SECTION-I (REAL NUMBERS & TOPOLOGY OF

Question 1 State algebraic properties of real numbers. Question 2 Theorem-: (a) If z and a are elements in with z+a =a, then z=0. (b) If u and b { 0 are elements in with u.b=b,then u=1 (c) If a ,then a.0=0 Question 3 Theorem-: (a) If a { 0 and b in such that a.b=1 then b=1/a. (b) If a.b=0,then either a=o or b=0 Question 4 Theorem-: There does not exist a rational number r such that r 2 =2 Definition-: The order properties of

There is a non empty subset P of , called the set of positive real numbers That satisfies the following properties: (1) If a, b belong to P,then a+b belongs to P. (2) If a , b belong to P,then ab belong to P. (3) If a belong to ,then exactly one of the following is true: a P, a=0, -a P Definition-: let a , b be elements of . (a) If a-b P ,then we write a>b or b<a (b) If a-b P _0a,then we write a u b or b e a.

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Question 5 Theorem-: let a , b , c be any elements of . (a) If a>b and b>c , then a>c. (b) If a>b,then a+c >b+c. (c) If a >b and c>0, then ca>cb. If a> b and c<0, then ca<cb. Question 6 Theorem-: (a) If a and a { 0, then a 2 >0. (b)If n , then n>0. Question 7 Theorem-: If a is such that 0 e a< I for every I >0, then a=0. Question 8 Theorem-: If ab>0, then either (1) a>0 and b>0 or (2) a<0 and b<0 Question 9 (a) Let a u o and b u 0.Then a < b a 2 b2 a
b

(b) If a and b are positive real numbers, then

a.b e 1 (a  b) 2

(c) ,(BERNOULLI S INEQUALITY). if

n x " 1, then   x u nx,  n 1

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Question 10 If a , b are real numbers then prove the following. (a) If a+b=o, then a+b=0 ,then b=-a (b) (-a)=a (c) (-1)a=-a, (d) (-1)(-1)=1 (e) (a+b)=(-a)+(-b) (f) ( a).(-b)=a.b (g)

1 !  1 a a

Question 11 If a satisfies a.a=a, prove that either a=o or a=1. Question 12

if a { 0 b { 0 ,show that. 1 ! 1 1 ab a b

Question 13 Show that there does not exist a rational number s such that Question 14 Show that there is no rational whose square is 3. Question 15 Show that sum and product of two rational numbers, is a rational number. Question 16 (a) Prove that if x is rational and y is irrational then x+y is irrational. (b) If x is non zero rational and y is irrational then x.y is irrational. (c) Show that there is no natural number between 0 and 1 (d) Prove that no natural number can be both even and odd
PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

s 2 =6

(e) If c>1 and m , n are natural numbers ,show that c m " c n m " n . (f) If 0<c<1 and m , n are natural numbers,show that c m c n m " n

Question 17 (a) If a<b and c e d, prove that a+c<b+d. (b) If 0<a<b and 0 e c e d,prove that 0 e a.c e b.d. (c) Show that if a>0 , then
1 1 >0 and !a. a 1 a 1 (d) Show that if a<b , then a a  b b . 2

Question 18

c 1 (b) If 1<c, show that 1 c c2 . (c) If a " 0,b " 0 and n , showthat a b an bn
Definition-: (The set There is a set

(a) If 0<c<1,show that 0< c2

of natural numbers)

(called set of natural numbers) which has following properties.

N1. 1 belongs to
N2. if n , then n 1

N3. 1 is not successor o any element in

N4. i n and m have the same successor then n ! m

N5. if S and has property that (a) 1 belongs to (b) n n 1S, then S=
PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Axiom N5 is the basis of mathematical induction. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION-: Let P , P , P ............ be statements or propositions, then

1 2 3 P , P , P ............ are true provided 1 2 3

(I ) P is true, 1 1 (I ) P is true whenever Pn is true. 2 n1

Example 1 Prove that 1 2  3  4  ...... n ! n n 1

Example 2 All numbers 7n  2n are divisible by 5 Example 3 Show that sin(nx) e n sin( x) for all natural numbers n .

