllahuKhairan, ScribeTeam

TABLEOFCONTENTS
TheDefinitionofSalah........................................................................................................................................... 4 TheRulingofSalah.................................................................................................................................................. 4 TheExcellenceofSalah.......................................................................................................................................... 5 TheBenefitsofSalah............................................................................................................................................... 7 TheAccountabilityforSalah................................................................................................................................ 7 TheRulingonAbandoningtheSalah............................................................................................................... 8 TheHistoryofSalah.............................................................................................................................................10 . HowtoStudyFiqh&TheIssueofTaqlidnotonexamenjoyreading..........................................14 TheTimesofSalah................................................................................................................................................14 TheAdhan&Iqamah............................................................................................................................................20 ThePrayer................................................................................................................................................................25 Arkan(Integrals)ofSalah..................................................................................................................................28 WAJIBAT(OBLIGATORYACTS)OFSALAH.................................................................................................34 SUNAN(RECOMMENDEDACTS)OFSALAH..............................................................................................34 MAKRUH(ABONIMABLE)ACTSINSALAH................................................................................................36 MUBAH(PERMISSIBLE)ACTSINSALAH....................................................................................................37 THEETIQUETTEOFSALAH..............................................................................................................................37 SalatlMusafir(ThePrayerofTraveler)......................................................................................................41 DealingwithErrorsinSalah.............................................................................................................................44 MakingUpMissedSalah:Part1.......................................................................................................................47 PrayinginCongregation.....................................................................................................................................48 ImamandMamum...............................................................................................................................................50 MakingUpforMissedSalah:Part2TheMamumasthelatecomer(Masbuq).........................52 SalatlNafilah(SuperogatorySalah).............................................................................................................54 FormsofNaflSalah...............................................................................................................................................55 OtherCongregationalPrayers..........................................................................................................................58

INTRODUCTION
THEDEFINITIONOFSALAH
1. Dua InArabic,Salahliterallymeans,tosupplicate,topetition,toprayforsomeone. Andprayforthem,foryourprayersareacomfortforthem.[alTawbah,103] Salahinthisayah,meanstomakedua. 2. Blessing,Forgiveness,Mercy. AllahandHisangelsblesstheProphet.OYouwhobelieve!Blesshimandsalutehim withaworthysalutation![AlAhzab,56] 3. ASynagogue ThetermsalawatmeanstheplaceforSalah 4. OtherMeanings Somelinguistsaythatitalsomeansthemiddleoftheback. TheLegalTechnicalDefinitionandthemostimportantdefinition: TheworshipofAllahwithaparticularsetofstatementsandactionsthatbeginwiththe takbir(AllahuAkbar)andendwiththetaslim(Assalamualaykumwarahmatullah).

THERULINGOFSALAH
TheprayerisanindividualobligationbasedonevidencefromtheQuran,theSunnahand Ijma(consensusoftheMuslimScholars). FardulAynIndividualobligation,Allah(swt)looksatpersonandnottheaction FardulKifayahCommunalobligation,Allah(swt)looksattheaction Salahisanobligationandknownbynecessityinthereligion.Itisamongstthesmall numberofthingsthataMuslimwillbeheldaccountableforthatignorancewillnotexcuse asitsknownbynecessity.

THEEXCELLENCEOFSALAH
Salahhasthefollowingvirtues: 1. ItisthemainpillarofIslam. MuadhibnJabalnarratedtheMessengerofAllah(saw)said,Theactualpillaris salah,andtheuppermostsubjectisjihad.[Tirmidhi] Ifoneofthepillarsofastructureisremoved,thenthestructurebecomesshaky. Regardlessofhowmuchyoutry 2. Itistheforemostobligationafterdeclarationoffaith. Ibn'UmarnarratedtheMessengerofAllah(saw)said,Islamisbasedon(the following)five(principles):TotestifythatnonehastherighttobeworshipedbutAllah andMuhammadisAllah'sApostle;toofferthe(compulsorycongregational)prayers dutifullyandperfectly;topayZakat,toperformHajj,andtoobservefastduringthe monthofRamadan.[Bukhari,7] WhenMuadhibnJabalwassenttoYemen,theProphet(salAllahualayhiwasallam) toldhimthataftershahadah,thepeopleneedtobetoldaboutthesalah. ItwasgiventotheProphet(SAW)directlybyAllahwithoutanyintermediaries. ItwasgiventotheProphet(SAW)onthegreatestnightheeverexperienced(alIsra waalMiraj). ItwasgivenovertotheMuslimsatthehighestpointthatanyhumancaneverreach (SidratulMuntaha). Itwasobligatedasfiftyprayersandthenlaterreducedtofiveprayers,withthe rewardoffiftyremaining. Allah(swt)madetheProphet(saw)gothroughtheexperienceofaskingforthe decreaseinnumberofprayers,inorderfortheProphet(saw)totrulyappreciate andtosignifyhowgreatthisactionistoAllah. ItistheonlydailycontinualactofworshipweasMuslimshave,despiteour situation.

3. 4.

5.

6.

7.

8. Itisthebestofactions. SomeoftheSahabahreportedthatwhenevertheypreparedtostandfortheSalah, theywouldturnpaleandbecomeanxious.Whenaskedwhyhewasthatway,oneof theSahabahreplied:DontyouknowwhoIwillbestandingbefore?ifyoubelieve thatAllah(subhanahuwataala)iswatchingoveryou,thenyouwillnotoffer somethingcheap,butyouwillofferthebestofwhatyouhave. 9. ItisthefirstthingthattheservantofAllahwillbejudgeduponontheDayof Judgment. ThefirstmatterthattheslavewillbebroughttoaccountforontheDayofJudgment istheprayer.Ifitissound,thentherestofhisdeedswillbesound.AndIfitisbad,then therestofhisdeedswillbebad.[AtTabarani] 10. ItwastheonlyobligationfromthefivepillarstobeobligatedinMakkahuponthe MuslimsattheverybeginningofIslam. 11. Ithasbeengivenitsownpubliccalleachtime:theAdhan. TheonlyibaadahthathasaregularreminderisSalah.EveryMuslimtrieshisbestto keepawareofthetimeofthesalawat.Thereisapublicreminderfivetimesaday. OneofthesignificancesofmakingtheadhanpublicistoensurethatpraiseofAllah (subhanahuwataaa)ismade. 12. ItisthedefiningcharacteristicoftheMuslim.Itsabandonmentleadsapersonto shirkandkufr. 13. Itexpiatesoursins.Theminorsins(saghair)committedbetweeneachprayerare cleansedatthenextprayer. Jabirb.'AbdullahreportedthattheMessengerofAllah(saw)said,Thesimilitudeof fiveprayersislikeanoverflowingriverpassingbythegateofoneofyouinwhichhe washesfivetimesdailyHasansaid:Nofilthinesscanremainonhim.[Muslim,1411] TheHasanreferredtothishadithisHasanalBasriatabieenandamajornarrator ofHadith Majorsins(Kabair)aresinsthathaveexplicitlybeenforbiddeninIslam,forwhich thecurseofAllah(swt)isonthatperson,asthemercyofAllahistakenawayfrom them.Thesesinscanonlybeforgiventhroughsinceretawbah,whichhasthe followingconditions:` i. Needtostopactionimmediately ii. SeekforgivenessfromAllah(swt),sincerely(whichcomprisesofa statement,toseekforgiveness,andthenthechangingofthestate) iii. Showregretandremorse(hatingthesin)

14. ItwasthelasttestamentgiventousbytheProphet(SAW)beforehepassedaway. 15. Itwillbethelastthingtobetakenfromthisreligion.

THEBENEFITSOFSALAH
INDIVIDUALBENEFITS
1. OnebecomesclosertoAllah,conversingwithonesLord. 2. ThesoulisstrengthenedandascendstotheHeavenlyRealmawayfromtheharms oftheDunyah. 3. Itisatumaninah(arelaxation)forthesoulwhichtheProphet(saw)wouldaskBilal (RA)toestablishtheAdhanbyaskingBringusrelaxationOBilal![Bukhari] 4. Ittakesawaystressandhardship 5. Itprovidesphysicalandspiritualtraininganddisciplineitpreservesfrom lewdnessandsins

COMMUNALBENEFITS
1. Ithelpspreservetheaqidah(creed)ofthecommunityitbringsaboutthefeelingof unityandstrengththroughgatheringforcongregationalprayers 2. Itincreasestheirloveandcarefortheirfellowbrothersandsisters.

THEACCOUNTABILITYFORSALAH
EveryMukallaf(legallyresponsibleadult)isfullyaccountableforSalah.Thedetailoftaklif (legalresponsibility)isbasedonthehadith: Thepenhasbeenliftedfromthree:theinsaneoneuntilheregainshissanity,thesleepingone untilheawakens,andthechilduntilhereachespuberty.[AbuDawud,3823] 1. Islam Whathathbroughtyoutothisburning?Theywillanswer:Wewerenotofthosewho prayedNordidwefeedthewretched.(Weusedtowade(invaindispute)with(all) waders.AndweusedtodenytheDayofJudgment,TilltheInevitablecameuntous. [SuratulMuddathir,4247]

2. Sanity He/sheunderstandswhattheyarebeingtoldandhasfullcontrolovertheirmental faculties. 3. Postpubescence AbdullahibnAmribnal'As(RA)narratedthattheMessangerofAllah(saw)said. Commandyourchildrentopraywhentheybecomesevenyearsold,andbeatthemfor it(prayer)whentheybecometenyearsold;andarrangetheirbeds(tosleep) separately.[AbuDawud,495] Thespankinghastobelight,avoidtheface,leavenomarkandshouldbenomore thanthrice.Itistocausefearnottocausepainorpunish. Manyulemasaidthatthisorderonlycomesattheageofeight,aftersevenyears havecompleted Weshouldnotpressureouryoungchildrentopray Ourfocusshouldnotbeontellingthemtopray,butensuringthattheyseenothing elseandexperiencenothingelsetheirentirelivesexcepttheprayer.Thatwayyou willseeyoungchildrenthatlovetoprayandimitatetheirparentstofeelself importanceandrespect.Weshouldpraisethemaboutit,butnotpushitonthem. Ensuringthatwedonotforceitonthemwillmaketheprayeraspecialoccasion. Likewise,childrenshouldnotbetakentotheMasjid,sothatitmakesthemfeel privilegedwhentheygettogo. Inaddition,whenyoupunishyourchildrensaytothem,Todayyoudontgetto readQuranbecauseyoudidthis...notpunishthemwiththeQuran. 4. Stateofpuritythewomanshouldnotbeinastateofmenstruation. 5. Stateofawareness

THERULINGONABANDONINGTHESALAH
TheNationhasagreedthattheprayerisanabsoluteindividualobligationuponeverysingle Muslimwhohasreachedpuberty,whoisnotmenstruationorinpostpartumbleeding state,neitherinsanenorunconscious.Itcannotbedeputisedforsomeoneelseunlike fasting.

SCENARIOATHEONEWHODENIESTHEOBLIGATIONOFSALAH
Thereisaunanimousconsensusthatthispersonisadisbeliever.Theexemptionisonewho isnewtoIslamandisjustlearningthecommandmentsandthereality.

Q:Doesthatmeanthatapersonwhomissesoneortwoprayersbecomesadisbeliever? A:No,becausetheyarenotdenyingtheobligationofSalah.

SCENARIOBTHEONEWHOABANDONSTHEPRAYEROUTOF LAZINESSOROTHERREASONS
TheUlemahavethreewellknowndifferingopinionsamongstthemselves. 1. ImamAhmad(opinionoftheschool)ThepersonistobekilledasaKafirthisis onlyapplicableinanIslamicState(bytheAmirulAmineen)oracountrywhichis runwithIslamicLawandthereisaMuslimmajoritywheretheMuslimsare practising. Evidences: Butwhenthesacredmonthsareover,slaythepolytheistswhereveryoufindthem, andtakethem(captive),andbesiegethem,andlieinambushforthemeverywhere. Butiftheyrepentandestablishworshipandpaythezakah,letthemgotheirway. AllahisForgiving,Compassionate.[alTawbah,5] IfaMuslimlivinginanIslamicstate,abandonstheprayerheistreatedasan apostate,wherethispunishmentapplies. TheHadithofBuraydahThecovenantthatdistinguishesbetweenusandthemisthe prayerandwhoeverneglectsithasdisbelieved.[Ahmad,AbuDawud,AlTirmidhi,al Nasai&IbnMajah,1069] 2. ImamMalikandImamShafiiThepersonisaMuslimbutaFasiq(disobedient evildoer).Heisaskedforthreedaysyetifhedoesnotthenheiskilledasa prescribedpunishment(hadd)notasadisbelieveroranapostate. Evidence: WhenUmar(RA)wastoldaboutamanwhohadapostatedandwhowasthenkilled becauseofit,Umar(RA)said,Whydidntyouimprisonhimforthreedaysandfeed himbreadeveryday,andaskhimtorepent?PerhapshemightcomebacktoAllahand considerHiscommand!OAllahIwasneitherpresentnordidIorderthis!NeitherdidI acceptitwhenIwastoldaboutit![Muwatta,27238,Munqati] Munqatimeansthatthereisabrokenchaininthehadithsnarration 3. ImamAbuHanifahThepersonsisaMuslimbutaFasiq(disobedientevildoer). Heisnottobekilledbutratherheshouldbeimprisonedandbeatenuntilherepents andifhedoesnotthenhesleftinprison.

Evidences: ItisnotpermissibletospillthebloodofaMuslimexceptinthree(instances):the marriedpersonwhocommitsadultery,alifeforalife,andtheonewhoforsakeshis religionandseparatedfromthecommunity.[Bukhari&Muslim] IndeedassomeoftheUlemasaid,themostdifficultthingonecandoinIslamisto takeanotherpersonoutofitoncetheyhaveentered.

