Proceedings 2011

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ORGANIZED and SUPPORTED BY
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MONGOLIA
SCHOOL OF PHYSICS AND ELECTRONICS
NUM-ITC-UNESCO
REMOTE SENSING/GIS AND SPACE SCIENCE
LABORATORY
NATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL
OBSERVATORY OF JAPAN
THE UNIVERSE: YOURS TO DISCOVER
MONGOLIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, CULTURE, SPORTS, SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY-JAPAN
MONMAP CO,. LTD
MUNGUN ZAAN KHAIRKHAN CO,.LTD
Organizing committee
THE 5TH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE
SENSING AND SPACE SCIENCE IN MONGOLIA
Chair: Dr. Tsolmon Renchin, NUM-ITC-UNESCO Remote Sensing/GIS Laboratory,
The National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Prof. J. Davaasambuu, Physics Electronics School, National University of Mongolia
Prof. Kazuhiro Sekiguchi, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Japan
Anna Maria, Trento University, Italy
Prof. D. UlamOrgikh, Physics Electronics School, National University of Mongolia
Prof. N.Tuvjargal, Physics Electronics School, National University of Mongolia
Prof. N. Tugjsuren, Mongolian University of Science and Technology
Dr. T.Ulaanbaatar, Mongolian University of Science and Technology
Dr. T. Chuluun, NUM-ITC-UNESCO Remote Sensing/GIS Laboratory,
The National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
D.Narantuya, Mongolian Geosciences and Remote sensing Society (MGRSS), Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Christa Hasenkopf, University of Colorado-CIRES, USA

REMOTE SENSING

., . ......................................................................................................

., ...................................................................................................................
DETERMINATION OF SOIL LINE USING

REMOTELY SENSED DATA
Gandoljin.N, Tsolmon.R.....................................................................................................................
12

.
...................................................................................
18
REMOTE SENSING APPROACHES FOR

DROUGHT MONITORING IN MONGOLIA
M.Erdenetuya (PhD), D.Bulgan......................................................................................................
24
VEGETATION TRENDS ANALYSIS IN MONGOLIA:

USING LONG-TERM REMOTELY SENSED
VEGETATION INDEX NDVI (1982-2008)
Sodgerel Purevee................................................................................
29
COMPUTING PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF ATMOSPHERE
L.Jambajamts, B.Ganbold, TS.Munhkdelger...................................................................................
36
A NEW SOLAR CONSTANT FOR DETERIMATION

OF THE EARTH SURFACE INSOLATION REGIME
T.Ulaanbaatar, N.Tugjsuren, M.Legden..........................................................................................
40

., ...............................................................................................................
44

........................................................
49

., ., ., ...............................
54
II

., ., .,
. , T.T, .,
., .,
M.A, ., .................................................................................................
61

., ., ., .,
., ., .,
., ..............................................................................................................
64

., ., . ,
T.T, ., .,
., M.A, ...........................................................................................
69

., ...........................................................................................................
72

., ., ..................................................................................
72
Abstract

., . ...................................................................................
87

., . ...................................................................................
88
GIS MAPPING IN SUBURBAN GER AREAS IN ULAANBAATAR

B.Gantsetseg ............................................................................
88
TOWARDS UP-TO-DATE MONITORING OF HERBAGE

STANDING CROP IN MONGOLIA USING SATELLITE
REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGIES
Akira Hirano and Bayaraa Batbileg ...............................................................................................
89
TRANSPORTATION-CAUSED RANGELAND DAMAGE IN MONGOLIA

S.S Keshkamat, N-E Tsendbazar, M.H.P Zuidgeest,
A van der Veen, J. de Leeuw....................................................................................................
90
WHAT WE CAN DO WITH DIGITAL CAMERA

Damdinsuren Sodov............................................................................................................
91
III
ASTRONOMY

., ........................................................
92

. ..............................................................................................................................
96

.................................................................................................................................
107
Abstract
ASTRONOMY: THEN, NOW AND FUTURE
Kaz Sekiguchi...........................................................
111

., ..................................................................................
111
IV
The 5th Annual International Workshop on Application Remote Sensing and Space Science in Mongolia
I. REMOTE SENSING

., .
, , -
bolorchuluun@num.edu.mn
Abstract
Sustainable pasture is an essential activity in Mongolia, because demands for different
nomadic livestock uses usually exceed the available resources. Land use planning implies
weighing of trade-offs among goals, as different interests exist in society. Over the years, a
variety of evaluation procedures has been proposed to cope with the complexity of land and its
use.
Various tools and techniques with different orientations have evolved to assess and analyze
production potentials of land and farms, in support of the land use planning and policy analysis.
Remote sensing combined with terrestrial inventories and GIS-technologies provide the tools for
a rapid appraisal of natural resources.
This study emphasises the scope for applying remote sensing and GIS-techniques within
capacity building programmes, with the aim of initiating and supporting ecologically sustainable
forest operations in selected pilot areas in the western and northern buffer zone of Altai sum from
Gobi-Altai aimag.

Pasture, local herders location, land cover, Altai sum,
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2010 6- 9 ,
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VI.
Foggin, Peter, Foggin, J. Marc, and Shiirev-Adiya, T., 2000, Animal and human health among
semi-nomadic herders of central Mongolia: Brucellosis and the bubonic plague in Ovorhangay.
Nomadic Peoples 44: 148-168.
Miyazaki, S., Yasunari, T., Miyamoto, T., Kaihotsu, I., Davaa, G., Oyunbaatar, D., Natsagdorj,
L., Oki, T., 2004. Agrometeorological conditions of grassland vegetation in central Mongolia
and their impact for leaf area growth. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, D22106.
doi:10.1029/2004JD005179.
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-11-
DETERMINATION OF SOIL LINE USING REMOTELY SENSED DATA

Gandoljin.N, Tsolmon.R
NUM-ITC-UNESCO Laboratory for Remote Sensing and GIS National University of Mongolia
Building 1, Street of university, Ulaanbaatar, 210646 Mongolia
Tel +976-77307730-1311, Fax +976-11-329993
Email: Ganaa_7911@yahoo.com, Saihanaa_b2000@yahoo.com
Abstract
The purpose of my research work is to determine the Mongolian soil line using remote sensing
data, ArcGIS and ENVI. To determine the soil line, we can define which index by natural zone
can calculated in a different zone . The soil line is a linear relationship between the near-infrared
(NIR) and red (R) reflectance of bare soil as characterized by the slope and
intercept parameters. The soil line is characteristic of the soil type and is used to
define vegetation indices which allows for the subtraction of the effects of soil
optical properties from spectra. Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI) is calculated using
the soil line while Normalized Differenet Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Modified Soil Adjusted
Vegetation Index (MSAVI) are calculated using only ground truth. The research areas are
Bayandalai sum in Umnogobi province (E1030 7', N430 2 ' ), Bornuur sum of Tuv province (E1050
8', N480 9 ') and Khovsgol lake in Khovsgol province (E1000 2', N500 3 '). LANDSAT (ETM and
TM) satellite data from 2006, 2009 and 2010 is used in this research. The resolution of this
LANDSAT satellite data is 30m x 30m. This data is very well suited for this research because it
contains many bands which correspond to natural features (agricultural, agronomical,
geological, soil, forest, water, etc.). We compare ground truth measurements with results
determined by soil line graph, calculated by Normalized Differenet Vegetation Index, Modified
Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index and Perpendicular Vegetation Index in each research area. We
find that if the measuring point is near the soil line, then the MSAVI is a better fit. Alternatively, if
the measuring point is far from the soil line, then the NDVI is a better fit
Key words:
NDVI-Perpendicular Vegetation Index, MSAVI- Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index,
PVI- PerpendicularVegetation Index, soil line, LANDSAT(TM, ETM)
.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Mongolia has occasional climatic condition, atmosphere moisture is low, has agriculture without
irrigation. Thus effectiveness of agriculture depends on climatic and natural condition, as well as on
moisture of soil. Soil geographic science originated in the intersection of soil science and geography, so
its theoretical knowledge came down from each science and has theoretical strong fundament.
Since people use soil voluntarily they have been accumulating extensive knowledge about it. They
had different definition and understanding during development phase. But all definitions of soil related to
its ability to growth up the plant. In the last half 19th century knowledge about soil and its theoretical base
developed in new stage and human started to study the soil on purpose from the viewpoint of geographic,
geology, biology, nature study. Soil geography studies factors for environmental suits, particularly soil
origin process and their interaction and differentiation in space.
II.
STUDY AREA
My study area Bayandalai sum in Umnogobi province (E103 0 7', N430 2 ' ), Bornuur sum in Tuv
province (E1050 8', N480 9 ') and Khovsgol lake in Khovsgol province (E1000 2', N500 3 '). The study
area is shown in Figure 1.
-12-
The study area at Bornuur sum is composed of much

vegetation and has low soil content.
The study area at Bayangalai sum is composed of little
vegetation and has a high dry soil content.
The study area at Khovsgol is composed of wet soil.
Figure 1. Study area (Bayandalai sum E1030 7', N430 2 ' ,

Bornuur sum E1050 8', N480 9 ' Khovsgol lake E1000 2', N500 3 ')
III.
METHODOLOGY
Figure2. Methodology chart
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) LANDSAT data is the Normalized

Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which is derived from the visible red (RED) and near-infrared
(NIR) channels:
NIR RED
(1)
NDVI
NIR RED
RED-channel 3 of LANDSAT data (0.58 m 0.68 m)
NIR channel 4 of LANDSAT data (0.725 m -1.1 m)
Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI) LANDSAT data is the Modified Soil
Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI), which is derived from the visible red (RED) and near-infrared
(NIR) channels:
-13-
MSAVI 2 NIR 1
2 NIR 12 8NIR Re d / 2
(2)
RED-channel 3 of LANDSAT data (0.58 m 0.68 m)

NIR channel 4 of LANDSAT data (0.725 m -1.1 m)
Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI) - LANDSAT data is the Perpendicular Vegetation Index
(PVI), which is derived from the visible red (RED) and near-infrared (NIR) channels:
This VI allows for soil lines of different slope but is highly sensitive to atmospheric
variation: (Richardson and Wiegand, 1977).
PVI Sin NIR Cos RED
(3)
Where = the angle between the soil line and the NIR
IV.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Soil line of Bayandalai sum

After comparing the approved control card of pasture land and map from LANDSAT satellite we
will select measuring point in dry bare soil, then infrared (RED) and near infrared ray range we will
determine soil line. In figures 3-5 illustrated soil line of Bayandalai sum. To validate the line of dry and
bare soil were using data for 3 years.
Figure 3. Soil line of Bayandalai sum 2010
Ground truth to the bare, dry soil clean

grow
Bayandalai sums vegetation is lowly,
soil is high. It shows the ground truth is very
nearly in soil line.
-14-
Using of 2006, 2009 and 2011 Landsat satellite data calculated MSAVI, NDVI, PVI map
of obtain of vegetation map. Calculated PVI using of soil line. (Figure 7-9)
Figure 6. True color combination of Bayandalai sum

2006
Figure 7. Vegetation map MSAVI of Bayandalai sum
Figure 8. Vegetation map NDVI of Bayandalai sum
Figure 9. Vegetation mapPVI of Bayandalai sum
To look at from vegetation map, calculated MSAVI value is greatly showed difference of bare soil.
Bat NDVI value vegetation map is poorly showed deference bare soil and vegetation.
MSAVI index is greatly sensing of bare dry
soil line. The index value (MSAVI) and (NDVI)
figure 10. Compare MSAVI and NDVI value is is
MSAVI values mean is too high.
To results MSAVI index is suitable in dry and
bare soil.
Figure 10.Trend NDVI and MSAVI value of Bayandalai sum
-15-
Soil line of Bornuur sum