Example 4

12  22  32  42  ...... n2 ! n n 1 2n 1 ,  n 6
Example 5

2 13  23  32  ...... n3 ! 1 2 3..... n ,  n
PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Example 6

3 11 ..... 8n  5 ! 4n2  n,  n

Example 7 (a) Prove that

(b) Prove

1 1 1 1 1   .... n ! 2  n ,  n . 2 4 2 2 n 11 that   4n is divisible by 7 ,  n 7n -6n -1 is divisible by 36,  n

(c) Prove that (d) Prove that Question

2n1  2n3  2n5  ... 4n1 ! 3n2, n

State and prove binomial theorem using mathematical induction. Definition-: A number is called an algebraic number if it satisfies a polynomial equation

an xn  a xn1  ..... a x  a ! 0 , where 1 0 n1 a , a , ....,an are integers, an { 0 and n u 1. 0 1

Rational zero theorem. Suppose that

a , a , ....,an are integers and that r 0 1

is a rational number

satisfies the polynomial equation

an xn  a xn1  ..... a x  a ! 0 where an { 0 and n u 1. 1 0 n1

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Write

r ! p , p, q { 0 are integers having no common factors,

q

Then

q divides an and p divides a . 0

Question

2 can not represent a rational number.

Question

17 can not represent a rational number.

Question

61/3 can not represent a rational number.

Question

a ! 2 51/3
Question

1/2
does not represent a rational number.

b ! 4 2 3 /7
Question

1/2
can not represent a rational number.

3 , 5 , 7 , 24 and 31 are not rational numbers. 1/4 13 (b) Show that 21/3, 51/7 , and  are not rational numbers.
(a) Show that

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

(c) Show that 2 

1/2

5

1/3

, and

3

2/3
are not

rational numbers.

Absolute value and real line

Definition-:The absolute value of a real number a, denoted by

a ,is defined by

a a ! o a 

if a "0 if a !0 if a 0

Question 19 Theorem- : (a)

ab ! a b

for all a, b .

(b) a 2 ! a2 for all a .

(c) if c u 0, then a e c c e a e c. (d )  a e a e a for all a .

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Question 20 Theorem-:(Triangle inequality) If

a, b , then a  b e a  b .

Question 21 Corollary-: If

a, b , then

(a) a  b e a  b , (b) a  b e a  b .
Question 22

let the function f be defined by 2 f ( x) ! 2 x  3x 1 for 2 e x e 3. 2 x 1 find a constt M suchthat f ( x) e M  x 2,3

Definition-:

let a , and let I " 0.thenthe I  neighbourhood of a is the set VI (a) ! _ : x  a I a x

Question 23 Theorem-:

let a .if x belongs to the neighbourhood VI ( a) for every I " 0 then x ! a .

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Question 24

if a , b and b { 0 then sho that (a ) a ! a , b b (b) a ! a2

Question 25

if a, b , sho that a  b ! a  b a.b u 0

Question 26

if x, y, z and x e z show that x e y e z x  y  y  z ! x  z int erpret this geometrically.

Qestion 27

Show that x  a I a I x a  I .
Question 28

if a x b and a y b , sho that x  y b  a .

Question 29

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Find all x that satisfy the follo ing inequallities. (a) 4 x  5 e13 (b) x2 1 e 3. (c) x 1  x  2 ! 7 (d ) x 1 " x 1. (e) x  x 1 2
Question 30

( f ) 4 x  2  x 1 5

Determine and sketch the points  x, y in 2 that satisfy : (a) x ! y (b) x  y !1 (c) x.y ! 2 (d ) x  y ! 2 (e) x e y ( f ) x  y e1 ( g ) x. y e 2 (h) x  y u 2

Question 31

let I " 0 and H " 0, and a . Sho that VI (a) I VH (a) and VI (a) UVH (a)
are K  neoghbourhoods of a for some appropriate values of K

Question 32

let a, b , such that a { b , Sho that there exists I " 0 such that VI (a) I VI (b) ! .
PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Question 33

Sho that if a, b then a ! a (a) max _ ,ba 1   b  a  b 2 a ! a (b) min _ , ba 1   b  a  b 2 a ! (c) min _ , b, ca min _ _ , baca min a , .