CONCLUSIONSTRONGESTOPINION
ImamalNawawisaid,Malik&ShafiimayAllah(swt)havemercyuponthemand majorityofthescholarsoftheSalafandKhalafconsideredthepersonwholeavesSalahis notadisbeliever,butcommittedanevilsinandisaskedtorepenteitherhedoesthatoris killedasaprescribedpunishment(hadd).[SharhMuslim,2/70]

THEHISTORYOFSALAH

BEFOREISLAMREFERTOCOURSEBOOK INISLAM
S TAGE 1: A TTHEONSETOF R EVELATION S TAGE 2: T HEEARLYYEARSOFTHE M ESSAGE
OEnwrappedOne!Standthenightlong,exceptalittle.Halfofit,oralittleless.Oralittle more,andrecitetheQurandistinctly.[alMuzzammil,14] TheNightPrayer(QiyamlLayl)wasobligatedontheProphet(SAW)firstduetothe commandinSuratlMuzzammil. 1. TwodailyprayersestablishedintheQuran Thereforehavepatience;Allahspromiseistrue.Seekforgivenessforyourfaultand extolthepraisesofyourLordeveningandmorning.[alGhafir,55] 2. Wuduwasoptionalfortheseprayer AstheversesforWuduinSuratlalMaidahwerereevelaedinMadinah.Some UlemasaidthatitwasolgatedupontheProphet(saw)inalMuzzammilbutthere islittleevidendetosupportthisposition

3. TheQiblahwastowardsJerusalem 4. TheobligationofQiyamlLaylisabrogated ThefollowingtwothingshavebeenabrogatedinIslam,overaperiodoftime: 1. Breastfeedingtoestablishamahramrelationshipthiswasoriginallyspecifiedas 10times,butlaterabrogatedbyaHadithwhichstatedthistobe5times. 2. StoningtodeathforanadultererTheAyahwastakenoutoftheQuran(abrogated) andtherulinghasmovedtoHadith.Thisisanexamplewheretheversehasbeen takenawaybuttheactremains.

S TAGE 3: T HE N IGHTOFAL I SRA WAL M I RAJ

1. Thefivedailyprayersareobligated Anas(RA)reportedtheMessengerofAllah(saw)said:...ThenAllahrevealedthat whichHerevealedtome.Heenjoinedonmefiftyprayerseverydayandnight.Icame downuntilIreachedMusa,andhesaid,WhatdidyourLordenjoinonyourUmmah?I said,Fiftyprayerseverydayandnight.Hesaid,GobacktoyourLordandaskHimto reduce(theburden)foryourUmmah,foryourUmmahwillnotbeabletodothat.I testedtheChildrenofIsrailandfoundouthowtheywere.SoIwentbacktomyLord andsaid,OLord,reduce(theburden)formyUmmahfortheywillneverbeabletodo that.SoHereduceditbyfive.IcamebackdownuntilImetMusaandheaskedme, Whatdidyoudo?Isaid,(MyLord)reduced(myburden)byfive.Hesaid,Gobackto yourLordandaskHimtoreduce(theburden)foryourUmmah.Ikeptgoingback betweenmyLordandMusa,and(myLord)reduceditbyfiveeachtime,untilHesaid, OMuhammad,thesearefiveprayerseverydayandnight,andforeveryprayerthereis (therewardof)ten,sotheyare(like)fiftyprayers.[Bukhari] 2. Thetimesofthedailyprayerswereestablished IbnAbbasnarratedthattheAngelJibrilledtheProphettoteachhimtheprayertimes. Onthefirstdayheprayedalltheprayersatthebeginningoftheirrespectivetimesand ontheseconddayliedelayedtheprayersuntiljustbeforetheendoftheirtimesforall prayersexceptMaghribwhereheinsteadprayeditonbothdaysatthesametime,and thensaid:...thetimeofeachSalatisbetweenthesetwotimes.[Tirmidhi]

3. Prayerswereonlytworakatlong Aishahnarrated,Theprayerwasprescribedasconsistingoftworakatbothwhen onewasresidentandwhentraveling;theprayerwhiletravelingwasleftaccordingto theoriginalprescriptionandtheprayerofonewhowasresidentwasenhanced.[Abu Dawud] 4. TalkingduringSalahwasinitiallyallowedbutthenprohibitedsoonafter 5. OnecoulddrinkalcoholbeforetheSalah Allah(swt)madetheprohibitioninstages,sowehadthestageoneAllah(swt) warnsagainstalcoholinalBaqarah,219.ThisabrogatedbytheverseinalNisa,43, inwhichthiswasnolongerallowed.InalMaidah,9091,thefinalclearprohibition cameforalcoholandgambling. 6. TheJumuahprayerwasobligatedbutnotestablished.

S TAGE 4: 2 NDYEARAFTERTHE H IJRAH

1. TheQiblahwaschangedtowardsMakkah AlBaraibnAzib(RA)narrated,AllahsMessengerofferedhisprayersfacingBaytl Maqdis(Jerusalem)forsixteenorseventeenmonths,buthewishedthathecouldpray facingtheKabahThefirstprayerwhichheoffered(facingtheKabah)wastheAsr prayerinthecompanyofsomepeople.Oneofthosewhohadofferedthatprayerwith him,wentoutandpassedbysomepeopleinamosquewhowereinrukuduringtheir prayers(facingJerusalem).Headdressedthemsaying,ByAllah,IbearwitnessthatI haveofferedprayerwiththeProphetfacingMakkah.Hearingthat,thosepeople immediatelychangedtheirdirectiontowardstheHouse(Kabah)whilestillinthe sameposition.SomeMuslimswhoofferedprayertowardsthepreviousQiblahbeforeit waschangedtowardstheHousehaddiedorhadbeenmartyredandwedidnotknow whattosayaboutthem(regardingtheirprayerstowardsJerusalem).Allahthen revealed:Allahwouldnotcauseyourfaithtobeinvain.IndeedAllahisKind, CompassionatetoMankind.[alBaqarah,143,BukhariandMuslim] ThisHadithhighlightsthreeessentialpoints i. Youcanspeaktosomeonethatispraying ii. YoucanmoveinSalah iii. Mostimportantly,thatwecanbaseabeliefonthenarrationofone person,thisisreferredtoasaKhabrAhadHadith. 2. Salah

3. wasenhancedandnumberofrakatincreased SomeofthescholarshavesaidthatMaghribwasalwaysthreerakat 4. TheEedprayerwasestablished AccordingtoImamalTabaritheEedlAdhaprayerwasestablishedinthesecond yearafterHijrah.Hajjwasnotobligateduntil10yearslater,asEedlAdhaisnot associatedwithHajjandisalwaysonthetenthdayofDhulHijrah. 5. TheJanazahprayerwasestablished 6. TalkingduringSalahwasprohibitedinMadinah 7. MoreSunanprayerswereestablished. SavourtheSweetness ItistheonlypillarinIslamthatwasobligatedinMakkahbeforetheHijrah WefollowedthestepsoftherighteousnationsbeforeusinSalah WearetheonlynationtodaythatadherestotheoriginalformofSalah Allah,theMostMerciful,prescribedSalahgradually. QiyamlLaylisindeedthemostpowerfulspiritualretreat ThechangeoftheQiblahwasanindicationtothesignificanceofthisUmmah. Wedoaslittleasfiveandwegetasmuchasfiftysuchalucrativebargain!

PARTONE:SALATLFARIDAH
HOWTOSTUDYFIQH&THEISSUEOFTAQLIDNOT ONEXAMENJOYREADING THETIMESOFSALAH
WhenyouhavefinishedasSalat(theprayercongregational),rememberAllahstanding, sittingdown,andlyingdownonyoursides,butwhenyouarefreefromdanger,performas Salat(IqamatasSalat).Verily,theprayerisenjoinedonthebelieversatfixedhours.[al Nisa,103] Thewordtime(waqt)isdefinedasthelegallyestablishedtimeforwhichthatibadahis required. Thekeyhadith,whichdeterminestheFiqhofthischapter,istheHadithofJibril.

THETIMEFORFAJR
Thisisfromthetruedawn(alFajrlSadiq)untilsunrise(TulualShams). Truedawn(alFajrlSadiq)oncethetwilightbecomesvisiblelengthwaysacrossthesky connectedtothehorizon. Falsedawn(alFajrlKadhib)oncethetwilightbecomesvisiblevertically.Anhourbefore Fajryouseeaverticalbrightnesscomingfromthehorizonupwards,butthendisappears.

THETIMEFORZUHR
S TARTTIME
Byunanimousagreement,Zuhrstartswhenthesundeclines(i.e.whenthesunhaspassed itszenith,whichisthehighestpartofthesky,andstartedtodescendtowardsthewest). Whentheshadowstartsstretchingouttowardstheeast,itmeansthesunismoving towardsthewest.Whenthesunrises,yourshadowstretchesouttowardsthewest.The shadowisthelongest.Asthesunmovesuptheshadowbeginsshrinkingtowardsthe personuntilthesunhitsthemeridian.Whenthesunhitsthemeridian,theshadowisunder yourfeet.Whentheshadowstartsstretchingoutontheotherside,itisanindicationofthe beginningofSalatlZuhr. Theextrashadow(zawal):Theaxisoftheearthshiftsafewdegreesbackandforth dependingontheseasonandisnotfixed.Thesedegreescausethesunraystohittheearth

atanangle.Thosearoundtheequatorreceivethesunasverticalaspossible,andatnoon theydonothaveanyshadow.Whenthesunisatitszenith,youwillalwayshaveanexcess shadowabovetheequator.Whentheextrashadowbeginsstretchingout,thenthatisthe beginningofsalatlZuhr.

E ND T IME
1. Firstopinion:Malik,Shafii,MuhammadibnalHasanandAbuYusuf Itendswhentheshadowofeverythingisequalinlengthtotheobjectitself,plusthe lengthofitsshadowatmidday(theshadowoftheobjectatthetimeofthezenith theextrashadow).Iftheexcessshadowwas6inchesandtheobjectitselfis1yard, thentheendofsalatldhuhraccordingthismodeliswhentheshadowis1yard+6 inches.

2. Secondopinion:AbuHanifah Itendsoncetheshadowofeachobjectistwicethelengthoftheoriginalobject,plus thelengthofthatobjectatmidday.ImamAbuHanifahusesthefollowinghadithto justifydelayingtheprayer;howeverthepositioniswrongbutstillacceptable. AbuHurayrah(RA)narratedthattheMessenger(saw)said:Whentheheatbecomes intense,delaythe(Zuhr)prayerforindeedsuchintenseheatisfromthevehement ragingofHell.[Bukhari,504]

THETIMEFORASR
ThetimeforAsrstartsjustafterthetimeforZuhrhasfinished,baseduponthetwoearlier opinions.Itfinishesjustbeforethesunhasset,i.e.thediskofthesundisappearsfromthe horizon. Themajorityofthescholarsdetestedthattheprayerbedelayeduntilthesunstartsto becomebrightandyellowbecauseofthishadith: 'Abdullahibn'Amr(RA)reported:TheMessengerofAllah(saw)said:Thetimeofthenoon prayeriswhenthesunpassesthemeridianandaman'sshadowisthesame(length)ashis height,(anditlasts)aslongasthetimefortheafternoonprayerhasnotcome;thetimeforthe afternoonprayerisaslongasthesunhasnotbecomepale;thetimeoftheeveningprayerisas longasthetwilighthasnotended;thetimeofthenightprayerisuptothemiddleofthe averagenightandthetimeofthemorningprayerisfromtheappearanceofdawn,aslongas thesunhasnotrisen;butwhenthesunrises,refrainfromprayerforitrisesbetweenthehorns ofthedevil.[Muslim,1275] AccordingtothemajorityofthescholarsitismakruhtotheprayAsrjustbeforethe Maghribprayer

THETIMEFORMAGHRIB
S TARTTIME
Byconsensus,thisstartsoncethesunhasset,andthediskdisappearsonthehorizon. ThetimeforMaghribcontinuesuntilthetwilightremainsinthesky.Thisistheopinionof themajority(theAhnaf,Hanabilah,themostapparentfromtheShawafiandtheoldopinion ofShafii).

W HATIS T WILIGHT ?
1. Accordingtothetwocompanions(AbuYusufAlQadiandMuhammadIbnHamza Shaybani),theHanabilahandtheShafiiyyah,thetwilightistherednessinthesky. ThisisnowthepositionoftheHanafimadhabaswell. 2. AbuHanifahsaidthatthetwilightisthewhitenessthatremainsonthehorizonafter therednessuntildarknessfalls. AccordingtoImamMalikandthenewpositionofImamShafii,thelengthofMaghribisas longasittakestoperformwudu,covering,athan,iqamah,andfiverakats.Thisisbased upontheirunderstandingofthehadithofJibril,howeverthereisnotasingleshredof evidencethatvalidatesit.Thisisanunderstandingbasedpurelyonopinionandlogic. AllthescholarsagreethatthebesttimetoprayMaghribisstraightaftersunsetthis isthepreferabletime.

THETIMEFORISHA
Byunanimousagreement,itstartsafterthetwilightdisappears(butthenconsideringthe differentviewsonwhichtwilightindicatestheendofMaghribtime). ThepreferredtimeforIshaisuntilathirdofthenightorahalfofthenighthaspassedthe nightstratingfromMaghribtoFajr Negligenceisnottobefoundduringsleep.Negligenceiswhenonedoesntprayaprayeruntil thetimeofthenextprayercomes.[Bukhari,1099] Thisshowsthateachprayeristechnicallyvaliduntilthestarttimeofthenextprayer, however,thisismakruhandshouldbeavoided. TimeforWitr ItsbeginningtimeisafterIshaanditsendtimeisjustbeforethebreakofdawn.