Bornuur sum in Tuv province selected to determine soil line, because it has densely covered
vegetation from comparing ground truth and satellite data. Using of RED and NIR channel of landsat
data 2006, 2009 and 2010 to obtain soil line using. (Ficture 11-13)
Figure 11. Soil line of Bornuur sum 2010
Vegetable covers reflectance means throw the

soil line sum parts accumlating is very. Dispersanse
density and distance of soil line. RED is too sensing
fower of clean vegetation mean of reflectance is very
low value. NIR is greatly sensing of clean vegetation,
and mean of reflectance is very high value.
Figure 13. Soil line of Bornuur sum 2006
Using of 2006, 2009 and 2011 Landsat

satellite data calculated MSAVI, NDVI map of obtain of vegetation map. Calculated PVI using
of soil line. (Figure 15-17)
Figure 15. Vegetation map NDVI of Bornuur sum

2010
Figure 14. True color combination of Bornuur sum
Figure 16.Trend NDVI and MSAVI value of Bornuur sum
Figure 17. Vegetation map PVI of Bornuur sum
-16-
Fi
In the figure show NDVI, MSAVI, PVI index. This figure show that NDVI index was sensed
vegetation well and it was high value. Results vegetation cover land calculate NDVI index.
In this results, NDVI value is high and greatly sensing vegetation land cover to compare MSAVI
and NDVI.
Figure 18. Trend NDVI and MSAVI value of Bornuur sum
V.
CONCLUSION
Bayandalai sums vegetation is lowly, soil is high. It shows the ground truth is very nearly in soil
line. In this results, MSAVI value is high and greatly sensing dry bare soil to compare MSAVI and
NDVI. Steppe zone is suitable compared MSAVI.
Bornuur sums vegetation is high, soil is lowly. It shows the ground truth is distant in soil line.
Suitable compared NDVI. In these results, NDVI value is high and greatly sensing vegetation land cover
to compare MSAVI and NDVI. Vegetation land cover is suitable compared NDVI.
VI.
REFERENCES
D.Amarsaikhan, M.Ganzorig, M.Saandari, Ts.Adiyasuren, 2006 ,

Ch.Gonchigsumlaa 2008 , ,
D.Dorjgutuv, N.A.Nogina, K.A.Upimtseva,
1980
N.Enkhjargal 2010 Determination of moisture in the southern slopes of the khangai range in
mongolia using remotely sensed data
Ph.D Brigitte Leblon Soil and vegetation optical properties
Chris Banman Remote Sensing of Vegetation and Soil Dec. 2001
http://glovis.usgs.gov/
http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/landsat5.html
-17-

. .

E-mail: doeob@yahoo.com, dorjb@must.edu.mn
Abstact
We have been studying parameters of light-climate on the Mongolian territory during
last 25 years. The evaluation problems of background air pollutions of the cities and daily,
monthly, yearly course and there regime of natural illumination or lighting quantity of the
horizontal earth surface on the terrirory of Mongolia was discused in this article. The value of
brightness of sky and natural illumination and on transmisson coefficient () dependence was
determined on object visibility, also we stadied light-climate parameters influence to the big
cities, possibility of evaluation for air pollution, also was included in this study some results of
air pollution effects for the big cities according to the satellite information. Study results were
compared to the resultts of study in some counties.
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S ,
3.9
20.1
30.4
32.7
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2.2
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20.7
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2.9
5.1
22.4
25.3
23.7
0.9
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13.2
10.7
4.7
IV
VII
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-20-
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. ,

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.
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1.
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-21-
2. (S)
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.
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5. , , ,
, .
,
, .
[1]. .. .
- . . ,
1992, 178., ( )
[2]. Mc Cluney.R and Kendrick.J.D International Daylight Measurement Year Proceeding Conference.
Long-Beach., Califorina. USA. November , 1986, pp.3-8
[3]. World network of Daylight Measurement Programe (C.I.E./W.M.O IDMP) Report 1, IEA-SHCP17E-2. August. 1994 and Report 3, IEA-SHCP-21E-3 Sep. 2001
[4]. ..
. , , N3/25,1996. x146-152
[5]. II III ., 1976 1992
[6]. .., .., .., ..,
. ., ,
N5 (68), 1992.
[7]. ..
. I
, N1, 1996, .142-148, , .
[8]. ., ., ., .. II
, IV , -
, , , N3/49, .320-333, 2002.
[9]. ., . . /
/. . N3/2004. ., 4-11
-22-
[10]. . ...... ., ., 2001.

[11]. ., ., -
,
- , 1988.35.
[12]. .. . .,
., 1992, . 2. . 3-4.
[13]. . . ., - .2002.158
[14]. . . . 2., 1999., - . .
[15].Mc Cluney R. Statement of Goals and Purpose for CIE Internatianal Daylighting Year. Drafft, 3
march 1993. USA.
-23-
REMOTE SENSING APPROACHES FOR DROUGHT MONITORING IN MONGOLIA

M.Erdenetuya (PhD), D.Bulgan
Environmental Information Center
Email: erdenetuya@icc.mn, m_erdenetuya@yahoo.com, nd_bulgan@yahoo.com
Abstract
The Mongolian climate and geography, coupled with its economic and social structure,
account for its considerable vulnerability to natural disasters over whole year.
Use of NOAA/NDVI data for drought monitoring in Mongolia has been started since 2005 at
National Remote Sensing Center (NRSC) and its estimation technology expanded by TERRA and
AQUA satellite MODIS/NDVI, NDWI and NDDI data with spatial resolution of 500 m from 2010
and developed related methodology and technology for monitoring and mapping of drought
condition over Mongolia.
In this paper have been included some remote sensing based drought indices estimating
drought situation over Mongolian pasture land.
Key words:
drought monitoring, RSDI, NDWI, NDDI.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Drought is the single most important weather-related natural disaster. Its impacts on society result
from the interplay between a natural event (less precipitation than expected resulting from natural
climatic variability) and the demand people place on water supply.
Recent droughts in Mongolia and the resulting economic and environmental impacts and personal
hardships have underscored the vulnerability of all societies to this "natural" hazard.
Satellite data processed into Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI) can be used to
indicate deficiencies in rainfall and portray meteorological and/or agricultural drought patterns both
timely and spatially, thus serving as an indicator of regional drought patterns. NDVI is a measure or
estimate of the amount of radiation being absorbed by plants.
Unlike earthquake, drought always has a slow onset, which is quite observable, but its
consequences are quite immeasurable for Mongolia during coming winter dzud condition. Many
drought indices have been used over the globe to monitor drought and in case of Mongolia the drought
estimation indices have been developed and applied. For example, the Remote Sensing Drought Index
(RSDI, 2005) based on long term NOAA/NDVI data and Normalized Difference Drought Index (NDDI)
based on MODIS/NDVI and NDWI data being used for estimation drought condition in Mongolia.
II.
STUDY AREA
While the satellites are covering whole territory of Mongolia, there are needs to monitor over all
Mongolia and estimating and mapping drought condition and informing the facts to the Ministry of
Nature Environment and Tourism, National Agency of Emergency Management (NEMA) and other
related organizations and to the aimags.
A.
B.
-24-
Figure 1. RSDI (A) and NDDI (B) maps of Mongolia
III.
USED DATA AND METHODS
The drought estimation methodology using long term NOAA NDVI data was developed in 2005
(M.Bayasgalan, 2005) and this technology was upgraded and applied by MODIS data.
Each TERRA and AQUA satellites with MODIS sensor are covering Mongolian territory 2 times a
day. The MODIS sensor has 36 channels with 250m, 500m and 1 km spatial resolution and generates
some standard products such as, cloud mask, NDVI, snow and fire hot spot. The drought products are
generated based on NDVI and NDWI.
IV.
NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX (NDVI)
The NDVI formula in particular was originally termed the VI (Vegetation Index) and devised by
Rouse et al. in 1973 and applied to Landsat MSS data (Tucker 1979).
NDVI = (IR - R) / (IR + R)
(1)
The intensity or digital number (DN) value, of each visible red band is subtracted from the infrared
band on a pixel-by-pixel basis. That value is then divided by the sum of the two. The result of NDVI is a
theme consisting of continuous floating-point data that ranges from -1 to 1. Floating point data includes
decimal and negative values.
In the case of AVHRR and MODIS data, the Near Infrared Layer is Band 2 and the Visible Red
Layer is Band 1 (AVHRR & MODIS). The near infrared band of the spectrum emphasizes the contrast
between vegetation and water. In the Visible Red Layer, vegetation appears darker than man-made
structures.
NDVI = (Band 2 - Band 1) / (Band 2 + Band 1)
(2)
V.
REMOTE SENSING DROUGHT INDEX (RSDI)
The Remote Sensing Drought Index (RSDI) was developed based on 10 daily long term global
coverage of NOAA/NDVI (M.Bayasgalan, 2005) 8km coarse resolution data and applied for Mongolia.
RSDI = (NDVIcur NDVImin) / (NDVImax NDVImin)
(3)
Here,
NDVIcur current 10 daily NDVI image

NDVImin long term minimum NDVI image
NDVImax long term maximum NDVI image
VI.
NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE WATER INDEX (NDWI) AND NORMALIZED