Supremum,infimum and completness property of

De inition-: let S be a nonempty subset o (a) The set S is said to be bounded above i there exists a number u such that s e u or all s S. Each such number u is called an upper bound o S.
(b) The set S is said to be bounded below i there exists a number w such that w e s or all s S. Each such number w is called a lower bound o S. (c) A set is said to be bounded i it is both bounded above and bounded below. A set is said to be unbounded i it is not bounded.

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Definition : let S be a nonempty subset of . (a) If S is bounded above, then a number u is said to be supremum (or a least upper bound) of S if it satisfies the conditions: (1) u is an upper bound of S,and (2) if v is any upper bound of S,then u e v. (b) If S is bounded belo , then a number is said to be an infimum (or a greatest lo er bound) of S if it satisfies the conditions: (1) is a lo er bound of S,and (2) if t is any lo er bound of S, then t e .

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

lemma-:A number u is the supremum of a nonempty subset S of iff u satisfies the conditions: (1) s e u  sS, (2) If v<u, then  sdS such that v<sd . lemma-: An upper bound u of a nonempty set S in is the supremum of S if and only if for every I >0  an sI S such that u-I <sI . The completeness property of  : very nonempty set of real number that has an upper bound also has a supremum in . Question 34 (a) let S = _ : x u 0a sho in deatail that the set S has x . 1 1 lo er bounds, but no upper bounds. sho that infS =0 1 (b) let S = _ : x " 0a .does S has an upper bound?, x 2 2 does it has a lo er bound? Does supS exist? Does infS exist?. 2 2 1 (c) let S = : n . sho that supS =1,inf S u 0. n 3 3 3

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Question 35 let S be any nonempty subset of that is bounded belo . prove that infS=-sup_ s : s S a  . Question 36 if a set S contains one of its upper bounds, sho that this upper bound is the supremum of S. Question 37 let S be nonempty. sho that u is an upper bound of S if and only if the conditions t and t " u t S. Question 38 let S be nonempty.sho that u ! supS . (1)  n , u  1 is not an upper bound of S n (2)  n , u  1 is an upper bound of S. n Question 39 Sho that if A and B are bounded subsets of . then A B is a bounded subset of . sho that sup(A B) ! sup(supA,supB). Question 40 let S be a bounded subset of and let S be a nonempty subset of S 0 then infS e infS e supS e supS. 0 0 Question 41 let S and suppose that s* ! supS,and that s* . if u S. sho that sup S _ua ! sup *,u . s

Question 42 Sho that a nonempty finite set S contains its supremum.

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Question 43 Archimedean property-: i x , there exists nx such that nx " x. Question 44 Corollary-: i S ! 1 : n , then in S ! 0 n Question 45 Corollary-: i t " 0,there exists nt such that 1 0< n < t. t Question 46 Corollary-: i y " 0 ,there exists n y such that n y 1e y e n y . Question 47 There exists a positive real number x such that x2 ! 2.

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Question 48 Theorem-:(Density theorem) if x and y are any real numbers x y, then there exists rational number r such that x r y. Question 49 Corollary-: if x and y are real numbers with x y, then there exists an irrational number z such that x z y. Question 50 (a) show that sup  1 : n ! 1 1 n 1 1 (b) if S !  m : n, m . find inf S and sup S. n Question 51 let S be a nonempty bounded set in . (a) let a " 0, and let aS ! _ : s S aprove that . as inf(aS ) ! a inf(S ). sup(aS ) ! a sup(S ). (b) let b 0, and let bS ! _ : s S aprove that . bs inf(bS ) ! b sup(S ), sup(bS ) ! b inf S . Question 52 let X be nonempty set and let f : X p have bounded range in . if a , show that sup _  f ( x): x X a a  sup_f (x): x X a a ! also that inf _  f ( x): x X a a  inf _f ( x): x X a ! a Question 53 let A and B be bounded nonempty subsets of . a and let A  B ! _  b :a A and b Ba . prove that sup(A+B) ! sup( A)  sup(B ) and inf( A  B ) ! inf( A) inf(B )
PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Question 54 Given any x , show that  a unique n such that n 1e x n. Question 55 if y " 0, show that  n such that 1 y. 2n Question 56 if a " 0, then sho that there exists a positive real number z such that z2 =a. Question 57 sho that  a positive real number u such that u3 ! 2. Question 58 if u " 0 is a real number andx y ,sho that  a rational number r such that x ru y. Question 59 (Characterization theorem)-: if S is a subset of that contains at least t o points and has the property if x , y S and x y then x, y S, then S is an interval.