THEPREFERREDSALAHTIMESFORTHEMADHAHIBS
T HE H ANAFIS
Fajr:shouldbedelayedandprayedoncetheskyhasstartedtobecomebrighterandlighter becauseofthenarration PraytheFajrwhenitbecomesbrighter,foritisgreaterinreward.[Tirmidhi,142]Sahih ManyoftheSahabahandTabiinnarratedthis,yetShafii,AhmadandIshaqsaidthatisfar doesnotmeanbrighten,shineanddelayedhere,ratheritmeansuntilitisabitlighterand clearerthatFajrhasactuallystartedwhichreconcilestheotherfamousnarrations. Zuhr:shouldbedelayeduntilitgetscoolerinthehotcountries.Theylikedtohastenit duringautumnandwinter. Asr:shouldbedelayed,sothatmorenawafilcanbeperformedbeforeit,becauseitis makruhtopraythoseafterAsr. Maghrib:shouldbeprayedassoonaspossibleatalltimes,withnomorethatabrieftimeto sitorthreeverseslengthbetweentheadhanandiqamah. Ahnafdonotbelieveinprayingbetweenadhanandiqamahandareverystrictinnot allowingtimeforit. Isha:shouldbedelayeduntilathirdofthenighthaspassed. Witr:istobedelayeduntiltheendofthenight.

T HE M ALIKIS
Everysingleprayer,whetherprayedindividuallyorincongregation,whetherhotorcold weather,istobeperformedintheearliesttimebecausethatgainsthepleasureofAllah.

T HE S HAFI IS
Alloftheprayersaretobeprayedintheirearliesttimes,otherthanZuhrduringintense heat.

T HE H ANBALIS
AlltheprayersaretobeperformedintheirearliesttimesexceptIsha,Zuhrduringintense heat,andMaghribifitiscloudybecauseoftheuncertaintyofwhetherthesunhasset.

Q.WhenisaPrayerconsideredwithinitstime? A.Whenonlyaportionoftheprayerisperformedwithinthetimelimit. Howmuchoftheprayerneedstobedone? 1. Thefirstopinion:TheHanafi&Hanbalisinthestrongestnarration Theprayerisconsideredperformed(ada)aslongasonemakestheinitial openingtakbir(takbiratlihram)duringtherighttime AdaMeansperformingsomethinginitsrighttime.Ifaprayerisrepeateda secondtimeduringthetimelimitsduetosomeproblemthenitisconsideredasa repetition 2. Thesecondopinion:TheMalikisandShafiis(AbuEesasopinionaswell) Ithastobecompleterakahwithitstwoprostrationsincluded.Ifitislessthana rakah,thentheprayerisconsideredqada. QadaMeansmakinguppostthetimeofrequest.

THEPROHIBITED/DISLIKEDTIMES
MakruhTahrimanThisissomethingwhichispopularandspecifictotheHanafimadhab. Itsrulingis:oneisrewardedifheavoidsit,andispunishedupondoingit.Yetoneisnot excommunicatedifhedeniesthisruling,unlikesomethingwhichisclassifiedasharam. ImamAbuHanifahusedthisdistinctionbecausethedaleelfortheseactionsbeingmakruh comefromaKhabrAhadhadiths MakruhTanzihanTheHanafisdefinedthisassomethingwhichisrequestedtobe avoidedintheShariahnotobligated,justrequestedandthereisnopunishmentforthe onewhodoesit. TheotherFuqahaunderstoodmakruhaswewillunderstandit,thatshouldnotbedone, andthepersonisrewardedandpraisedforthat,butwhenhedoesfallintothataction,heis notpunished. TherearefivetimesbasedontwomainnarrationsfromBukhariandMuslimthatare prohibitedtoprayduring: 1. Afterfajrprayeruntilthelengthofaspearaftersunrise 2. Duringsunrise(tulualshams)untilabout1520minutesafterwards 3. Whenthesunisatthezenith 4. Afterasruntilthesunsets 5. Duringtheyellowperiodofsunset(ghurublshams)

Thereasonfortheprohibitionoftheprayerwhilethesunrisesorsetsbecauseofthe ahadiththatstatesbetweenthetwohornsofthedevilandthisisthetimethatpaganspray. Inaddition,whenthesunisatthezenithitissaidthatJahannamstartstoexplodeandopen itsgates,wanasalullahlafiyah.

T HE H ANAFIS
Thethreeprohibitedtime(numbers2,3and5)areclassifiedasMakhruhTahrimantopray inthesetimes,whethernawafil,wajiborqadaprayers.TheydifferedbetweenAsr (allowingit)andFajr(prohibitingit)butalsoallowedthemassestoprayduringthesetimes incasetheylefttheprayeroffcompletely.Yettheprayersinallthesetimesisconsidered correct. Thetwoprohibitedtimes(number1and4)arealsoclassifiedasMakhruhTahrimantopray atall. SomethingcanbeclassifiedasHaraminIslam,butcanstillbecorrect/valid.Theiswhenan actionisdoneinthewrongway,butisstillaccepted.Anexampleofthisisthefastwhich remainsvalid,evenifsomeonedoesntpray.

T HE M ALIKIS
Thethreeprohibitedtimes:Voluntaryprayersprohibitedbutobligatoryallowed. Thetwoprohibitedtimes:Thenawafilaredislikedbutspecificonesareallowedsuchas Sajdatltilawah,SalatlJanazahandthetwoSunnahofFajr.

T HE S HAFI IS (T HEMAJORITYOFTHESCHOLARS )
Thethreeprohibitedtimes:MakruhTahrimantoperformthevoluntaryprayersbut obligatoryallowed. Thetwoprohibitedtimes:MakruhTanzihanexcept: 1. Jumuah:allowedduringthezenith(basedonweakhadith) Thecorrectpositionisthatitsnotallowed 2. IntheHaramMakkah:allallowedbasedonauthenticnarrationinAbuDawud EveryprayerintheHaramisworth100,000prayersinMadinahitisworth1000 andworth500inMasjidalAqsa. Yetitisbettertoavoidthedifferenceinopinion(Khilaf)andgowiththestrictest ruling.

3. SajdatlShukr:duetoactionofKabibnMalikafterhistawbahwasaccepted 4. Aspecificprayerthatcannotbedelayed,suchaseclipseprayer,missedprayer,two unitsofenteringmasjid,Sunnahofwudu,prayerforrain,funeralprayer.This appliestobothnaflandwajib,atanytimewhentheybecomeawrreregardlessof thetimeofday,baseduponthegeneralhadithpreviously.

T HE H ANBALIS
Theyallowedsomeprayerstobemadeupduringallfiveprohibitedtimes,includingmissed prayers,twounitsforTawaf,theprayertomakeupavow,torepeatacongregational prayeragainfornoreasonwiththeconditionsthatitisrepeatedinaMasjid,etc. TheSalatlJanazahisonlyallowedduringthetwoprohibitedtimes. Othervoluntaryprayersareprohibitedwhethertheyhavespecificreasonsornoteventhe twoSunnahofFajr.

G ENERAL N AWAFIL P RAYERS

ThesevoluntaryprayersareencourageatalltimesbutmanyUlemadislikedvoluntary prayerstobeprayedatcertaintimes: 1. Afterthebreakofdawn,beforetheobligatoryFajrprayer 2. BeforeSalatlMaghrib(TheShafiisrecommendeditandtheHanabilahallowedit) 3. DuringtheKhutbah 4. BeforetheEedprayerandafterit 5. DuringtheIqamahforanobligatoryprayer(TheHanafisalloweditonlyforthetwo theSunnahforFajraslongasthelasttashahhudoftheFardsalahiscaught,Malikis alloweditoutsidethemosqueaslongasfirstrakahiscaughtafterwards)

THEADHAN&IQAMAH

THEDEFINITIONOFADHAN
Linguistically:meanstoproclaimsomethingpublicly,tomakepeopleknowsomething. TechnicalDefinition:ItisanactofworshipforAllahwithaspecificdhikr,aftertheentering ofthetimeforaPrayer,informingofitthereby.

AnyactofworshiphastobedoneexactlyasitwasprescribedintheQuranandSunnah.

THEHISTORYOFTHEADHAN
ThestorybehindadhanismostlybasedonsomelongauthenticahadithcollectedbyAbu DawudandalltheImamsoftheSunan. InMakkah,thenumberofMuslimswassmall.Theycouldmakejamaahwithoutanycall. WhentheMessengerarrivedinMadinah,thenumberofMuslimsstartedtoincrease.The MessengerbuiltMasjidanNabitooffersalahregularly.Bythesecondyearofhijrah,the numberofMuslimshadincreased.Thepeopleannouncedinaloudvoice.AlsalatlJamiah (thecongregationalprayerisabouttostart).Thosewhoheardthiscallcametojointhe Salahbutclearly,Muslimsfelttheneedtofindawaytoinformpeopletocometothesalah. Rasulullah(saw)askedhisSahabahfortheiradvice.Somesahabahsuggestedthatthe Muslims,liketheJews,shouldblowahorntoannouncethetimeforthesalah.Otherssaid thattheMuslimsringbellsastheChristiansdointheirchurches.Afewproposedthatthe Muslims,likethefireworshippers,kindleafiretocallpeopletopray.TheMessengerwas notsatisfiedwithanyoftheseideasandwaitedtohearabetterideaortoguidancefrom Allah. Oneday,AbdullahibnZayd(RA)cametotheMessenger(saw)andsaid.0Messengerof Allah!Ihadabeautifuldreamlastnight.Whatwasthedreamyousaw?TheMessenger askedZayd.Zaydanswered,Iveseenthatamanwearinggreengarmentstaughtmethe wordsoftheadhanandadvisedmetocallpeopletoprayerwiththesewords.Hethen recitedthewordsoftheadhan.TheMessengerrecognizedthatthedreamofZaydwastrue. HeaskedZaydtoteachthewordsofadhantoBilal. Bilalstoodupcalledtheadhan,hisvoiceresoundedthroughoutMadinah.Peoplecameto MasjidanNabi,andUmaribnalKhattab(RA)cameandsaid.OMessengerofAllah,an angeltaughtmethesamewordsinmydreamlastnight.AndtheMessengersaid, Alhumdulillah.

THEVIRTUEOFTHEADHAN
AbuHurayrah(RA)narrates,theMessenger(saw)said,Ifpeopleknewwhatistherewasin givingtheadhanandthefirstrow,anddrawinglotsforthemwastheonlyoption,theywould havetodrawlotsforthem![Bukhari] TheMuadhdinwillhavethetallestnecksamongstmankindontheDayofStanding. [Muslim,580] Thisisasignoftheirexcellence..Thiscanbealsobecausepeoplewillbedrowningintheir ownsweat;thesepeoplewillhavetheirheadabovethis. AccordingtotheShafiandHanbalisaidthattogivetheadhanisbetterthanbeingtheImam, becauseAllahsays: WhospeaksbetterthansomeonewhocallspeopletoAllah.....[AlFussilat:33]

SomeoftheUlemaconsideredthistorefertothosewhogivetheadhan. AbdullahIbnMasudsaid,IfIhadbeenaMuaddhin,IwouldntcareaboutgoingtoHajj, performingUmrahorgoingonJihad. UmarIbnalKhattabsaid,IfitwasntfortheKhilafah,IwouldbeaMuadhdhin. Ifyouarecallingfortheadhan,thendoitregularly.

THERULINGOFTHEADHAN
Majorityofscholars(excepttheHanabilah)consideritasaSunnahMuakkadah(an establishedSunnah)forthementoperformintheMasjidforthefivedailyprayersand Jumuahonly. SomescholarsconsidereditasaFardulKifayah(acommunalobligation)suchasthe HanabilahandIbnTaymiyyah.IbnHazmevenconsidereditaconditionfortheprayer.This isthecorrectopinionsomeoneinthecommunityshouldperformit.

RULINGOFTHEADHANFORAWOMENSCONGREGATION
1. MalikiyyahandShafiiyyahsaidonlytheiqamahisMustahhab(recommended)and theadhanisnotdonebecauseoffitnah. 2. Hanafiyyahsaidneitherofthemallowedbecauseoffitnah.

RULINGOFTHEADHANFORANINDIVIDUAL
1. BothAdhanandIqamahareRecommendedthisistheopinionofShafiand stronglyemphasisedbytheHanafis.ThisisalsoShaykhAbuEesasopinion 2. OnlytheIqamahisRecommendedthisisthepositionofMalikiyyah 3. BothAdhanandIqamahareFardulKifayahthisistheHanbaliposition,evenfor theindividualortheonewhohasmissedprayers.

SUMMARY
ThemajoritysaiditisSunnahformentohaveadhan,butnotforwomen. ItisSunnahformissedprayersbutnotfortheMalikis.ShaykhAbuEesaagreeswith thisposition TheIqamahisSunnahforwomentobesaidsilentlyfortheShafiisandMalikis, dislikedbytheHanafisandnotlegislatedfortheHanbalis Theadhanofthelocalityissufficientforallthepeople,excepttheShafiiswhoask foritfromeveryone.

THESHURUT(PRECONDITIONS)OFTHEADHAN
Theconditions(shurut)oftheadhanare: a) b) c) d) e) f) TobegivenafterthestartoftheactualSalahtime TobeintheArabiclanguage TobeperformedbyamaleMuslim Tobeloudenoughforpeopletohear(oroneselffortheIqamah) Tomaintaintheorderofitsstatement Tobeperformedbyoneindividualinitsentirety,i.e.itcannotbedividedup.

