TI LIU THC HNH

LABORATORY
Mc lc
1 Matlab c bn 3
1.1 Gii thiu Matlab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Php ton, bin, vector, ma trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 Bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 Php ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.3 Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.4 Ma trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3 Biu thc Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3.1 Cc ton t logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3.2 Vec-t v biu thc logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.3 Cc hm logic: All, Any v Find . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4 Lnh iu kin v vng lp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4.1 Lnh IF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4.2 Lnh FOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.4.3 Lnh WHILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4.4 Lnh SWITCH . . . CASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.4.5 Script v Hm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.5 V th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.5.1 V th trong 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.5.2 V th trong 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2 i s tuyn tnh 33
2.1 Cc php ton ma trn, cc php bin i s cp . . . . . . . 33
2.1.1 Cc php ton ma trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.1.2 Cc php bin i s cp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
MC LC 2
2.2 Ma trn nghch o, Phng trnh ma trn v H phng trnh
tuyn tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2.1 Ma trn nghch o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.3 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.3.1 Ma trn gi nghch o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.4 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.4.1 Gii phng trnh ma trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.5 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.5.1 H phng trnh tuyn tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.5.2 a v dng ma trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.5.3 S dng tnh ton symbolic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.6 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.7 nh thc, gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh bng nh thc . . 49
2.7.1 nh thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.7.2 Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh bng nh thc . . . . 50
2.8 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.9 a thc c trng, tr ring v vect ring . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.10 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3 Gii tch hm mt bin 53
3.1 Cc php ton tp hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.1.1 nh ngha tp hp v cch khai bo tp hp trong
Matlab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.1.2 Cc php ton trong tp hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.1.3 BI TP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.2 symbolic math c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.3 Cc bi ton dy s v chui s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.3.1 Khi nim v dy s, chui s v cch khai bo trong
matlab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.3.2 Mt s hm v x l dy s v chui s trong Matlab . 59
3.3.3 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.4 Cc bi ton vi phn hm mt bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.4.1 Vi phn hm mt bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.5 Cc bi ton gii hn hm s v tnh lin tc ca hm s . . . 61
3.5.1 Gii hn ca hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.5.2 S lin tc ca hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.6 Cc bi ton tch phn hm mt bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.6.1 Tch phn bt nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
MC LC 3
3.6.2 Tch phn xc nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.6.3 Tch phn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.6.4 Cc hm trong Matlab dng cho bi ton vi phn hm
mt bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.6.5 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
CHNG 1
Matlab c bn
1.1 Gii thiu Matlab
Matlab l mt ngn ng lp trnh cp cao c s dng rng ri trong mi
trng hc thut v cng ngh. Matlab c xem l la chn u tin v
c kh nng h tr ti u cho vic nghin cu cng nh dy hc i vi
cc mn ton hc, k thut v khoa hc. Matlab c vit tt t MATrix
LABoratory do mc ch ban u ca Matlab l xy dng nn mt cng c
h tr vic tnh ton cc ma trn mt cch d dng nht.
Mt trong nhiu l do khin ngi s dng thch dng Matlab chnh l
ch tng tc (interactive mode). ch ny, sau khi g cu lnh v
thc thi, kt qu s c in ra ngay trong ca s dng lnh (command win-
dow).
Tuy nhin, nu ngi dng ch cn thc thi cu lnh nhng khng cn in kt
qu ra ca s dng lnh, ta thm du chm phy (;) ngay sau cu lnh.
1.1 Gii thiu Matlab 5
Hn na, bn tri mn hnh, ngi dng c th thy 3 tab Current di-
rectory, Workspace v Command history. Trong ,
Current directory: th hin th mc ang lm vic. Khi mun hc thi
mt tp tin .m no , ngi dng phi chc chn rng tp tin .m phi
c nhn thy trong tab ny.
Workspace: cha danh sch cc bin c khai bo v s dng trong
chng trnh. tab ny, ngi dng c th c c tn bin, gi tr,
kch thc ca bin, ... .
Command history: cha danh sch cc cu lnh c thc thi trong
ca s dng lnh (command window). Ngi dng c th nhp i vo
mt lnh bt k chng trnh thc hin li lnh . Hoc ngi dng
c th dng phm mi tn ln (), xung () trong ca s dng lnh
tm li cc lnh m chng trnh thc thi.
1.1 Gii thiu Matlab 6
Bn cnh , Matlab vn duy tr ch kch bn (script mode) h tr cho
ngi dng khi lp trnh cc hm hay chng trnh t n gin n phc tp.
Cc cu lnh s c lu trong mt tp tin c ui .m (v d: example.m)
v c thc thi mt ln khi chng trnh khi chy.
to mt tp tin .m, ngi dng vo File chn New M-File hay nhn
vo biu tng nm trn thanh MATLAB Toolbar.
Trong Matlab, khi mun vit mt dng ch thch, ta t du phn trm
(%) u dng. Tin li hn, ta c th s dng phm tt Ctrl+R bin
cc dng chn tr thnh ch thch v Ctrl+T loi b k hiu ch
thch trc cc dng ch thch.
1.2 Php ton, bin, vector, ma trn 7
thc thi mt tp tin .m, ta nhn vo biu tng nm trn thanh
Editor Toolbar hoc s dng phm tt F5. Tng t nh cc ngn ng lp
trnh khc, ch kch bn, Matlab cng h tr cng c debug gip ngi
dng kim tra chng trnh ca mnh tng bc nhm pht hin li sai trong
qu trnh vit.
1.2 Php ton, bin, vector, ma trn
1.2.1 Bin
Trong ngn ng lp trnh Matlab, mt bin (variable) c khai bo v khi
to thng qua cu lnh gn.
>> num = 98
num =
98
>> pi = 3.1415926535897931
pi =
3.1416
>> msg = Good morning
msg =
Good morning
Tn bin bao gm cc k t ch, s v k hiu gch di (_). Tn bin
phi bt u bng k t ch v c di ty thch. Tuy nhin, Matlab ch
ghi nh 31 k t u tin. ng thi, Matlab lun phn bit ch in v ch
thng khi t tn bin hoc tn chng trnh.
Cc kiu tn bin hp l: arg1, no_name, vars, Vars
Khi tn bin c t khng hp l, Matlab s xut hin thng bo:
>> 4rum = Forum
??? 4rum = Forum
|
Error: Unexpected MATLAB expression.
1.2 Php ton, bin, vector, ma trn 8
Nu tn bin cha c khi to m xut hin khi chy mt dng lnh
no , Matlab s xut hin thng bo:
??? Undefined function or variable ...
Ch : Trong ngn ng lp trnh Matlab, mi bin khi khi to s c
xem nh mt mng. Nu bin c gi tr n th mng c kch thc 1x1. Nu
bin l ma trn hoc vector th kch thc ca mng chnh l kch thc ca
ma trn hoc vector . y l mt im khc bit ca Matlab so vi cc
ngn ng lp trnh khc. ly kch thc ca mt bin, ta s dng hm
size().
>> size(num)
ans =
1 1
>> size(msg)
ans =
1 12
Ngn ng lp trnh Matlab xem chui k t nh mng mt chiu cha cc
k t. Do , kch thc ca bin msg l 1 dng, 12 ct.
1.2.2 Php ton
Matlab cung cp cc php ton s hc c bn nh sau
Php ton Dng i s Matlab
Cng a + b a+b
Tr a b a-b
Nhn a b a*b
Chia phi a/b a/b
Chia tri b/a a\b
Ly tha a
b
a b
1.2 Php ton, bin, vector, ma trn 9
>> 1+2; 5-3; 2*4; 5 2*(10-4);
>> 9/3
ans =
3
>> 9\3
ans =
0.3333
Hn na, Matlab cn h tr mt s hm s hc n gin nh hm lm
trn round(), lm trn ln ceil (), lm trn xung floor(), ly phn d mod(),
tm c chung ln nht gcd(), tm bi chung nh nht lcm(), v hm ly cn
sqrt().
>> round(1.6)
ans =
2
>> floor(10.8)
ans =
10
>> mod(10,8)
ans =
2
>> gcd(45,30)
ans =
15
>> lcm(45,30)
ans =
90
>> sqrt(9)
ans =
3
Ngoi ra cn c cc php ton so snh nh bng (==), khc (=), ln hn
(>), nh hn (<), ln hn hoc bng (>=), v nh hn hoc bng (<=).
Gi tr tr v ca biu thc so snh s bng 1 nu biu thc ng v bng
0 nu biu thc sai.
1.2 Php ton, bin, vector, ma trn 10
>> 1 = 2
ans =
1
>> 5 == 10
ans =
0
Cui cng l cc php ton lun l bao gm and (&&), or (||) v not (!).
Mt s khc 0 c xem l mt gi tr ng trong cc php ton lun l ca
Matlab. Gi tr tr v ca cc biu thc lun l tng t nh biu thc so
snh.
>> n = 15
>> mod(n,2)==0 && mod(n,3)==0
ans =
0
>> mod(n,2)==0 || mod(n,3)==0
ans =
1
BI TP
1. Tnh bng tay cc biu thc sau, ri th li bng Matlab:
(a) 10 / 2 \ 5 3 + 2 * 4
(b) 3 2 / 4
(c) 3 2 2
(d) 2 + round(6 / 9 + 3 * 2) / 2 3
(e) 2 + floor(6 / 11) / 2 3
(f) 2 + ceil(-6 / 9) 3
(g) fix(-4/9)+fix(3*(5/6))
2. Cho a=36, b=15. Tnh bng tay cc biu thc sau, ri th li bng
Matlab:
(a) mod(a,b)
1.2 Php ton, bin, vector, ma trn 11
(b) rem(a,b)
(c) gcd(a,b)
(d) lcm(a,b)
Th li vi cc cp gi tr (a,b) khc.
3. D on kt qu nhng cu sau, gii thch v kim tra li bng Matlab
(a) 1 & -1
(b) 13 & (-6)
(c) 0 < -2|0
(d) 0 <= 0.2 <= 0.4
(e) 5 > 4 > 3
(f) 2 > 3 & 1
1.2.3 Vector
Vector l mt dng c bit ca ma trn c mt dng hoc mt ct. Trong
cc ngn ng lp trnh khc, sinh vin c lm quen vi vector thng
qua tn gi danh sch (list) hoc mng mt chiu (1-D array).
khi to vector dng cha cc gi tr ri rc, cc phn t trong vec-
tor phi nm trong cp ngoc vung ([]) v c ngn cch nhau bi khong
trng hoc du phy (,).
>> arr1 = [1 2 3]
arr1 =
1 2 3
>> arr2 = [0,-5]
arr2 =
0 -5
>> arr3 = [arr1 arr2]
arr3 =
1 2 3 0 -5
khi to vector dng cha cc gi tr lin tc (mc nh trong Matlab
1.2 Php ton, bin, vector, ma trn 12
l 1) hoc cch nhau mt khong gi tr nht nh (cn gi l bc nhy),
Matlab s dng du hai chm (:). ng thi, gi tr u v cui ca vector
khng cn thit t trong cp du ngoc vung ([]).
>> arr1 = 1:5
arr1 =
1 2 3 4 5
>> arr2 = [1:0.5:2]
arr2 =
1.0000 1.5000 2.0000
>> arr3 = 10:-1:6
arr3 =
10 9 8 7 6
Hn na, to mt vector rng - vector khng cha gi tr - trong Matlab,
chng ta khai bo nh sau:
>> emp_vect = []
emp_vect =
[]
Ngc li, to ra vector ct, chng ta cn nghch o vector ct bng
cch s dng du nhy n () hoc s dng du chm phy (;) ngn cch
gia cc phn t.
>> col_arr = [1:3]
>> col_arr = [1;2;3]
col_arr =
1
2
3
Gi tr ca mt phn t ti mt v tr bt k trong vector c truy xut
thng qua ch s. Trong Matlab, ch s lun bt u t 1 v c th l mt
gi tr n hoc mt mng.
Trch phn t th i: X(i)
1.2 Php ton, bin, vector, ma trn 13
Trch nhiu phn t: X([danh sch v tr])
>> arr = 10:-1:0
arr =
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
>> arr(5)
ans =
6
>> arr(1:3)
ans =
10 9 8
>> arr([10:-2:6])
ans =
1 3 5
>> arr([7,8,11])
ans =
4 3 0
xa mt phn t trong vector, chng ta s gn phn t vi vector
rng.
>> arr([2 5]) = []
arr =
10 8 7 5 4 3 2 1 0
>> size(arr)
ans =
1 9
BI TP
1. Cho x = [3 1 5 7 9 2 6], d on kt qu cc dng lnh sau v th li
bng Matlab
(a) x(3)
(b) x(1:7)
(c) x(1:end)
(d) x(1:end-1)
1.2 Php ton, bin, vector, ma trn 14
(e) x(6:-2:1)
(f) x([1 6 2 1 1])
(g) sum(x)
2. Cho x = [1 5 2 8 9 0 1] v y = [5 2 2 6 0 0 2], gii thch kt qu cc
dng lnh sau
(a) x > y
(b) y < x
(c) x == y
(d) x <= y
(e) y >= x
(f) x | y
(g) x & y
(h) x & (-y)
(i) (x > y) | (y < x)
(j) (x > y) & (y < x)
3. Cho 2 vect a = [1 0 2] v b = [0 2 2], xc nh gi tr cc biu thc
sau. Kim tra li bng Matlab
(a) a = b
(b) a < b
(c) a < b < a
(d) a < b < b
(e) a | (a)
(f) b & (b)
(g) a ((b))
(h) a=b==a (Xc nh gi tr cui ca a)
4. Cho x = 1:10 v y = [3 1 5 6 8 2 9 4 7 0], d on kt qu, gii thch
v th li bng Matlab
(a) (x > 3) & (x < 8)
1.2 Php ton, bin, vector, ma trn 15
(b) x(x > 5)
(c) y(x <= 4)
(d) x( (x < 2) | (x >= 8) )
(e) y( (x < 2) | (x >= 8) )
(f) x(y < 0)
1.2.4 Ma trn
Trong Matlab, ma trn i din cho mng nhiu chiu c nhiu dng v
nhiu ct. Phng thc khai bo v khi to ma trn tng t nh vector.
Tuy nhin, kt thc mt dng trong ma trn, chng ta s dng du chm
phy (;).
>> mat = [1 2 3 ; 4,5,6 ; 7:2:11]
mat =
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 9 11
ng thi, Matlab cng h tr mt s hm c th khi to cc ma trn
c bit nh sau
Ma trn khng: zeros(s dng, s ct)
Ma trn vung khng cp n: zeros(n)
Ma trn n v: eye(n)
Ma trn ng cho: diag([cc phn t trn ng cho chnh])
Ma trn thc ngu nhin trong khong [0,1]: rand(s dng, s ct)
hoc rand(n) (ma trn vung cp n)
Ma trn ton s mt: ones(s dng, s ct)
Ma trn vung mt cp n: ones(n)
1.2 Php ton, bin, vector, ma trn 16
>> zeros(1,2)
ans =
0 0
>> eye(2)
ans =
1 0
0 1
>> diag([3 4 5])
ans =
3 0 0
0 4 0
0 0 5
>> rand(2,1)
ans =
0.8147
0.9058
>> ones(2)
ans =
1 1
1 1
Tng t nh vector, gi tr ca mt phn t ti mt v tr bt k trong ma
trn c truy xut thng qua ch s dng v ch s ct.
Trch phn t ti dng i ct j: A(i,j)
Trch nhiu phn t: A([danh sch cc dng, danh sch cc ct])
Trch ng cho chnh ca ma trn: diag(A)
Trch tt c phn t ca ma trn: A(:)
Trch tt c phn t ti ct i: A(:,i)
Trch tt c phn t ti dng j: A(j,:)
1.2 Php ton, bin, vector, ma trn 17
>> mat = rand(2,3)
ans =
0.1270 0.6324 0.2785
0.9134 0.0975 0.5469
>> mat(1,3)
ans =
0.2785
>> mat([2],[1 3])
ans =
0.9134 0.5469
>> mat(:,2)
ans =
0.6324
0.0975
Ch : Trong Matlab, ch s cui cng ca dng hay ct ca ma trn hoc
vector c th c thay th bi ch end.
BI TP
Cho x = [1 4 8], y = [2 1 5], v A = [2 7 9 7 ; 3 1 5 6 ; 8 1 2 5]. Xt xem
dng lnh no hp l, d on kt qu, gii thch v th li bng Matlab
1. [x; y