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Definition-: A neighbourhood of a point x is any set V that contains an I -neighbourhood VI (x ) of x for some I " 0. Definition-: (1) A subset G of is open in if for each x G there exists a neighbourhood V of x such that V G. (2) A subset F of is closed in if the complement C(F) ! \ F is open in . Question 60 Open set properties-: (a) The union of arbitrary collection of open subsets in is an open set. (b) The intersection of any finite collection of open sets in is an open set.

Question 61 Closed set properties-: (a) The intersection o an arbitrary collection o closed sets in is a closed set. (b) The union o inite collection o closed sets in is closed. Question 62 Theorem-: A subset o is closed i and only i it contains all its cluster points.

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Definition-: (interior point)

x is called an interior point of A if and only if there exists a neighbourhood V of x such that V A. Definition-:(isolated point) x is called isolated point of A if it is not an interior point of A. Definition-:(closure) let A be any set,then closure of A is the intersection of all closed sets containing A. it is denoted by A Definition-:(interior of a set) Let A be any set,then interior of is the union of all open sets contained in A. it is denoted by A0. Definition-:(a) A set S is said to be denumerable(or countably infinite) if there exists a bijection of onto S. (b) A set S is said to be countable if it is either finite or denumerable. (c) A set S is said to be uncountable if it is not countable. Question Sho that set (of real numbers) is uncountable.

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

SECTION -2(SEQUENCES) Definition-:

A sequence of real numbers (or a sequence in

) is a function

defined on the set of natural numbers whose range is contained in the set of real numbers.

, Notation-: X , xn xn : n

Definition-: (Fibonacci sequence)

The sequence f n defined as f !1, f !1, and f !f f 1 2 n1 n1 n is called the fibonacci sequence.

n u 2 .

Definition-: A sequence X ! xn in is said to converse to x Or x is said to be a limit of xn , if for every I " 0 there exists

K (I ) such that xn  x I . for all n u K (I ) .

Note-: If a sequence has a limit we say that sequence is convergent; if it has no limit we say it is divergent. Question 64
PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Theorem-: A sequence in can have at most one limit.

Question 65 Theorem-: Let X ! xn be a sequence of real numbers, and let x .

The following statements are equivalent (a) X converges to x (b) for every I " 0 ,there exists K (I ) such that xn  x

I ;  n u K (I )

(c)for every I " 0 ,there exists K (I ) Such that x  I

xn x  I

 n u K (I )

(d)for every I -neighbourhood VI ( x) of x ,there exists K (I ) Such that xn VI ( x)  n u K (I ) . Question 66 Show the following (a) lim 1 ! 0

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

(b) lim 3n  2 ! 3

n 1

(c) if 0 b 1, then lim(bn ) ! 0

Definition-: if X ! x1, x2 , x3 , x4 ,...........xn ............. is a sequence

Of real numbers and if m is a given natural number, then the m-tail of X is the sequence

X m ! xm 1, xm  2 , xm 3 , xm  4 ,.........xm  n ...........

Question 67 Theorem-: m-tail of a sequence is convergent if and only if the sequence is convergent, moreover both shall have the same limit. Question 68 Theorem-: Let xn be a sequence of real numbers and let x . If an is a sequence of positive real numbers with lim an ! 0 and if for some constant C " 0 and some m we have

xn  x e Can

 num ,

then it follows that lim xn ! x .

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Question 69 (a) if a " 0, then lim

1 !0 1 na

1 (b) if a " 0, then lim a n ! 1 1 (c) lim n n ! 1

Question 70 For any b , prove that lim b ! 0
n

Question 71 Use the definition of limit of a sequence to establish the following limits.

n !0 (a) lim n 2 1
(c) lim 3n 1 ! 3 2n  5 2

(b) lim 2n ! 2

n 1

n2 1 ! 1 (d) lim 2n2  3 2

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Question 72 Show that (a) lim

1 !0 n7

(b) lim

n !0 n 1

(c) lim

1

n 2 1

Question 73

let xn ! 1 for n . ln(n 1) (a) use the definition of limit to sho that lim ( xn ) ! 0 (b) find a specific value of k(I ) as required in the definition of limit for each of (1) I ! 1 (2) I ! 1 2 10
Question 74

for a sequence o real numbers (xn ) sho that lim(xn ) ! 0 lim xn ! 0 give an example to show that convergence o does not imply convergence o (xn ).
Question 75
PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

xn

Show that if xn u 0  n ,and lim(xn ) ! 0 , then lim Question 76

 x ! 0
n

Prove that if lim(xn ) ! x , and if x " 0 , then there exists a natural number M such that xn " 0  n u M. Question 77
Show that lim 1 ! 0 n

Question 78 Show that for 0 b 1 , lim nbn ! 0 .