THEMANNEROFTHEADHAN
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. ThisisadhanisknownastheadhanoftheKufiyuni.e.alThawriandAbuHanifahis referredtoasthe15wordversion. TheMalikiadhanisa19wordversionandincludesthetarjee.Thecorrectwayofdoing thisisperformingtheextrashahadaytayntoyourself,andthenaloud. AllahistheGreatest, AllahistheGreatest AllahistheGreatest, AllahistheGreatest IbearwitnessthatthereisnoneworthyofworshipbutAllah. JbearwitnessthatthereisnoneworthyofworshipbutAllah. IbearwitnessthatMuhammadistheMessengerofAllah. IbearwitnessthatMuhammadistheMessengerofAllah. Hastentotheprayer, Hastentotheprayer Hastentotruesuccess, Hastentruesuccess AllahistheGreatest, AllahistheGreatest ThereisnoneworthyofworshipbutAllah

HOWMANYADHANSARETHEREFORFAJRSALAH?
1. Malik,ShafiiandAhmadTwoAdhans,onebeforetheactualtimeofFajr,andone uponthestartofFajrtime 2. AbuHanifahThereshouldbeoneadhanatthestateoftheactualtimeofFajr. 3. AhllHadithIftherearetwoMuaddhinsinonelocality,oneshouldcallbefore actualtimeandonefortheactualtimeofFajr.

THEETIQUETTESOFTHEADHAN
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) Beinginastateofpurity StandingwhilstcallingtheAdhan Callingfromanelevatedarea FacingtheQiblah Raisethevoiceloudly Insertindexfingersintotheears TurningfacerightandleftuponsayingHayyaalal.....(theHayaalatayn) Itshouldbedeliveredrightatthebeginningtime SlowingdownwhilegivingtheAdhan FollowingtherulesofTajwid Extendingthelengthofthetajwidisallowedaslongasyoudonotincludemusical tones FortheMuadhdhintocalltheIqamah ForthelistenerstorepeatwiththeMuadhdhin Itshouldnotbeinterruptedbyforeignspeech OneshouldnotdemandpaymentfordoingtheAdhan PeoplewhoareinaMasjidshouldnotleaveaftertheAdhanhadbeencalled

k) l) m) n) o)

TheIqamahisthecalltostandupinordertoestablishtheactualSalahitself.

WHATARETHEWORDSOFTHEIQAMAH
Byunanimousagreement,thestatementsoftheadhanshouldberepeatedintheiqamah andthestatementQadQamatisSalah(thesalathasbeenestablished)shouldbeaddedto itaftersayingHayyaalalFalah. Theythendifferedonthenumberoftimeseachstatementisrepeatedintheiqamahto threeopinions: 1. ShafiiandAhmad Torepeatthestatementsoftheadhanonceeach,andthestatementQadQamatis salahtwice 2. Malik SameasthefirstopinionexceptthatthestatementQadQamatissalahshouldalso bepronouncedonce. 3. AbuHanifah Theiqamahshouldbeliketheadhaninrepeatingeachstatementtwiceincluding thestatementQadQamatissalah.

WHENSHOULDPEOPLESTANDUPFORSALAH?
ThepeopleintheMasjidshouldstandupandlineupuponseeingtheImamenteringthe prayerareatoperformtheSalah. ItisabadbidahtostandandwaitaroundfortheImamtoarrive,theProphet(saw) establishedthis. Savorthesweetnessoftheadhan: Adhanisthemost,ifnottheonly,regularthinginthelifeofMuslims. AdhanhadamazedmanynonMuslimswhovisitedMuslimland.Somepeoplehave embracedIslambecauseoftheadhan. AdhaniswhatmakesalandaMuslimland. Adhanhasaprofoundmeaning,whichgoesbeyondthesoundofit.

THEPRAYER

THESHURUTOFSALAH
DEFINITION
Linguisticmeaning:Shurutisthepluralofshartanditmeansthesignortheindicator. Shartisaconditionorstipulation.Itissomethingthatprecedesthesalah,andsomeare includedaspreparationforthesalah. Technicalmeaning: Anevidentandconstantattributewhoseabsencenecessitatestheabsenceoftheaction, butwhosepresencedoesnotautomaticallybringaboutitsobject.Also,itisseparatefrom theessenceoftheactitself. Prerequisitesofsalaharetheattributessoughttoobligatesalahonanindividual,andthey arenotpartofsalahitself: a) Islam b)Puberty c)SoundMind

CONDITIONSFORVALIDATINGSALAH
ConditionsofSalaharetheactsrequiredandacquiredtovalidateSalah,priortothe establishmentofSalah.TheyarenotpartoftheactofSalahitself. 1. Tobeperformedafterthetimehascertainlystarted

EstablishthePrayer;indeedthePrayerhasbeenenjoinedupontheBelieversatset times.[alNisa,103] 2. Purificationfromminorandmajorritualimpurities Oyouwhohavebelieved,whenyouareabouttoprayer,washyourfacesandyour handsuptotheelbows,wipeoveryourheads,washyourfeetuptotheankles,if required,washyourwholebody.[alMaidah,6] AbuHurayrah(RA)narrated,theMessenger(saw)said,Allahdoesnotacceptthe Prayerofapersonwhohasreleasedgasuntilhemakesanewablution.Apersonfrom HadhramautaskedAbuHurayrah,Whatdoesreleasinggasmean?Heanswered, Windwithorwithoutsound.[BukhariandMuslim] 3. Removalofphysicalfilth(impurities),frombodyandplaceofworship Purifyyourclothes.![alMuddaththir,4] TheProphet(saw)wasonetimeperformingthesalah,andsuddenlyhetookhis shoesoffandputthemontheside.Everyonethenfollowedanddidthesameaction. WhentheProphet(saw)finishedthesalah,heaskedthemwhytheytookofftheir shoes,andtheysaiditispartofthesalah.He(saw)saidthatJibrilcametohim duringthesalahandtoldhimthathehadnajasahonhisshoessoheremovedthem. Anas(RA)narrated:ABedouincameandpassedurineinonecorneroftheMasjid. ThepeopleshoutedathimbuttheProphet(saw)stoppedthemuntilhefinished urinating.TheProphet(saw)orderedthemtopourabucketofwateroverthatplace andtheydidso.[Bukhari]

4. CoveringtheAwrah Definition:Awrahisaterm,whichdenotesthepartsofthebodythatarenotmeant tobeexposedinpublic. OChildrenofAdam!Wearfineclothingineverymosque....[alAraf,31] IbnAbbassaidaboutthisayah:itmeansproperclothingforSalah.Somepeople misunderstoodtheayahtomeanonlyforthemasjid,butitmeansfortheSalaheven whileathome. Verdict:Byunanimousagreement,itismostpreferabletofullydressupinthebest mannerinpreparationforSalah. TheythendifferedontheminimumlimitofcoveringforthevalidityofSalah: i. TheAwrahofaman Hehastocoverwhatisbetweenthenavelandthighs.Thereis disagreementabouttheexposingofthenavel,thighsandknees.

TheAwrahofawoman Herentirebodymustbecovered,exceptherhandsandface.(If thesocksrevealthecoloroftheskin,thenitisnotacceptable.If thesocksareskincoloranddonotrevealthecoloroftheskin, thentheyareacceptable). Q:WhatistherulingoncoveringthefeetinSalahforwomen? Firstopinion:AbuHanifahandIbnTaymiyyah Themostpreferableopinioninthemadhabisthatwomenare notobligatedtocovertheirfeetforSalahbecausetheyare treatedlikethehands,buttheyoughttodosooutsideSalah. EventhoughImamAbuHanifahallowsawomantouncoverher feetinsalah,itisanobligationforthewomantocoverherfeet whileinpublic. Secondopinion:Malik,Shafii,andAhmad WomenshouldcovertheirfeetinSalahandoutsideSalah. Q:WhatistherulingofSalahiftheAwrahwasaccidentallyexposed? Ifitcanbefixedquicklyandisnotfahish(shocking)tosomeoneobserving,thenitis fine.Ifitwilltakealongtimetofix,thenthesalahmustbestartedover. 5. Facingthedirectionoftheqiblah Firstscenario:IftheKabahisvisible Byunanimousagreement,ifthepersoncanseetheactualstructureoftheKabah (i.e.beingintheHaraminMakkah),heorsheisobligatedtofacetheKabahitself. Secondscenario:IftheKabahisnotvisible i. AbuHanifah,Malik,andAhmad ItissufficienttofacetheestimateddirectionoftheKabah.The strongestopinionaccordingtheShaykhAbuEesa ii. Shafii FacingtheQiblahexactlyisanobligation,andithastobedone bypreferablybyfollowingsomeonesknowledgeoftheQiblah, orelsebythebestIjtihadpossible. 6. AlNiyyah.theintentionforSalah Definition:ItistheactoftheheartconcerningtheactionsoftheMukallaf(the accountableparty) WhenapersonmakeswuduandgoestotheMasjid,heisdoingtheseactionswith theintentionofsalah.Thedeterminationforwhatyouaredoingistheintention itself.Whenyoumakethewudu,taketheprayerrug,andputitinthedirectionof theQiblah,theintentionisforthepresentsalah,andyouknowwhichsalahyouare praying.Theactualintentionistheactoftheheartnotastatement. Umar(RA)narrated,theMessenger(saw)said,Deedsarejudgedbytheir intentions...[BukhariandMuslim]

ii.

Fiqhscenarios: ShouldtheniyyahintheheartmatchtheactualactofthatparticularSalah? Yes.YoucannotmaketheintentionforZuhrandprayAsr,whichmayhappenas amistake. Shouldtheniyyahbeutteredbytongue? ThereisnosuchauthenticevidencethattheProphet(saw)utteredtheintention aloudexceptfortheactofHajj. Shouldtheniyyahstartwiththefirsttakbirsimultaneously? ItneedstostartandfinishbeforethefirstTakbir ShouldtheniyyahoftheMamummatchtheniyyahoftheImam? Yes,itshouldhoweverifitdoesnotthatisokay. 7. ThecontinuationoftheactsofSalahwithoutlongintermission 8. Toavoidanyforeignspeech

ARKAN(INTEGRALS)OFSALAH
1.DEFINITION
Linguisticmeaning:Arkanisapluralofrukn,whichmeansthestrongcorneronwhicha structureisbuilt Technicalmeaning:Itisanevidentandconstantattributewhoseabsencenecessitatesthe absenceoftheHukm,butwhosepresencedoesnotautomaticallybringaboutitsobject.Itis partoftheessenceoftheactitself.

2.ALMUSIFISALATIHI(THEHADITHOFTHEONEWHOERREDIN HISPRAYER)
AlloftheArkancomefromonehadith. AbuHurayrah(RA)narrated,amanenteredthemasjidandtheMessengerofAllahwas sitting.ThemanprayedtworakahandthencametotheProphet(saw)andsaidsalaam. TheProphet(saw)repliedtothesalaamandthensaid,Gobackandprayforyouhavenot prayed.Sothemanwentback,prayedtworakahlikehedidthefirsttimeandthencame backandrepeatedthesalaam.TheProphet(saw)repliedthesalaamandthensaid,Goback andprayforyouhavenotprayed.Sothemanwentback,Prayedtworakahlikehedidthe firsttimeandthencamebackandrepeatedthesalaam.TheProphet(saw)repliedthe salaamandthensaid,GobackandprayforyouhavenotPrayed.Hesaiditthreetimes

untilonthethirdtimethemansaid,ByHewhosentyouwiththetruthOMessengerof Allah,Idonotknowanybetterthanthis.Teachme.TheProphet(saw)thensaid,ifyou standupforSalahsayAllahuAkbar.ThenreadwhatcomeseasyforyoufromtheQuran. Thenbowuntilyouarecomfortableinyourruku.Thenstandupuntilyouarestandingtip straight.ThenprostrateuntilyouarecomfortableinyourSujud.Thensituntilyouare comfortableinyourJulus(sitting).ThenprostrateuntilyouarecomfortableinyourSujud. AnddothisinyourentireSalah.[BukhariandMuslim] ThemostimportantphraseinthishadithisuntilyoureachastateofalTumaninah (relaxed,comfortable,atease). ThetwobiggestwaystoachieveTumanninahare 1. Slowdown 2. Ineveryactionoftheprayertakeabigbreathtorelaxyou

3.THEARKANOFSALAH
(TheabsenceofoneofthefollowingArkannullifiestheSalah)

FIRSTOPINION:ABUHANIFAH
TherearesixArkanfortheSalah: 1. Theopeningtakbir 2. standing 3. RecitationofQuran 4. Ruku 5. Sujud 6. Tashahhud(Finalsitting) ThereasonforthedifferencesisthatImamAbuHanifahholdsdifferentusool(principles) basedonhismethodologybetweendeterminingwhatisfardandwhatiswajib,aswell,he holdsthatfardishighervaluethanwajib.Ifsomethingisnotincludedasrukn,itdoesnot meanthathedoesnotcountitatall,butitisnotatashighalevelofobligationforImam AbuHanifahsinceitsbasedonaKhabrAhadHadith.

SECONDOPINION:MALIKI,SHAFIIANDAHMAD
TherearefourteenArkanfortheSalah: 1. alQiyamstandingforthosewhoareableto

Fiqhscenarios: Whatconstitutesstanding? Aslongasyouarenotleaningoverandthebackisstraight,thatconstitutes standing Whatisthelimitofstanding? IntheHanafimadhab,fourfingerswidthbetweenthefeetisenough.Whenthe sahabahwouldstand,theywouldstandshouldertoshoulderandfoottofoot, andthiscannotbedoneunlessthefeetareopenedshoulderwidthapart. Womenaresuggestedtokeeptheirfeetclosetogether,butthereisnoevidence fromtheProphet(saw)tosupportthis. Cansomeoneusesupporttooltostandup? No Whoisexemptfromstanding? Theonewhoneedsasupporttostandisexempt HowdoessomeonewhoisexcusedsitforSalah? Inprinciplethereshouldbenochairsifapersoncannotstandtheyshouldbe sittingontheground.Theonlyonesthatshouldbeusingachairarethosethat cannotdosajdahbutcanstand,otherwisetheprayerisinvalid. 2. TakbiratlIhramTheOpeningTakbir TheProphet(saw)thensaid,WhenyoustandupforsalahsayAllahuAkbar. [Bukhari&Muslim] Fiqhscenarios: DoesithavetobeinArabic? Yes,itmustbesaidintheArabiclanguage. Doesithavetobeinthetakbirformorcouldanywordofglorificationsuffice? No. 3. TherecitationoftheQuran i. Byunanimousagreement,therecitationoftheQuranisan integralpartoftheSalah TheProphet(saw)thensaid,...Thenreadwhatcomeseasyfor youfromtheQuran.

ii.

