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them

ml exemplar) ..(llJlll:mpl"t.'Ct'litl'ln-et figurt'

of vii, eVe-Ii' of tha,t, radienl evi/l,....icll SeI."l'II$ to mil r1. otlr tr"IU! ,as o,diel'; 15 it by i{;/:e,,/J tifyil~g tllis el'ill"ltU Orll! wi.ll elc cde UJ'whl11 might be I'hpglll'c or p''Qmise ,o/salvaNrJlI for m~.rl.imf, ,Ima thus ,rhe singid(uity of ale rdigi,(jus w#lOse reUj r,rt is prod~imed it~
,ell'£l'jl .tt'W5p.aper?

' IIl

FAITH AN DK.N OWLEDIIG E

The Tw'o Sources of ~'Religiorl" at the Limits .of Reason Alone

j{N!'C1k

( .1' Now 'r,G MfA; religicm'? Of reijgi(m? Sil1gul~rl)' Qf rdig;m'~, ~'(j,~'IQy?H~w ,tare we of it ill r/'J'e.sillgui'tul,yirh(lnj fenr tlli~t l rerli'bU'1'g, I'hi$ v,et? dtiJ? At!d .so briefly (;l1l'd $0' quiCkly? Who wvufd b.ese impmd om ,~i to d~j ~JilU .die iSSiW here ;$ bod, icilml'ifiim (ll,ll! tlml llcwf W,~o urollid he sO pre.sl,litiPfl.l(J'IJ.I! tiS to reiy tll:l tI :ew aph'Clrim;j:( J"bgil;~ ,r)llese~f t.llt uect1$miJl roumge, C.lrr:og,am;;o o,r sel"f"fli,Iy" tlrerefore" p:eThap m1~'mmr pret'Utt It" '111 i~/S'(}.Iil.t{J ~Ibstm.rt" w abs,lm t frmn t:v,eryr'I'btg or almo'"f e'~I'f'1"ytllil~g. (,I ,r'~T,rQin:I'wly, Pedll~p.s one nW5l wke' c:m.e·$ ,J'itUiCC .ill n~or/;ng u; £hit most I:o',r,rnrlc twa' In{l,s:t mxc$.srble, b~~l lliso ttle most lmrtcil rUid dt:seN-like, of all' ab-5tmc,lim1.~. d Slwr,I',ld ti'U,11t ~f.we mwsdf l,y (f,bsrmcJio'l I~r $aV,~'m/f5rlf frmli (,ljlWf'a,Cfi,Dt2? Wh~~ is S(llvtitlQ"'J:. sa/cl'ty? (1~'! 1 B07; H/i;-gd writes: "'~Who thinks abstractlyi": "'Thillk]rag;~'