DIFFERENCE DROUGHT INDEX (NDDI)
The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), which is calculated from the 500 meter nearinfrared (NIR) and shortwave-infrared (SWIR) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (Equation 4), is being investigated for large-area drought monitoring.
(4)
NDWI holds considerable potential for drought monitoring because the two spectral bands used in
its calculation are responsive to changes in the water content (SWIR band) and inter-cellular air spaces of
the spongy mesophyll layer of leaves in the vegetation canopy. As a result, NDWI is influenced by both
the desiccation and wilting of vegetation and may be a more sensitive drought indicator than traditional
remote sensing-based indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which do not
account for changes in the vegetation's water content.
-25-
A new vegetation drought indicator, the Normalized Difference Drought Index (NDDI), is also
being researched. The NDDI combines information from both the NDWI and NDVI data derived from
MODIS as shown in equation 5.
(5)
Initial research investigated the potential of the NDDI, NDWI, and NDVI for drought monitoring
over the Flint Hills region in eastern Kansas and northeast Oklahoma and the results were encouraging.
NDWI was found to be more sensitive that NDVI to the onset of drought conditions. NDDI was also
found to be more responsive and have wider dynamic range values than a simple NDVI-NDWI
differencing through drought periods.
VII.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The RSDI maps were calculated and the values ranged between -1 to +1 and the values are
classified in 5 categories such as, < 0.2 severe drought, 0.2 0.4 slight drought, 0.4 0.6 normal,
0.6 0.8 non drought good and > 0.8 non drought very good summering condition.
Figure 2. RSDI maps of Mongolia
Based on 10 daily RSDI maps we tried to generate yearly drought map for whole territory of
Mongolia using remote sensing and GIS techniques.
Figure 3. Yearly drought map of Mongolia, 2009
In 2009, during growing season the summer condition of Mongolia can be estimated as droughty
or slightly drought condition in more than half territory (54.6%) and the severe drought condition
counted as 25.2% and only 20.2 percentage of whole country was estimated as none drought condition.
-26-
The NDDI map can be generated 10 daily based on daily NDVI and NDWI images obtained from
corresponding channels of MODIS data and its values are ranging between 0 to 100 and these values
were classified into 10 categories and nowadays we are not giving legends for the map as using in many
foreign countries.
According to the NDDI categories many countries use these values as, extremely wet, very wet,
moderately wet, slightly wet, wet, normal, dry, mild drought, moderate drought, severe drought and
extreme drought.
Figure 4. Three decades and monthly NDDI maps of Mongolia, July 2010
All above mentioned NOAA and MODIS products are served through www.icc.mn websites 10
daily based and at the same time information of these products are included in metadatabase at
http://geodata.mne-ngic.mn:8080/geonetwork/srv/en/main.home and in Disaster Information
Service as part of National Environmental database of Mongolia is included at http://geodata.mnengic.mn/index_disaster.html websites.
VIII.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on drought estimating experiences, the NRSC is willing to replace drought monitoring
techniques with use of coarse resolution RSDI maps by moderate resolution MODIS NDVI data from
2000 to 2010 for calculation of long term minimum and maximum NDVI data.
The NDDI is considering not only changes of vegetation and also its water contents using SWIR,
RED and NIR bands together.
The NDDI maps would be validated by ground measurements and need to be operationalized.
IX.
REFERENCES
1. Application of Perpendicular Drought Indices as a Dynamic Drought Monitoring Method
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Institute of Meteorology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU),
Vienna, Austria.
Bayasgalan M. Drought monitoring in Mongolia, Dissertation, UB 2005.
Huete A. and Didan K. MODIS Seasonal and Inter-Annual Responses of Semiarid Ecosystems
to Drought in the Southwest U.S.A Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science
University of Arizona, U.S.A.
National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC), USGS Center for EROS, USDA Risk
Management Agency (RMA), and High Plains Regional Climate Center (HPRCC)
http://www.drought.unl.edu/vegdri/experimental.htm
Tucker C.J. Red and Photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation.
Remote sensing of Environment, 1979, Vol. 8, pp. 125-150.
Tucker C.J., Sellers P.J. Satellite remote sensing of primary production. Int. Journal of Remote
Sensing, 1986, Vol. 7, pp. 1395-1416.
-27-
7. Verdin J., Aguilar L., Brown J., Pedreros D., Budde M., and Rowland J., Application of Remote
Sensing to Drought Monitoring.
-28-
SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF URBAN LAND-USE SYSTEMS : EVALUATING

IMPACT INDICATORS OF DARKHAN
Sodgerel Purevee
Plant Science Agricultural Research Training Institute of Mongolian Agricultural University
Darkhan province, Mongolia E-mail:sotha55@yahoo.com
Abstract
In order to implement successful strategies for urban development, decision makers should
integrate issues (social, environmental, economic) in the country. Indicator-based methodology
that seeks to achieve integration of all issues of sustainability has gradually evolved for this
purpose. This paper is concerned with establishing an indicator set and assessing the
sustainability of urban land use systems, using Darkhan City of Mongolia as a case study. The
aim of the study is to formulate sustainability indicators and criteria by Russian methods and
applying them to Darkhans land use system. The method highlights impact on water, soil and air
quality as most important environmental effects. Data on household condition, land use of socioeconomic effects are taken from official organizations such as the Land office, and
Meteorological office of the study area.
The methodology is useful for measuring, monitoring, assessing all issues of urban
sustainability as well as warning about the risk of lasting social, economic and environmental
damages regardless of type, location and scale level. It is hoped that the application of existing
methods will greatly accelerate the urban sustainability assessment learning process and improve
policy effectiveness.
Key words:
sustainability assessment, indicator-based method, sustainability indicators, urban land use
system, Darkhan
I.
INTRODUCTION
Damages include negative effects on the urban atmosphere and the reduction of urban water
supply, and thus lead to higher health risks and safety hazards, e.g. higher infectious diseases,
deterioration of biodiversity as well as lower worker productivity (United Nations, 2001). At the same
time as urban land use is used as a various dedication in a limited space, it has a well condensed and
sophisticated procedure of the possession and utilization. From the spatial view point, the land use is
understood to imply those human activities that can change the bio-geophysical conditions of land as
well as strongest impact on the environment worldwide (Helming.K, 2008) . Currently these problems
are major urban challenges in Mongolia.
Urbanization is growing rapidly due to changes of lifestyle in Mongolia. Today 80 % of the total
population lives in urban area (World Bank, 2000). There are number of serious problems in Mongolia,
particularly in secondary city such as Darkhan. The rapid growth and land mismanagement has led to a
environmental deterioration such as air and water quality and land degradation which negatively affect
living condition. Due to the population density and the intensity of economic and social activities, urban
land use consumes significant amounts of resources, produces waste and pollution, and degrades the
environment. Consequently, there is a demand for tools to find more sustainable solutions to decision
makers.
This paper looks at sustainability assessment of urban land use. There are various approaches
available for sustainability assessment of urban land use outside of Mongolia. On the basis of their
methodological foundations they can be categorized in three groups: environmental assessment methods,
life cycle assessment methods and sustainability indicator assessment methods. In Mongolia, Agenda 21
action program (MAP 21 report) committed about sustainable use and protection of Mongolia's precious
land resources. However, politically, there is a readiness to use the principles of sustainable development
for the planning and management of national development. Unfortunately, in practice, unsustainable
solutions are frequently offered that reflect the personal values of the urban planner or manager and not
the best practice in the sector.
The aim of the research is to analyse methods to assess the sustainability of urban land use in
Mongolia and to formulate and develop sustainability indicators and criteria for particular city.
-29-
II.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The need for sustainable development was first put forward in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, when 150
countries, signed the Action Plan for the 21st century - Agenda 21 - which defines the actions that are
necessary to address global environmental and social development problems (bolia, 2005).
Sustainable development refers to a resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the
environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs (United Nations, 1987). It ties together concern for
the carrying capacity of natural systems along with the social challenges facing humanity.
The concept of sustainability or sustainable development is clearly the basis of sustainability
assessment which is being increasingly viewed as an important tool to aid in the shift towards
sustainability. However, this is a new and evolving concept and there remain very few examples of
effective sustainability assessment processes implemented anywhere in the world (Murray, Ray, &
Nelson, 2009).
III.
SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT
According to Pope et al.(2003), the aim of sustainability assessment is to ensure that plans and
activities create an optimal contribution to sustainable development. It is a tool that can help decisionmakers and policy makers decide what actions they should take and should not take in an attempt to
make society more sustainable.
In terms sustainability assessment, there are currently several methods available in use for the
evaluation of environmental impacts of buildings and urban development (Xing, Horner, El-Haram, &
Bebbington, 2009) but there is no single, robust methodology to assess all three dimensions (economic,
social and environmental) of urban development (Huang, Yeh, Budd , & Chen, 2009) ).
In the literature, sustainability assessment is generally viewed as a tool in the family of impact
assessment process, much attention has focused on environmental impacts assessment.
Sustainability assessment tools consists of indicators (Ness, Urbel-Piirsalua, Anderbergd, &
Olsson, 2007) which are ways to organize and systemize for making policy-making processes consistent,
transparent and end oriented.
Sustainability indicators have been identified as follows:
they are information units that specify the status of major systems;
they are the means for viewing the larger picture while viewing only a small part there of;
they show the direction in which a system is developing - better or worse or remaining the same.
(bolia, 2005)
Several authors developed a framework for sustainability assessment, having already mentioned a
few, several models and integrated assessment techniques have been published and are available for use
(Gasparatos, El-Haram, & Horner, 2008; Wiek & Binder, 2005; Ness, et al., 2007; Singh, et al., 2009;
Walter & Sttzel, 2009; Xing, et al., 2009) and extensive list of sustainability indicators have been
proposed by a number authors ( Milman & Short, 2008; Wiek & Binder, 2005; Hellstrm, Jeppsson, &
Krrman, 2000; Shen, Jorge Ochoa, Shah, & Zhang, 2011; Murray, et al., 2009; Putzhuber & Hasenauer,
2010; Huang, et al., 2009; Xing, et al., 2009) addressing different main subjects.
IV.
METHODOLOGY AND DATA.
Data was collected by aerial photographs, topographic maps and land use maps using GIS and
some available data (population density, land resources, air and water quality, soil pollution etc) from
official organizations such as Meteorology, Land administration, statistic using statistical analysis. When
analyze the data it used a simple inventory method to generate the input data for indicator.
This project examined indicator set of 17 natural-anthropogenic impacts which include geomorphological condition, land depression, water regime, soil quality, land resource, and industrial
activity and 14 main indicators formulated which are geological process, gully erosion, soil acidification,
land marshy, polluted land by heavy metal, organic matter, pesticides, wastes and gray water and land
degradation which is tested by Kravchenko (2006) in Kursk district included 8 cities of Russia. The
evaluation process is that each indicator has criteria and it starts with a score 3 to 1. The sum of the score
can be tracked against progress or deterioration.
-30-
To asses urban land quality by land use type (industry, transportation, residential area, built-up
area etc) Kochurav (2006) comprehensive methods (specifically of land use of Russia) as most universal
evaluation method which allowed to determine significant dependance of anthropogenic pressure on
correlation of different land use on concrete territory. For determination of degree of anthropogenic
modification (AM) of land is carried on base of classification units of land cadastre and there are expert
score system. Each land type according to its ecological state gets corresponding score, after which lands
are united in homogenous groups; form AM, minimal on land of natural units, up to maximum AM in
the lands which are occupied by industry and transport (Kolbovskii, 2008).
In order to gives easily understandable result, several thematic maps created due to assessment.
The digital analysis was carried out using GIS and Image processing software (ArcGIS ver 9.3 and Erdas
Imagine ver 9.1). As a result of this study that to provide multi-dimensional assessments of complex
urban-environmental systems.
V.
STUDY AREA
Darkhan is the second largest cities of Mongolia but is still less than one-tenth the population size
of the capital city, Ulaanbaatar. According to Planning and Development Collaborative International
(PADCO) 85 percent of the aimags population live of which 86 percent lives in residential apartments in
Darkhan and most of the residents are young people. It is one of the intensive industrialization city with
high population densities in Mongolia. (Ganbold.Da, 2000; PADCO, 2005).
Figure 1. Map of Darkhan city (Translated from IWAS & UFZ, 2010)
VI.
RESULT
Based on the indicators which developed by Kravchenko (2006), to calculate the value of each
indicator as shown (table 1).
Table 1. Natural-antropogenic indicator system of urban land quality in Darkhan
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Natural impacts
Geology-geo-morphological condition
Surface slope :3 -7
Depth of ravine :10-20m
Dense of ravine : less than 1 km
Mechanical components of ground soil: slight and medium clay
Depth of groundwater : 3 m-15 m
Gully erosion: active gully
Landslide and subsidence: No data
Coastal plain erosion: less than 10 m width
Soil and hydrological condition
Soil: lea and brown soil
Land degradation: Intensive, for little area
Infrequent flood out area : less than 10%
Flood out period: No data
-31-
value
coefficient
1
2
2
2
1
1
0.125
0.100
0.100
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.025
1
1
2
0.050
0.075
0.025
Stagnant water and marshy land : Hard to dry
0
Microclimate condition
Protection from wind: Non protected area from gale
1
Pollution source located in town
0
Sunlit : ordinarily for all year
2
Aspect of slope: south slope
3
Main anthropogenic impacts
value
1.Technogenic depression and sanitation
Technogenic depression: Less than 1-2 m
2
Surrounding by open mining: Local mining with little area
1
Potential of industry: High
0
Intensive of transportation: Intensity (more than 400 number/hour)
0
Sanitation : poor
0
Green cover : 15-20 %
3
2. Social welfare, human well-being and urban planning level
Population density: less than 5 thousand people/km2
3
Built-up area : More than 30 %
0
Water supply: Mixed system
3
Waste water treatment plant: Available WWTP
2
Sewage drain: available
2
Household heating system: Mixed (power plant and stokehold)
1
Hot water supplement: 0-40 %
0
Gas supplement: 0
0
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
coefficient
0.150
0.100
0.150
0.150
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.150
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
As result of the assessment based on baseline condition of Darkhan, total value of both natural and
anthropogenic impact was 1.35. It is indicated that Darkhan is unsustainable and both of them affect
adverse impact in urban land use system in Darkhan. The main processes of bad consequences in land
resources are air and soil contamination, sanitation from households condition, gully erosion, land
degradation due to off-road, sand pit.
According to assessment of land use (table 3), the highest pressure level included industrial and
mining area (667.15 ha or 6.46%) and transportation, communication, engineering network area (699.95
ha or 6.78%). Totally it is embraced 1367.1 ha or 13.25% of urban land
The high pressure area is public utility (5245.47 ha or 50.85%), residential area (391.57 ha or
3.96%), military and special consumption area (0.79%), ger settlement (645.44 ha or 6.25%). It is
included 6364.27 ha or 61.69% of total urban land.
The medium pressure area is included only agricultural land 2583.63 ha or 25.04%. The low
pressure area has not in Darkhan.
Table 2. Anthropogenic pressure of land use