Question 80 If lim xn ! x " 0, show that  k

such that i n u k , then 1 x

xn 2 x

Definition-: A sequence X ! xn of real numbers is said to be bounded if  M " 0 such that xn e M for all n . Question 81 Theorem-: Every convergent sequence of real numbers is bounded.

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Question 82 Theorem-: (a) Let X ! xn and Y ! yn be sequences of real numbers that conversge to x and y , respectively, and let c .Then the sequences X  Y , X  Y , X .Y and cX converge to

x  y, x  y, xy and cx , respectively. (b) If X ! xn converges to x and Z ! zn is a sequence of

nonzero real numbers that converges to z { 0 , then the sequence Question 83 Theorem-: If X ! xn is convergent sequence of real numbers and if xn u 0 for all n , then x ! lim xn u 0

X x converges to . Z z

Question 84 Theorem-:
If

X ! xn and Y ! yn are convergent sequences of real numbers and if

. xn e yn for all n , then lim xn e lim yn

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Question 85 Theorem-:
If

X ! xn is convergent sequence and if a e xn e b for all n , a e lim( xn ) e b .

then

Question 86 Theorem-:(squeeze theorem) Suppose that X ! xn , Y ! yn and Z= zn are such that ,

xn e yn e zn for all n , and that lim xn ! lim zn then Y ! yn is convergent and lim xn ! lim yn ! lim zn .
Question 87
Show that

lim sin(n) ! 0 n

Question 88 Theorem-:
let the sequence

X ! xn converges to x . Then the sequence xn

converges to x .

Theorem-:
PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Let X ! xn be a sequence of real numbers that converges to x and suppose xn u 0 for all n , then the sequence

 xn converges and lim

Theorem-:

xn ! x .

Let X ! xn be a sequence of positive real numbers such that

l ! lim

x n1 exists. if l 1, then lim x ! 0 n xn

Question 89 Find limit of the following sequences: (a)

2 lim 2  1 n

(1)n (b) lim n2

(d)

(c) lim

n 1 n 1

lim

n 1 n n

Question 90

if (bn ) is a bounded sequence and lim an ! 0 then lim(an.bn ) ! 0

Question 91

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

let yn ! n 1  n for all n . sho that ( yn ) and (nyn ) converge. find their lim its.
Question 92 Determine the following limits.
(a) lim

3 n

1/2n

(b)

lim

n 1

1/ln(n1)

Question 93

an1  bn1 . if 0 a b, determine lim n  bn a

Question 94

if 0 a, 0 b show that
a b lim n  a n  b  n ! 2
Question 95 Use the squeeze theorem to determine the limits of following. (a)
2 n1/n

(b)

n!

1/n2

Question 96
PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

1/n sho that i zn ! an  bn where 0 a b, then lim zn ! b

Question 97

if 0 a 1, and b " 1, then ind the limit o ollowing sequences, bn n) (1) (a (2) n 2 3n n (3) n (4) 2 2n 3 b
Question 98 (a) give an example of a convergent sequence
ith lim

( xn ) of positive real numbers

x n1 ! 1 xn

(b)give example of a divergent sequence with same property. Question 99 let ( xn ) be a sequence of positive real numbers such that

lim xn1/n ! l 1. show that  r with 0 r 1 such that 0 xn r n

for all sufficiently large n . use this to show that lim xn ! 0 .