i.,

E~'!l'n(~,udly;,we 'w(mld r'lIm!frne; I.ike to link au: questhu~ (Jlffl~;gi,rnl to fh.a,t of the: liwll ,of (,1&str~clim1, T{J radiad aEm r'll,cdcm. No'.r to the abstract figi~re ofdc'(.~rh, of c.vil or QJ a,lf ~r,;h,re~ of dell tl i. bl,lt ,to the forms of,evil rfMt at,!?' tmdillOUaU), ti'efJ to radical extirpatlon and ther:efo1"e I"() the ,(trJ.·mci!~'tltim'l of al~srmcti(m, lJtISSlllg lly W!1~t~t ()!d}, ~/mdlater'---Oj th(}~e'.s.itfl~;.r)r l abstraction l'.luu (eirethe "iiitcllii:111, t,ecllll ICS." w:lmO$(icn e (.m(;1abov;e ~1.1 th' uanscendene« 0 .Ide- r:edmology,URdigitm rmd m~dm:m~,"re/igi,rm " and c}o'iJenptWl," "reIigitJl1 alitl du~ mmSI'Fir," ~relig;o'i fwd digllalily," "rt!ligion t.lI'Jd ~'ir(mll s,p.aCle--Nme";in ,CJrderm lab rhe metUf~ne of thru'._ them.es hz a shorr lreatis!?, Ito~id.lhl ,the ljmi~s .t1%;g~letl !is, ~,f)c01lc,e-iVoe" a sm"iU tJi:SC:lmive m,r,ldiille w/:ri,ch. however l'i~~itemd p,er/ec!ibk,. '.volll~~ not be ~;rmpmMl!'de.ss. r hi order ttl' thiw!k relighm todayabstracHy. W,jg' wW lak~: d:elirt l.)ower5 .of ab~t rtu:titm aSOlj f point of departure, rr~cmier ro ri5.it ['~e,'irU~UJl, the J'OnoW',itlg Inypotl!!lsis-: with respec! r.o .(l'Jillwse /O'fCeS ,('jf.tlbsmwi(m ,!HI'd of dissodaiiotl (derf1(;ImNhm, ddocaliza· f',O/I tlisi t1.lTlri1,~~iOt~. ormuii2d.lion" f w,tivu;;alizin.g ~cJi,['m£1t1~Ztltirm, bj!!(Jijiauioi1, o tel 'I:cml '~m,ricmfo'l! c.l ,). ocrc1.igioll ", i at the S;!I me Ii me ,"!\101l-"ed itl I'C!l'Cri,rg m'JUlgOI'li5· timJ/jll'md reaffirmaflWtl" ombitltlill,g ilSe.l/. In this vcry place. klww/,fUilS.'£ mit/ ~l;tli> ~'ell Plo~dcn~"C (",-aplf:llli.~t" 'I',d Jid!u:i~iY")I)emd bdiflf. !Cr~diI, rnt5tlVol,a';m,~5S, thr: all of tl faitll 'wiU alWl~y51iawl' mfJde oommmi nUiSf\ VOI,j:ru,t.w aile mU}I'Iler .by die btUl,ri of dudr 'f~pp(psitiQu. Whe~rce rhc aparill-a CtT~'llilj t~b5~m,"-e f Wl1J~pad~, i~ueJ' ffllv.~tiO'j~l~d o tiM!: two Smm:'f'$.

AIbi!>lr8Jc:t~'-Sr.m!lc (J~~i ew!" he' be-girJs by 5d"ly;"rg. l11ul precise.{y iiI frem::.n"II' p tramlat«

rJ'rde.r ro

die cry-'R£'ue skh, wer kann~'-~l" tl'(lit(l'r wfm "l':cmJ,dflee. in a si"tgie rhc'lr mm,oemenJ. rhm~ghl timd aOSI'I'(1CIIOII Alitl 'Iletapk sia: like lite "pfa$uc..") (_ ave. b(" saved, save onesel . Prelext!of i1 fi "51 (J~resti.cl1i: ,mrl a .discourse 1m rdigilm be di~"S,,,,ill.te.rl frDm ,tl d;~CmjfS.1:' on Stiill:tl ,jem:wh kll js W 5!lY, {III die Jwl}~,dil.' Sa', red. dll~ s ifi! autl s(J\ului, wl'ioothed <Indemne>,' till' im,rmm.g (S11JOCl"; sancuis, hdlig, holy.

a',e

l,wd tJjl~;r,~.U!.:'8"'d ft{li,~i1lifl,!'f!'m\l:

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im'"1'J~"b~i~)iils [ht' Irn nsl.11:Or, Su.;~ ()!f

hr,iL,l:.~I:!i OOllta.ill ..:iliter B r~\~1 \rnrtlll (rom th~'ufj!:i!1~l '" ~h"f"l ."111.'I!,j,}lion5. Pwll!nlit;:sc.!; ~nd SqlJr.l.fi~ Iit,i.lbl'S ~epf(ld~t;;li:! I:ho:s:<=i.n the Fn.~n;;:h k'xl:, ;.\11 r!mtnl'lh'~ ~1.I'm '1OJ Ii i ih.' .1\11 h lloT C.l..'I:~P'1 wlit"rc' othemd.se ' illllc~liied (M, he!!'e).