]
2. [x; y]
3. A(:,[1 4])
4. A([2 3], [3 1])
5. A(:)
6. [A; A(end, :)]
7. A(1:3,:)
8. [A; A(1 : 2, :)]
1.3 Biu thc Logic 18
1.3 Biu thc Logic
1.3.1 Cc ton t logic
Mt biu thc logic trong Matlab c xy dng t 6 ton t quan h l:
>, <, >=, <=, == (so snh bng), = (khng bng) v 3 ton t logic:
(NOT), & (AND) v | (OR).
Kt qu ca mt biu thc logic tr v 1 nu biu thc ng v 0 nu
biu thc sai. Nu phn t so snh l vec-t th kt qu s l mt vec-t cha
cc gi tr 0 hoc 1.
V d 1.3.1. Thc hin cc cu lnh sau v nhn xt kt qu
1. r=1;
r<=0.5
2. r=1:5;
r<=3
3. a=1:5;
b=[0 2 4 5 6];
a==b
1.3 Biu thc Logic 19
u tin ca cc ton t
u tin Ton t
1. ( )
2. . .
3. + - (du)
4. * / \ .* ./ .\
5. + -
6. :
7. > < >= <= == =
8. & (AND)
9. | (OR)
V d 1.3.2. Thc hin cc cu lnh sau v nhn xt kt qu
1. a = 1; b=2; c=3;
(b*b==4*a*c)& (a=0)
2. a=1:10
(a>=20) & (a<=20)
3. a=1;b=2;
(a=0)|(b=0)|((a==0) & (b==0))
mt biu thc logic trong sng v trnh nhm ln, ta nn s dng cc
du (, ). Thc hin cc cu lnh sau v so snh
r = 0.5;
0 < r < 1
(0 < r) & (r < 1)
1.3.2 Vec-t v biu thc logic
Biu thc logic cho php truy xut mt cch linh hot n cc thnh phn
ca mt vec-t hay ma trn.
V d 1.3.3.
1. x = [-1 0 2 3 5 6 7 4 9]
1.4 Lnh iu kin v vng lp 20
2. x(x>0): xut nhng gi tr dng ca vec-t x.
3. x(x>2 & x <=5): xut nhng gi tr tha 2 < x 5.
4. Lnh x>2 cho kt qu l 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 l vec-t cha kt qu so
snh tng phn t tng ng ca x vi 2 v x(x>2) s xut ra cc gi
tr ln hn 2.
1.3.3 Cc hm logic: All, Any v Find
Mt s hm logic thng dng l: any, all, find
any: Kim tra xem c tn ti mt phn t no ca vec-t tha iu kin
khng? Nu c th cho kt qu l 1, ngc li l 0. V d, any(x>0): kim
tra xem c tn ti phn t no ca vec-t x dng hay khng.
all: kim tra tt c cc phn t ca vec-t c tha iu kin khng? Kt
qu l 1 nu ng. V d, all(x < 5): tt c cc phn t ca x c < 5 hay
khng?
Lu : kt qu ca all v any l v hng (1 hoc 0).
find: tr v cc ch s ca mt vec-t tha iu kin logic no . V d,
A = [1 2 4;4 5 6]
find(isprime(A)): xut ra cc v tr ca ma trn A c gi tr l s nguyn t.
1.4 Lnh iu kin v vng lp
1.4.1 Lnh IF
C php:
if Biu thc iu kin
Lnh thc thi
end
1.4 Lnh iu kin v vng lp 21
hoc
if Biu thc iu kin 1
Lnh thc thi nu k 1 ng
elseif Biu thc iu kin 2
Lnh thc thi nu k 2 ng
.
.
.
end
V d 1.4.1. Hon v x v y nu x > y
if x > y
temp = y;
y = x ;
x = temp;
end
V d 1.4.2. Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh ax
2
+bx+c = 0, (a = 0)
delt = b 2 - 4*a*c;
if delt < 0
disp(PT Vo nghiem);
elseif delt == 0
disp(PT co nghiem kep);
else
disp(PT co 2 nghiem phan biet);
end
Lu : Nu cu lnh f c t trn 1 dng th phi dng du "," sau if. V
d, if x > 0, x = sqrt(x); end.
1.4.2 Lnh FOR
C php:
for var = start : step : end
Lnh thc thi
end
Vng lp vi bin chy l var bt u t start v kt thc l end, mi bc
lp s tng mt bc nhy l step. step c th l dng (vng lp tng dn)
hoc m (gim dn). Nu khng ch ra step, bc nhy mc nh l 1.
1.4 Lnh iu kin v vng lp 22
V d 1.4.3. Xut cc gi tr t 1 n 5 ra mn hnh
for i=1:5, disp(i), end
Xut cc gi tr chn t 1 n 10 theo th t ngc
for i=10:-2:1, disp(i), end
V d 1.4.4. Tnh giai tha n! = 1 2 . . . (n 1) n
n = 10;
fact = 1;
for k=1:n
fact = k*fact;
end
Ta c th thay th dng mt vec-t chy mt vng for:
for var = v, ..., end.
V d 1.4.5. Tnh tch tt c cc phn t trong vec-t a = [1 2 3 -2 4]
prod = 1;
for i = v, prod = prod*i, end
1.4.3 Lnh WHILE
C php:
while Biu thc iu kin
Cc lnh thc thi
end Cc lnh s c thc hin khi no biu thc iu kin cn ng.
V d 1.4.6. Tm gi tr ln nht ca n tng 1
2
+ 2
2
+ . . . + n
2
b hn
100.
S = 1; n=1;
while (S + (n+1) 2) <100
n = n + 1;
S = S + n 2
end
[n, S]
1.4 Lnh iu kin v vng lp 23
V d 1.4.7. x = 1;
while 1
xmin = x;
x = x/2;
if x == 0, break, end
end
xmin
Lnh while 1, ... s to ra vng lp v hn, ngt, ta dng lnh break.
S dng Break v Continue:
Break: Dng trong vng lp for hoc while, dng thot khi vng lp
ti v tr n xut hin. Nu c nhiu vng lp lng nhau th lnh break
c tc dng nhy sang vng lp k tip.
Continue: Dng trong vng lp for hoc while, lnh continue cho php
b qua cc cu lnh ng sau n v chuyn sang bc lp k tip trong
cng mt vng lp.
1.4.4 Lnh SWITCH . . . CASE
C php:
switch Biu thc iu kin
case Gi tr th 1
Khi lnh 1
case Gi tr th 2
Khi lnh 2
.
.
.
otherwise
Khi lnh n
end
Lnh switch s ln lt thc hin cc khi lnh tng ng vi tng gi
tr th trong biu thc iu kin. Biu thc iu kin phi c dng s hoc
chui.
1.4 Lnh iu kin v vng lp 24
V d 1.4.8. Tnh chun p ca vec-t x
switch p
case 1
y = sum(abs(x));
case 2
y = sqrt(x*x);
case inf
y = max(abs(x));
otherwise
error(p phai la 1,2 hoac inf) ;
end
1.4.5 Script v Hm
Script: L cc dng lnh Matlab c cha trong mt file c phn m rng
.m; file script c th c son tho bng Matlab Editor hoc cc
chng trnh son tho khc. thc thi script ch cn gi tn file
trong ca s dng lnh ca Matlab.
Hm: Cng l cc on lnh Matlab c son tho trong file .m, hm
nhn cc tham s truyn vo, x l v xut ra gi tr. Tn ca hm
phi ging nh tn ca file .m, trnh t tn hm trng vi cc hm
c sn ca Matlab. Dng u tin ca hm (tr phn ch thch) phi
c dng nh sau
function [Cc gi tr xut] = Tn_hm(Cc gi tr nhp)
Sau dng ny, cc dng ch thch bt u bng du % s xut hin khi
gi lnh help tn_hm.
V d 1.4.9. Hm tnh gi tr th n ca dy Fibonnaci
function f = Fib(n)
F = zeros(1,n+1);
F(2) = 1;
for i = 3:n+1
F(i) = F(i-1) + F(i-2);
end
f = F(n);
Lu tn file Fib.m.
1.5 V th 25
V d 1.4.10. Hm tr v nhiu gi tr
function [a b] = maxmin(x)
% Ham tra ve gia tri lon nhat va nho nhat cua mang x
a = max(x);
b = min(x);
Lu tn file maxmin.m. Hai gi tr tr v cha trong mng [a b].
V d 1.4.11. Hm khng c gi tr tr v.
function circle(a,b,r)
% Ham ve duong tron tam (a,b), ban kinh r
t = 0:pi/20:2*pi;
x = a + r*sin(t);
y = b + r*cos(t);
plot(x,y);
axis equal;
1.5 V th
1.5.1 V th trong 2-D
Lnh c bn:
plot(x,f(x))
Vi x: vec-t cha min gi tr ca hm f. f(x): cc gi tr ca f ng vi x.
V d 1.5.1. V th y = sin(x) t [0, 2]
x = 0 : pi/100 : 2*pi;
y = sin(x);
plot(x, y);
1.5 V th 26
Ch thch trn th:
text(x, y, ...): t mt ch thch (trong du ) ln th ti ta
(x, y).
gtext(...):t ch thch ln th, v tr c xc nh bi click chut.
title(...): ta ca th.
xlabel(...): ghi nhn cho trc Ox.
ylabel(...): ghi nhn cho trc Oy.
hold on/off: bt / tt ch cho php v nhiu th trong cng mt h
trc ta .