Question 100

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Suppose that xn is a convergent sequence and yn is such that for any I " 0 there exists M such that xn  yn follow that ( yn ) is convergent ??. Definition-: let X ! ( xn ) be a sequence of real numbers. We say that X is increasing if it satisfies the inequalities

I  n u M. Does it

x1 e x2 e x3........xn e xn 1 e .............
We say it is decreasing if it satisfies the inequalities

x1 u x2 u x3........xn u xn 1 u .............
We say it is monotone if it is either increasing or decreasing. Question 101 Monotone convergence theorem-: A monotone sequence of real numbers is convergent if and only if it is bounded. Further : (a) if X ! ( xn ) is a bounded increasing sequence, then

lim( xn ) ! sup_xn :n a
(b)if Y ! ( yn ) is a bounded decreasing sequence, then

lim( yn ) ! in
Question 102

_yn :n a

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

 Show that lim 1

Question 103 Let xn ! 1 1  1  1  ...... 1  ....... show that ( xn ) is n 2 3 4 unbounded and hence is divergent. Question 104 Let Y ! yn be defined inductively by

y ! 1, y ! 1 2 yn  3 or n u 1. Show that lim yn ! 3 . n1 4 1 2

Question 105 let Z ! zn be the sequence of real numbers defined by

z ! 1, z ! 2 zn or n u 1.show that lim zn ! 2 . 1 n1

Question 106 Let a " 0 , construct a monotone sequence of real numbers that converges to a . Question 107 Let en
! 1 1 n

n for n . Show that E= (en ) is bounded and

increasing sequence. Also show that 2 e lim(en ) 3 . Question 108

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

let x ! 8 and x ! 1 xn  2 for n . 1 n1 2 sho that xn is bounded and monotone. find the limit.
Question 109

1 let x "1 and x ! 2  x for n . Show that xn is bounded 1 n1 n

and monotone. Find its limit. Question 110

let x u 2 and x ! 1 xn 1 or n . Show that xn is 1 n1

decreasing and bounded below by 2. Find limit. Question 111

let x ! 1 and x ! xn  2 or n . Show that xn is 1 n1

convergent find its limit. Question 112

let y ! p , p " 0 and y ! yn  p for n . show that yn 1 n1

is convergent. Find its limit. Question 113

let y " 0 , p " 0 and y ! yn  p for n . show that yn is 1 n1

convergent . find its limit. Question 114
PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

1 ! yn  let y ! a " 0 , and y for n . determine if yn is 1 n1 yn

convergent or divergent. Question 115 let A be an infinite subset of that is bounded above and let

u ! sup( ) Show that there exists an increasing sequence xn

such that lim xn ! u .

Question 116 Establish the convergence or the divergence of the sequence xn Where xn ! 1  1  1  ......... 1 for n .

n 1 n  2 n  3

2n

Question 117 Let xn ! 1 1  1  ......... 1 for n . prove that ( xn ) is 2 2 2

increasing and bounded, and hence convergent.

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Definition-: let X ! xn be a sequence of real numbers and

n n n ......n ........... be a strictly increasing sequence of 1 2 3 k

! natural numbers. Then the sequence X d xn given by k
x , n 1 xn ,.........xn ,................. 2 k

is called a subsequence of X .

Question 118 Theorem-: if a sequence X ! xn of real numbers converges to a real

! number x , then any subsequence X d xn

of X

also converges to x . Question 119 Theorem-: let X ! xn be a sequence of real numbers . Then the following are equivalent. (a) The sequence X ! xn does not converge to x . (b)there exists an I 0 " 0 such that  k ,  n such that

n u k and xn  x u I 0 k k
(c)there exists an I 0 " 0 and a subsequence X d xn ! Such that xn  x u I 0  k .

 k of

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Divergence criteria-: if a sequence X ! xn of real numbers has either of the following properties, then X is divergent. (1) X has two convergent subsequence X d( xn ) and !

d X d ( xr ) whose limits are not equal. ! k (2) X is unbounded.

Question 120 Monotone subsequence theorem-: If X ! xn is a subsequence of real numbers, then there is a subsequence of X that is monotone. Question 121 The Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem A bounded sequence of real numbers has a convergent subsequence. Question 122 Theorem-: Let X ! xn be a bounded sequence of real numbers and let x have the property that every convergent subsequence of X converges to x .then the sequence X converges to x .