no-wav-eut, pITlmps' (me i~l!lr,ld, .lind te:nll 5hort . s.I'orr "1111.1 !,voliJ'c1 be a myd.l. Genre: ".om' "!ipti'il! il: I'j'me," jtlst Imrl', OiIl'lCday, On lUI tlof ishi1ld or i't lhe deseH" .imllgi'n·, it! n.:ler t{l ''lalk n:/ig,j,w',." :jerl1eml meu" phi/.QsopheI'"5, pro!(i$!>ors, hemlellemi itms, hermits or tmdu,witcs, wok !flle time to mimic a: smlJ1l" ,esotcriClmd e~IitQr,illrl>fri:ell(lIyaucJ fr~w:rnQI,c:(l~m:rj!m;tr.~r~lflp$ wOIlld b.e' I'!j!'tes· it sari' iN ,r:u,lditiml t& situate sfl.d~.:Irgt,~mems,. iimi' lixcm in lime ,(md space, speak 01 rite' p.lG'C;~' cmd OM:seU i.flg. dw mQnumt ptJ~~.one day. tlnre ,r'J'i~frjgi.ti·ifl? f~~'ul eph~tl:l(!M:l" the singuJ.tJrize. Qcl ,12$r/1tJUgh m'~eMl\e're bi!p'i~~g tl dj;(lry m,1t of whidJ' one "tere go'hlg 10' tear "i few pages. Lmo\o'o! al!~ ge~lre: tilt.! ephem~fis (,md tllri'!(jf,lp )'IO~jare spel!1.Ki/i"8 hiUhr.lllS'tib/r of the day)., D'lre;' 2'8 f,'bf'tlar;v 199'4. Place: au islmr.d.~he' Is1 of Capri. A hotel" ,11' t,abl£ amwul whl~ch we spe,nK tlmDtlg fr.i "1i1~,dmos,twi"m,llt alii' order,. f
(3) Ji::I pl~y the card of
ubstftlt:timl. ,t,HMj

tlw~lpOri{~ of

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withdmw to a desert,

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i:solal'~ one5dfoll

till

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sil!g/,e wmd" d~e de(lreSl' {'md :rl:~Il'stoo,~C!m,:: fieligienl. ht l>mfieMewtl Cf,!I~pn!lnj(l I!~
fre.lh:¥e----jidlldary ,f,lct-/h(!live 5',m-e hr~on~e p',r~~· w:~dE'rSUl rjirlin,:!l'W(, (lel jr~ ~rW/~.~h we ~uu1 S'WlU' ,r,OlI'lj'/iltm ,~er,r5e ,of wfuu"rd:i,l,rt,r:m ~ mecum o'rrough I he ,{mlguagt'·s OWl wr be/ielAe Ow'wrmfdy belief tilready. to th i~ r~'!Q,m~J,~,~,jQtfj';~ wrry day!Jnt{~ ,bww 'j~rUl W spelilk.We fJdie.,~~.itl duo '1,i.iJi,im(ll ,mJ_~twvrl'l~hie.s'S of r,hi~ wont Uke Heidegg;"I'. nmcenlj'lg wlmr he C~ln5 ~h~ Fikwmof the 'VQ~:libidllrry'OjlJf.'ilig (~!t the b~gJm,d~',1g fSt~in o ll[iJ,d u~U, belie:v~~(or bdietlC it is obUl!(,lwj'J' thm) "VC IJ1re· If~m!e~ftln,d "/lcmlf',I'g uole dIe of ~hj~ wm'd. if (m}y to b~'aM,r;' to ~lil'~$tim~ liJid i~l£Ird~rW IIi itrrogat>t:' Cli.l't::l'e£IIt\'S' ml #~ is !Sllbjec,r. W('Il----lv~ wW h~~veto reWrN to Ihi~ much lale'r~,rwdli1~g ii ks'S pn~·a$S.~nwl d~(m slil'~h a Faktl[1~l1(i~J',lm:~hpI du'_S!! trjSi!!s, prleci.5I.!.!Y) nd tlie lunite 'lw~srirm of reiia gjOl.~ comes dOWll, perhaps, W this 1~'Ckof amjro~'Ke.

Jhml dr~'~(i}m.~m iu gt'lrctnJ, '10 tllhlk ·'reUgil.'m'" is w thh'lk t1le~R(ml,(j'~<" be j,lmj~' nf'il/,rer irr Rome r~lQr',too jnr f''Qrk~ RQn~.(·.A ch.miel? or i:1;f!t,"t!"~itr for f~'a.m~J'g fri5W:r,1 (1/ somer"~i,tg Ji:fa> "reUg£on~: l.WoIlii'ftl:rh1gdkmc or liC!fdtl]it~name "hI' tmgf.rl I'() k~1!p Il.rt! rritrrn[ memQ~y of rhi~ appd'lall:{m,r:rmjcpiuM~, i, was firs,~ of all tmin. Hc~rtt.~'I~eit!. i~,111Siwrj' W~'i!J'SI!:" j~gw'tn i term, ucS {irnit. !"(!'mab'l~ 'm~:ti'~gem (m~15;~~iJkilm
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lhem'ltixui.

timed.