Cc ty chnh v nt v, du v mu sc:
Lnh: plot(x,y,Nt v_Du_Mu sc)
Nt v:
Du (marker):
1.5 V th 27
Mu sc: gm 8 ty chn l r - , k - en, w - trng, y - vng, c -
cyan, b - xanh nc bin, g - xanh l cy, m - tm.
V d 1.5.2.
x = 0:pi/20:2*pi;
plot(x, sin(x),-.*r);
hold on
plot(x, sin(x pi/2),om);
plot(x, sin(x pi), :bs);
hold off
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Ty chnh mu sc v ln ca nt v:
LineWidth: rng ca nt v, tnh bng pt.
MarkerEdgecolor: mu ca ng vin du (marker).
MarkerFacecolor: mu bn trong du.
Markersize: ln ca du, tnh bng pt.
1.5 V th 28
V d 1.5.3.
x = -pi:pi/10:pi;
y = tan(sin(x)) - sin(tan(x));
plot(x,y,rs,LineWidth,2,MarkerEdgecolor,k,...
MarkerFacecolor,g, Markersize,10)
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
Xc nh ta :
axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax])
xlim([xmin xmax])
ylim([ymin ymax])
Ty chnh cc kiu trc ta :
axis on/off/auto
axis normal/square/equal/tight
axis ij/xy
grid on/off
1.5 V th 29
Cc kiu ty chnh h trc ta
subplot - V nhiu th trong cng mt ca s:
subplot(m, n, p): to ra mt ma trn m hng, n ct cha mn th, p
l v tr ca tng th, th t t trn xung di theo hng.
V d 1.5.4. V 4 th trong cng 1 ca s
t = 0:pi/20:2*pi; [x,y] = meshgrid(t);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(sin(t),cos(t))
axis equal
subplot(2,2,2)
z = sin(x)+cos(y);
plot(t,z)
axis([0 2*pi -2 2])
subplot(2,2,3)
z = sin(x).*cos(y);
plot(t,z)
axis([0 2*pi -1 1])
subplot(2,2,4)
z = (sin(x). 2)-(cos(y). 2);
plot(t,z)
axis([0 2*pi -1 1])
1.5 V th 30
1.5.2 V th trong 3-D
Lnh c bn: plot3(x, y, z) Trong plot3, ta cn xc nh cc vec-t
(x, y, z). v mt (x, y, z = f(x, y)), s dng lnh meshgrid(x,y).
V d 1.5.5.
t = 0:0.02*pi:25*pi;
x = sin(t); y = cos(t);
z = t;
plot3(x,y,z);
1.5 V th 31
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
0
20
40
60
80
V d 1.5.6. V mt z(x, y) = x
2
ye
x
2
y
2
vi 4 x 4 v 4 y 4.
[x,y]=meshgrid([-4:0.1:4]);
z=x.*x.*y.*exp(-x. 2-y. 2);
plot3(x,y,z)
4
2
0
2
4
4
2
0
2
4
0.2
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
1.5 V th 32
Mt s lnh v th trong 3-D khc:
contour / contourf / contour3
mesh / meshc / meshz
surf / surfc
waterfall
bar3 / bar3h
pie3 / fill3
comet3 / scatter3 / stem3
(Xem hng dn chi tit trong help)
In v xut th:
Dng lnh
print -dtiff -r200 mygraph.tiff print deps2 mygraph.eps
S dng Plotting Tools
1.5 V th 33
Xut th ra file s dng Plotting Tools
CHNG 2
i s tuyn tnh
2.1 Cc php ton ma trn, cc php bin i
s cp
2.1.1 Cc php ton ma trn
Trong Matlab, cc php ton ma trn nh cng, tr, nhn, v ly tha c
vit tng t nh cc php ton c bn trnh by chng 1.
Cng: A+B
Tr: A-B
Nhn: A*B
Chia phi: A/B tng ng vi A*inv(B)
Chia tri: A\B tng ng vi inv(A)*B
Ly tha: A n
Nhn vi mt s: A*n
2.1 Cc php ton ma trn, cc php bin i s cp 35
>> A = [1,2;3,4]
>> B = [5,6;7,8]
>> A+B
ans =
6 8
10 12
>> A*B
ans =
19 22
43 50
>> A/B
ans =
3 -2
2 -1
>> A\B
ans =
-3 -4
4 5
Bn cnh , Matlab cn h tr mt s hm s cp lin quan n ma trn
m ngi dng khng phi vit li chng trnh tnh ton nh cc ngn
ng lp trnh khc.
Chuyn v: A
nh thc: det(A)
Ma trn nghch o: A (-1) hoc inv(A)
Hng ca ma trn: rank(A)
Vt ca ma trn: trace(A)
Tm dng bc thang rt gn theo phng php Gauss Jordan: rref(A)
Tnh tng cc phn t ca ma trn theo ct: sum(A)
2.1 Cc php ton ma trn, cc php bin i s cp 36
>> A = [2 4 1 ; 6 7 2 ; 3 5 9]
>> det(A)
ans =
-77
>> rank(A)
ans =
3
>> trace(A)
ans =
18
>> sum(A)
ans =
11 16 12
c bit hn, thc hin cc php ton nhn, chia gia phn t vi phn
t ca hai ma trn, hay ly tha tng phn t ca ma trn, chng ta thm
du chm (.) vo trc php ton cn tnh.
>> A = [1,2;3,4]
>> B = [5,6;7,8]
>> A.*B
ans =
5 12
21 32
>> A./B
ans =
0.2000 0.3333
0.4286 0.5000
>> A.\B
ans =
5.0000 3.0000
2.3333 2.0000
>> A. 3
ans =
1 8
27 64
2.1 Cc php ton ma trn, cc php bin i s cp 37
BI TP
1. Cho x = [2 5 1 6].
(a) Cng thm 16 vo tt c cc phn t.
(b) Cng thm 3 vo cc phn t v tr l.
(c) Ly cn bc 2 tt c cc phn t.
(d) Bnh phng tt c cc phn t.
2. Cho x, y ln lt l cc vector ct. x = [3 2 6 8], y = [4 1 3 5].
(a) Ly tng cc phn t ca x cng thm vo tng phn t ca y.
(b) Lu tha mi phn t ca x vi s m tng ng l cc phn t
ca y.
(c) Chia cc phn t ca y vi cc phn t tng ng ca x.
(d) Nhn cc phn t ca x vi cc phn t tng ng ca y, t
trong vector z.
(e) Tnh tng cc phn t ca z, gn cho w.
(f) Tnh x.* y w.
(g) Tch v hng ca x v y
3. Cho x = [1 4 8], y = [2 1 5] v A = [3 1 6 ; 5 2 7]. Xt xem dng lnh
no hp l, d on kt qu, gii thch; ri th li bng Matlab :
(a) x + y
(b) x + A
(c) x + y
(d) A [x y]
(e) A 3
4. Cho A = [2 7 9 7 ; 3 1 5 6 ; 8 1 2 5], d on kt qu, gii thch; ri
th li bng Matlab:
(a) A
(b) sum(A)
2.1 Cc php ton ma trn, cc php bin i s cp 38
(c) sum(A)
(d) sum(A, 2)
(e) [[A; sum(A)] [sum(A, 2); sum(A(:))]]
5. Hy to ra ma trn 4x4 c gi tr nguyn nm trong khong [-10,10] ,
Sau :
(a) Cng mi phn t ca ma trn cho 15
(b) Bnh phng mi phn t ca ma trn
(c) Cng thm 10 vo cc phn t dng 1 v dng 2
(d) Cng thm 10 vo cc phn t ct 1 v ct 4
(e) Tnh nghch o mi phn t
(f) Ly cn bc hai mi phn t
2.1.2 Cc php bin i s cp
Sau y, chng ta s lm quen vi cc php bin i s cp trn dng v ct
ca ma trn. i vi php bin i s cp trn dng,
Bin dng i thnh ln dng i: A(i,:) = A(i,:)*
Bin dng i thnh dng i cng ln dng j: A(i,:) = A(i,:) +
A(j,:)*
Hon v dng i v dng j: A = A([th t dng],:)
2.1 Cc php ton ma trn, cc php bin i s cp 39
>> A = [2 4; 3 8; 6 7]
>> A(1,:) = A(1,:)*10
A =
20 40
3 8
6 7
>> A(2,:) = A(2,:) + 3*A(3,:)
A =
20 40
21 29
6 7
>> A = A([3 1 2],:)
A =
6 7
20 40
21 29
Tng t, ta c cc php bin i s cp trn ct l
Bin ct i thnh ln ct i: A(:,i) = A(:,i)*
Bin ct i thnh ct i cng ln ct j: A(:,i) = A(:,i) + A(:,j)*
Hon v ct i v ct j: A = A(:,[th t ct])
BI TP
Cho ma trn A = [2 4 1 ; 6 7 2 ; 3 5 9], vit lnh Matlab
1. Gn cho vector x l dng th nht ca A.
2. Gn cho ma trn y l hai dng cn li (cui) ca A.
3. Tnh tng theo dng ma trn A.
4. Tnh tng theo ct ma trn A.
5. Tm phn t ln nht v phn t nh nht ca ma trn.
6. Tnh tng cc phn t ca A
2.2 Ma trn nghch o, Phng trnh ma trn v H phng
trnh tuyn tnh 40
2.2 Ma trn nghch o, Phng trnh ma
trn v H phng trnh tuyn tnh
2.2.1 Ma trn nghch o
nh ngha 2.2.1. Ma trn n v cp n l ma trn vung cp n c cc
phn t trn ng cho chnh l 1, cc phn t cn li l 0. V d:

1 0 . . . 0
0 . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . 0
0 . . . 0 1

Trong Matlab, chng ta s dng hm eye(n) to ma trn n v cp n.

V d 2.2.2. ta to ma trn n v 3x3 bng code matlab nh sau.
>> eye(3)
ans =
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
nh ngha 2.2.3. Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Ma trn A c gi
l ma trn kh nghch nu nh tn ti ma trn B vung cp n sao cho
A.B = B.A = I
n
. Ta s dng hm inv(A) hoc s dng php ton A
1

tnh ton ma trn nghch o.

V d 2.2.4. Cho ma trn A nh sau:

3 4 6
0 1 1
2 3 4

2.2 Ma trn nghch o, Phng trnh ma trn v H phng

trnh tuyn tnh 41
>> inv(A)
ans =
-4.0000 -3.0000 2.0000
-1.0000 -1.0000 0
6.0000 4.0000 -3.0000
V d 2.2.5. Cho ma trn A nh sau:

8 + 3i 9 i 3 + 2i
9 3i 6 5 2i
1 + 2i 1 2i 10 + i

Ma trn nghch o ca A l
>> inv(A)
ans =
-0.0126 - 0.0995i 0.0515 + 0.1266i -0.0686 - 0.0138i
0.0990 + 0.1053i -0.0075 - 0.1357i 0.0235 + 0.0126i
-0.0469 + 0.0264i 0.0465 - 0.0155i 0.1001 + 0.0085i
V d 2.2.6. Cho ma trn B nh sau, B khng kh nghch khi hm inv
s tr ra cc gi tr nh sau:

3 4 6
5 2 16
2 1 1

inv(B)
Warning: Matrix is singular to working precision.
ans =
Inf Inf Inf
Inf Inf Inf
Inf Inf Inf
2.3 Bi tp 42
2.3 Bi tp
2.1 T to ngu nhin ma trn A l ma trn vung 25 phn t thuc C .
(a) Kim tra ma trn A c kh nghch hay khng, nu khng th cho
li ma trn ngu nhin khc.
(b) Xc nh ma trn nghch o ca A bng cc php bin i s cp
trn dng (lm tng bc).
2.2 T to ma trn ngu nhin A l ma trn vung 100 phn t thuc C.
(a) Kim tra ma trn A c kh nghch hay khng, nu khng th cho
li ma trn ngu nhin khc.
(b) Xc nh ma trn nghch o ca A bng cc php bin i s cp
trn dng (khng cn lm tng bc).
(c) Dng hm inv hoc php ton m -1 xc nh ma trn nghch
o ca A.
2.3 Cho ma trn bt k khng kh nghch 100 phn t. Dng cc php bin
i s cp trn dng kim tra tnh khng kh nghch ca ma trn .
2.4 Cho cc cp ma trn A,B theo th t. Xc nh A
1
B
1
, (AB)
1
, B
1
A
1
(a)

1 2
4 1

2 3
4 1

(b)

2 3 i 1
i 3 1 0
1 2 i 1

1 2 2i + 1
0 1 2
3 1 i + 1

2.3.1 Ma trn gi nghch o

Cho ma trn A kch thc mxn. Ma trn B l ma trn gi o ca A l ma
trn tha 4 tnh cht sau:
1.ABA = A
2.BAB = B
3.(AB)

= AB
2.3 Bi tp 43
4.(BA)

= BA
Trong ma trn AB v BA l ma trn Hermit, tc l ma trn phc c tnh
i xng lin hp.
Ghi ch 2.3.1. Trng hp t bit:
1. Nu A

A kh nghch th ma trn B = (A

A)
1
A

l ma trn gi o tri
ca A.
2. Nu AA

kh nghch th ma trn B = A

(AA

)
1
l ma trn gi o phi
ca A.
V d 2.3.2. Ma trn Hermit Cho ma trn A nh sau

7 5 + i
5 i 9

Ma trn chuyn v ca A l
>> A
ans =
7.0000 5.0000 + 1.0000i
5.0000 - 1.0000i 9.0000
Ta nhn thy rng ma trn chuyn v ca A cng bng chnh A do vy ma
trn A chnh l ma trn Hermit. Tip theo, ta s dng Matlap tnh ton
ma trn gi o ca A. Ta s dng hm pinv(A)
V d 2.3.3. Cho ma trn A nh sau

2 4 3
5 1 7

Sau dng hm pinv tnh ma trn gi o ca A v kim tra da vo

nh ngha.
pinv(A)
ans =
2.4 Bi tp 44
-0.0263 0.0789
0.2789 -0.1168
-0.0211 0.1032
>> A*pinv(A)*A
ans =
2.0000 4.0000 3.0000
5.0000 1.0000 7.0000
2.4 Bi tp
2.1 Cho ma trn A nh sau:

81 + 7i 10 + 8i 16 + 7i 14 + 8i
91 28 + 7i 97 42 + 7i
13 + 8i 55 + 4i 96 + 3i 92 + 3i
91 + 9i 96 + 7i 49 79 + 10i
63 + 7i 96 + 2i 80 + i 96