ButwhatistherulingontherecitationoftheFatihah? Firstopinion:Malik,Shafii,andAhmad Itisarukn.Ifitisnotrecited,thenthesalahisnotvalid. UbadahIbnlSamit(RA)narrated,theMessenger(saw)said, ThereisnoSalahforhimwhodoesnotrecitetheUmmalQuran (AlFatihah).[BukhariandMuslim] Secondopinion:AbuHanifah Itiswajib(notfard),meaningthatitisnotrukn. Whatistherulingonthebasmalah,sayingbismillahlRahmanl rRaheemaloudfortheimamintheJahriSalah? Firstopinion:AbuHanifah,Malik,andAhmad Heshouldnotsayitloud.Accordingtothemajorityofthe Fuqaha,thebasmalahshouldbepronouncedsilentlyandal HamdullllahlRabblalaminshouldberecitedaloud. Anas(RA)narrated:TheMessenger,AbuBakr,andUmarusedto begintheSalahwithalHamdullllahlRabblalamin.[Bukhariand Muslim] Secondopinion:Shafii HeshouldstartwiththeBasmalah.ImamShafiisopinionisthat thebasmalahispartofSuratlFatihah;therefore,itmustbesaid outloud.

iii.

Fiqhscenarios: HowarticulateshouldtheimambeinrecitingAlFatihah? TheFatihahspecificallymustberecitedinperfectrecitationbecauseitisarukn. Perfectrecitationdoesnotmeanatthetajwidlevelbutatthelevelofgrammar. Hemaynothavethebestrecitation,butthegrammarmustbecorrect. ShouldtheMamumrecitetheQuraniftheimamalreadydoesthat? TheMamumaccordingtoImamShafiimustrecitetheFatihahregardlessofthe salah.AccordingtoImamAbuHanifah,theMamumshouldremainquiet regardlessofthesalah.AccordingtoImamMalik:infajr,Maghrib,andIshathe MamumdoesnotneedtorecitetheFatihah,andshouldreciteitduringZuhr andAsr.

 Whatistherulingonamin? ItisaSunnah,ifyougotoamasjidwheretheydonotsayaminaloud,thendo notreciteitaloud.Atthesametime,ifsomeoneelseinamasjidsaysamin,be easyonthem. WhatdoesanewMuslimwhodoesnotknowtheFatihahdoinSalah? Weshouldteachthemandhelpthemlearnitasfastaspossible,butuntilthen, theycansayafewwordsofdhikr. 4. TheRukubowingdown TheProphet(saw)thensaid,...Thenbowuntilyouarecomfortableinyourruku... Fiqhscenarios: Whatconstituteaperfectruku? Itishavingthetwohandsrestingontheknees,eyesstraightdownandbackshould bestraight.ItwassaidthatthebackoftheProphet(saw)wassostraightthatifcup waterwasplacedonhisback,itwouldnotmoveanywhere. Howlongshouldtherukulastfor? Theminimumisenoughtimetosaysubbanarabbialadheemonetime. 5. Risingupfromtheruku TheProphet(saw)thensaid,,..Thenstandupuntilyouarestandingupstraight. StanduntilyouhaveastraightbackandreachTumanninah 6. TheSujudonsevenbonesprostration TheProphet(saw)thensaid,...Thenprostrateuntilyouarecomfortableinyour Sujud... IbnAbbasnarrated,theMessengersaid:Ihavebeencommandedtoprostrateon sevenbones,ontheforeheadandhepointedathisnose,thehands(thepalms),the kneesandthetoes(ofthefeet),[BukhariandMuslim] Theforeheadandthenosearecountedasoneboneinthishadith. Fiqhscenarios: WheretomakeSujudwhenthereisnospaceforyou? YoucanplaceyourhandsontheirbacksandmaketheSujudasmuchaspossible orplaceyourhandsontheirfeet.

 IsitpermissibletokeepthehandscoveredintheSujudbecauseoftheweather? Yesyoucankeepyourhandscovered HowshouldapersonfalltotheSujud?Handsfirstorknees? Hadithitsaysdontdescendlikethecamelsdescend(i.e.thefrontlegsfirstand thenloweringtheback)butthenarratorthenaddedajudgmentmistaketothe Hadithatthetimebysayingdontgodownwithyourlegsfirst.IbnQayyimal JawzziyahthencamealongandsaidthereisInqilaab(saidsomethingbutmeant somethingelse)intheHadithandthatthenarratormadeamistakeinthe narrationandwhathewantedtosaywasdontgodownwithyourfrontfirst. ShaykhAbuEesaspositionisthatyougodownwithkneesfirst.Theforearms shouldnotbeflatonthefloor.Thefingersandtoesshouldbetouchingthe groundandfacingtheKiblah. Bothopinionsarevalidandneitherinvalidatesthesalah.Itisbettertomaintain oneposition,eitherhandsfirstorkneesfirst. 7. ComingupfromSujud TheProphet(saw)thensaid,...Thensituntilyouarecomfortableinyourjulus (sitting). . 8. Sittingcalmlybetweenthetwosajdahs(prostration) 9. Sittingduringthelasttashahhud 10. Therecitationofthelasttashahhud 11. TherecitationoftheSalawatalIbrahmiyyah 12. TheTaslimsayingsalaamattheend Fiqhscenarios: HowshouldtheTaslimbepronounced? JustsayingAssalaamualaikumistherukn Howmanytaslimsareobligated? TechnicallyonlyoneTaslimisrequired 13. Attumaninahbeingtranquilineveryrukn Q:Whatistheminimumofbeingtranquilineveryrukn? TheProphet(saw)describeditasthebonereturningbacktotheoriginalposition. Prayingpeacefullyandslowlyandgraduallyistheminimumofbeingtranquil.

 14. MaintainingtheorderoftheArkanofSalah

WAJIBAT(OBLIGATORYACTS)OFSALAH
OmittingoneoftheWajibatofSalahdoesnotnullifytheSalah,butmustbecompensatedfor bytheSujudlSahw(theProstrationforForgetfulness). 1. SayingTakbiruponmovingfromonepositiontoanother 2. SayingSubhanaRabbiylAzim(PraisebetomyLord,theSupreme)intheRuku,at leastonce 3. SayingSamiAllahulimanhamidah(MayAllahanswerhewhopraisedhim)asone isreturningbackfromRuku.SayingRabbanawalakalhamdisanobligationfor everysinglepersonwhenprayingbythemselves.WhenImamisleading,healone saysSamiAllahulimanhamidahandthefollowerssayRabbanawalakalhamd. 4. SayingSubhanaRabbiylAla(PraisebetomyLord,theMostHigh)intheSujjud,at leastonce. 5. SittingdownandrecitingthefirstTashahhud.

SUNAN(RECOMMENDEDACTS)OFSALAH
TheseareactsandstatementsofSalahwhicharepardonedifomittedandtheirabsence doesnotnullifytheSalah,andSujudlSahwisnotrequiredtocompensateforthem.They aregenerallyconsideredanythingthatisnotaRuknoraWajibat,generallyconsidered fromtheSunnahofSalahtheseincreasetherewardoftheprayer,thesewillleadyouto closelyalignyourPrayerwiththePrayeroftheProphet(SAW)andtheyarethe beautificationoftheprayer. 1. PlacingaSutra(barrier)inthefrontbetweenthepersonprayingandtheQiblah. ThepillarinthemosqueusedtobethemostcommonlyusedSutrabytheProphet (SAW).TheminimumsizeoftheSutrashouldbeafoot. 2. Raisingthehandsonsayingthetakbir Byunanimousagreement,raisinghandswiththeopeningtakbirisrecommended, buttheydifferedonraisingthemwiththeothertakbir.

Raisethehandswiththepalmsofthehandtowardstheqiblah.Somesayalignwith theearsandotherssaywiththeshouldersandotherssaywomenshouldalignthem withtheshoulders,raisingtoshoulderlevelispreferableaccordingtoShaykhAbu Eesa.ThereisnoauthenticnarrationthattheProphet(saw)touchedhisears.Some insistthatthethumbsbeplacedbehindtheearsortheearsbeheldwhilesayingthe takbir,butthereisnonarrationforthis. a. Firstopinion:AbuHanifahandMalik NoraisinghandsinSalahbesidestheonewithopeningtakbir b. Secondopinion:Shafii,Ahmad,andImamBukhari TherearefourpositionsforraisingthehandsinSalah: i. AttheopeningofSalah ii. Beforebowingforruku iii. Afterrisingupfromruku iv. Afterfinishingthefirsttashahhud Foldingtherighthandonthelefthand a. Firstopinion:AbuHanifah,Shafii,andAhmad(THECORRECTOPINION) Bothhandsshouldbefolded;therighthandonthelefthand i. Placedunderthenavel:AbuHanifahandAhmad ii. Placedbelowthechest:Shafii(CORRECTPOSITION) SahlibnSadnarrated,Thepeoplewereorderedtoplacetherighthandon theleftforearmInSalah.[Bukhari] b. Secondopinion:Malik Thehandsshouldbeputdownonthesideandnotfoldedup Lookingdowntowardsthespotofonesprostration Anas(RA)narrated,theProphet(saw)said,Whatiswrongwiththosepeoplewho looktowardstheskyduringtheSalah?Histalkgrewsternwhiledeliveringthis speechandhesaid,Theyshouldstop[lookingtowardstheskyduringtheSalah]; otherwise,theireyeswouldbesnatchedaway.[Bukhari] CommencingtheSalahwiththeprescribeddua Tamin(sayingAmin)

3.

4.

5. 6.

7. AshortsilencebeforeandafterrecitationoftheQuran Thisisdebatable

8. Spreadingbetweenthefeetinthestandingposition Thisspaceshouldbeshoulderwidthapart. 9. RecitingSurahafteralFatihah Fiqhscenarios: Canonereciteaportionofasurahinsteadofafullone? Yes.However,itmustbeatleastonefullayah. Isitpermissibletorepeatthesamesurahinbothrakahs? Yes,evenifyouweretheImam.Alsoweshouldtryandkeeptheorderasits goodathaab. Howlongshouldtherecitationbe? Aslongasthecongregationcanafford. 10. RecitingDuabetweenthetwoSujud 11. Tositforfinaltashahhudinthepositionoftawarruk(totucktheleftfootunderthe rightshin) 12. Placinghandsonthethighsduringthetashahhud . 13. Topointoutwiththeindexfingerduringtashahhud 14. RecitingtheprescribedDuaaftertashahhud 15. Toturnfacerightandleftuponpronouncingthefinalsalaam

MAKRUH(ABONIMABLE)ACTSINSALAH
TheseactsdonotnullifytheSalah,nordotheyrequireSujudlSahwascompensation.They do,howevertakeawayfromtherewardacquiredduringSalah. 1. ToomitoneoftheWajibatintentionally 2. Movingwithoutanyexcusablereason 3. Toclosetheeyes TheAslisthatoneshouldnotclosetheireyesduringtheprayer.Ifthereare distractionsaround,thenthisispermissible,ifitisrequiredtotryandachievefocus intheprayer,thenthisisalsopermissible,however,oneshouldtryandavoidit. 4. Tolookawayfromthespotofonesprostration

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Topraywhileinneedforgoingtothebathroomorwhenthefoodisserved. Yawningifthishappens,mouthneedstobecoveredwiththehand. Tospreadtheforearmsontheground. Todressuntidily Towearclothesthatcarriesdistractingdesignsorimages Toweartightclothes

ItisHaraam/Makruhtoruntotheprayer.Itisimportanttoapproachtheprayerwithease andfocusofthemindontheactthatisabouttobeperformed,therefore,itismore importantnottohastentoensureonecatchestheSalahwiththeImam.Evenifonemisses theprayerbehindtheImam,buthasgonetothemasjidwiththatintention,theninshallah, hewillgetthereward.

MUBAH(PERMISSIBLE)ACTSINSALAH
ActsthatdonotnullifytheSalahanddonotlessenthereward: 1. 2. 3. Topraybehindahumanwhoisprayingorsittingdown. Tomoveandtakeactioninordertoremoveanimminentharm. ToassisttheImamifhemakesamistake Menshouldsay,SubhanAllah,womenshouldclap(i.e.hittherighthandonthe outsideoftheleftthreetimes). Torespondtothesalambyraisingthehand. Theresponsetoasalamverballywasabrogated,itwaspermissiblepreviously(all foreignspeechduringtheprayerwasabrogated),however,itispermissibleto respondtoitwithahandgesture,whichdoesntneedtobevisibletotheperson whogivesthesalam,itcanbediscretetojustsignifythatthesalamhasbeen respondedto. Torespondtoacallerbyasign.

4.

5.

