BY:GOURAV PANT B.

E VIII SEM , ELECTRICAL

CONTENTS
1. Concept of Ferroresonance

2. Example of Ferroresonance

3. Events leading to Ferroresonance

4. Indicators of Ferroresonance

5. Managing Ferroresonance

6. Mitigation techniques

7. Conclusion

CONCEPT OF FERRORESONANCE

What is resonance ?

I = E/(jXL jXc)

What is ferroresonance ?

Difference between resonance and ferroresonance?

A Graphical solution to the linear LC circuit.

Graphical solution to the nonlinear LC circuit.

Example of unstable, chaotic ferroresonance voltages

Example of ferroresonance voltages settling into a stable operating point

EXAMPLE OF FERRORESONANCE
WOUND PT- CB GRADING CAPACITANCE

OPEN-DELTA PT
Concerns for ferroresonance in open-delta PTs exist

During energization of the unloaded stepdown transformer Following interruption of a single line-to-ground fault on the low side of the transformer.

Mitigation Options 1. Replacing PTs with (CCVTs). 2. Installing PTs that are rated for line-to-line system voltage. 3. Installing a resistor in the broken-delta.

EVENTS LEADING TO FERRORESONANCE

The most common events leading to ferroresonance are :1. Manual switching of an unloaded, cable-fed, three-phase transformer where only one phase is closed .

2. Manual switching of an unloaded, cable-fed, three-phase transformer where one of the phases is open.

3. One or two riser-pole fuses may blow leaving a transformer with one or two phases open. Single-phase reclosers may also cause this condition.

System conditions that help increase the likelihood of ferroresonance include

1. Higher distribution voltage levels, most notably 25- and 35-kV-class systems 2. Switching of lightly loaded and unloaded transformers 3. Ungrounded transformer primary connections 4. Very lengthy underground cable circuits 5. Cable damage and manual switching during construction of underground cable systems 6. Weak systems, i.e., low short-circuit currents 7. Low-loss transformers 8. Three-phase systems with single-phase switching devices

INDICATORS OF FERRORESONANCE
Common indicators of ferroresonance are as follows:1. Audible noise.

2. Overheating.

3. High over voltages and surge arrester failure

4. Flicker

MANAGING FERRORESONANCE
Strategies for dealing with ferroresonance include :1. Preventing the open-phase condition

2. Damping the resonance with load

3. Limiting the over voltages

4. Limiting cable lengths

5. Alternative cable-switching procedures

MITIGATION OF FERRORESONANCE
Ferroresonance is prevented by:1. Use a delta connected primary VT.

2. Prevent the system from becoming ungrounded under any conditions.

3. Purchase a VT designed to operate at much lower induction values, so that the saturation point is at least twice the system voltage.

4. Introduce losses by means of load resistances.

5. Use three-phase switchgear instead of fuses

6. Open or close all three cutouts as simultaneously as possible.

7. Ensure the transformer is loaded while being switched.

8. Eliminate fuses. Rely on feeder breaker for fault interruption. Various measures to prevent inadvertent fuse operation.

CONCLUSION
The impact of ferroresonance can vary from relay or control misoperation to catastrophic equipment failure. By being aware of the various situations where ferroresonance can occur, appropriate mitigation strategies can be designed before equipment is put into service and problems develop.

Capacitor voltage transformers are protected by ferroresonance suppression circuits installed by the manufacturer. Depending on the application, high speed suppression of the transient ferroresonant oscillations may be needed, which requires a more sophisticated FSC.