Xc nh ma trn gi o tri hoc gi o phi (nu c) ca A theo

2 cch:
_ S dng hm pinv. Cho bit ma trn gi o trn l ma trn gi o
tri hay phi (nu c).
_ Khng s dng hm pinv.
2.2 (*)Cho ma trn A M
4x7
(R) vi cc phn t bt k.
(a) Kim tra tnh nghch o ca B = AA
T
v C = A
T
A.
(b) Nu B khng kh nghch tm ma trn gi o ca B (nu c). (Nu
B kh nghch ta lm tng t vi C).
(c) (**)Nu s dng hm pinv th cho bit ma trn l gi o tri
hay gi o phi.
(d) Thc hnh li ci cu (a), (b), (c) vi tnh ton symbolic.
2.5 Bi tp 45
2.4.1 Gii phng trnh ma trn
nh ngha 2.4.1. Cho phng trnh AX=B. Trong A l ma trn mxn, B
l ma trn mxk v X l n. Ta cn tm X.
Ghi ch 2.4.2. Nu A l ma trn vung tc m=n v kh nghch .Ta dng
nghch o ca A.
Trong Matlab ta s dng php ton \ gi l php chia tri hoc hm mldi-
vide(A,b).
V d 2.4.3. Cho phng trnh ma trn nh trn.
A=[2 4 3;5 1 7;2 3 5];b=[2 5;4 1;3 7];
>> X=A\b
X =
0.0270 -2.2703
0.0811 1.1892
0.5405 1.5946
i vi phng trnh XA=b, ta dng php ton chia phi / hoc hm mrdi-
vide(b,A).
gii phng trnh ma trn trong Matlab,ta ch s dng hmlinsolve(A,b,opts).
Trong opts l tham s ch tnh cht ca ma trn A. iu ny rt quan
trng v n nh hng n tc tnh ton ca hm.
V d 2.4.4. Nu A l ma trn i xng, ta nhp vo cu lnh nh sau lin-
solve(A,b,SYM). Sau y l bng cc gi tr ca tham s opts.
2.5 Bi tp
2.1 Cho ma trn A nh sau rand(50,50). Tm ma trn X tha :
(a) 12X 2.5A = I
50
(b) XA
50
= B. Vi B l ma trn ngu nhin khc A.
2.5 Bi tp 46
Bng 2.4.1: Gi tr ca tham s opts
Gi tr tham s Thuc tnh ca ma trn A
LT Ma trn tam gic di
UT Ma trn tam gic trn
UHESS Ma trn Hessenberg trn
SYM Ma trn i xng
POSDEF Ma trn xc nh dng
RECT Ma trn ch nht
TRANSA Ma trn i xng lin hp
2.2 Cho ma trn A M
2x3
(C), ma trn B M
2x2
(C). Tm ma trn X
tha AX=B.
2.3 Cho ma trn A,B M
100x70
(C). Tm ma trn X tha:
(a) 100A + 10X = B
(b) XA = B
2.4 Gii phng trnh ma trn sau:
(a)
X

13 8 12
12 7 12
6 4 5

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

(b)

1 i 2 + i 108 i
12 7i 9 22 5i
3i 5 + 10i 25

1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1

0 0 1
1 1 0
0 1 1

2.5.1 H phng trnh tuyn tnh

2.5.2 a v dng ma trn
gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh, ta a v dng ma trn vi b l ma trn
mx1. Ngoi cc phng php trn, ta c th s dng hm rref([A b])
a ma trn v dng bc thang rt gn.
2.5 Bi tp 47
V d 2.5.1. Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau:

x
1
+ 7x
2
2x
3
= 21
2x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 7x
3
= 2
x
1
+ 8x
2
+ 2x
3
= 1
Ta a phng trnh trn v ma trn A, vec t x v b c dng:
A =

1 7 2
2 3 7
1 8 2

, x =

x
1
x
2
x
3

, b =

21
2
1

Sau gii phng trnh ma trn : Ax=b.

Ghi ch 2.5.2. Trc khi gii phng trnh trn, ta cn xem xt phng
trnh ny c nghim hay khng bng cch so snh hng ca ma trn A v
A=[A B].
V d 2.5.3. Cho phng trnh sau:

2 4 3
5 1 7
2 3 5

X =

2 5
4 1
3 7

>> A=[2 4 3;5 1 7;2 3 5];b=[2;4;3];

>> rank(A)
ans =
3
>> rank([A b])
ans =
3
Ta nhn thy rank(A)=rank(A)=m do vy phng trnh trn c nghim duy
nht.
2.5 Bi tp 48
2.5.3 S dng tnh ton symbolic
Ngoi phng php a v dng ma trn, ta c th nhp trc tip h phng
trnh v s dng hm solve.
Dng 1: solve(phng trnh,bin)
V d 2.5.4. >> solve(x^2+2*x+a,x)
ans =
- (1 - a)^(1/2) - 1
(1 - a)^(1/2) - 1
>> solve(x^2+2*x+a,a)
ans =
- x^2 - 2*x
Dng 2: solve(phng trnh th 1,...,phng trnh th n,bin th
1,...,bin th n)
V d 2.5.5. >> S=solve(x^2-3*x+y,y-2+8*x+2*a,x,y)
S =
x: [2x1 sym]
y: [2x1 sym]
>> S.x
ans =
(8*a + 113)^(1/2)/2 + 11/2
11/2 - (8*a + 113)^(1/2)/2
>> S.y
ans =
2.6 Bi tp 49
- 2*a - 4*(8*a + 113)^(1/2) - 42
4*(8*a + 113)^(1/2) - 2*a - 42
>> S=solve(x^2-3*x+y,y-2+8*x+2*a,x,a)
S =
a: [2x1 sym]
x: [2x1 sym]
>> S.a
ans =
2*(9 - 4*y)^(1/2) - y/2 - 5
- y/2 - 2*(9 - 4*y)^(1/2) - 5
>> S.x
ans =
3/2 - (9 - 4*y)^(1/2)/2
(9 - 4*y)^(1/2)/2 + 3/2
>>
2.6 Bi tp
2.1 Gii cc phng trnh v h phng trnh sau y:
(a) x
3
5x
2
+
3
2
x + 10 = 22
(b)Gii h phng trnh sau theo hai cch dng ma trn hoc dng
hm solve
2.7 nh thc, gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh bng nh thc 50
v rt ra nhn xt v hai phng php trn.

x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 5x
3
4x4 = 1
x
1
+ 8x
2
17x
3
+ 9x
4
= 20
2
3
x
1
+
7
8
x
2
6x
3
4x
4
= 20
12x
1
7x
2
+ 22x
3
x
4
= 1
2.2 Cho h phng trnh sau:

x + 5.000y = 17.0
15x + 7.501y = 25.503
(a) Gii h phng trnh trn.
(b) Thay gi tr 25.503 bng cc gi tr sau 25.504; 25.505;25.501 v
cho bit nghim ca n thay i nh th no so vi phng trnh ban
u.
(c) Cho bit ngha ca hm rcond.
2.7 nh thc, gii h phng trnh tuyn
tnh bng nh thc
2.7.1 nh thc
Mnh 2.7.1. Cho A M
n
(F). Ta c:
a/ A kh nghch |A| = 0 .
b/ A khng kh nghch |A| = 0.
Ta dng hm det tnh nh thc ca ma trn vung.
V d 2.7.2. Tnh nh thc ca ma trn sau:

8 9 3
9 6 5
1 1 10

>> det(A)
ans =
2.8 Bi tp 51
-316
2.7.2 Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh bng nh thc
a phng trnh v dng ma trn AX=b. Sau s dng qui tc Cramer
sau y gii.
Thut ton 2.7.3. Qui tc Cramer:
K hiu:
= |A|

j
= |A
j
| (vi A
j
l ma trn A xa ct j v thay bng ct b).
Trng hp 1: Nu = 0 th h c nghim duy nht: x
1
=

1

, x
2
=

, ..., x
n
=

n

.
Trng hp 2: Nu = 0 v j 1, 2, ..., n :
j
= 0 th h v nghim.
Trng hp 3: Nu = 0 v j 1, 2, ..., n :
j
= 0 th h c v s nghim
hoc v nghim.
2.8 Bi tp
2.1 Tnh nh thc ca cc ma trn sau y:
(a)

2 5i 23.2 3 6i
21.2i 3 7i 11
40 8i 2 + i 12 23i

(b)

12222.555 50000 28123445

197772.22345 596959394 32344634596.232
19284785763.2315 23454564 235856394.111223

Kim tra li bng tnh ton symbolic.

2.9 a thc c trng, tr ring v vect ring 52
2.2 Vit chng trnh bin lun h phng trnh tuyn tnh v thc hin
vi h phng trnh sau:

2 8 + m 11
3 + m 7 2
9 1 12 m

2.9 a thc c trng, tr ring v vect ring

nh ngha 2.9.1. Cho A M
n
(F). Gi tr F c gi l gi tr ring
ca ma trn A nu tn ti vet u = 0 F
n
sao cho : Au = u.
Khi vect u c gi l vect ring ca ma trn A ng vi tr ring .
Mnh 2.9.2. Gi tr ring ca ma trn A l nghim ca phng trnh
det(AI) = 0, goi l phng trnh t trng ca A. Ta s dng hm poly
tnh phng trnh t trng. Hm trn s tr ra mt vect dng m mi
phn t l h s tng ng theo th t ca a thc c trng.
V d 2.9.3. Cho ma trn A nh sau:

3 2 7
5 9 21
12 4 3

Tnh a thc c trng ca ma trn A.