Question 123 Give an example of an unbounded sequence that has convergent subsequence.
PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Question 124 Establish the convergence and find the limits of the following sequences:
1  1 n2

n2

(a)

(b)

n 1 1 2n n 2 1 n
3n 1 1 2n

(c) 1 1 n2

2n2

(d)

(e)

3n

1/2n

(f)

Question 125 Prove that limit of a sequence which has the property that its every subsequence has a convergent subsequence that converges to zero, is zero.

Question 126

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

let ( xn ) be a bounded sequence and  n let

sn ! sup : k u n and S ! in _ n ashow that there exists a s x k subsequence of ( xn ) that converges to S .

Question 127 Suppose that xn u 0  n and that lim 1 xn exists.

Show that xn converges. Question 128 Show that if xn is unbounded, then there exists a subsequence

xn such that

lim

1 xn k

! 0.

Question 129 Let xn be a bounded sequence and let s ! sup xn :n .

Show that if s xn :n , then there is a subsequence of xn That converges to s .

Definition-: (Cauchy sequence)

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

A sequence X ! xn

 of real numbers is called Cauchy

I.

If  I " 0  H (I ) such that  n, m and n, m u H (I ) We have xn  xm

Lemma -: if X ! xn is a convergent sequence of real numbers then it

is a Cauchy sequence. Lemma -: Every Cauchy sequence is bounded. Cauchy convergence criterion-: A sequence of real numbers is convergent if and only if it is Cauchy sequence. Question 130 Let X ! xn be defined by

 x for n " 2 , discuss the x !1 x ! 2 and xn ! 1 x 1 2 2 n2 n1

convergence. Question 131 Let X ! xn be defined as

1 1 1 x ! x !  1 1! 2 1! 2!
Discuss the convergence

1 1 1 (1) n 1 . and xn !    ............. 1! 2! 3! n!

Question 132 Give an example of a bounded sequence that is not a Cauchy sequence.
PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Question 133 Show directly from the definition that the following are Cauchy sequences.
(a) n  1

(b) 1 1  1  1  ............  1

2! 3! 4!

n!

Question 134 Show by definition that sum and product of two Cauchy sequences is again Cauchy sequence.

Question 135 If 0 r 1 and x Cauchy sequence Question 136

n1

 xn

r n  n , show that xn is a

x if x x are arbitrary real numbers and xn ! 1 x 1 2 2 n2 n1 for n " 2 ,show that xn is convergent. What is its limit??.
Question 137

1 2 if x x are arbitrary real numbers and xn ! x  x 1 2 3 n 1 3 n  2 show that xn is convergent. What is its limit??.
Definition-:limit (superior and limit inferior) (a) Let xn be a sequence of real numbers and
PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Let U

! sup_ n : n u N athen limit superior of the sequence is x

defined as limsup( xn ) ! lim(U ) . N (b)let ( xn ) be a sequence of real numbers and Let V

x ! inf _ n : n u

athen limit inferior of the sequence is

Defined as limin ( xn ) ! lim(V ) . N Definition. For a sequence sn we say that lim( sn ) ! g if and only if ,

 M " 0  N such that n " N sn " M .

Also we say that lim( sn ) ! g if and only if

 M 0  N such that n " N sn M .

Question

n 2 3 ! g Show that lim n 1

Theorem-:

t Let sn and  n be sequences such that lim sn ! g

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

t and lim  n " 0 (finite or g ) , Then lim sntn ! g .

Theorem-: For a sequence sn of positive real numbers, we have

lim sn ! g if and only if lim

Theorem-:

1 ! 0. sn

(1) If sn is an unbounded nondecreasing sequence, then lim sn ! g

(2) If sn is an unbounded nonincreasing sequence, then

lim sn ! g

Corollary-: If sn is a monotone sequence, then the sequence either converges, diverges to g ,or diverges to g .

Definition

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Let sn be a sequence of real numbers. A subsequential limit is any real number or symbol g or g that is the limit of some subsequence of sn . Theorem-: Let sn be any sequence of real numbers, and let S denote the set of subsequential limits of sn . (1) S is nonempty (2) sup S ! limsup sn and in S ! limin sn . (3) limsn exists if and only if S has exacty one element , namely

limsn .
Theorem-: Let S be the set of all subsequential limits of sequence sn .

t suppose  n is a sequence in S and that t ! lim tn , then t

belongs to S .