DiJfimft to .~t~y "bl"O,IJI!!" w,rtJW!u o(iwuMir~g; A ~he~1$-i!.'Tu,Hllenl-..Roml!!-jlJyEtH;Ufi/tn,

(4, A,r alt' begiwlilt8: of a pre1im.ilmr:rfr'xehtlN.g~ t1t'O.wrd ~hi) u~M{ttGi~ rmji Vmlim.o p.m-

poses that i im.t)t·o ~'i~(> few $u:gge5l,rom. If I1t~a)' O~ {It'rmine,d,, 1 WG~~1.dWee ~'G(:erall ~j~ 1'1'l.!r'N Illln~. i~'1irt!iic::;. hI a $orr of sd.r!:mm;c m'ld ~dif2grof?J!j, p~ef-aCI!.O~:rlt'r i"rJfJ\Os,ilimjs, dnXj,~I1i.~S'$>~u~"1!iC'd ~ t,~text {}f(Hff'l!r~'~1 d'u~mc~crWl ,i wwt.f:: afrel'1lmrdti, cmmprxi by c h a I'lu~~I~eajli.l,;~~ limit'S, oj time and $/,)(j,<2. An wtJ{i~'l)ldiff1!r'C,n 5f'OJI'. 'pc"h~ps, b~~l, fmm r!caror aftill th~ r,ri1e'moqr ()fr~w}r(,'~ rish'fl .iu the 1)l:'g;rmi~,I,~. rh~i,t,{{lY,. will' ·GOmillUe 10 (
C ,

wars !JfR£I.i,~hm, ~p~m war over arll t~:pp'm:r:ri(~thm()!Jcnl5tl.lt:m atu;i vf Mow'u MO'riah, O'~''t"rhe "Im;e 1am~· of A1Ji't!~,ram rjf.nm'lr,ti:I~.~before Ih~ omm~e "san'ijite''' ('i!l.'rlimrtl\'ed t o't of him, tlw almj/ure oflcrilig ollhe b.~l{.llre(l SO'/I, rhL" dll'rmmaL"a' puuhlg- rrHI!rmrhor ikn:~'jgi!1e~',r ~i:) ~rw.rmi{~tlt! d,(L5:£'Ctuir,UH, rup{!titi,rm S!lsper~d.e.d ,CU.I the fW~(}f£JU P(;I$\S{ort, '~'Cstrrdtij' (y~':S, 'e'~rcmay. ~ruly" j~~~~ } a /cwtkiJ,''$flgV), /JWfl' was rhe maS:lY1!cllt1' I Hdn''Or.r Q aJ flu,; 7;o~'ljbof tiNt fluthm::hs, a pla,of? h~kl i1'lconlmon (:in'll 5:rnlbclic l'rerich 'rifa~e r;elighms c~,Ued 'tli,bmbm'1lic." We r!!pre.serif tu.~J $pf1t,]kf'Our d.iffe~'1mt 1(.!~!g~(,~8I!;'<;., our b!u ~lJ/~mt(ij'! '''cuJu.~re, Scfs he J~'{mk.is 'time mtmifi:$ll" Oltiuinm, :billtdy ,e'at~'1'r jua(UlOOJ,

CilriMiml. No M~,I$Jl:~'/i flrlrllug !t~.al,'r,ls,. tt!1t'~1 Ihi/5 pndJmimwy .d'iS~ll~iQn, j~~s,rU' tire £~ f'flr {

J<.1~mut'ju~vl~erlit is ~,ot>lfJ1fds l~l~rm•.pcrJiap'5. ,1U~l 1!~ ,cmg1u .

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:r'l\PiIWS~:Wlll !iv!:'

dj,~IIfU~ Whi!lll.m~~:e.