THEETIQUETTEOFSALAH

THEDIFFERENCEBETWEENMENANDWOMENINREGARDTO SALAH

Therearenoevidencesbasedonhadiththatwomenshouldprayanydifferentlyfrommen, asMalikibnlHuwaryrith(RA)saidthattheProphet(saw)said:Prayasyouhaveseenme pray.[Bukhari] However,thefourImams(Fuqaha)unanimouslyagreedoncertainrecommendationsbased onmultipleaccountsoftheSunnah(notfromthehadith): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Womencovertheirentirebodyexceptfortheface,thehandsandthefeetandmen coverbetweenthenavelandtheknees(YES) Menraisetheirhandstotheirearsandwomentotheirshoulders(NOEVIDENCE) Menspreadtheirhandsoutinsujudandwomenbringthemtotheirsides(NO EVIDENCE) Womenbringtheirstomachsclosetotheirthighsandmendont(NOEVIDENCE) Inthesittingposition,womenbringtheirkneesclosetoeachotherandmenspread themout(NOEVIDENCE) Womensitontheirheelsandmensitontheirleftfootandpropuptheirrightfoot (NOEVIDENCE) TocorrecttheImamsmistake,mensaysubhanallahandwomenclapwiththe hands(YES) ThefemaleImamforagroupofwomenstandsinthemiddleofthefirstrow(YES) ThefemaleImamdoesnotreciteoutloudincasemenwerepresent(YES)

HOWTOACHIEVEKHUSHUINSALAH
WhatisKhushu?
Khushuistobestill,calm,andrelaxed.Itishowfocused,concentratedandawareyouare ofAllah(swt).Tohelpinternaliseandachievekhushuinyoursalah,ensurethattheexternal aspectsarethere. Thereisahadith,whereProphet(SAW)saidifoneisinthemasjidwaitingforSalah,itisas thoughheisactuallyinSalah.

Thingstodobeforeyoustartyoursalah:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. PrepareforSalahaheadoftime Donotchallengeyourstomach,andeatfirst. Ifyouneedtoanswerthecallofnature,thendoitfirst. Donotprayifyouwereovertakenbyslumberorfatigue. MakeathoroughWudu,enoughtimepriortoyourSalah. DressnicelyforyourSalah. Selectaplaceorspotwheretherewillbelessornodistractions. ComeearlytoyourSalahwhetherathomeorintheMasjid.

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Raceforthefirstrow,inordertohavelessdistraction. PrayascloseaspossibletotheImam. RepeatthewordsoftheAdhanaftertheMuadhdin. PrayyourNaflSalah. PraybehindaSutrah. ReadsomeQuran(especiallywhatyouplantoreciteinyourSalah). MakesomeDuaandDhikr. IfprayingintheMasjid,donttalktoomuchwithpeopleuntilafterSalahisover. DonotlookaroundandgetdistractedintheMasjid;focusonthisupcomingevent (Salah). Ifprayingincongregation,straightenyourlinesfortheSalah. Contemplateaboutthegreatnessofwhomyouarestandingbefore. RememberthesalafandhowtheyperformedtheirSalah. ContemplateovertheexcellencesandvirtuesofKhushu. RemembertoconsiderthisyourfinalSalah.

MeansrequiredduringtheSalah:
1. ContemplateoverthewordAllahuAkbarwhileraisingyourhandsup.Youare throwingeverythingbehindyourbackandfocusingonthesalah. 2. Consideringthestatusofihsan,PrayasifyouseeAllah,ifnotthenthatasHesees you. 3. Foldyourhands,therightontheleftandlookwithyoureyesdowninhumility.You areputtingyourselfinapositionofhumblenesstoAllah(swt). 4. ObservetheSunnahandcorrectwayofSalah 5. BringtranquilitytoyourSalahandslowdownthepaceofyourrecitation. 6. StartwithcommencingDua 7. Contemplateovertheayatyourecite,ortrytounderstandwhattheimamis reciting.Youcannotreadatranslationwhileinsalah(i.e.duringSalahat taraweeh). 8. BeautifytheQuranwithyourvoice.Ifyoumastertajwid,youwillhaveabeautiful recitation. 9. RememberthatAllahanswersyouasyourecitetheFatihah. 10. SavorthesweetnessofeachpositioninSalah 11. Adhkarofsalah,learnmorethanjustone 12. Neverlookaroundorup 13. Neverletthedesignsoftheprayerrugdistractyou 14. Strivewhenoverwhelmedwithyawning 15. MakelotsofDua,especiallyintheSujud

MeansrequiredaftertheSalahisover:
1. Donotmovefromyourpositionrightaway.TheSunnahoftheProphet(saw)isto maketasbihinthesameplace.TheProphet(saw)saidtheangelsmakeDuafor youuntilyoumovefromyourpositionorbreakthewudu. 2. Doyourtasbih 3. DoyourdhikrandDua 4. ReviewyourSalah,andevaluateyourself 5. PrayyourNaflSalah 6. LookforwardtothenextSalah FiqhScenarios: Cantheonewhoisprayingclosetheeyestoavoiddistractions? Itdependsonthesituationasexplainedabove Howtodealwiththeexcessivewaswasah(whispersoftheShaytan)inSalah? TheProphet(saw)saidthereisaShaytanwhoexclusivelydistractsyouinthe Salah.TheProphet(saw)recommendedthatifapersonisoverwhelmedbythis, thenturntoleftandblowthreetimesandsay:aoodhubillahminashShaytanar rajeern DoesexcessivewaswasahnullifytheSalah? TheProphet(saw)saidthatapersonmaynotgetanyrewardfromhissalah.It doesnotnecessarilynullifythesalahunlessthepersonissurethathemissed something.

ThePostSalahDhikr
AbuHurayrah(RA)narrated,theMessenger(saw)said:WhoeverglorifiesAllahattheendof everySalah33times(subhanAllah)andpraisesAllah33times(alHamdulillah),andutters thewordofGreatness33times(AllahuAkbar)thatisninetynine,thencompletesitwithone hundredsaying:lailahailAllabwahdahulashareekalahlahulMulkwalahulhamdwahuwa alakullishayinqadir(ThereisnogodbutAllahaloneWhohasnopartner,toHimbelongs thekingdom,toHimpraiseisdue,andHeisOmnipotent)hisshortcomingswillbeforgiven, evenifitisaslargeasthefrothinthesea.[Muslim] Fiqhscenarios: Whatshouldbesaidaftersalah? Astaghfirullah3times,thedhikrmentionedintheprevioushadith,ayatlkhursi,etc Isitpermissibletousecountingaid,suchastasbihorbeads? Itisacceptabletousecountingaids,butitismorerewardingtousethehand.

 Shouldthisdhikrbeperformedincongregation? Dhikrshouldnotbeperformedincongregation. Itispermissibletoperformacongregationaldua.However,itshouldbe rememberedthattheProphet(SAW)didnotmakeduaincongregationafterevery prayer,althoughmakingduaafterprayersnowandagainincongregationisnota problembutthisshouldnotbelegislated,whichisthekeypointhere.

SALATLMUSAFIR(THEPRAYEROFTRAVELER)
AlQasr(shorteningtheSalah) Andwhenyoutravelthroughouttheland,thereisnoblameuponyouforshorteningthe prayerifyoufearthatthosewhodisbelievemaydisruptyou.Indeed,thedisbelieversareever toyouaclearenemy.[alNisa,101] YalaibnUmayyah(RA)said:IsaidtoUmaribnlKhattab:Explaintomewhythepeople shortentheSalahwhenAllahsays,Andwhenyougoforth[theprecedingverseJandthose daysaregonenow!Umarsaid:IwonderedaboutthattooandImentionedthattothe Prophetandhesaid:ThisisacharitythatAllah,theExalted,hasbestoweduponyou,so acceptHischarity.[BukhariandMuslim] Qasrmeanstoshortenthesalawatthataremadeoffourrakah(Zuhr,Asrandlsha)totwo rakat.

WHATISTHERULINGONQASRSALAHFORTHETRAVELER?
i. Firstopinion:AbuHanifah Itiswajibforthetravelertoshortenthesalah. Secondopinion:Malik Itishighlyrecommended. Thirdopinion:ShafiiandAhmad Itispermissibleconcession.

ii.

iii.

THEMINIMUMDISTANCETOALLOWQASR:
i. Firstopinion:AbuHanifah,Malik,Shafii,andAhmad Thedistanceoftravelingthreedaysandthreenightsortwodaysandtwonightsby camel(approximately81kmor50miles). Secondopinion:Groupofpiouspredecessors

ii.

Thereisnospecificdistanceaslongasitiscalledsafar,ortraveling.Theybase travelingbasedoncustomorurfandwhatthecommunityconsiderstobetravel.If themajorityofthepopulationconsidersittravel,thenitistravel,ifthemajority doesnotconsiderittravel,thenitisnottravel.

WHEREDOESTHEQASRSTARTFROM?
Itstartsafterleavingthestructuresofthecitylimits.Somemoderndayscholars,aminority, saidthatonceyoustartingtravellingQasrstarts.

FORHOWLONGDOESTHETRAVELERMAINTAINQASR?
Byunanimousagreement,aslongasthetravelerdoesnotintendresidencyinonelocality, heorshecanstillpracticeqasr.Ifyouintendresidency,thenyoulosethestatusofthe traveler.

WHATISTHETIMEPERIODTHATCONSTITUTESRESIDENCY?
i. Firstopinion:AbuHanifah 15daysandup,anyoneintendingtostayinonelocalityfor15daysandup,thenas soonastheyarrive,theystopprayingqasr. Secondopinion:Malik.ShafiiandAhmad 4daysandup(Ahmadspecificallydefinedthisas21prayersormore)Ifyouare goingtopray21prayersormoreinthisnewplaceofresidency,thenfromdayone youneedtoprayyourfulllengthprayers.Ifitis20orlessprayers,thenyoushould shortenandprayQasr.

ii.

WHATISTHERULINGONCOMBINGBETWEENTHEPRAYERS DURINGTRAVEL?
Theintentionofcombiningshouldbemadebeforethefirstprayerisperformed(i.e.Zuhr). Theintentionofthefirstprayershouldthenbemade(i.e.Zuhr).Twounitsofprayershould beprayed,andthencompletedwithtaslim.Thenyoushouldstand,makeintentionforthe nextprayerandthenstart. Itisatbestpermissibletocombineprayers.Thisisnotaconcessionintrinsicallylinkedto travel,itisaconcessionthatcanbeusedwhentravelling.TheAsl(principle)isthatyou dontcombinetheprayers.TheprinciplethatAhllhadithshoulduse,isthatwhenyouare physicallytravelling,thentheconcessionofcombiningshouldbeused,butwhenyouare fixedinyourplace(eventhoughasatraveller),youshouldnotcombine(not recommended)atthistime,butitispermissible.

Jamumeanscombining.CombiningSalahmeansjoiningthedayprayers(dhuhrandasr) togetherateithertimeofeach,andjoiningthenightSalah(maghribandisha)togetherat eithertimeofeach.Fajrremainsinitsactualtime.

Theformsofcombiningprayer
i. JamuTaqdimifthelaterSalahwasperformedduringthetimeoftheearlierone. TheZuhrandAsrprayerisperformedatthetimeofZuhr.TheMaghribandIshais performedatthetimeofMaghrib. JamuTakhiriftheearlierSalahwasdelayeduntilthetimeofthelaterone.The ZuhrandAsrprayerisperformedatthetimeofAsr.TheMaghribandIshaprayeris performedatthetimeofIsha.

ii.

Therulingsoncombiningprayer
FirstopinionMalik,ShafiiandAhmad Itispermissible ii. Secondopinion:AbuHanifah ItisnotpermissibleexceptfortheHujjajonthedayofArafahbetweenZuhrand AsrandonMuzdalifahnightbetweenMaghribandIsha. Theconcessionforcombingismeantforemergencies,UmaribnlKhattabsaid, Continuouscombiningopensthedoorformajorsins. Fiqhscenarios: Whatifthepersonremainsundecided?Whatdoesheorshedo? Ifyouareundecided,thenyouareatraveler,evenifitisfor2or3months,butits alwaysbettertogowithsafetyandnotcombineyoursalahs. WhatifthetravelerjoinsacongregationalSalahinalocalmasjid?Canhestill practiceQasr?YoucannotpracticeQasrbehindanimamwhoisaresidentyoumust prayfourrakats. Whatifthetravelincludeshoppertravelingi.e.stayingfewdaysineachlocalitybut foratotaldurationofmorethantheminimumdurationofresidency? Thepersonisstillconsideredatravelerfortheentiretimebecauseheisnot residinginoneplaceformorethan4/15days ShouldatravelerstillpraythenaflSalah? TheSunnahforthetraveleristonotpraytheSunnahsalawatexceptfortheSunnah offajrandwitr,thetravelercanprayQiyamlLaylasmuchashewants. i.