Assessment
Highest
High
Medium
Low
Darkhan city
Land use
Industrial
Transportation, Communication
Public utility
Apartment complex, residential
Administration, commercial
Military
Special and other urban
Agricultural land
Recreation (commercial and public)
Water
Special protected area and objects
Total
-32-
Ha
Percent
1367.1
13.25
6364.27
61.69
2583.63
25.04
10315
100%
Map 1. Description of natural impact of Darkhan using indicators. Over 20 % of area elevated 900-1040 m above
the sea level. Due to slope map shown that most of the area has 0-3 slope, however, north and east part has from
3 till 20slope and prevail aspect of slope is mostly south and north. As shown sunlit maps, it is normal sunlit area,
north and north-east part has natural ravine which depth is about 10 m.
Due to analysis of data, several thematic maps created by indicators using ArcGIS software which
including air pollution, soil contamination, housing condition, land use modification, geo-morphological
condition, soil erosion etc (see map 1,2 ). Some of the geo-morphological indicators such as slope,
aspect, sunlit wind prevailing and gullies are created in map1 which using topographic map. But others
did not map because of the lack of data and information in district level. However, it is showing spatial
distribution of natural condition and suitable land for urban development and planning. In map 2, most of
the anthropogenic impact defined which could test how different residential preferences and landscape
characteristics shape the development of urban areas, in turn affecting energy use and pollution patterns.
Combination of table and maps can showing that which land use type consequence due to how many
value. It is significant to determine policy especially land restoration planning, urban planning and
development.
-33-
Map 2. Description of anthropogenic impact of Darkhan using indicators. As shown land use map, high pressure of
human impact is on the built up area including ger district, apartment, houses, industry and transport lines
especially land contamination, housing condition is fair in ger district which is main source of the pollution and
medium impact is outside of the residential zone. More than 30 % area built-up and covered by 33 % of green
space.
VII.
DISCUSSION
There are various approaches available for sustainability assessment of urban land use reflecting
divergent views and interpretations in the various countries where they were developed. The methods fall
in three groups on basis of their methodological foundations: environmental assessment methods, life
cycle assessment methods and sustainability indicator assessment methods. Sustainability indicator based
method is a useful integration tool to combine all this and test sustainability.
This existing indicator based method allowed to integrate all the issues that anthropogenic
pressure, urban social welfare, land use in the dwelling and air, water, and employing the methods of
multiple criteria analysis in one assessment. This methodology established that it is a useful tool for
measuring, monitoring, and assessing many urban sustainability issues as well as warning about the risk
of lasting social, economic and environmental damages.
-34-
VIII.
CONCLUSION
1. The method presented here includes establishment of an indicator set, it can be integrate over
sustainability dimensions and databases, and applies to any urban land use system of Mongolia
regardless of type, location, and scale. Thereof it can be more complete tool for facilitating decisionmaking that is oriented to sustainable development.
2. Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing technology have been widely deployed to
monitor, analyze, and visualise urban land use. It can showing spatial distribution of indicators based
on field work data.
3. The maps determined that most weaknesses of urban land use system of Darkhan is industrial and
built up area. Urban sustainability assessment returned a value indicating unsustainability the main
categories of problem causing Darkhans unsustainable development are the impact of economic
development on the living environment and imbalance between natural conservation and economic
development
4. However, some weakness in the indicator system developed for Darkhan. Some of the indicators are
not measurable and do not have data for evaluation and mapping. But we believe that from these
existing indicators decision makers may learn and improve policy effectiveness.
IX.
REFERENCES
1. bolia, K. ( 2005). Urban Sustainability Indicators Development Criteria (Doctoral

dissertation) Summary, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.
2. Emmanuel, A., Samuel, OS., & Theophilus, AK. (2007). A Review of Urban Sustainability
Assessment Methodologies. Paper presented at the International Conference on Whole Life
Urban Sustainability and its Assessment, Glasgow.
3. Helming. K, Perez-Soba. M, & Tabbush.P. (Eds). (2008). Sustainability Impact assessment of
land use change. Springer: Berling, Germany.
4. Kravchenko, N. A. (2006). Indicator development of natural and human impact in land
cadastral evaluation on urban land use. Ph.D Dissertation, Voronej.
5. MOMO. (2009). Integrated water resource management for Central Asia: Kharaa River Case
Study (UFZ department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Trans.). Darkhan.
6. Pope J, Annandale, D. & Morrison-Saunders, A. (2003). Conceptualising sustainability
assessment. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 24(6), 595-919
7. Walter C., & Sttzel H. (2009). A new method for assessing the sustainability of land-use
systems (I): Identifying the relevant issues. Ecological Economics, 68(5), 1275-1287.
8. World bank. (2004). Mongolia Environment Monitor 2004 The Environmental Challenges of
Urban Development. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
-35-
COMPUTING PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ATMOSPHERE

L.Jambajamts, B.Ganbold, TS.Munhkdelger
Department of Meteorology and Hydrology
School of Earth Sciences National University of Mongolia
jambajamts@num.edu.mn, Ganbold_1991@yahoo.com, ts.muugii_8474@yahoo.com
Abstract:
The program that computes physical characteristics of atmosphere is written in JAVA
language. This program computes all basic physical characteristics of atmosphere when data of
weather condition of a moment is input. The output from the program can be used in a physical
modeling of atmosphere.
Keywords: atmosphere,
JAVA program, physics, density of air
Abstract:
The rapid development in science and technology brought us an opportunity to study the
formation of meteorological elements and how it interacts with human society. Today it has
become plausible to study meteorological phenomena using computer programming. A program
was created to study the physics of atmosphere using objective programming language JAVA.
The JAVA program is considered to be an advanced programming language and it works in
visual environments.
Methodology:
I.
CALCULATING THE PHYSICS OF ATMOSPHERE
Meteorology is a branch of science that deals with physical phenomenon in atmosphere, their
characteristics. Those phenomenons are different relative to geographic location, the angle of the suns
ray, soil characteristics and so on. The following is the formula of steam pressure on water surface.
( )
(1)
This formula is not so appropriate to use in the program because it would cause problems relating
to the computers performance. Therefore, let us use an empiric formula that is used to find steam
pressure.
( )
(2)
Here:
( )
(
[
[
)
)
This empiric formula was used in programming.

The formula of steam pressure on ice surface:
( )
(3)
This formula is not so appropriate to use in the program because it would cause problems relating
to the computers performance as well. Therefore, let us use an empiric formula that is used to find steam
pressure.
( )
(4)
-36-
Here:
( )
(
Thermal energy is produced when there is steam to water transformation. The energy is calculated by the
following formula.
( )
(5)
In order to use this formula in the programming, an empiric formula is used.

( )
(6)
Thermal energy is produced when there is steam to ice transformation. The energy is calculated by the
following formula.
( )
(7)
We can safely use this formula in the programming.

The following formula is used to calculate the energy transformation of a molecule.
( )
(
)
(8)
In order to use this formula in the programming, an empiric formula is used.
( )
(
)
(9)
The empiric formula of coefficients of energy transformation of molecule is compatible with the
program.
The formula that calculates the coefficients of water vapor molecule diffuse is used.
( )
(10)
Here:
An empiric formula is used for programming.
( )
)]
(11)
Here:
These empiric formulas were all used to create a program that calculates the physics of
atmosphere.
II.
CALCULATING THE DENSITY OF AIR
We can assume that density of air is constant ( =1.225kg/m3) only if the research location is in
normal climate and close to sea level. When observing the annual average values, the change in air
density is relative to change in average air temperature and other factors.
If the research location is higher that sea level, the following calculation can be made to have more exact
results.
-37-
(12)
Z elevation (m)
Here:
This method is more appropriate calculation in US standard atmosphere.

If the research location is neither too hot nor cold, the following calculation can be made to see the
seasonal wind speed.
(13)
air pressure (Pa/m2, /m2)
R Universal gas constant (287 J/kg)
T air temperature ()
Here:
It is not hard to collect the data of air temperature. But, it is difficult to find air pressure data.
Therefore, the air density can be calculated using the elevation and air temperature, not the local air
pressure data.
( )
( )
(14)
Here:
P0 Air pressure at sea level (101.325P)

g Gravitational constant (9.8/2)
Z Elevation
The empiric formulas of these ten formulas were used for programming so that the problems
related to computer performance are avoided.
III.
RESEARCH RESULTS:
In order to create this program that calculates the physics of atmosphere, 781 lines of
programming were written to insert the data of steam pressure, water, ice, transformation energy and the
coefficient of energy transformation of molecule.
The following physical phenomenon were calculated using the values -30,-20,-10,0,10,20,30
and 996.
(K)
243.15
253.15
263.15
273.15
283.15
293.15
300.15
(/(**))
0.3973
0.3314
0.0806
0.0830
0.0220
0.9895
0.7906
0.0791
0.0822
0.0227
2.2820
1.7655
0.0776
0.0813
0.0234
4.9100
3.7189
0.0761
0.0805
0.0242
9.9667
0.0745
0.0256
19.1388
0.0730
0.0263
35.0048
0.0715
0.0276
The workspace of the program is shown in Fig 1.
()
t(C)
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
(/2)
-38-
(2/) 996
0.002648
0.002499
0.002349
0.002200
0.002050
0.001901
0.001751
These values were pretty compatible to the values that the Russian scientist Chukin created.
Fig 1. The program workspace
Air temperature, air pressure and elevation are in INPUT section. Steam pressure, Water, Steam
pressure, Ice, Transformation energy, Water, Transformation energy, Ice, Coefficient of energy
transformation of molecule, Coefficient of water vapor molecule diffuse are in OUTPUT section. The air
pressure can be calculated using four methods in OUTPUT section as well.
Conclusion:
This program can be used for teaching in meteorological classes.
A better teaching quality can be achieved through developing the meteorological virtual
laboratory.
IV.
REFERENCES:
.., , -, , 2005, 485.