>> p=poly(A)
p =
1.0e+003 *
0.0010 -0.0090 -0.1870 1.7030
a thc c trng ca A l:
3
9
2
187 + 1703.
Sau ta c th dng hm roots(p) tnh nghim ca a thc trn.
Hm [V,D]=eig(A) cho ta gi tr ring v vect ring tng ng (vect
ring trong ma trn V l vect ct).
2.10 Bi tp 53
>> [V,D]=eig(A)
V =
0.3521 0.3915 -0.0549
0.6761 -0.9163 0.9788
-0.6472 0.0847 0.1972
D =
-13.7070 0 0
0 9.1952 0
0 0 13.5117
Vi tr ring l -13.707 ta c vect ring tng ng l (0.3521,0.6761,-0.6472).
2.10 Bi tp
2.1 Cho ma trn A M
50
(F). Xc nh cc vect x no khi thc hin tch
Ax th khng lm thay i hng ca vect x.
CHNG 3
Gii tch hm mt bin
3.1 Cc php ton tp hp
3.1.1 nh ngha tp hp v cch khai bo tp hp
trong Matlab
Tp hp
l nhng i tng c nhm theo mt tnh cht no .
Khai bo tp hp trong Matlab
Mt tp hp trong Matlab c khai bo bng cch lit k di dng mt
vector (vector dng hoc vector ct).
V d : tp hp a gm 5 phn t c th khai bo nh sau : A = [1 4 8 9 10]
; A = [1, 4,8 , 9, 10] - vector dng hoc A = [1; 4; 8; 9; 10] - vector ct hoc
l tp rng th A = [ ].
gi cc phn t trong tp A, ta c : 1 = A(1), 4 = A(2), 8 = A(3), 9 =
A(4), 10 = A(5).
3.1.2 Cc php ton trong tp hp
i vi mt tp hp cho trc, nhng thng tin v n bao gm :
1. Bit tp c phi tp rng hay khng (isempty)
Hm isempty(A) trong Matlab c 1 i s, gi tr tr v s l 1 nu A l tp
3.1 Cc php ton tp hp 55
rng, ngc li th gi tr tr v l 0.
V d : Nu A = [1 4 8 9 10], isempty(A) s tr v l 0. Nu A = [ ],
isempty(A) s tr v l 1.
2. Tm s phn t trong tp hp (length)
Hm length(A) trong Matlab cho bit chiu di ca vector A, n cng
chnh l s phn t ca tp hp A m ta lit k.
V d : A = [1 4 8 9 10], length(A) s bng 5.
3. Bit phn t cho trc c thuc tp hp cho hay khng
(ismember)
Hm ismember(s, A) gm 2 i s. A l tp hp cho trc v s l phn t
ta cn xc nh c thuc tp hp A hay khng. Gi tr c ismember(s, A) s
l 1 nu s thuc A, ngc li l 0.
V d : A = [1 4 8 9 10], s = 2. ismember(s, A) = 0. Nu s = 8 th ismember(s,
A) = 1.
Ngoi ra, i s s trn c th l mt tp hp (vector). Gi tr tr v ca
ismember(s, A) s l mt vector c chiu di bng ng chiu di ca mng
s v c gi tr tng ng l 0 (nu phn t ca s ti v tr khng thuc
A) hoc 1 (nu phn t ca s ti v tr thuc A).
V d : A = [1 4 8 9 10], s = [0 3 9] th ismember(s, A) = [0 0 1].
4. Lit k tt c cc tp con c k phn t ca tp hp cho trc
(nchoosek)
Hm nchoosek(A, k) trong Matlab dng tm tt c cc tp con k phn t
ca tp A, tp A gm c n phn t. Gi tr tr v l mt ma trn gm c
C
k
n
dng v k ct. Mi dng ca ma trn kt qu l mt tp con gm k phn
t.
V d : A = [1 4 8 9 10], k = 4 th
nchoosek(A, k) =

1 4 8 9
1 4 8 10
1 4 9 10
1 8 9 10
4 8 9 10

5. Loi b nhng phn t trng nhau trong tp hp (unique)

Cho mt tp hp A cho trc, c th trong tp hp c cha nhng phn
t c lit k nhiu ln. loi nhng phn t trng nhay trong tp hp A,
ta dng hm unique(A). Nu cc phn t A khng trng nhau, th unique(A)
cho kt qu l A. Ngc li, kt qu tr v s l mt tp hp (vector) c s
3.1 Cc php ton tp hp 56
phn t t hn s phn t ca A v c sp theo th t tng dn.
V d : A = [1 4 8 9 10], unique(A) cho kt qu l A. Nu A = [1 9 4 8 10 1
8 4 9 10], th unique(A) s cho kt qu l [1 4 8 9 10].
Khi c hai tp hp cho trc, th cc php ton gia chng gm c php hi,
giao v hiu.
6. Hi gia hai tp hp (union)
Hm union(A, B) dng tm hi ca hai tp hp A v B. Kt qu ca
union(A, B) l mt tp hp trong lit k cc phn t trong A, B m
khng c s lit k lp li. Ngoi ra kt qu tr v s c sp theo th t
tng dn.
V d : A = [1 4 8 9 10], B = [2 3 5] th union(A, B) = [1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10].
Nu A = [1 4 8 9 10], B = [4 2 5 3 2 5] th union(A, B) = [1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10].
D nhin, ta c th p dng hm union tm hi ca nhiu hn 2 tp hp
bng cch dng lng cc hm union vo vi nhau
V d : tm hi ca 3 tp A, B v C, ta dng union(union(A,B),C)
7. Giao gia hai tp hp (intersect)
Hm intersect(A, B) dng tm phn giao ca hai tp A v B. Kt qu ca
intersect(A, B) l mt tp hp lit k nhng phn t no thuc c hai tp
A v B, v tp giao ny cng s c sp xp theo th t tng dn.
V d ; A = [1 4 8 9 10], B = [10 5 8 9] th intersect(A, B) = [8 9]. Nu A =
[1 4 8 9 10], B=[5 3] th intersect(A, B) = [ ].
Tng t nh trong hm union, ta c th dng hm intersect tm giao
ca nhiu hn hai tp hp bng cch lng cc hm intersect vo vi nhau
V d : tm giao ca 3 tp A, B v C, ta dng intersect(intersect(A,B),
C).
8. Hm hiu gia hai tp hp (setdiff) setdiff(A, B) s tr v tp A\B
tm nhng phn t ch cha trong A m khng cha trong B. Kt qu
cng c sp theo th t tng dn nh hai hm trn.
V d : A = [1 4 8 9 10], B = [10 5 8 9] th setdiff(A, B) = [1 4] . Nu A = [
], B = [10 5 8 9] th setdiff(A, B) = [ ].
9. Hm tnh hi hiu giao (setxor)
setxor(A, B) dng tnh (AB)\(AB), kt qu l mt tp hp ch cha
cc phn t c trong A, B m khng cha trong phn giao ca A v B. Cng
ging nh trn, kt qu tr v s l mt tp c sp theo th t
V d : A = [1 4 8 9 10], B = [10 5 8 9] th setxor(A, B) = [1 4 5]
3.1 Cc php ton tp hp 57
3.1.3 BI TP
1. Cho tp A = {2, 4, 6, 8,10, 1, 0}
a. Cho bit tp A c phi rng hay khng ?
b. Tnh tng tt c cc phn t trong tp A.
c. Xem phn t 0 c trong tp A hay khng?
2. Cho tp A, B gm c cc phn t sau y : A = {1, 5, 9, 4, 3, 2, 0, 3, 6}
v B = {3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 4, 6}
a. Tp A gm c bao nhiu phn t ?
b.Dng lng isempty bit xem A v B c phi l tp trng hay khng?
b. Nu A v B l 2 tp khc trng th tm AB v AB.
c. Xem tp A c cha phn t trng nhau hay khng ?
3. Cho hai tp A v B nh trn bi 2.
a. Xem tp {0, 2, 4} c thuc phn giao ca hai tp A v B hay khng?
b. Tm phn t ln nht v b nht ca c hai tp A v B
c. Kim tra xem tp A c phi l tp con ca tp B hay khng? V B c
phi l tp con ca A hay khng?
4. Pht sinh ngu nhin mt tp hp C gm 100 phn t bng hm rand ca
Matlab
a. Kim tra xem tp hp C c cha nhng phn t no trng nhau hay
khng?
b. Kim tra xem gi tr ln nht ca A c ln hn 1 hay khng? v gi tr
b nht ca A c nh hn 0 hay khng?
c. Pht sinh ngu nhin 1 tp B gm 10 phn t. Tnh (AB)\(AB).
5. Pht sinh ngu nhin 1 tp D gm 9 phn t bng lnh D = 3-3*rand(1,9)
a. Kim tra xem tp hp c thuc tp s nguyn hay khng?
b. Lit k tt c cc tp con gm 4 phn t ca tp D.
c. Lit k tt c cc tp con ca D.
6. Mi sinh vin nam khoa Ton-Tin hc u chi bng hoc bng chuyn.
Bit rng c 350 bn chi bng , 260 bn chi bng chuyn v 70 bn chi
c hai mn th thao ny.
Hi khoa Ton-Tin hc c bao nhiu sinh vin nam (dng cc php ton tp
hp)?
7. Cho x = 1 :180, y = 1 :150. Dng ch s logic v hm mod, lit k cc
phn t ca tp hp A = cc c s nguyn dng ca 180 v ca tp hp
B = cc c nguyn dng ca 150.
Xc nh cc tp hp AB, AB, A\B, B\A
3.2 symbolic math c bn 58
8. Pht sinh ngu nhin hai s nguyn dng m v n khng vt qu 20. Pht
sinh tp hp A gm m phn t nguyn ngu nhin trong khong [-10,10] v
B gm n phn t ngu nhin trong khong [-20, 20].
Xc nh: a. AB hay BA hay A=B khng?
b. A\B; B\A; AB; AB; c. A
2
; B2; AxB; BxA; d. Nhp mt s nguyn x.
Kim tra x A hay x B khng? 9. Cho A = {1, 5, 9, 4, 3, 2, 0, 3, 6} v
B = {3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 4, 6} v C= {0, 2, 4}. Tm
a. (AB) C b (AB C)\(AB C) c. AC B 10.Cho tp A, B v
C nh trn.
a. Tp no c nhiu phn t nht.
b. Tm gi tr ln nht trong c 3 tp hp trn.
c. Lit k tt c cc tp con ca tp C. Xem tp con no ca tp C l tp
con ca A.
3.2 symbolic math c bn
Matlab cng nh mt s phn mm nh Maple, Mathematica, Maxima... c
th h tr ngi dng v kh nng tnh ton hnh thc. Chng ta c th khai
bo mt bin hnh thc trong Matlab bng lnh SYM hoc khai bo cng
lc nhiu bin bng lnh SYMS . Ngoi ra, chng ta c th khai bo mt
hm theo cc bin bng s lnh INLINE.
V d 3.2.1. >> sym x;
>> syms y z t;
>> f=inline(sin(x*y*z))
f =
Inline function:
f(x,y,z) = sin(x.*y.*z)
Mt s hm v bin/hng ton hc trong Matlab
Tn hm Ghi ch Tn hm Ghi ch
cos(x) exp(x) hm e m
sin(x) log(x) logarit t nhin
3.3 Cc bi ton dy s v chui s 59
tan(x) log10(x) logarit c s 10
acos(x) cos
1
(x) abs(x) tr tuyt i
asin(x) sin
1
(x) sqrt(x) cn bc hai
atan(x) /2 tan
1
/2 real(x) phn thc
atan2(x) tan
1
imag(x) phn o
cosh(x) (e
x
+ e
x
)/2 conj s phc lin hp
sinh(x) (e
x
e
x
)/2 round lm trn
tanh(x) (e
x
e
x
)/(e
x
+ e
x
) fix lm trn
acosh(x) cosh
1
(x) sign(x) 1(dng)/0/-1(m)
asinh(x) sinh
1
(x) mod(y,x) phn d ca y/x
atanh(x) tanh
1
(x) rem(y,x) phn d ca y/x
max gi tr ln nht v ch s ca n eval(f) gi tr mt biu thc
min gi tr b nht v ch s ca n feval(f,a) gi tr ca hm
sum tng polyval gi tr ca hm a thc
sum tng polyval gi tr ca hm a thc
prod tch poly gi tr ca hm a thc
norm chun vector hoc ma trn sort sp xp theo th t tng
roots nghim a thc poly gi tr ca hm a thc
i,j sqrt(1) pi
break thot vng lp while/for Inf, inf
nargin s i s vo nargout Khng-l-mt-s (khng xc nh)
varargin danh sch cc i s vo varargout danh sch i s ra
3.3 Cc bi ton dy s v chui s
3.3.1 Khi nim v dy s, chui s v cch khai bo
trong matlab
Dy s v chui s Dy s c th xem l mt danh sch cc s c th t
x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, ..., x
n
, . . .
Trong a
1
l gi tr u tin, a
2
l gi tr th 2. Tng qut a
n
l gi tr th
n. i vi dy v hn, gi tr tip theo sau x
n
lun tn ti l x
n+1
. Ngi ta
k hiu nh sau {x
n
} hoc {x
n
}