COMBINGBETWEENFARDSALAH
1. Becauseoftherain 2. Becauseofexcessivefear 3. Becauseofuniquepressingneed IbnAbbas(RA)narrated,theMessengerofAllah(saw)combinedtheZuhrandAsr andthentheMaghribandIshainMadinahwithouttherebeinganydangerorrain. lbnAbbaswasasked:Whatdidhedesirebythataction?Hereplied,Hedidnotwant anyhardshipforhisummah.[Muslim] ThehadithofIbnAbbasismeanttobeusedforwhenthesafetyofsomeoneisatrisk Fiqhscenarios: Astudentwhohasanexamthatextendsbetweenthetimeoftwoprayers,canhe combinetheSalah? Yes,basedonfatwanotFiqhonrareoccasions. AmotherwhoisgoingtothemallandfearsshewontbebackontimeforSalah,can shecombinetheSalah? Aslongasitisnotahabit,thenitisfineforhertodothis. IsitpossibletooffertheimageofcombiningbetweenthetwoSalahbydelayingthe formerSalahpriortotheendofitstime,andprayingthelateronerightatthe beginningofitstime? Permissible IfthelegalexcuseforcombiningthetwoSalahceasedtoexistbeforethetimeofthe laterSalahstarts,isthepersonobligatedtorepeatthatSalahonitsoriginal appointedtime? No HowdoyoumakeyourSalahintheairport? Sameasathome

DEALINGWITHERRORSINSALAH

ACTSTHATNULLIFYSALAH:
1. Foreignspeech

2. Eatingordrinking 3. Continuousforeignacts 4. ExposureofAwrahdeliberately 5. Losingthestateofpurification 6. GettingincontactwithNajasah 7. Laughing 8. Hesitationinregardtotheintention 9. Omittingaruknwithoutreturningbacktoit Forexample,missingarukuandgoingtosujud,ifyoudonotcancelthatrakahand finishthesalah,thenyoursalahisinvalid.YOUmustaddanotherrakah. 10. Omittingoneofthewajibatwithoutavalidreason 11. Precedingtheimam 12. Thearrivalofwaterforsomeonewhoprayswithtayammum(dryablution) Thereisdebateaboutthispoint 13. Togivesalaamdeliberatelypriortoreachingtheend 14. Toreturnbacktothemiddletashahhudafterstandinguptothethirdrakah

ACTSTHATALLOWTHEDEPARTUREFROMSALAH:
1. Torescuesomeonewhoisinthefaceofharm 2. Toprotectpropertyandpossessionsfrompossibletheft 3. Awomantendingthefoodonthestove 4. Anurgentneedforthebathroom 5. Toanswerthecallofparents(inthenaflSalah)

SUJUDLSAHW(PROSTRATIONDUETOFORGETFULNESS)
ThereasonsforapplyingSujudlSahw: 1. Forgetfulness AbdullahibnBuhaynahnarrated,TheProphet(saw)ledtheminZuhrSalahandwhen hestoodupattheendofthefirsttwoRakahanddidnotsit,thepeoplestoodupwith him.WhenhefinishedtheSalahandthepeopleexpectedhimtodotheTaslim,he utteredtheTakbirwhilesittingandmadetwoSajdahbeforesayingtheTaslim,and thenheutteredtheTaslim.[Bukhari] a. ByaddingwhatisnotfromtheSalah,suchas: 1. RecitingtheFatihahintashahhud 2. Togivesalaamanypositionbeforeitsactualtime. 3. Toprolongthesittingpositionbetweenthetwosujud 4. ToaddanextrarakahtotheSalah b. ByomittingwhatisknowntobepartoftheSalahsuchas: 1. Thefirsttashahhud 2. Doubt AbuSaidalKhudri(RA)narratedtheProphet(saw)said,Ifoneofyouhassome doubtsduringhisSalahandhedoesnotrecallhowmanyhehasprayed,threeorfour, thenheshouldcastasidehisdoubtbyperformingSalahaccordingtowhathewas certainof[thelesseramount]andthenmakingtwosajdahbeforetheTaslim.... [Muslim]

Q:WhenshouldtheSujudlSahwtakeplacebeforeoraftertheTaslim?
InBukhari,itismentioned:HeshouldcompletetheSalahthenheshouldsayTaslimandthen performSujudlSahw. TheUlemahadvariousopinionsbutthestrongestseemsthat: AftertheTaslim:Whenyouhaveaddedsomethingtotheprayer,andwhenyouhavedoubt (tahariy)aboutsomethingbutthenrememberthatyouareokay. BeforetheTaslim:Whenyouomitanobligation(wajibat)orhavedoubtforexample whetheryouhaveprayed2rakatsor3,soyoutakethelessernumberandcontinueyour salahandthenhavetobuilduponthatdoubtasperthehadithabove

Q:ShouldapersonsaythetashahhudafterSujudlSahw?
ImranlbnlHusaynnarratedTheProphet(saw)ledtheminSalahandforgot,hethenmade twosajdahs,andthensaidthetashahhudandutteredthetaslim.[AbuDawood] MostoftheUlemasayno,buttheHanafissayyesbasedonthesahihhadithabove.

MAKINGUPMISSEDSALAH:PART1
PRAYINGAFTERTHEEXPIRATIONOFTIME(QADA)
ByunanimousagreementSalahshouldbeperformedasQadaiftimehadexpiredbecause ofdeliberatenegligence,oversleep,forgetfulnessorevenmeredoubt. AbuQatadahnarrated,thepeoplecomplainedtotheMessenger(saw)aboutoversleeping andmissingtheirSalah.TheMessenger(saw)replied,Thereisnonegligenceinsleeping, negligenceiswhensomeoneisawake.WhoeveroversleepsandmisseshisPrayerorforgetsto doit,lethimprayassoonasheremembersit.[alNasaiandTirmidhi]

Q:WhendoesamissedSalahbecomedue?
AnyonewhooversleepsorforgetsaboutaSalahshouldperformtheobligatedSalah immediatelywhentheyremember. Fiqhscenarios: IfsomeonerepentsafteralongnegligenceofhisorherSalaharetheyobligatedto makeupforallthepastyears? Themajorityofthefuqahaintraditionalmadhahibsaythatthepersonmustmake themup.IbnTaymiyyahandmanyofthesalafsaythatapersonisnotobligatedto makeupallofthesalawatbecauseAllahwillorderthattheirnaflsalawatbelooked into;however,theyareencouragedtodoasmuchnaflsalahastheycan. Ifsomeonefallsinacomathatlastsfordays,aretheyobligatedtomakeupforthe missedSalah? Thispersonresumeswiththesalawatwhentheywakeupanddonotmakeupfor themissedsalawat. IfsomeonemissesmorethanoneSalah,whichoneshouldheorshestartwith? Maintaintheorderofthesalawat.IfyoumissZuhr,Asr,MaghribandIshaanditis timeforIsha,thenyoukeeptheorderofthesalawatandprayZuhrthenAsrthen MaghribthenIsha.AccordingtoImamMalik,thepersonpraystheSalahforthat timefirst(I.e.IshafirstthenZuhr,Asr,andMaghrib).

PRAYINGINCONGREGATION
AbuSulaymanalDarani(RA)said,TheSalafusedtoconsolethemselvesthreedaysifthey missedtheopeningTakbir(withtheImam),andsevendaysiftheymissedthewhole congregationalSalah. AbuHurayrah(RA)andAbdullahibnUmar(RA)narrated,theMessenger(saw)said, Prayerincongregationisbetterthanprayingalonebytwentyfiveandinonereportby twentysevendegrees.[BukhariandMuslim]

BENEFITSOFCONGREGATIONALSALAH
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. RespondingtotheMuadhdhinwiththeintentiontoprayinJamaah Arrivingearlytoprayinitsbeginningtime Goingtothemosquewithsakinah Enteringthemosqueinsupplication GreetingthemosquewithtworakatofTahiyyatlMasjid WaitinginthemosquefortheJamaahtostart Theangelsprayingforyouandseekingforgivenessforyou Theangelswillbearwitnessforyou SafetyfromtheDevilashefleesathearingtheIqamah RespondingtothecalloftheIqamah StandingandwaitingwiththeImaminreadinesstoenterastatewhereeverything elseotherthantheprayerwillbecomeharam BeingpresentfortheTakbiratlIhram Straighteningtherowsandclosingthegaps RespondingtotheImamwhenhesaysSamiAllahulimanhamidah(AllahHears theonewhopraisesHim) Agreaterchanceofnotforgettingtheprayer,orbeingabletoremindtheImamifhe forgets Agreaterchanceofperfectingtheexternalaspectsoftheprayer Agreaterchancetoachievepeaceandhumilityintheprayerfromwhatnormally distractsoneselfwhilstprayingalone BeingsurroundedbytheAngelsthroughouttheprayer FamiliarisingoneselfwiththerecitationoftheQuranandthepillarsoftheprayer PromotingthesignsandritualsofIslam DefeatingtheattemptsofSatanbythecombinedworshipofthoseinthe congregation,andtheencouragementofoneanotherintheobedienceofAllah(swt) whilsthelpingthelazytobecomestronger Safetyfromshowingthesignofthehypocrites(thosenotattendingthemosque) andthebadopinonsofotherswhomaythinkthatyoudonotpray ThereturningoftheSalamupontheImam(atendofprayer)

22. 23.

24. Benefittingfromthecongregationinsupplicationanddhikr,whilstatthesametime enjoyingthecombinedblessingsofotherswhenoneisdeficient(inblessing)by himself 25. Establishinggoodrelationswithyourneighbours,lookingoutforthemespeciallyat theprayertimes. 26. ListeninganddeeplyreflectingupontherecitationoftheImam. 27. JoininginwiththeImamandtheAngelsunsayingAminafterSuratlFatihah.

1.RULINGOFCONGREGATIONALSALAH
Byunanimousagreement,itismorepreferableforwomentoprayathome,andmenatthe masjid,buttheydifferedregardingtherequirementofthecongregationalprayeronmen, holdingfouropinions: i. Firstopinion:Shafii Fardkifayah(communalobligation)majorityoftheUlemasayitsahighlyregarded Sunnah. ii. Secondopinion:AbuHanifahandMalik Sunnahmuakkadah(highlyrecommended) iii. Thirdopinion:Ahmad FardAyn(personallyobligatory) iv. Fourthopinion:Zahiri Rukn

2.THEVALUEOFCONGREGATIONALSALAH
AbuHurayrah(RA)narrated,theMessenger(saw)said,Ifeltastrongdesiretocommanda mantoleadthepeopleinprayer,thencommandsomementofetchfirewood,thengotothe peoplewhohaveleftoffprayingincongregationandsettheirhousesonfire.BytheOnein whosehandthesoulofMuhammadis,ifoneofthemknewthathewouldfindafatmeatybone ortwofinesheephoovesintheMasjid,hewouldsurelycometoattendtheIsha.[Bukhari& Muslim] FiqhScenarios: WhatconstitutesacongregationforSalah? ToestablishacongregationforSalah,onlytwopeopleareneededtheImamand mamum. HowshouldpeoplelineupincongregationalSalah? Shouldertoshoulderandfoottofoot.Menlineupfirst,thentheboys,thenthegirls andthenthewomenintheback.

ShouldwomenattendthecongregationalSalah? ItispermissibleforwomentoattendthecongregationalSalah.Fortheirownsake andthereward,itisbetterforthemtoprayathome. WhendoesacongregationalSalahcountforalatecomer? Ifthepersoncatchesthelastruku,thenthepersonhascaughtthecongregational Salah.Iftheimamisinthefinalsujudortashahhucl,youshouldstilljointhe congregation,andaftertheimamsaysTaslimcontinuewithyourSalah. ShouldtherebemorethanonecongregationalSalahinoneMasjid? InprinciplenoaccordingtoImamShafii,ShaykhalAlbaniandShaykhAbuEesa IfsomeonewhodidhisSalahentersaMasjid,shouldheorshejointhe congregationalSalah? Yes,youshouldanddoitasanafl

IMAMANDMAMUM

RULESOFTHEIMAM
1. Conditionsoftheimam:Theimamshouldbe: a. AMuslim b. Ofsoundmind c. Male

Q:CanawomanleadSalahforanallfemalecongregation?
Firstopinion:ShafiiandAhmad(MajorityoftheFuqaha) Yes,awomancanleadinanallfemalecongregationalSalah. ii. Secondopinion:AbuHanifah Itisstrictlyabominable. iii. Thirdopinion:Malik Itisinvalid. d. Whoreachedtheageofpuberty i. Firstopinion:Shafii AminorwhoreachedtheageofrecognitioncanleadtheSalah,this meansthatifthechildiseightornine,andknowsthedifference betweenrightandwrong,andthentheycanleadtheSalah. i.

Secondopinion:AbuHanifah,Malik,andAhmad Theimamhastobeanadultwhoreachedtheageofpuberty. e. ToknowthebasicrulingsofSalah f. 2. AbominableactsinleadingSalah a. Imamshouldnotbesomeonewhoisopenlytasiq(disobedient)ormubtadi (innovator) b. Imamshouldnotleadifpeopledislikehisleading c. ImamshouldnotprolongtheSalahingeneral d. ImamshouldnotprolonganyactofSalahinordertoletthelatecomersjoinin althoughthisdifferedover ToknowhowtoreadtheQuranproperly

ii.

RULESOFTHEMAMUM
1. TheMamumshouldlineupbehindtheImamwiththemenfirst,thenchildren,then thewomen. 2. TheMamumdoesnotneedtohearorseetheImamtovalidatehissalahwhatis importantisthatthelinesareproperlyconstructed,asyouarefollowingthelinein frontandtherecanbesomeonewhoechoestheImamsinstructionsforruku,sujud, etc.Forthewomen,itisnecessaryforthemtohearthewomen.Ifthespeakergoes atthistime,thewomenshouldjustcontinueandcompletetheSalahthemselves. 3. TheMamumshouldrecitethefollowingintheSalah: i. FirstOpinionShafii HeshouldreciteFatihahandanotherSurahinsilentprayersandonlythe Fatihahintheloudprayers. ii. SecondOpinionAbuHanifah HeshouldnotreciteanythinginbothkindsofSalah. iii. ThirdOpinionMalikandAhmad HeshouldreciteinthesilentSalah,butnotintheonedonealoud.

MAKINGUPFORMISSEDSALAH:PART2THE MAMUMASTHELATECOMER(MASBUQ)

ETIQUETTEOFTHELATECOMERFORSALAH(ALMASBUQ)
AbuHurayrah(RA)narrated,theMessenger(saw)said,WhenyouheartheIqamah,walk yourwaytotheSalahplacewithtranquilityanddignity,anddonothurryup.Andwhatever portionoftheSalahyouget(withtheImam)offerit,andcompleteafterwardswhateveryou missed.[Bukhari] 1. Heshouldwalkwithtranquilitytotheline,notrun. 2. Placeandsteadyhimselfinline 3. Heshouldnotstandalonebehindthelines 4. StartwiththeopeningTakbir(Takbiratlihram) 5. Dohismovingtakbir(ifneeded) 6. FollowtheImaminwhicheverstagehemaybe 7. StandupwhentheImamgiveshisTaslim,tomakeupforthemissedRakahs Q:WhencantheMasbuqcounttheRakahs? CounttheRakahifyouareabletogointotherukupositionandsaysubhanarabbial adheemonetimebeforetheImamsayssamiAllahulimanhamidah. Q:WhatdoestheMasbuqmakeupfor,isitthemissedpartofhisSalahortheremaining part? Accordingtothemajority,youmakeuptheremainingpart.