..,
,
-,
, 2005, 112 .
C.Donald Aherns, Essentials of Meteorology, Brooks Cole, 005 edition 2007. 465 pp.
., ., ., ., ., .
, , 2005, .150
JAVA ,
http://www.java.com
http://www.freejavaguide.com/
-39-
A NEW SOLAR CONSTANT FOR DETERIMATION OF THE EARTH SURFACE

INSOLATION REGIME
T.Ulaanbaatar1, N.Tugjsuren1, M.Legden2
1
Atmosphere Physics and Ecosystem Professorial Team,

School of Material Technology, Mongolian University of Science and Technology
tarzad@yahoo.com; tugjsurn@must.edu.mn
2
Renewable Energy Group, Newcom Corporation, Mongolia
Abstract.
The Sun is a largest source of the near-surface insolation and air
temperature, exact determination of which is of immense important not only for
science, socio-economics, but everyday life of livings. Solar constant is used for
all kind of calculations of the insolation regime on the Earths surface. However,
the solar constant is measured only on the top of atmosphere by satellite data. In
this paper some disadvantages of the solar constant, and a new solar constant
measuring on the earth surface and its priorities are shown.
Keywords:
Insolation, new solar constant, perpendicular solar ray.
I.
INTRODUCTION
The exact calculations of the thermal regime on and near the Earths surface are vital important for
scientific studies, sustainable development, adaptation in global change, policymakers and so on. For
instance, multitude scientific studies, theories, models of the earth surface insolation and air temperature
regime were born until present, however, neither of them is commonly adapted, nor any achievements
are not enough to users, because all calculation of insolation are based on the familiar solar constant. The
researchers in the field of thermal regime use mainly meteorological measures and empiric methods. If
the Earth has no atmosphere, there is no matter to calculate or measure the insolation regime and solar
constant.
The Earths atmosphere influences positively for being the biosphere, but unfortunately, it impacts
negatively on the calculations of thermal regime. If we use the solar constant, there are some
consequences as follows:
i.
The calculation of the insolation regime will be mixed into a complicated atmospheric
system.
ii.
If we attempt to deal with the solar energy expenditure in atmosphere, it means infinite
calculations of solar energy.
iii.
The earth surface insolation regime does not equal the solar regime on the top
atmosphere.
II.
FAMILIAR SOLAR CONSTANT
The solar constant is a main parameter for the modern general insolation balance and climate
models. The solar constant of top atmosphere denotes an energy flux in a unite square and a time unite at
the mean distance of Sun and Earth (1 AU). The high resolution satellite measurements of solar constant
have begun intensively since 1978. Nimbus 7 (Earths radiation balance) 1978-1993, Solar Maximum
Mission (ACRIM I) 1980-1989, Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (Radiation monitoring) 1984-1996,
Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (ACRIM II) 1991-1997 measured solar constant and determined it
equals approximately 1366 W/m2 (1.98 cal min-1 cm-2). This parameter fluctuates by 6.9% during a year.
It is changed January to July by 1412-1321 W/m2.
... 1322-1465 W/m2 (Climate Change, 2007, p.107)

In vacuum media the solar constant is constant for a long time, however, it depends on the orbital
parameters (Table 1)
Table 1. Changes of the solar constant
Month
Change
%
II
III
IV
VI
VII
VIII
IX
XI
XII
+3.4
+2.8
+1.8
+0.2
-1.5
-2.8
-3.5
-3.1
-1.7
-0.3
+1.6
+1.8
(Kondratyev, .Ya., 1965)

-40-
From above, we can see the atmosphere is not only very changeable itself, but very chaotic. So, to
overcome it, we can use the satellite data. However, until present the scientific community did not
determine the elevation of top of atmosphere. Studies of the insolation regime and heat balance based on
the solar constant measured by satellite existed many disadvantages as follows:
The solar constant is changed approximately 6.9% a year
The insolation calculated by solar constant shows only solar flux on the orbit of satellite.
The determination of the top of atmosphere is impossible, because the density of air on the
sea level decreases to vacuum by atmospheric altitude.
The distance between Sun and Earth is changed constantly.
The atmosphere is a nonlinear dynamic system. So, insolation along the way of incoming
solar rays is also impossible to calculate.
The Sun productivity fluctuates by solar activity. NASA satellites measure the solar energy
outcome and changes since 1978.
http://edmall.gsfc.nasa.gov/inv99Project.Site/Pages/science-briefs/ed-stickler/ed-irradiance.html
The monitoring for solar constant is impossible.
To overcome these obstacles we need to select a brand-new etalon for determination of earth
surface insolation regime.
III.
NEW SOLAR CONSTANT
If we can find a new solar constant on the earth surface we can also measure it in-situ hand by
hand and control always it in relation with familiar solar constant. Which kind of solar etalon we can
select? Where and when does it measured? What is the priority or disadvantage of new solar constant?
The shape of the Earth is approximately globe, ellipsoid of which equals 0.016713. Hence, the
perpendicular solar ray can penetrate on one point of the Earths globe as shown in Figure 1. It does not
stay on a fixed point of surface. Yearly wandering of this point on the Earths surface is limited between
the Cancer and Capricorn.
The incoming solar radiation depends on the geographical latitude, motions of Earths orbit around
the sun and its axis, and obliquity. So, we may select the solar flux of this point as our new solar etalon.
Figure 1. The point (as shown by little sun) of perpendicular

solar ray on the Earths surface
http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=720
The location of the perpendicular solar ray is described by following equation:
((
)
(
)
)
Here is the geographical latitude, where the solar ray fall perpendicular, n
denotes the number of day accounting from vernal equinox, e is the
eccentricity of the Earths orbit, indicates the equation of time
-41-
(1)
(Ulaanbaatar, T., 2010)
In cloud-free day the perpendicular solar

radiation is approximately 1000 W/m2, but it
fluctuates due to changeable atmosphere.
(http://edmall.gsfc.nasa.gov/inv99Project.Site/
Page/science-breifs/ed-stickler/edirradiance.html)
Detre L., (1939) described the earth
surface insolation regime depending on the
date and geographical latitude (Figure 2)
Figure 2. Insolation regime at the different

geographical latitudes (Detre L. 1939)
From Figure 2 we can see the exact rate

of solar insolation at the equator in vernal or
autumn equinox. For this reason, this rate may
be our new etalon for insolation regime
measuring on the Earths surface (Ulaanbaatar, T., 1997; Ulaanbaatar, T., 1998a, 1998b; Ulaanbaatar, T.,
1999 a, b, c, d, e, f)
(2)
The yearly change of this constant (3.2%) is less than familiar solar constant (6.9%).
IV.
INSOLATION REGIME BY NEW SOLAR CONSTANT
The noon-sun insolation regime earth surface determines by next simple formula:
( )
( )
)
(
)
(
( )(
( )(
Here
( )
( )
))
(3)
indicates the altitude of Sun, which equals:

( )
( )
(4)
(Ulaanbaatar, 1999a; 1999b) The calculation results by equation (3) are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Calculation results of insolation regime at

different latitude. (Ulaanbaatar, 1999a; 1999b)
In Table 2, the calculation results in

comparison with calculation and measurements of
other researchers.
Table 2. Total insolation at different geographical
latitudes (Kcl year-1 c-2)
Latitude
0
10
20
30
40
50
By equation 3
325.4
320.4
305.5
283.0
249.3
209.2
-42-
. S. nin, 1972
317.5
313.2
300.2
279.0
250.7
217.2
60
65
66
66.5
162.7
179.9
178.7
178.8
V.
180.6
180.4
176.2
176.3
CONCLUSION
1. The new solar constant for calculation of insolation regime equals

and,
it is measured on the point, where solar ray falls perpendicularly on the Earths globe. This point
wanders between the Cancer and Capricorn during a year.
2. The changes of new solar constant are less than familiar solar constant.
3. The location of perpendicular solar is described by following equation:
((
).
Based on this formula the insolation of perpendicular point may control and monitor easily.
VI. REFERENCE
Climate Change 2007, The physical science basis, Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change., WMO, UNEP
Detre L., Uzenetek a vilagurbol: Kozmikus hatasok a foldon, Kiralyi Magyar Egyetemi Nyomda,
Budapest, 1939.
, .., , , , 1965.
.., , , ., 1972
Ulaanbaatar, T., Mathematical modeling for the thermal regime of the Earths surface and
cryosphere, Ph.D Thesis, Mong. Univ. of Technology, Ulaanbaatar, 1994.
Ulaanbaatar, T., M. Legden, Insolation regime on the Earths surface, Rep. Sci. Conference
on Renewable Energy Project Implementation supported by UNESCO, Renewable
Energy Corporation, Mong. Acad. Sci., Ulaanbaatar, 1997.
Ulaanbaatar, T., Climate Supercirculation of the Earth, Scientific Translation, 3(132), 246-264,
Nat. Univ. Mong., Ulaanbaatar, 1998a,
Ulaanbaatar, T., Feedbacks in the World Climate Supercirculation and their interacts, Scientific
Translation, N6(147), 124-139, Nat. Univ. Mong, Ulaanbaatar, 1998b.
Ulaanbaatar, T., Radiative properties of water vapour, Symposium: Radiative effects of water
vapour on climate, IAMAS, XXII General Assembly, IUGG, Birmingham, United
Kingdom, Vol. A, 260. 1999a.
Ulaanbaatar, T., United Time System of Earth System Model, Union symposia: Earth system
model and earth system, XXII General Assembly, IUGG, Birmingham, United
Kingdom, Vol.A, 5, 18 July-2 August, 1999b,
Ulaanbaatar. T., A new method for improvement of education, information and training in the
field of Earth and environmental sciences, Symposium: The nature of seismic source
and the prediction of earthquakes, IASPEI, XXII General Assembly, IUGG,
Birmingham, United Kingdom, Vol. A, 177, 18 July-2 August, 1999c,
Ulaanbaatar, T., Insolation regime on and near the Earths surface, Symposium: Radiative
forcing and greenhouse gases, IAMAS, XXII General Assembly, IUGG, Birmingham,
United Kingdom, Vol. A, 257, 18 July-2 August, 1999d,
Kingdom, Vol. A, 260, 18 July-2 August, 1999e,
Ulaanbaatar, T., High latitude thermal variability in relation to lower latitude, InterAssociation Symposium: Atmospheric and oceanic connections between the polar
regions and lower latitudes, IAMAS, IASPO, XXII General Assembly, IUGG,
Birmingham, United Kingdom, Vol. A, 96, 18 July-2 August, 1999f,
http://edmall.gsfc.nasa.gov/inv99Project.Site/Page/science-breifs/ed-stickler/ed-irradiance.html
-43-

., .
, ,
tsogtdulam@num.edu.mn
Abstract
Throughout history, cartographers and geographers have been trying to describe threedimensional (3D) spatial phenomena by 2D surface (map) models. This continued during the
evolution of 2D GIS. As [Mol 92] states, The two-dimensional conditioning of the conceptual
thinking of the mappers is one reason for this situation, so there are still few good concepts for
the design of such system. Compared with traditional maps, spatial analysis of thematic map
layers is efficiently improved by the digital co-registration and overlaying analysis capabilities of
2D GISs. Many analysis, predictions and simulations that could never be done using maps are
now possible using 2D GISs. However, it cannot bet map instead of the ignored that 2D GISs
are the improvements of maps and they actually model the map instead of the 3D space. Already
many systems have been developed for modeling and simulating objects and their shortcomings
in representing the topological relations between objects, such system are not capable of many
spatial analyses that are expected from a GIS.
Developing 3D GIS is not a trivial or simple extension of the available 2D GISs. The
geometry of spatial objects can be much more complicated in 3D space.