n=1
V d : Ta c dy s {x
n
} =
1
n
. Trong x
1
= 1, x
2
=
1
2
, . . . x
k
=
1
k
, x
k+1
=
1
k+1
, . . .
3.3 Cc bi ton dy s v chui s 60
Chui s c th c nh ngha thng qua dy s, trong phn t th n
l s
n
=

n
i=1
x
i
.
V d : Chui

n=1
1
n
c xem nh mt dy s c s
1
=

1
n=1
1
n
= 1, s
2
=

2
n=1
1
n
= 1 +
1
2
, . . . , s
k
=

k
n=1
1
n
= 1 +
1
2
+ . . . +
1
k
, s
k+1
= s
k
+
1
k+1
Cch khai bo dy s v chui s trong Matlab
khai bo chui trong matlab ta lm nh sau : v d trong trng hp
chui x
n
=
1
n
ta lm nh sau :
syms n; xn = 1/n ; Tng t nh th i vi chui s, chui s
n
c khai
bo nh sau :
syms k n; sn = symsum(1/k, 1, n) ;
v i vi chui hm

k=1
x
k
ta khai bo nh sau :
syms x, k, n; sn=symsum(xk, k, 1, n)
3.3.2 Mt s hm v x l dy s v chui s trong
Matlab
1. Hm tnh gii hn (limit)
Hm limit trong Matlab dng tnh gii hn ca dy s theo nhiu cch
sau y :
limit(xn,n,a) dng tnh gii hn ca dy xn khi n dn v gi tr a
limit(xn,n,a,right) ; limit(xn,n,a,left) dng tnh gii hn mt bsn khi x tin
v a t 2 pha.
V d : Cho dy x
n
= 1/n
Gii hn ca x
n
khi n c tnh bng Matlab limit(xn, n, inf) = 0, khi
n 5, limit(xn, n, 5) = 1/5.
2. Hm tnh tng theo bin (symsum)
Nh trong phn v d trong chui, hm symsum c dng tnh tng theo
mt bin. C php ca hm symsum trong Matlab nh sau :
symsum(S,v,a,b), trong S l biu thc ph thuc vo v (S =
1
v
), hoc S
l mt hm s ph thuc vo v (S = x
v
, x l bin). v l ch s ta mun tnh
tng theo ca S theo v t a n b.
3. Biu din dy (plot)
Dy s hay chui s c th gm v hn phn t, tuy nhin minh ho trong
my, ta s chn n phn t th N no ca dy hay chui minh ho.
V d : Cho N = 1000, ta lm nh sau : for i = 1 : N
X(i) = 1/i; end; plot(X);
3.3 Cc bi ton dy s v chui s 61
3.3.3 Bi tp
1 Dng th m t cc dy/chui s sau xem chng hi t hay phn k
(cho trc n ln). Nu chng hi t, c lng gi tr hi t.
a. a
n
= (1)
n n+1
n
b. a
n
= 2 + {
2

}
n
c. a
n
=
sin(n)

n
d. a
n
=
n
3
n!
e.a
n
=
(3
n
+ 5
n
)
1/n
f.
1.2.3...(2n1)
(2n)
n
g.
1.2.3...(2n1)
n!
2 Tnh 20 tng ring u tin ca cc chui sau. V trn cng h trc dy
s hng t ca chui v dy gi tr cc tng ring ca chui. Xt xem chng
hi t hay phn k. Nu hi t th tnh gi tr hi t. Nu phn k th gii
thch ti sao.
a.

n=1
12
(5)
n
b.

n=1
2n
2
1
n
2
+1
c.

n=1
tan(n) d.

n=1
(0.6)
n1
e.

n=1
1
15
1.5

1
(n+1)
1.5
f.

n=2
1
n(n1)
g.

n=1
2n
3n+1
3 Xt xem cc chui sau hi t hay phn k bng nh ngha dng vng lp
while khi tng n vi epsilon nh cho trc. Nu chng hi t, tnh gi tr
hi t.
a.3 + 2 +
4
3
+
8
9
+ . . . b.
1
8

1
4
+
1
2
1 + . . . c.

n=1
(6)
n1
5
n1
d.

n=0

n
3
n+1
e.

n=1
(3
n
+2
n
)
6
n
f.

n=1

0.8
n1
0.3
n

4. Tm gi tr n va chui hi t (dng vng lp while tng n).

a.

n=1
(1)
n+1
n
4
(sai s nh hn 0.001).
b.

n=1
(2)
n
n!
(sai s nh hn 0.01).
c.

n=1
(1)
n
n
4
n
(sai s nh hn 0.002).
5. c lng gi tr ca tng chui n 4 ch s thp phn (theo t tng
ca bi trn)
a.

n=1
(1)
n+1
n
5
b.

n=1
(1)
n
n
8
n
c.

n=1
(1)
n
3
n
n!
6. Tm gii hn ca dy s sau :
a. a
n
= {

n 3}

n=3
b. a
n
= {
n
n+1
}

n=1
c. a
n
= {cos
n
6
}

n=0
7. Lit k 5 phn t u tin ca dy s sau :
a. a
n
= 1 (0.2)
n
b. a
n
=
n+1
3n1
c. a
1
= 3, a
n+1
= 2a
n
1 8. Lit k 6 phn
t u tin ca dy s sau y v cho n c tn ti gii hn hay khng. Nu
dy s sau tn ti gii hn th gii hn .
a
n
= n2n + 1
9. Nu 1000 la c u t vi li nhun 0.6%. Sau n nm th vn u t
s ln n 1000(1.6)
n
a. Lit k 5 phn t u tin ca dy s trn.
b. Dy s trn c hi t hay khng? Gii thch.
3.4 Cc bi ton vi phn hm mt bin 62
10. Ch ra mt gi tr r dy nr
n
hi t.
3.4 Cc bi ton vi phn hm mt bin
3.4.1 Vi phn hm mt bin
Cho hm s thc f(x) trn khong m (a,b) v x (a, b). Ta n f kh vi ti
x nu v ch nu lim
0
f(x+h)f(x)
h
tn ti v l s thc. Khi ta k hiu
gii hn ny l f

(x) v gi l o hm ca f ti x.
3.5 Cc bi ton gii hn hm s v tnh lin
tc ca hm s
3.5.1 Gii hn ca hm s
Trong matlab ta dng lnh limit tnh gii hn ca hm s. C th:
LIMIT(f,x,a): Tnh gii hn ca hm s f khi x tin v a.
LIMIT(f,x,a,right) hoc LIMIT(f,x,a,left): Tnh gii hn tri hoc gii hn
phi ca hm s khi x tin v a.
V d 3.5.1. Cho f(x) =
sin(x)
x
, tm gii hn ca f khi x 0
Trong matlab ta c th lm nh sau:
>> syms x
>> limit(sin(x)/x,x,0)
ans =
1
Ngoi ra matlab cn c th tnh gii hn tri v gii hn phi ca mt
hm s.
V d 3.5.2. Cho f(x) =
1
x
, tm gii hn ca f khi x 0
+
v x 0

Trong matlab ta c th lm nh sau:

3.5 Cc bi ton gii hn hm s v tnh lin tc ca hm s 63
>> syms x
>> limit(1/x,x,0,right)
ans =
inf
>> limit(1/x,x,0,left)
ans =
-inf
Ngoi ra chng ta c th p dng hm LIMIT tnh o hm ca mt
hm s bng nh ngha ca o hm.
nh ngha 3.5.3. o hm ca mt hm s f ti a, k hiu l f

(a) l
f

(a) = lim
h0
f(x + h) f(x)
h
nu gii hn ny tn ti.
V d 3.5.4. Cho hm s f(x) = arctan(x), tm f

(a) vi a R ?
>> syms a
>> limit((atan(a+h)-atan(a))/h,h,0)
ans =
1/(1+a^2)
3.5.2 S lin tc ca hm s
nh ngha 3.5.5. Hm s f lin tc ti a nu
lim
xa
f(x) = f(a).
Nh vy mt hm s lin tc ti mt im th hm s phi tha
ba iu kin sau:
3.5 Cc bi ton gii hn hm s v tnh lin tc ca hm s 64
1. f(a) xc nh vi a l mt phn t trong tp xc nh,
2. lim
xa
f(x) tn ti,
3. lim
xa
f(x) = f(a).
Da vo nh ngha hm s lin tc ti mt im, chng ta c th s dng
cc cu lnh trong matlab nh sau:
1. Tnh gii hn ca hm s f khi x a bng lnh LIMIT
2. Tnh gi tr hm s ti a bng lnh SUBS
V d 3.5.6. Cho
f(x) =

x
3
2x
2
x + 2
x 2
x = 2
2 x = 2
>> syms x
>> limit((x^3-2*x^2-x+2)/(x-2),x,2)
ans =
3
V lim
x2
f(x) = 3 = 2 = f(2) nn f khng lin tc ti x = 2. Ngc li, f
lin tc ti tt cc im x = 2. C th, xt s lin tc ca f ti x = 0:
>> syms x
>> limit((x^3-2*x^2-x+2)/(x-2),x,0)
ans =
-1
Bi ton 3.5.7. Tm hiu lnh SUBS trong trng hp c nhiu bin.
p dng lnh LIMIT tnh gii hn hm s trong trng hp hm nhiu
bin.
3.5 Cc bi ton gii hn hm s v tnh lin tc ca hm s 65
Bi tp 3.5.8. Kho st tnh lin tc ca hm s ti a. V th hm s.
1. f(x) = ln |x 2| a = 2
2. f(x) =

1
x 1
x = 1 a = 1
2 x = 1
3. f(x) =

e
x
x < 0 a = 0
x
2
x 1
4. f(x) =

x
2
x
x
2
1
x = 1 a = 1
1 x = 1
5. f(x) =

cos(x) x < 1 a = 0
0 x = 1
1 x
2
x > 0
6. f(x) =

2x
2
3x 3
x 3
x = 3 a = 3
0 x = 3
Bi tp 3.5.9. V th hm s v xc nh cc im bt lin tc ca cc
hm s.
1. y =
1
1 + e
1/x
2. y = ln(tan
2
x)
Bi tp 3.5.10. S dng matlab chng minh cc hm s sao lin tc trn R?
1. f(x) =

x
2
x < 1

x x 1
2. f(x) =

sin(x) x < /4
cos(x) x /4
Bi tp 3.5.11. Xc nh f

(0) c tn ti hay khng?