Theorem-:
PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

t If sn converges to a positive real number s and  n is any

sequence then limsup sntn ! s limsup tn . here we allow the conventions s(g) ! g and s(g) ! g Theorem-: Let sn be any sequence of nonzero real numbers. Then we have

s s n1 e limin s 1/n e limsup s 1/n e limsup n1 . limin s n n sn n

Corollary.

s 1/n If lim n1 exists, then lim sn exists and both limits are same. sn
Theorem-: Let sn be any sequence of real numbers (1) If limsn is defined(as real numbers g or g ), then

liminf sn ! lim sn ! limsup sn . (2) If liminf sn ! limsup sn then limsn is defined and liminf sn ! lim sn ! limsup sn .

SECTION-3(INFINIE SERIES)
PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Infinite series-: An infinite series is an infinite summation of real numbers. It is denoted as an . Sequence of partial sum-: Let an be an infinite series then sequence of partial sums of this infinite series is the sequence Sn defined as

g n!m

g n!m

n Sn ! am  a a  ........... an ! a . m1 m2 k !m k

Definition-: An infinite series is convergent, divergent according to as its sequence of partial sums Is convergent or divergent. Question 138 (a) Discuss the convergence of geometric series a.r n .

n!0

g (b) Discuss the convergence of p-series 1 . p

n!1n

Definition-: we say that a series an satisfies Cauchy criterion if its sequence of partial sums is a Cauchy sequence.
PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Let an be an infinite series, and let (Sn ) be sequence of partial sums of this series. Then in view of above definition we have following.

 I " 0  N such that n n u m " N implies a k !m k

Theorem-: A series converges if and only if it satisfies Cauchy criterion. Corollary-: if a series an is convergent, then lim(an ) ! 0 . Comparison test-: Let an be a series where an u 0  n (1)If an converges and bn e an  n , then bn converses. (2) If an ! g and bn u an  n , then bn ! g Definition-( Absolutely convergent series) An infinite series an is said to be absolutely convergent if and only if the series an is convergent. Theorem-: Every absolutely convergent series is convergent. Ratio Test. A series an of nonzero terms

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

 an1 1, (1) Converges absolutely if limsup an an1 "1 (2) Diverges if limin an an1 an1 e1e limsup (3) Otherwise liminf and the test an an
gives no information. Root test. Let an be a series and let E ! limsup a n The series an (1) Converges absolutely if E 1 (2) Diverges if E "1 (3) Otherwise E !1 and let the test gives no information. Question 139

1/ n

g 1 n Consider the series , discuss the convergence. n!2 3

Question 140

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

Consider the series Question 141

n , discuss the convergence. 2 3 n

Consider the series n , check for the convergence. 3 Question 142 Consider the series Question 143
2 (1)n  3

n
, check for the convergence.

g n Consider the series 2(1) n , discuss the convergence.

n!0

Question 144 Determine which of the following series converge. Justify your answer

n4 (a) n 2
n2 (d) n 3
(g) (j)

2n (b) n!

(c) 4

n! n 3

cos 2 (n) g (e) (f) 1 n2 n!2 log n

(h) (1) (k)

n 1 2 n

(i) 3n

n3

n3 n 3

n2 n!

(l) 1 n

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

1 (m) n! n 1 (p) 50  2 2 n

(n) 2  cos n n

(0) n1 2 n (r) sin nT

(100)n (q) n!

g 1 (s) (t) (n  (1)n )2 n!2

n 1 n

(u) n n

n!

The integral test-: Let an be a series of nonnegative terms. If there is a continuous non-increasing function f : 1, g a Such that f n ! an  n
n Then series is convergent if lim f ( x)dx g 1 n And it diverges if lim f ( x)dx ! g 1

Alternating series theorem-: If a u a u a u ...... u an u ........ u 0 and lim(an ) ! 0 , then the 1 2 3 alternating series (1)n an converges. Question 145 Determine which of the following series converge. justify your answer.
PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)

(a)

( 1)n n

(b)

(1)n n! 2n

(c)

nT sin 6

g 1 (d) p n!2 n(log n)

g 1 (e) n!2 n (log n)

g log n (f) n n!2 g log n (h) 2 n!2 n

g 1 (g) n(log n)(loglog n) n!4

PREPARED BY SANJEEV KUMAR SHUKLA BSc(H) MATHS, MSc (maths)( D .U)