Two-dimensional visualization, three-dimensional visualization, land fee
I.
1990 . 3 (3DFDS)- .

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. (1993),
(1992), (1994) - ,
(1993) 3 .
, 2005

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-44-
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2005 6-
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analyse/, /Overlay/, /Classify/,
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-46-
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V.
-
M.Molenaar, A topology for 3D vector maps, ITC journal, 1992

Ale Raza, Object-oriented Temporal GIS for urban application, university of Twente and
ITC,2000
M.Saasi Mesgari, Topological cell-tuple structures for three-dimensional spatial data, university
of Twente and ITC,2000
Using ArcGIS 3D analyst, ESRI , 2002
Salvador Bayarri, To wards 4D GIS, IVER
A GIS-related Multi Layers 3D cadastre in Israel Moshe BENHAMU
Wachowicz M (1999) Object-Oriented Design for Temporal GIS, Taylor & Francis Group
-48-

.
,
tugjsurn@must.edu.mn
Abstract.
The mean data for determining the astronomical observing times for the investigated sites are
presented in this paper as well as the analogous data for some of the best sites of Asia, Europe
and America for a comparison of the results. It is seen that our sites Sainshand, Dalanzadgadand,
Baruun-Urt, Choibalsan, Maanit and Khureltogoot are comparable in amount in astronomical
observing time whit the best sites in Central Asia, Europe and America.
Keywords:
astronomical observatoty,astronomical observing time, site testing, probable number of
astronomical observing hours

.

, ,

. ,

.. [1-3].
9
,
. ., .

[1-9].
,
180- .

:
N N 0.3N ,
(1)
N - , N -
.
.

max
T
- .
max
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.

.
.

. 1, 7, 13, 19
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n
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.

.
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K1 , K 2 - .

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-50-
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II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1.0 1.1 0,9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
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1.1 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.4
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min
min
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11
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13
14
15
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17
18
19
20
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)
-

()
()
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()
max
T
min
T
()
()
()
3122
3207
3211
2803
2840
2806
2906
2803
3063
3124
939
1062
1075
698
753
843
848
781
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-
1900
2000
2007
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1475
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1674
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2000
3130
3117
3117
3059
2998
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3316
1160
1124
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2100
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, ,
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.
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.
,

-52-
min
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,
max
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,
max
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3.0T
.

,
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VI.

,
, ,
1900-2000 ,
, , ,
.
700
, , (
min
T
753 911
.
, ,
,
, , ,

.
VII.
1. ., ., .
,
, , 740, 1972
2. .. .
, 44 , , 2011, 424
3. .. . , 69 .
, 2011, 247
4. , . .
, - , 46, 1973, 121-128
5. , ., .
, , 16, 1976, 145-153
6. ., . , - , 17, 1978, 115-120
7. .
,
, , , 1982, 166
8. Tugjsuren N., Khaltar D. Number of hours usable for astronomical observation at several sities
in Mongolia. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Suppl. Series SER. 113,341-345 1995. France
9. ., ., .
, 993, 1978, 6-7
-53-

.1, .2, .3, 4
1, 3, 4
NUM-ITC-UNESCO ,
4

b_tungalag_b@yahoo.com
I.

.

, . 1-7-
(lithlogy), (linement),
(morphology) , (geology structure),
(mineral exploration) (alteration zone)
(Sabins, F.F., 1986).
,
, , .

(Kenea,
N.H. 1997). ,
, (, )
. 7,4,2- RGB
(C rripen, R . E . , 1989). 4,5,7-
6- .
. i brookite, Zn zinctie,
Mn manganite, Cu cuprite
. i brookite (TiO2) Titanium 59.94%
, Zn zinctie (Zn,Mn) O Zinc- 73.25% , Mn manganite (MnO)
manganite 77.6% %, Cu cuprite (Cu2O) copper 88.82% Cu
(Emsley, J., 1991).
II.
( 1)
( ).
, , ( 2).
1.
-54-
2.
III.

1. 2009 9 26
2. USGS- spectral library
3.
4.
5.
IV.
.
4,5,7- (El Khidir,
S.O.H. 2006). 5 2009 9 26
, , .
spectral angle mapper USGS spectral library- .
i
brookite, Zn zinctie, Mn manganite, Cu cuprite
(Emsley, J., 1991). . :
(C havez, P . S . , 1975)

Offcet
USGS- spectral library Chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, cassiterite

spectral angle mapper
Post-processing filtering of systematic errors
Interpretation and refinement of classification results
V.
. :
RGB 7, 4, 2-
( 3).
. 4 i brookite , Zn zinctie
, Mn manganite , Cu cuprite
.
-55-
. 5,6 cuprite
.
3. R-7, G-4, B-2
4. , i brookite , Zn zinctie , Mn
manganite , Cu cuprite
-56-
5. cuprite
6. Cuprite
-57-
7. (morphology)
8. (linement) (sun shaded) .
-58-
9.
VI.
.

( 4).
cuprite ( 5, 6)

497 318 (63.98%).
7 (morphology) .
.
(linement) (sun shaded)
( 8). (
) .
-

,
.

( 3)
,

.
5,7-
.
4-9
.
-59-
VII.
REFERENCES
El Khidir, S.O.H. (2006). Remote sensing and GIS applications in geological mapping,
prospecting for mineral deposits and groundwater Berber sheet area, northern Sudan. Ph.D. thesis,
Alneelain University, Sudan.
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mineral deposits, Red Sea Hills, NE Sudan. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote
Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B8. Beijing, China.
Elsayed Zeinelabdein, K.A. (2002). Application of remote sensing in geological mapping,
hydrogeological investigation and mineral exploration, Red Sea Hills, NE Sudan. M.Sc. Thesis,
University of Khartoum, Sudan.
Kenea, N.H. (1997). Digital enhancement of Landsat data, spectral analysis and GIS integration
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Discoveries in the Red Sea Hills, Sudan (unpublished report).
Emsley, J., 1991; THE ELEMENTS : Sec. Ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 251 p.
Harris, J.R., Renez, A.N., Ballantyne, B., and Sheridan, R., 1998, Mapping altered rocks using
Landsat TM and lithogeochemical data: Sulphurets-Brucejack Lake District, British Columbia, Canada:
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 64, p. 309322.
Lillesand, T.M., and Kiefer, R.W., 1994, Remote sensing and image interpretation (3rd edition):
New York, Wiley & Sons, 750 p.
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Abrams, M., Ashley, R., Rowan, L., Goetz, A., and Kahle, A., 1977, Mapping of hydrothermal
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of Egypt by using Landsat them,atic mapper data, Geology, 14: 995-999.
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C havez, P . S . , 1975, Atmospheric, solar and MTF correction for ERTS digital imagery. In
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C rippen, R . E . , 1989, Selection of Landsat TM band and band-ratio combinations to maximize
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Michigan: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan) , pp. 917 921.
-60-

.1, .1, .2, . 1, T.T1,
.1, .1, .1,
M.A1, .2, .1
, ,
,
2
,
Abstract.
The shallow lithosphere thermal regime is a result of the near-surface air
temperature. In this paper we show that the yearly average air temperature on a
given territory lies in a certain depth of upper layers of lithosphere. Hence, the
air temperature zones based on the meteorological data can indicate directly the
location of the underground temperature regime. When average air temperature
is negative, the permafrost layer exists in this zone. So, the meteorological chart
of yearly main temperature is also the chart of permafrost zone.
,
, , -,
, , .
,
,
, .

,
. :
1.
2. ( ,
)
3. .

. (, .., , 1974)
(
(1)
t z , t0
, g , A
, C , - , T

2-
3- .
Egyed L., (1956)
.
))
(2)
0 ,
, ,
, t , ,
, ( 1
)
.
1. .
( )
( I )

-61-
(3)
.
2. .
.
( II )
(4)
3.
. Z1, Z2 1, 2 .
( III )
(5)

.
1- , 2-

,
.
.

.
. (1), (2)
.
.
2-
)))
(6)
(, ., 1994)
.
(7)

.

, :
- ,
(8)
8- 7-
.
(9)

, 1- , 2-

.
Egyed L. 1956
,
.

.

(1- ).
-62-
1.
VIII.
1. .
2.
.
3.

.
4.
, , ,
.

, .., , .., , .., , ..,
- , -
, , 1974
Egyed, L., Physics of the Earth, 231-248 pp., Acad. Press, Budapest, 1956,
, .,
, , , , 1994
-63-

. , .2, .1, .1.1,
.1, .1, ., .1
1
tarzad@yahoo.com
1
, ,
Abstract.
The Sun is a largest source of earth surface insolation and air temperature,
exact determination of which is immense important not only for science, socioeconomics, but everyday life of livings. Solar constant is usedfor all kind of
calculation of the insolation regime on the Earths surface. However, the solar
constant is measuredonlyon the top of atmosphere by satellitedata. There are
some disadvantages around the solar constant. In this paper the selection of a
new solar constant and its priorities are shown.
I.

, , , ,
.
,
, .
.

.
, ,
. ,
,
- -
,
,
.
.
II.

1 ()

. 1978
, . Nimbus 7 ( )
1978-1993, Solar Maximum Mission (ACRIM I) 1980-1989, Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (
) 1984-1996, Upper AtmosphereResearch Satellite (ACRIM II)
1991-1997 , 1366 W/m2 (1.96 cal min-1 cm-2)
. 6.9%-
, 1 1412 W/m2- 7- 1321 W/m2 .
... 1322-1465 W/m2 (Climate Change, 2007, p.107)

, , .
, ,
.
,
.

.
:

.
-64-

.
-
.

.

.
. NASA
1978 ,
.
http://edmall.gsfc.nasa.gov/inv99Project.Site/Pages/science-briefs/ed-stickler/edirradiance.html
,
.

.
III.

.
,

. , ,
, ,
.
(),
,
() , .
.
6378.1 , 6356.7 21.4
297-298 .
. 1
. ,
23027 ( ) .

.
1- .
-65-
.
1 .
((
)
(
)
) (1)
(., 2010)
1000 W/m2

(http://edmall.gsfc.nasa.gov/inv99Project.Site/Page/science-breifs/edstickler/ed-irradiance.html).
Detre L., (1939) ,
, .(2 )
2- . (Detre L., 1939)
,
2 . (, T., 1997;
Ulaanbaatar, T., 1998a, 1998b; Ulaanbaatar, T., 1999 a, b, c, d, e, f)
(2)
3.2%-
(6.9%)2 .
IV.
()
(3- ).
( )
( )
)
(
)
(
))(3)
( )(
( )(
n ,
,
( )
( )
( )
( )
(4)
(Ulaanbaatar, 1999a; 1999b)

3 3 .
-66-
3- . (Ulaanbaatar, 1999a; 1999b)
,
.
2- . (K-1 c-2)
3
. . , 1972

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
65
66
66.5
325.4
320.4
305.5
283.0
249.3
209.2
162.7
179.9
178.7
178.8
V.
317.5
313.2
300.2
279.0
250.7
217.2
180.6
180.4
176.2
176.3

(3.2%)
(6.9%) 2 .