{Jf otJrf:'r C!l,l't:S;t?irher.

l1.egi rt by ntrrlji~g O'W",mell-

Not a s,it~gll.lw,mum! We o~~g,"ulU' mire 'tlii~

luu:l I1r fltsl proposed to &r,ir.rg ~v ~he ligM of (,,{'w of mfieftir:m. miS(;lmS~ruing er denyiug ir (j~ #rrle as ,IN)cS.sible ~~n 1!jJf:~·tive awi ~:~fi 5il£ji1,i(l~:!-llrtH' ,il~wlilcl"t WI' ,~lIei'l iq!l'~' !OjiUid Qi~t5l:'.lvt's: !nc"$, (l rnlmn.OK,! rom,n,!ir In·gj~t, a ,rlme,a pJ:r;It'!J. MiI'r hall ir~m~d! ~'lg~'t'oI]l~ to' ri.!spr.md toa double i)l'O~Q:5liHo!l" (;It Q~lcep1i,ilQ_mpf];i[(;i1 ,1'l.rMI ,edi~ori(,~/,w/~J,ch il,r tu rll itr~"lu~d,iatel'l fm'sl.'d a double qt.lCSli.oll.: Df ltmgru:!£l~ aud of ~'mtioN, l\tr:Il'lf if, iQd.rl}l. ~h~' ''qlmUon of n?lig'i(m~ !~at#j:lh'(lppem'5 in a r1COW a~Mi dlfji!:flGm 1;;~/~t,if tJutr(" is m,r :wIPI«l.'tlew~l.res,tjf,{i'ell(,'e" lnuit globtjl flIU:/ p'~ "U'11ilf)1Qf this f®,J~~ d!h'!g. d!I~IJ:\,~h(l:r 15 m~r~ke is im~S'lmg~.cert,ahdy-wld mote pn!Lisd}1 the idiom, {lrgmli~J~ writing. ~hj1U folfmi~ r:hl.!,el{m~enl'of aU fellefarh:m awl of{j:{/ beUef. tin ,~'i,m~m ~"ml idfin!{lud;r is .irre~rudb!e tUJd W'N,r;n:ril'S/(MaMa-um IJn idiolfl ,1J~{,'l r.llliwe 11ft is i1i$epaml'l'J,1! /mJ'u tf,re sod(j:f Ile.\"/~S, _from rJt,f?: p'OJUka/, jtn1iUifl'.f. >fJdmh;, ,cm1'nJ~'!miuH'i(ln ~'l,'-'J[rl$, !mIn ~hf'1',rariml and from "~:et~rtrJ:pl~:from tirWldJI:{umy;, blood a~'uiwil,'I:HJ:dl:rom ~/lC l:lItlr morepm,vieJ.wti!? fC/oI.i,f'fm~ to dtizen~Jiip m~d W the 5!fl'r,l! • .1/~ dW5rt {jm!!s.II~~'18il,r.jge,(mdwtirmfofm d~l"~ri,~I II:n'i4;!d body of a{lrd:i8.i~m,r_~ ,PtMsion. ,lJke .rhism,ee,tins' of phUo'sopimr:s, die j"J:terlUt1fir.mal pt,~b#cation rll~H '~1l:1~~ proPQ~ed to !~st!ml~ QW W be fi,r5~ .r;fall "Wll.5lerli," and aren ,f~l~pd,e~I, I'lhidi ,i,s (.llsQ ,ro 'saJI It~j,r'tfin~t. ,to st'vl.u:aJ' Ew'Opcml rm~glwge'$, lr~OS:? ~h,tj1 "we" ~p(.'f,!khere 1"1' u1,pri" O'U thi5lmlimt i51n~!d;Gg.nmm. SlMr~,id!, F'r:gndi, lIu.frtw.
l
J, J,

,iJ;!I'CIfI(,'rO!mt',: h'P[)tJking ,on

behalf of llu;!s~'I'mlit!1 w.it/ieS~tL~ witlw,r,.t '~'PgaJd'1gor d~e,rlt, in f place ~l~.fu~,m, lmd dm'Wi,~g ['n:m,r MilS aU ~ons 0[ ,onsequ!:?nce5.
(6li'W,ty istlt[~ pfwI"wnumon. so ha~~'il)lc(llkll the "remrlJ "J,rengi(.m!I," So tJlffir;!l,{t 1'0

~1~ir~k?Mw is i!
,r,fli"vcly

.~!rl~~,~rp:r;sil~g?Why !'il\fl

d~~sh p,(jrricl/tl~rlytj~tonj:llrl those who

be#el1l;,,1

aM ~rma,l'wnUJ

oPfuJ.m,r:lReligion.

0'1 ~ll,e(me' sidg, ~~md(ll! OalleT',R.etlSOn, a~i!