1. f(x) =

xsin
1
x
x = 0
0 x = 0
3.6 Cc bi ton tch phn hm mt bin 66
2. f(x) =

x
2
sin
1
x
x = 0
0 x = 0
3. f(x) = arctan

a
2
x
2
a
2
+ x
2

4. f(x) =
1
x
arctan

ln
1
x
2

3.6 Cc bi ton tch phn hm mt bin

Trong matlab, tnh tch phn hm mt bin chng ta dng lnh INT.
3.6.1 Tch phn bt nh
INT(f,x): Tnh tch phn bt nh ca hm f theo bin x.
V d 3.6.1. Tnh tch phn bt nh ca hm s f(x) = x
3
arctan(x)?
>> syms x
>> int(x^3*atan(x),x)
ans =
1/4*x^4*atan(x)-1/12*x^3+1/4*x-1/4*atan(x)
Chng ta c th rt gn kt qu tnh hnh thc bng hm SIMPLE hoc
SIMPLIFY.
3.6.2 Tch phn xc nh
INT(f,x,a,b): Tnh tch phn xc nh ca hm f theo bin x vi cn ly tch
phn t a n b.
V d 3.6.2. Tnh tch phn xc nh
I = f(x) =

/4
0
x
3
arctan(x)dx
3.6 Cc bi ton tch phn hm mt bin 67
>> syms x
>> I=int(x^3*atan(x),x,0,pi/4)
I =
1/1024*pi^4*atan(1/4*pi)-1/768*pi^3+1/16*pi-1/4*atan(1/4*pi)
Kt qu trn cho thy matlab hiu pi nh l mt bin hnh thc. Do
biu din kt qu di dng s thc ta dng lnh EVAL nh sau:
>> I=eval(I)
I =
0.0529
3.6.3 Tch phn s
Trong thc t, nhiu tch phn khng th tnh nguyn hm c. Trong
trng hp , chng ta s dng tch phn s tnh tch phn xc nh.
Matlab cung cp cho chng ta hm tnh tch phn s: QUAD. Hm QUAD
dng tnh tch phn s bng phng php cu phng. Sinh vin c th
tm hiu phng php tch phn cu phng trong cc gio trnh Gii tch
s.
V d 3.6.3. Tnh tch phn xc nh sau bng phng php tch phn cu
phng gn ng
I = f(x) =

1
0
e
x
arctan(x
2
)
cos(x)
dx.
>> F = inline(exp(x).*atan(x.^2)./cos(x));
>> Q=quad(F,0,1)
Q =
0.9230
3.6 Cc bi ton tch phn hm mt bin 68
Bi tp 3.6.4. Vit mt hm hoc on chng trnh tnh xp x tch phn
xc nh bng phng php im gia sau:

b
a
f(x)dx
n

i=1
f( x
i
)x,
trong x =
b a
n
, v x
i
=
1
2
(x
i1
+ x
i
). p dng tnh cc tch phn xc
nh trong khong (a, b) chnh xc n tm ch s thp phn. So snh kt
qu ca phng php ny vi kt qu bng lnh QUAD.
1.

1
0
e
x
2
dx
1 + e
2x
2.

10
2

x
5
+ 1dx
3.

/2
0
tan
4
xdx
4.

1
0
cos x
2
dx
5.

5
1
x
2
e
x
2
dx
Bi tp 3.6.5. Hm tch phn sine
Si(x) =

x
0
sint
t
dx
c vai tr quan trng trong k thut in.
1. V th ca Si.
2. Tm nhng im m ti hm ny t cc i a phng.
3. Tm ta ca im un u tin pha bn phi gc ta .
4. Hm s c tim cn ngang hay khng?
Bi tp 3.6.6. S dng th c lng giao im ca hm s vi trc honh
Ox v tnh xp x din tch nm bn di ng cong v bn trn trc Ox
ca cc hm s bn di.
1. y = x + x
2
x
4
.
3.6 Cc bi ton tch phn hm mt bin 69
2. y = 2x + 3x
4
2x
6
.
Bi tp 3.6.7. Cho mt vt th c bin gii hn bi trc Oy, ng thng
y = 1, v ng cong y =
4

x. Tnh din tch ca vt th?

Bi tp 3.6.8. Cho ng cong c phng trnh y
2
= x
2
(x + 3). th ca
ng cong ny c mt phn to hnh mt hnh vng cung. Hy v th v
tnh din tch ca hnh to bi hnh vng cung .
3.6.4 Cc hm trong Matlab dng cho bi ton vi phn
hm mt bin
1. o hm cp k theo mt bin (diff)
Hm diff dng tm o hm cp k ca hm s f(x, y) theo bin x theo c
php diff(f, x, k) hay theo bin y theo c php diff(f, y, k). Nhng khi hm
s ch ph thuc vo duy nht mt bin x th ta c diff(f, k).
V d : Tm o hm cp 1 ca hm s f(x) = x
2
cos(x), ta lm nh sau :
syms x;f = x
2
cos(x); diff(f) = 2*x - sin(x)
Tm o hm cp 3 ca hm s f(x, y) = x
2
sin(x) x y
2
theo bin y, ta
lm nh sau : syms x y;f = x
2
sin(x) x y
2
; diff(f, y, 3) = 0;
2. Khai trin Taylor Khai trin Taylor dng xp x mt hm s c o
hm mi cp thnh mt a thc bc n trong ln cn mt im cho trc,
vi sai s cho php. Hm Taylor trong Matlab taylor c nhng c php sau
y :
taylor(f(x)) khai trin Taylor hm f(x) n bc 5, trong vng ln cn 0.
taylor(f(x),n) khai trin Taylor hm f(x) n bc n-1, trong vng ln cn 0.
taylor(f(x),a) khai trin Taylor hm f(x) n bc 5, trong vng ln cn a.
taylor(f(x),a,n) khai trin Taylor hm f(x) n bc n-1, trong vng ln cn
a.
3.6.5 Bi tp
1. Tm o hm cp 1 ca cc hm s sau y :
a. f(x) = x
6
b. f(x) =

x c. f(x) = x

x
2. Tm o hm cp 1 v cp 2 ca cc hm s sau y :
a. f(x) = x
4
3x
3
16x b. f(x) =

x + x
1
3
c. f(x) = sin(x)x + x
4
3. Phng trnh chuyn ng ca mt cht im c dng s = t
3
3t. Trong
3.6 Cc bi ton tch phn hm mt bin 70
s c n v l mt v t c n v l giy. Tm
a. Vn tc v gia tc ca chuyn ng.
b. Gia tc chuyn ng sau 2 giy.
c. Gia tc chuyn ng khi vn tc bng 0.
4. Mt cht im chuyn ng c dng phng trnh s = 2t
3
7t
2
+ 4t + 1.
Trong s c n v l mt v t c n v l giy. Tm
a. Vn tc v gia tc ca chuyn ng.
b. Gia tc chuyn ng sau 1 giy.
c. V th ca chuyn ng, cng vi vn tc v gia tc.
5. Tm trn ng cong y = 2x
3
+3x
2
12x+1 im m tip tuyn vi ng
cong ti im song song vi trc honh. 6. Phng trnh y

+y

2y = x
2
c gi l phng trnh vi phn v n cha hm s cha bit y(x), o hm
cp 1 v cp 2 ca n. Tm 3 h s A, B v C hm s y = Ax
2
+Bx +C
l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn trn.
7. Vi nhng gi tr no ca x th th hm s f(x) = x
3
+ 3x
2
+ x + 3 c
tip tuyn song song vi trc honh .
8. So snh o hm ca 2 hm s f(x) = e
x
v g(x) = x
e
. Hm s no s
tng nhanh hn khi x cng ln?
9. Tm o hm cp 1 v cp 2 ca hm s f(x) = 2x 5x
3/4
v nhn xt.
10. Tm v tr trn ng cong f(x) = 1 +2e
x
3x sao cho tip tuyn ti
song song vi ng thng 3x y = 5. V trn cng th hai ng hm
s trn bng hm ezplot ca Matlab.
11. Cho hm s f(x) =
x
2
x+1
. Tm f

(1).
12. Mt nh my sn xut nhng b si vi chiu rng c nh. C lng
si q (n v yards) c bn l hm ca gi bn p (n v la), c th
biu din di dng q = f(p). Tng thu nhp vi gi bn c nh p l R(p)=
pf(p).
a. C ngha g khi ni l f(20) = 20000 v f

(20) = 350
b. Dng cu a, tnh R

(20)
13. Khai trin Taylor hm s f(x) trong ln cn 0 (bc 5).
a. f(x) = e
x
b. f(x) = sin(x) c. f(x) = cos(x) d.f(x) = ln(x)
Sau so snh gi tr xp x v gi tr ng ti cc im 0.4 v 0.1.
14. Khai trin Taylor hm s f(x) trong ln cn 1 n cp 9
a. xe
x
b. cosh(x) c. ln(1 + x) d.
x
4+x
2