,
.
, (1
),
.
.
-67-
VI.
Climate Change 2007, The physical science basis, Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change., WMO, UNEP,
Detre L., Uzenetek a vilagurbol: Kozmikus hatasok a foldon, Kiralyi Magyar Egyetemi Nyomda,
Budapest, 1939.
.., , , ., 1972
Ulaanbaatar, T., Mathematical modeling for the thermal regime of the Earths surface and
cryosphere, Ph.D Thesis, Mong. Univ. of Technology, Ulaanbaatar, 1994.
Ulaanbaatar, T., M. Legden, Insolation regime on the Earths surface, Rep. Sci. Conference
on Renewable Energy Project Implementation supported by UNESCO, Renewable
Energy Corporation, Mong. Acad. Sci., Ulaanbaatar, 1997.
Ulaanbaatar, T., Climate Supercirculation of the Earth, Scientific Translation, 3(132), 246-264,
Nat. Univ. Mong., Ulaanbaatar, 1998a,
Ulaanbaatar, T., Feedbacks in the World Climate Supercirculation and their interacts, Scientific
Translation, N6(147), 124-139, Nat. Univ. Mong, Ulaanbaatar, 1998b.
Kingdom, Vol. A, 260. 1999a.
Ulaanbaatar, T., United Time System of Earth System Model, Union symposia: Earth system
model and earth system, XXII General Assembly, IUGG, Birmingham, United
Kingdom, Vol.A, 5, 18 July-2 August, 1999b,
Ulaanbaatar. T., A new method for improvement of education, information and training in the
field of Earth and environmental sciences, Symposium: The nature of seismic source
and the prediction of earthquakes, IASPEI, XXII General Assembly, IUGG,
Birmingham, United Kingdom, Vol. A, 177, 18 July-2 August, 1999c,
Ulaanbaatar, T., Insolation regime on and near the Earths surface, Symposium: Radiative
forcing and greenhouse gases, IAMAS, XXII General Assembly, IUGG, Birmingham,
United Kingdom,Vol.A, 257, 18 July-2 August, 1999d,
Kingdom, Vol. A, 260, 18 July-2 August, 1999e,
Ulaanbaatar, T., High latitude thermal variability in relation to lower latitude, InterAssociation Symposium: Atmospheric and oceanic connections between the polar
regions and lower latitudes, IAMAS, IASPO, XXII General Assembly, IUGG,
Birmingham, UnitedKingdom, Vol. A, 96, 18 July-2 August, 1999f,
http://edmall.gsfc.nasa.gov/inv99Project.Site/Page/science-breifs/ed-stickler/ed-irradiance.html
-68-

.1, .1, . 1, T.T1, .1,
.1, .1, M.A1, .2
, ,
,
2
,
Abstract.
The shallow lithosphere thermal regime is a result of the near-surface air
temperature. In this paper we show that the yearly average air temperature on a
given territory lies in a certain depth of upper layers of lithosphere. Hence, the
air temperature zones based on the meteorological data can indicate directly the
location of the underground temperature regime. When average air temperature
is negative, the permafrost layer exists in this zone. So, the meteorological chart
of yearly main temperature is also the chart of permafrost zone.
,
, , -,
, , .
,
,
, .

,
. :
1.
2. (
, )
3. .

. (, .., , 1974)
(
(1)
t z , t0
, g , A
, C , - , T

2-
3- .
Egyed L., (1956)

.
))
(2)
0 ,
, ,
, t , ,
, ( 1
)
.
4. .
( )
( I )

.
-69-
(3)
5. .
.
( II )
(4)
6.
. Z1, Z2 1, 2 .
( III )
(5)

.
1- , 2-

,
.
.

.
. (1), (2)
.
.
2-
)))
(6)
(, ., 1994)
.
(7)

.

, :
- ,
(8)
8- 7-
.
(9)

, 1- , 2-

.
Egyed L. 1956
,
.

.

(1- ).
-70-
1.
VII.

.

, ,
, .
VIII.
, .., , .., , .., , ..,

- , -
, , 1974
Egyed, L., Physics of the Earth, 231-248 pp., Acad. Press, Budapest, 1956,
, .,
, , , , 1994
-71-

., .
, -
byambakhuu@num.edu.mn
Abstract
The before this time, people was doing analysis of schools weight on only statistical materials
in government organizations. This research projection does making analysis of statistical
combination since 2010 and spatial areas. This is best idea of calculating weights of schools. In
this, we are used by spatial analysis, mathematic processing and polling results.
I.
II.
.

, .
, , ,

, .
2006-2015 -
34,5-32 .
40-50 3
.
.

,
.
-72-
III.

.
.
. ,
.
, .
- .
(.1).
.1

60000
52691
50000
41108
40000
30000
20000
26916
26693
18549
13444
10000
0
-
-73-
. 1

.

13 (6 ) 15- (4.5 ),
1- (4 ), 4- (2.4 )
.
.2

, ,
.
2- 3606
1797, 14-
1314, 337
.
120
23
9
37 8 .
-74.3
,
,
.
,
(correlation) R=0.71
,
. (.3)
:
40000
30000
y = 0.3241x + 18319
R = 0.718951
20000
10000
0
0
20000
40000
60000
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(500 ) ( 2 )

(.4).
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-75-
IV.
6 1 40 . 240
.
.
39
- 24-
28
12
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2-
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10
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24
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.
V.

.
,
.
, ,
,
.
-76-
,
.
VI.
-
a)
2006-2015 2007
,
,
b)
ArcGIS 9.3
Microsoft Excel
c)
http://statis.ub.gov.mn/
http://esrp-mn.blogspot.com/2010/10/2009-2010.html
http://map.cityland.mn/
http://ubmap.gogo.mn/
http://www.mecs.pmis.gov.mn/
-77-

., ., .
-, -
naraa@num.edu.mn
Abstract
This research projection is talking a bout evaluating the influencing spatial concerns of
ground water by using softwares of GIS and Remote sensing. First of all we defined the
geomorphological cases of river Tuul and its affluences rivers near the city of Ulaanbaatar.
Find out risk of flooding zones. These all are important for protecting methods of that , human
society and economy and planning cities. We used by GIS soft wares such as ArcGIS, Ilwwis,
Enwi, Global mapper and Map info discover and Sutelit images such as SRTM, Landsat images.
I.

,
. Arc GIS
.
,

SRTM

(2010-9-17)

3D
II.
:
,
,
, , , , , ,
-78-
z
,.
20,4
51,4
.
,
,
35
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.
: 280,000 2
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.,
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.
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19 , 22 .
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.
( 26- )
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. (. 1975 95-
)
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.
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, 0.8-3.5 , a x 0.50-1.50 / oo.
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1934,1959,1966,1967oo.
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. o a aaaaa o 26.6, oo 25.8,
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-81-
. (., . , ,
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, -
.
, . 7-9-

.
.
, ,
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SRTM
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470444
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.
. 9500
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.
-84-
-85-
.

.
.
VI.

, .
(50 )
. :
1.
2. 50

VII.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
., . 1999
. 1992
.. 2000
. 1975
., . 2006
., ., . , , 2004
- / / 2008
2005
. / / 2007
ArcGIS 9.3
ENVI 4.3
ILWIS 3.7
Global Mapper 11.0

1. http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/SELECTION/inputCoord.asp SRTM images
2. www.glovis.usgs.gov LANDSAT images
3. www.gogo.mn
-86-
ABSTRACT

., .

,

. , ,
,
1961- 1976 , 1979-1990
, 1997-2000 PRARE , 2001
GPS .

( ) ,
.
., ., .
,

.
, , ,

.
140-158
1 , 27,9 . 10-40
- 11 , 125-128
3-
. , , , (2-5 )
, .
.
, , , .
4-9- 3,4 , 1,4
.
5- 10 8-
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.
-87-

., .

(LOD),
(X, Y) 10 (2000-2010)
.
(IERS), ()-
GPS
, ,
,
( , )
.
GIS MAPPING IN SUBURBAN GER AREAS IN ULAANBAATAR

B.Gantsetseg /DZX LLC/
D.Narantuya /NUM-ITC-UNESCO Laboratory/
Urban population of capital city is approximating to 1.4 million people. The formal areas in
urban settlements, with fully networked utilities, stand in sharp contrast to the minimal services in
informal ger settlements. In average, about 40% of people in the formal areas have connections
to water supply, as opposed to very few in ger areas.
In recent years strong migratory patterns to Ulaanbaatar city are increasing. Two main
reasons lay behind migration and changing nomadic lifestyle: one is natural disaster and another
is development of infrastructure. Parcel classification analysis has been done classifying into the
three categories: privatized (49.2%), registered (32.6%) and possessed (50.8%) parcels.
Analysis for khashaa (fenced)-plots changes was done with use of the latest satellite images.
The result shows that total record of identified new parcels accounts to 13 097, 10 006 or 5.0%
khashaa plots have boundary discrepancy, 8.45% plots are changing their boundaries after
surveys, but they have boundary discrepancy as well, and 9.1% khashaa plots residents have
extended their boundaries for Ulaanbaatar city with 3 remote sites. Buffer analysis for only
few utilities data such as high-voltage line, heating lines, electric substation, water supply lines,
water distribution place, and gas station were completed. Zoning specifications were used to
properly create the buffers. Range distance of protected zone for buffer analysis is indicated in
Law on Utilization of Hydrology and Cleaning Construction for Urban and Settlement Areas.
The imagery used as the base data layer within the GIS. Use of images aids in detecting the
establishment of new hashaa plots, and serves to be a supportive tool in the government parcel
registration efforts. Remote sensing data were used to examine and diagnose errors,
discrepancies in collecting cadastral survey data.
-88-
TOWARDS UP-TO-DATE MONITORING OF HERBAGE STANDING CROP IN MONGOLIA

USING SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGIES
Akira Hirano1) and Bayaraa Batbileg2)
1)
Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS)
Social Sciences Division, 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686 Japan

E-mail: akhirano@jircas.affrc.go.jp
2)
Mongolian State University of Agriculture (MSUA)
School of Agrobiology, Zaisan 53, Ulaanbaatar, 210153, Mongolia

Email: saihanaa_b2000@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Researchers at the Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS)
collaborated with the Mongolian State University of Agriculture (MSUA) to develop an empirical
method to estimate and map the pasture resources availability herbage standing crop using
remotely sensed spectral data acquired by satellite sensors. Prompt and accurate assessment of
pasture resources is a prerequisite to formulate and implement various planning and
management activities in Mongolia. Efforts on the ground by the Mongolian government,
particularly the one by the Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (IMH), since around year
2000 have resulted in the successful densification of pasture data nationwide. This accurate but
laborious mode of data collection has its own advantage but also suffers from limitations
promptness and simultaneity. We carried out an in-depth regression analysis between the amount
of above-ground biomass and normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVIs) derived from the
close-range spectral measurements. Samples from 65 pairs of varying vegetation yields resulted
in the correlation coefficient of 0.83 (R2 = 0.68), suggesting a reasonable performance of
herbage standing crop estimation in our study site in Bornuur soum, some 100 km north of
Ulaanbaatar, located in the forest steppe zone. We then confirmed nearly mutual compatibility
(correlation coefficient of 0.93; R2 = 0.86) between the ground-based spectral measurements and
the corresponding high-resolution satellite pixel data with 2-8 meter resolutions. This indicated
the ability to densify our ground-based spectral measurements simultaneously to the immediate
neighboring region. Lastly, we validated the spatial compatibility between the data acquired by
the high-resolution satellites and the ones by the frequently-observing satellite sensors which
provided support for extending our herbage standing crop mapping capability to a much larger
spatial extent with the similar vegetation types in the forest steppe zone.
Keywords:
herbage standing crop, Mongolia, NDVI, satellite remote sensing, forest steppe
-89-
TRANSPORTATION-CAUSED RANGELAND DAMAGE IN MONGOLIA