.EJ'di&~'j~'cm'~m~ Sderl,'Ii". Cfit~(ism (Marxist Criricism, Ni,elz.s.h~(m Qj:!~logy> Fnnl,i/imj ~yd\Gr,H:I,(lI:y$.iswd I'lldr r~l!rUl,jgc), as· r/rOll$lh llfl!! t
(Hie

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pUf 11~,r nd e

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mhe~'? Ol~du: CQ'liUj,ry; it is /IN cw.irely (,tiff~r,rtm s.r:.hema rhmw'r'luld halA~ to bet'lketi

1l~

(me"~p(J'.ill~·of dC'ptfr'wre in orderw trjr lO' Jhili" .thf! ''re~'i,~tli :~'1ii.! m[igim,s." C(!I'J til:' of ratu:r be fl!drlc(ul tf) wl!at Ow d'ol(,a ~tmf!lsedly c(Jlls '11,UldlUnE:'r~tldi~m,,~':rtM~j'lt~d:S'/~,r" il'f, II'! Fttlm:h, "i.lm:grj!sI~.'''f Here: pc.dmp5we hliL'~oue O!(Uij r pt;el.{n,rhrary (,]lji.!.!iliom,l:!vle (:0 m~Yrsrl re 111 .w die ld$~'{"kctll H rgeI1Qf., th,rd'mwng~he A.b;r;(lnami. rdigij)'1J~. t~rmmg ri'u
~fjmd,jmentalj$ms" 'work
t{;ltl(l}, rl{,N'n~ tOI)'

tlr lhc "in ~"fgl':isw.~" M~{,!I{'!rt1'tlei1dv!phlg w1i1llermlly. for they a~' m

We tin! lU)'I/rJf from R_ome; b'!u m'C 'Ul &u~gerin ~Qn!c_ Hel'e we r.iro litel'(dly i'Slllt.ltiMf for lwO days, i'J'sul:tu,ea iiJU If:re Jidglifs r;;lfCr,~pd, ;,r I1w dif:lenm~ b~l'wt\cn rr1,i;' Roma~~
(,5)

i11 an fd,i,girms, w}uu. pn,u:i$dy. of ls}(l m? B~u kt 115 ,Pl\t~t' jjntke r,l.5'e of t'l,li~ qlliddr. BlI'e'r~hi/ig thn~ ,ns ~![(_~!iilygw,u'[}(',d rmdfl'f tlw refcrl:~'~C\'l' w "Mam' :s.<;e]1]>~ tGilr,ly to retaiu some sort of gcOP(!ti'~,c;rJlor globt!1 pMm$rlti~ie.a~ a :rt!SI~b of t:/m m.llw·C' of ~'t~ phY$j,mf vifJl~/iC"', (If a:'rMirlof it'S ~1edar:e'dviolmi{ln~()f dIe dertla'~'llti[ modei tl~rd of {mcn~uriolUd raw (aw "H~~shdie ,~~e" (l'~r~l'li~rny othtrs-m,rd r die "rigl!J 1'0 lilcri7wrrt"), as 1I rC'jj'~h Elf 'JtJd~ thfl ardi.~jc rmd moder'fI form of it:S crime5 "i,rltl!~

.I'~I

Ii.lillj' (},

religirm,"

II'S 11' resliJI 0 ilS

,jJjj'[,/ag;{,o~politrctiJ
Woi'

,tle:mrJgmphi~c ./imnl. iml,'. 111 its i,fwlf!III"W .""jl ,figIolFf'.!>.IMI}<? DisfeF'Pl11letit is rerlllire(l; bimll i.s 1'101L~lmllj_qJl m,l
j