RULESOFMASJID
TheentireearthisaMasjid. Tobebuiltinresidentialareas.

Fiqhscenarios: WhatistherulingonbuildingamultipurposeMasjidorcenter? Permissible IsitpermissibletohaveagraveintheMasjid? No! CanamenstruatingwomanstayintheMasjid? SheisallowedtostayundertwoconditionsaccordingtheShaykhAbuEesabased onafatwa:

i. ii.

ShedoesnotsoiltheMasjid Shehasnottakentheplaceofawomanthatneedstopray,ifspaceis limited

CannonMuslimsentertheMasjid? Yes. CansaleandtradetakeplaceintheMasjid? No. IsitpermissibletoservefoodanddrinkintheMasjid? Yes. IsitpermissibletosleepintheMasjid? Yes. HowdecorativeshouldtheMasjidbe? Functional,donotgetexcessive WhatistherulingonbringingchildrenintotheMasjid? Notaplaceforyoungchildren,thereforeteachthechildrentheetiquetteofthe Masjid.

ETIQUETTESOFGOINGTOTHEMASJID
1. TheDuaforgoingtotheMasjid 2. TheDuaforenteringtheMasjid 3. TheDuaforleavingtheMasjid

PARTTWO:OTHERFORMSOFSALAH
SALATLNAFILAH(SUPEROGATORYSALAH)
1. Itsvirtue RabiahibnMalik(Kab)alAslami(RA)narrated,IusedtostaywiththeProphet(saw) atnightandwaituponhimtobringwaterforablutionandsoforth.Onedayhetold me:Wishanythingyoulikefromme!Isaid.IaskyourcompanyinParadise.He replied,Anythingelse?Isaid,Thatisall.Hesaid,Thenhelpmetoachievethisfor youbydevotingyourselfoftentoprostration.[Muslim] TheProphet(saw)couldnotguaranteehimwhathewantedbecauseitisfromAllah (swt),sohetoldhimtohelphimtohelphimachievethisbyincreasinginhisnafl Salah. 2. Itssignificance ThefirstthingthattheslaveofAllahwillbeheldaccountableforistheobligatory prayer.Ifitiscomplete(thenfine),ifnotitwillbesaidSeeifthereareany voluntaryprayersandsoiftherearethentheobligatorywillbecompletedfromthe voluntary,andsamewillhappenlikewisewithalltherestoftheobligatoryactions. [IbnMajah,1415Sahih] Fiqhscenarios: Whichofthenaflsalawatisbetter,thoseperformedduringthedayorthoseduring thenight? Duringthenight,theProphet(saw)wasaskedaboutthebestoftheSalah,andhe saidSalatlLayl IsitbettertoperformnaflSalahintheMasjidorathome? Forbothmenandwomen,itisbettertobeperformedathome. CanwepraynaflSalahwhileseated,evenifwehavenoexcuse? Yes,butyouwillonlygethalftherewardofanaflprayedstanding IsitbettertoperformnailSalahindividuallyorincongregation? OnlyTaraweehisdoneincongregationallothernaflsaredoneindividually ShouldnaflSalahbeperformedinunitsoftwoorunitsoffour? Unitsoftwoarebetter.TheProphet(saw)saidnightprayeristobeperformedin twounits.

FORMSOFNAFLSALAH
1.ALRAWATIB
TheoptionalprayersperformedinassociationwiththeobligatorySalah,numbering: 1. TenRakahs(weakeropinion) 2. TwelveRakahs(Strongestopinion) 3. FourteenRakahs Fiqhscenarios: IfsomeonemissesanyofalRawatib,cans/hemakeupforit(Qada)? InprinciplecannotmakeupunlessthepersonconsistentlyprayedthealRawatib IsitpossibletoprayalRawatibincongregation? alRawatibshouldbeperformedindividually

2.ALWITR
Thesingleprayer(oddnumberofRakahs)doneafterIsha,itisconsideredwajibbysome. TheProphet(saw)wouldnevermissthisSalahevenwhenhewastraveling. a. Whendoesitstimestart,andwhendoesitend? OnceIshahasbeenprayeditstartsandendsbeforefajrtime. b. HowmanyRakahsisWitrSalah? AccordingtoImamAbuHanifahitsthreerakahslikeMaghrib,accordingtothe majority:theminimumisone.Also,accordingtothemajorityofthefuqaha,donot prayitlikeMaghrib. c. Whatshouldberecitedinit? Ingeneraleverythingisallowed. d. WhatistherulingofqunutinwitrSalah? Themajorityofthefuqahasaythatthequnutisoptional. e. IsitpossibletorecitethequnutinanylanguagebesidesArabic? SticktonarratedDuasandkeepitinArabic f. WhatifsomeonemisseswitrSalah? IbnTaymiyyahsaidthattheWitrdoesnotneedtobemadeup,eventhoughthe Prophet(saw)did.

 g. WhattodoifyouwakeupforQiyamatnightafteryouvealreadyprayedwitr?Do youhavetoredoyourwitr? DonotneedtodoWitragainaccordingtofatwa

3.ALDUHA
TheSalahduringtheforenoontime. Q:WhenisthebesttimetoprayDuha? Whenthesunbecomesbrightandgetshot.Around9or10am. Q:HowmanyRakahsdoesSalatlDuhaconsistof? Youhavetheoptiontopray2,4,8or12rakahinunitprayers

4.ALSHURUQ(ORISHRAQ)
TheSalahperformedaftersunrise. HewhoperformsFajrSalahwithJamaahandremainsseatedinthesameplacewhile engaginginDhikruntilaftersunriseandthereafterperforms2RakahsNaflSalah,(Ishraq), hewillobtaintherewardofoneHajjandoneUmrah.[Tirmidhi]

5.QIYAMLLAYL
TheSalahthatisdoneanytimeduringthenightafterIshaSalah. Q:WhatisthedifferencebetweenQiyamlLaylandtahajjud? Tahajjudisatitlegivenexclusivelytothenightprayeraftersleep.TheSalahperformed beforesleepingisgenerallycalledQiyamlLayl. Q:WhichismorevirtuousinQiyamlLayllongstandingorlongsujud? InQiyamlLayl,thelongstandingisbetterthanthelongsujud.

6.TAHIYYATLMASJID
TheSalahperformeduponenteringtheMasjid AbuQattara(RA)narrated,theMessenger(saw)said:LetoneofyoupraytwounitsofPrayer whens/heentersamosquebeforesittingdown![Bukhari] Fiqhscenarios: WhatifsomeoneenterstheMasjidwhilethejamaahhasalreadybeen established? Jointhejamaahstraightaway.

 WhatifsomeoneenterstheMasjidduringtheprohibitedtimes,canhestillprayit? AccordingtoImamShafii,thereisareasonfortheSalah,andyoucanprayit. AccordingtoImamAbuHanifah,youcannotpraytheSalahbecauseitisatimeof prohibition. WhatifsomeoneenterstheMasjidonFridaywhilethekhatibisalreadyonthe minbargivingthekhutbah,shouldhesitdownorpray? Pray WhatisthetahiyyahofalMasjidalHaraminMakkah,isittworakahortawaf? Tawaf

7.ALISTIKHARAH
TheSalahisdonewhenseekingguidancefromAllahforaparticularmatter.Istikharahhas nothingtodowithadecisionaccordingtoShaykhAbuEesa.Itisablessingthatyoudo afterexhaustingallotheravenues.IfitturnsoutgoodAlhamdulillahandifitturnsoutbad Alhamdulillah. TheresponsetoIstikharahisnothingdramatic,itmaybeagoodfeelingoragoodword.You mayhearsomethingthatcoincideswhatyouareaskingfor.

8.ALWUDU
TheSalahperformedafteronemakesWudu. AbuHurayrah(RA)narrated,theMessenger(saw)saidtoBilal(RA)atthetimeofFajrSalah: TellmeBilalofthedeedsyouhavedonesincebecomingaMuslimforwhichyouexpectthe bestreward,forIheardthesoundofyoursandalsinfrontofmeinParadise.Bilalreplied,I havedonenothinginthehopeofbestrewardexceptofofferingNaflSalahimmediatelyafter doingWuduatanyhourofthedayorthenight.[BukhariandMuslim]

9.ALTAWBAH
TheSalahdoneaftersomeonedoesasinfulactthatrequiresrepentance.

10.ALHAJAH
TheSalahperformedwhensomeoneisinneedofsomething.

11.ALTASABIH
TheSalahdonewithampleTasabihforthesakeofglorifyingandpraisingAllah.TheUlema ofoldandnewaresplitalmostevenlyonthevalidityofalTasabihSalah.

12.AIAWWABIN
TheSalahperformedinsixRakahsafterMaghribSalah,theUlemadifferovervalidityof thisSalah.

13.ALMUTLAQ
AbsoluteandunrestrictedSalah a. FourbeforeAsrSalah(NOTEMPHASIZED) b. TwobeforeMaghribSalah(MUCHDISPUTED) c. Betweenadhanandiqamah d. inthethreemasajid(Makkah,Madinah,andJerusalem) e. duringtimesofdistress f. Anytimeduringthedayornight.

OTHERCONGREGATIONALPRAYERS

SALATLJUMUAH(FRIDAYPRAYER)
Q:IsJumuahprayeraseparateSalahorasubstitutionforZuhr? Substituiton Q:WhatistherulingonleavingJumuahforworkorschool? Nolavingitformen,missingJumuahononeortwooccasionsisokay,butifyoumissfor threeconsecutiveweeksyourputtingyourselfontheedgeofIslam. Q:WhatisthetimeofJumuah? ThetimeofZuhr Q:CantherebetwoJumuahsinoneMasjid? Inthissociety,wedonothaveanyotherchoicebylawbecauseifthemasjidcapacitycannot exceedacertainnumber,thentwocanoccurasneeded Q:WhatistheminimumnumberofpeoplerequiredtoestablishtheJumuahSalah? AccordingtoImamShafiiandImamAhmad40men,womenarenotobligatedtopray Jumuah.Accordingtothisopinion,ifyouhave100womenand35men,youcannotpray SalahJumuahandmustprayZuhr.ImamAbuHanifahsopinionisthatyouneedonlythree, theImamandtwoothers. Q:Canthekhatibbeafemale? No

Q:ShouldtherebeanyhalaqahbeforeJumuahSalah? No. Q:WhatistherulingonthekhutbahforJumuah? TheSunnahisthatitsshort Q:Whatifsomeonemissesthekhutbah?IshisSalahstillvalid? Salahstillvalid Q:CananotherimamleadtheSalahotherthanthekhatib? Yes

SALATLEEDAYN
Q:WhendoesEedSalahtakeplace? o EedlFitrisonthefirstdayofShawwal. o EedlAdhaisonthe10thdayofDhuIHijjah,whichisthedayafterArafat. Q:WhatistheexacttimeforeachSalah? ThetimeofDuha Q:WhereshouldSalatlEedbeperformed,aMasjidoraMusallah? Itshouldbeperformedinanopenspace Q:ArethereanySunnahforSalatlEed? No,thereisnoSunnahbeforeorafter. Q:WhatistherulingontheTakbiratbeforeSalatlEed? Sunnah Q:IsthereanyadhanoriqamahfortheSalatlEed? No.

SALATLTARAWIH(RAMADANNIGHTPRAYERS)
AbuHurayrah(RA)narrated,theProphet(saw)said,WhoeverspendsanightofRamadan offeringprayerwithasincerebeliefandhopethathewillgetrewardforit,hispastsinsare forgiven. [BukhariandMuslim] Q:HowmanyRakahisit? AishahinBukhariandMuslimnarates,thattheProphet(saw)neverprayedmorethan11 rakah.Thisiseightplusthreerakahforwitr.

Thethreeotheropinionsalsohavevalidevidences

SALATLKHUSUF&KUSUF(THEECLIPSEPRAYER)
ThisSalahisdonewheneverweobserveasolarorlunareclipse,kusufisthesolareclipse andkhusufisthelunareclipse.

SALATLISTISQA(PRAYERFORTHEREQUESTOFRAIN)
AbuHurayrah(RA)narrated,TheProphetofAllahwentoutonedaytomakeSalatlIstisqa andprayedtwoRakahswithuswithoutanyAdhanorIqamah.Then,headdressedusand supplicated ToAllahandturnedhisfacetowardtheqiblah,withhishandsraised.Next,hereversedhis cloak,placingitsleftsideonhisrightsideanditsrightsideonhisleftside.[Ahmadandlbn Majah]

SALAHALKHAWF(PRAYERDURINGTHETIMEOFFEAROR DANGER)
ThisisaformofcongregationalSalahperformedduringatimeofdangerorfear.Itismainly performedduringthetimeofwar,andspecificallyspeakinginwarzones. IthastwodifferentformatsoneiftheenemyisfacingtheQiblahandwheniftheenemyisin thedirectionoftheQiblah. IftheenemyisnotinthedirectionoftheQiblah,someofthepeoplearetakingpositionto guardandprotectthearmyandthecamp,andtheykeeplookinginalldirections.Youpray twoRakahsbecauseyouaretravelers.TheImamprayswiththerestoneRakah(recitation, ruku,risefromruku,twosajdahs,risefromsajdah).Theimamremainsstandingwhile thosefollowingfinishonemoreRakahandmakesalaam.Aseachpersonfinishes,they tradepositionswithapersonwhohadbeenguarding.Theremainingpeoplejointheimam withaTakbir(someonegivestheimamagesturethateveryoneisthere).Therecitationis made,ruku,risefromruku,twosajdahs.Theimamsitsdownforthetashahhudandthe followersstandupandmakeupforthemissedrakah.Theimamgivesanestimatedtime forthemtofinishtheirtashahhud,andtheimamandthefollowerssaytheTaslimtogether.