S.S Keshkamat, N-E Tsendbazar, M.H.P Zuidgeest, A van der Veen, J. de Leeuw.
Traditional Mongolian boots are said to be designed with upturned toes, to keep the wearer
from harming the earth with each step, so that one would not kick or hurt Mother Earth, it is the
ultimate respect and wisdom of nomadic people who are deeply connected to Mother Nature. This
is such a far cry from modern day Mongolia, where Landcruisers, Nissan Trail and UAZ469s
galore, speeding rampant on the countryside. With their powerful all-terrain capabilities, they
churn dust, destroy the grass, ravage the top-soil in swathes several kilometres wide and
unknowingly lay the land open to the scourge of Central Asian rangelands desertification.
On the other hand, international development agencies and international conservancy
organisations push forth environmentalist agendas that are linked to western conservationist
ideology demonizing infrastructure development to establish and expand protected wildlife
areas without providing adequate funds. Many of these agendas, derived from cases such as the
Amazonian forest degradation, are not as relevant in the Mongolian context.
Mongolia, a vast country roughly half the size of India, has very little formal road
infrastructure- a total of 800 odd km of intercity asphalt roads for 1,564,115 km2 of land area. It
has a sparse, but highly distributed population, and given the rise in trade and incomes since the
freedom from communism, has an increasing private ownership of vehicles, and consequently
traffic. Because of the dearth of asphalt roads, most of these vehicles are 4-wheel drive vehicles
such as SUVs or ATVs. Virtually all the land on the Mongolian countryside is community land,
with no specific private owner, which leaves them free to drive anywhere creating dirt track
corridors which often reach over 4000m widths. In a country prone to wind- and water-aided
erosion, desertification, and a very vulnerable steppe ecosystem, this practice is insidiously
causing enormous negative environmental impacts- both ecological and socio-economic.
Our analysis of 11,000km of dirt-roads throughout Mongolia showed that there is a dire need
for connectivity between the main populated centres not only from the socio-economic
standpoint but also from the point of environmental conservation. Application of project-based
EIAs to approve or reject the development of a new road construction might well conclude that
the proposed road introduces landscape fragmentation, if dirt-track corridors are not taken into
account.
Hence, wherever dirt-track propagations are observed, there is a need for a Strategic
Environmental Assessment (SEA) of transportation plans and policies one which will account
for the social, environmental and economic costs of NOT having a paved road, while also
considering the priorities for biodiversity conservation at the national and supra-national level.
See also: Keshkamat et al., 2011. The Environmental Impact of Not Having Paved Roads in
Arid Regions: an Example from Mongolia. In: AMBIO, A journal of the Human Environment.
DOI: 10.1007/s13280-011-0155-3
-90-
WHAT WE CAN DO WITH DIGITAL CAMERA

Damdinsuren Sodov
Department of Biophysics and Bioinformatics,
School of Biology and Biotechnology,
National University of Monglia
E-mail: damdinsuren@num.edu.mn, sdamdinsuren@yahoo.com
Key words:
Digital image, RGB analysis, Reflectance, NDVI, Dry weight, canopy photosynthesis and
respiration
We took digital photos and analyzed RGB spectra of different objects such as sky, moon,
plants and soils. Reflectance or scattering of blue light from blue sky around zenith was higher
than those of green and red light. Reflectance linearly increased with color changes from red to
blue, through green and slope of this line was about +13 for blue sky in clean day, from -10 to 25 for different soil. The (-) sign shows that the slope decreased with changes of color from red to
blue through green. But, for green trees not for yellow ones, the linear relation between
reflectance and color changes: The reflectance of red and blue light from green trees was lower
than that of green light, which used to photosynthesis.
We took digital photo of central part of Ulaanbaatar city from the bridge across Sansar
tunnel. The slop was about 6 for high horizon and lower 2 for low horizon of sky on the digital
photo of central part of Ulaanbaatar city, which related to smoke and dust in air. The slope was
higher in summer and lower in winter, which related to the higher smoke ejection from ger
district during the winter.
We took digital photo of Ulaanbaatar city from the top of Zaisan-mountain, using blue, green,
red, and near infrared interference filters. Green plants reflected green and near infrared light
more than blue and red light, as usually. We conducted image calculation using ImageJ and Hi
Pic software and built NDVI map, where distinctly differ green plants from the other objects.
We organized the field trip to the east, south east and south of Mongolia from 2008 to 2010.
We took digital photo of selected sites and collected upper ground part of green plants. The NDVI
calculated from these photos was linearly related to the shoot dry weight, which showed the
NDVI calculated from the digital photos can be used for quick estimation of green plant biomass.
We also measured daily changes in the carbon dioxide in air of selected sites: The carbon
dioxide in air increased during the night by respiration of plants, animals and soil of selected site
and decreased during the day time according to photosynthetic activity of green plant canopy.
The NDVI of selected sites was linearly related to the difference between the morning and day
values of carbon dioxide in air, which is canopy photosynthesis. The NDVI calculated from
digital photos was linearly related to the NDVI values, calculated from Modis images.
Type of submission: Paper
-91-
The 5th Annual International Workshop on Application Remote Sensing and Space Science in
Mongolia
II. ASTRONOMY

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Coincidental alteration of the Earth uneven rotation pace

We call one full rotation of the planet Earth a day. In order to measure time we have
interpreted rotation as even motion. In order of highly precise measuring time we have
used atomic clock technology. As the result of long years monitoring the mechanics of
planets we have revealed that the planetary axis of rotation is fluctuating and that the
day duration may be longer or shorter at a time. It is agreed upon unanimously as
principal methodology that the etalon duration of full rotation is 86400 seconds and
precise comparative measuring of this etalon with polar moment aiming at identification
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decided to ceaselessly monitor the Earth rotation.
Thanks to introduction and implementation of high tech technology measuring
of time is becoming extremely precise science. Thus, atomic clock (timer) and measuring
from space are making the monitoring technique indeed precise profession.
The uneven rotation of the planet is depending from the Earth surface relief, from
atmospheric mass flows and geophysical events. From the other hand the deep tectonic
process and its physical features are also influencing the rotation pattern. Precise study
of rotation specifics is promoting our knowledge about location of various solid items in
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The 5th Annual

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-110-
ABSTRACT
ASTRONOMY: THEN, NOW AND FUTURE
Kaz Sekiguchi
Affiliation: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Kkeywords: astronomy, cosmology, telescope, dark energy,
A brief introduction to astronomy, its mission, history, relationship with human culture and
everyday life is given. Also, the latest view of our Universe, outstanding problems in astronomy
that we are facing today and new astronomy research facilities being built and/or planned are
presented. What we expect from studies using these new facilities are discussed.
THE TITLE OF MY TALK IN JUNE WILL BE: TITAN UNCOVERED

This talk will be an overview of what we have discovered about the surface of Saturn's largest
moon Titan since Cassini entered Saturn orbit in 2004. Prior to the Cassini-Huygens mission, the
surface structure of Titan had never been directly viewed by humans. From this mission, we have
discovered fascinating features beneath the thick organic haze that shrouds Titan: lakes of
methane and ethane, equatorial sand dunes, and possibly cryovolcanic mountains.

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Proceedings 2011

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NUMI

ORGANIZED and SUPPORTED BY

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MONGOLIA

SCHOOL OF PHYSICS AND ELECTRONICS

THE UNIVERSE: YOURS TO DISCOVER

MONGOLIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, CULTURE, SPORTS, SCIENCE

MONMAP CO,. LTD

MUNGUN ZAAN KHAIRKHAN CO,.LTD

DETERMINATION OF SOIL LINE USING

REMOTE SENSING APPROACHES FOR

VEGETATION TRENDS ANALYSIS IN MONGOLIA:

A NEW SOLAR CONSTANT FOR DETERIMATION

GIS MAPPING IN SUBURBAN GER AREAS IN ULAANBAATAR

TOWARDS UP-TO-DATE MONITORING OF HERBAGE

TRANSPORTATION-CAUSED RANGELAND DAMAGE IN MONGOLIA

WHAT WE CAN DO WITH DIGITAL CAMERA

- , 318 , 20256 ..,

23.80% 102.0122 32.26%

DETERMINATION OF SOIL LINE USING REMOTELY SENSED DATA

The study area at Bornuur sum is composed of much

Figure 1. Study area (Bayandalai sum E1030 7', N430 2 ' ,

Figure2. Methodology chart

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) LANDSAT data is the Normalized

RED-channel 3 of LANDSAT data (0.58 m 0.68 m)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Soil line of Bayandalai sum

Figure 3. Soil line of Bayandalai sum 2010

Figure 4. Soil line of Bayandalai sum 2009

Ground truth to the bare, dry soil clean

Figure 5. Soil line of Bayandalai sum 2006

Figure 6. True color combination of Bayandalai sum

Figure 7. Vegetation map MSAVI of Bayandalai sum

Figure 8. Vegetation map NDVI of Bayandalai sum

Figure 9. Vegetation mapPVI of Bayandalai sum

Figure 10.Trend NDVI and MSAVI value of Bayandalai sum

Soil line of Bornuur sum

Figure 11. Soil line of Bornuur sum 2010

Vegetable covers reflectance means throw the

Figure 13. Soil line of Bornuur sum 2006

Using of 2006, 2009 and 2011 Landsat

Figure 15. Vegetation map NDVI of Bornuur sum

Figure 14. True color combination of Bornuur sum

Figure 16.Trend NDVI and MSAVI value of Bornuur sum

Figure 17. Vegetation map PVI of Bornuur sum

Figure 18. Trend NDVI and MSAVI value of Bornuur sum

D.Amarsaikhan, M.Ganzorig, M.Saandari, Ts.Adiyasuren, 2006 ,

[10]. . ...... ., ., 2001.

REMOTE SENSING APPROACHES FOR DROUGHT MONITORING IN MONGOLIA

Email: erdenetuya@icc.mn, m_erdenetuya@yahoo.com, nd_bulgan@yahoo.com

USED DATA AND METHODS

NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX (NDVI)

NDVI = (IR - R) / (IR + R)

REMOTE SENSING DROUGHT INDEX (RSDI)

NDVIcur current 10 daily NDVI image

NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE WATER INDEX (NDWI) AND NORMALIZED

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Figure 2. RSDI maps of Mongolia

Figure 3. Yearly drought map of Mongolia, 2009

1. Application of Perpendicular Drought Indices as a Dynamic Drought Monitoring Method

SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF URBAN LAND-USE SYSTEMS : EVALUATING

METHODOLOGY AND DATA.

Table 2. Anthropogenic pressure of land use

1. bolia, K. ( 2005). Urban Sustainability Indicators Development Criteria (Doctoral