'i

~IU')lj.ld '~tl"n>'er forget

it, bw the hItter tlpermcs

ill

'l'm',L'fges tiM' gmv!!' ~uest;Dtr

ol ~'lemun

I,he na me of :r Iw )im~'j"" Ijwl ~Jm,

it,' wlwt /1~ppenj., Ity of
PUii,

_
tUl'I'/IC OCCW'5

17) Nl!t~e'rtrroJ
III

tI~ (Ill

ocddent
CQ~IC!!'pt,

the for-cc of die

lial11ll>

or 1$ £tl ill

the It,tlnle o_f ridigiOll. herr in tile

ph7$u!recl QII~r t.h~e qUl,"5,tious, begimli'~g lIJ'i~h dUll .~! i f.,'~'nacra9' Or' 0/ secuJti "izar-j~(m.,el'i'~r oj tfu,: rigiu t'f} literarl~n', is Ilot .Ii'!erd}1 tilfOPl"tl~,', "Iii Gr!'U:'(D~ nristicHI. Craeco-Romm" Hen: we liFe ,"OI!/rolUctl by !'I"f ,over'w!vbni.II.~' 11UI'Siicms ,of Ihe IWJtl(! ,(l1I'lJ ewrytJtiPig "dom: ill thr Iltlml! ,[,)"; qll 'lions of.~h1!iwmc of tr IIOWI "reJigiou, ~ of the p'lames or God, oj' whet~ln' thH p"Op~I' rlli me lmlm,lgs to rhf' 51';;IfiU Of&Hl;g~mge ,Of ,'UJIf. ~le'~'~e, {')fM~ l'iI~~'r(m~,~!,t(jMrjt,. b,n also 'flfll'S llertlMfw (wl!il:1J ;~ M SIIY. of that w}ii'c/l make5 £1 .~ Sii'(:' of rcpt4.l i(,jl'ih~ry;. of itltmli:mtio'/i cHld tll!!'rtlfi,;m~.• flfr,"!ldy, a/teel-me. of ted! noscienco, of I' 4('- tl!dmosciclw! ill cnmlf~ at 1,1 dis,umce J~0 if, lhili: to tilepl!rf'Orm(.lt.il',il'y of raJli/lg il~ prayer (whi II. as Ari,5jollc £r,l}'S, is neither true m~"flj',fse), of il~ bond I'{I duu 'wl!idr, irl (1:1'lper!onnmi I'it", tl5 i~l ('l,tl addrCS5 m~d aUe.sNl~ i ion, t.lppea.I's riOd~e fo.;, h of tltl! othet ami depJ;oflo i i'sclf l~r!l:n~Rm?h~ (j pt~'(;IJjl! I'If [tlitk
j

ti~~li,ti,al. like: ,{In the.

olr~Ja,t1.For, dire

tire 1'!I\f;,'l.'ilogifD-

.'r,li~·;rlml' Ugfu, mul umlcl' Iht" .1'tlmc sky. 11"1 ~IS a.,i,~drUIIIW!II' IJ!I't't' ItJ,tln'.~: ,iI., , i~J.rjWI;, "h4;' l)"mni~ed.l md. d,l!! ,ui!'se:rt. :nll','I!e 'rl,IJ(n-cti'~llpJ:CICfS; w,rth 11,0 l¥(.Ii' mit or r.my a_~~un't,iptuJi wirhoil!' ,il:in"mry (',II' P.lJ/ui ,of ,rJtriwl. widlOlu tm ~lI:rior with fl: pre(UaaM~ ~'nap ~md a Gikulabk: prognmame. 111t'5er'm;'.e plares 5J1t~pe 'norizo/l.. he'r<e olJr and nOOn';"(Bu., sill'Glt r/frnk'~lg (lfl(J $peakili8 are tlUed few IIC''C'' 'her wU}, IJC ,dlfficr.dt widlil'J die a:ssig,t1etllimit'S, tm~f t.I ,emil it.' ab '!;,:I!Ct'()/ hQrizon, Pamtloxi· iJljl;lhe ~lbs,~rr;e , of 'lor,i~rm comii~iom tlll~ fmure il ..,elj: -ni,e fmergerlcc of ~hc C\'Ient Qughr to plltlfl'ite ,c'very llQrlZQ!'1 of,exp~'rtjfi(m, W'I'EUi,c,e the' app',reJi(~~'",si(m r.m f!hyss in dl42..~epl.(iCe5, fOf of f:Xnmpl.e· "I deser: ill the,d e:n. l'J'jet-:t: ll1:m_o, ne uddwr eel n' Iror s1u:m.ld if 'I! Wnlil~g wft~u w o 'Qugllj· (JI' c(,,~/d--perb'1,ps-he yet t,o c,':II'm? WJud ~ stili' It/t 1'O.C01l1e,)
('Ill ,j'1I'

(W) b itt~ millddf:~.!ce,if we---aln,Ws:t aU oJ!:t~MedheIHlllli'!.Hl by Qrigi:1l tmd cadI of

f,j~

M:~cli'tt:'rr!ll::l.'C';[m ,by iI' SQrJ of mtifne'ti~m-Iunll::, dcspl/~:mt. 'W dfffft~'C"If;e5> tdl hee~r{lri~

U'I) light {:akespia l'l. I!ma' die dn.y.. Tf,€ coim:id'tmtl': of th' nlj'S of iJu:: SWI illlid fOpO' ~mf'rJ'i.ml irm;l'ipt;rOJi will fl,e-llCr be ~,P.'1ror:~>d:: pJIIUlomcl!Q,/ogr of rdigiorl, reUgiOPI' ss
phl.',otJrmmtlil,EiMY. ,e"rtigmfl of thl' Or,i~mr" of II.w L(!wmt

IQ~~thcl'to meet ,emIhis isitm"I., ilnd wllQ QUI'selves muu bavemode ,(JI' tKCep't'ed ill'is dioice; I1Wj'i1:~ !J." .le1, secretly, is it a ,:oifJdde'1n~ if ~111 us. !J'n,!:, dttJ~ 'ttli-'t!' bt((!I'i temp" ~dItt'ldl by ,~I cer,of ttl·hl,;Jr.'lsia.:mc!! 'widr FesfMct to' H/jslferl,il1u pl!t'momn,roIQgy {m~l lJY a I:n~t,rl:llmt'r,j tics ~vh(lse dis.ciplhw mves so ~,m~,h to! the' ,f:,\-e81~sisof tefigiolls re.~ts? Henee the' ,el/INI Iu(mf pressing ol,,/igarion: IIQlI tD'forgel ,tlw$c <o_f eilher gender> wi'l'(llll' di.i.s illipUcil wlll'rac/ or tlii~ '''0 illg-togetile.r" is obliged ,10 !!,rd,ru:le,,~'Ve sho/ild 1'Ien,'1'.w, IJuglu to 1!aVie. beg~1II
.iacltlj'
li~lVC COI':IW'

Imfcd b~r(I ,c,ermi.r Fiheumu,e'lwlogy (agtlita li~hr )f'~'e who

t!m'l ,of ~'he'Mt?tu'!'(!Wi!"t,Uiean i~ [he

~r(.IUOWil'lg
thai .• wlltltl'er

l1!1m~mspf/jJc.
iil' {'I!

<p<ll:aitre>. I ig~!t (1)i10ISJ, wh.en'l/er thi$ arche fOl!'!w(.wds or 'tj'~iii$ tliSCotiflSC f,Uld takes 1~le iliit.iali~:: irf gen.ertd (phos,pl'iaill!.! thai. phantasms, '1'~'lIa;$pe:ctre, ,etc.). tiS IIi IIdl ;'1 Ole disamrse of pliil{}sQPoJiy (.1S 111 the disc'OlIrse$ nf(l relf,'1,1!on rOff'Cl.l'oonm.g) or of (1 r,I:'~ICtlJ:~bil;tr (OII!.!;nbarkdt}, .of a !M.~5iMily J:!'wreurigi '!lm'y rhlin mm~ifC5tQt.i()'n. l\4:QTe o...igim'lr}~ wh id'j l$ 1'.(,\1 .f(JI)~ closer m d,le ~-!um,e, J!) rf.lt' ~jll'~· ul same ~out:ce. Everywlwrc Il.gllt dictates th'd' widell el/,('ll }'esl'Utl('lY' t~;as tJ\tll'l.'el}; m ,r~rlll:;tnlt?(110 '~e pl~r: 0/1111 re.ligil.ll/. fJI' C\~II opPlJse.rl tf) it l1/jd wl10~c fUI'lln; mll5t .ioday I'('du:mgli' (Aufld.o I'U ng. lllm ie,res, Ef!UgJllenment •.111\1 l nismo). Let.llS I,!OJ forger: m ,I"I~ '~'I Whf':/i it dit~ I~"~' diSlW5!! ,of tmy cam'tm:mter.rl'J "'II "(l~sig'/~ate," jlIS j!jemi\Clii~t'Il!' ,j'Die'S. "mligiorr ibdf, l'he ,Cf~h,O'r~h'(" priest" or c ~{m (my of the persll1Jalgod~ rlw Ind,o1:'m'lI;l'l:m1 la'I'iglwge tdret.ltly '(OiiCill~' irr 'tile vl!'ry i101.10n ,o/gllci' UI!eiwo.s). (;' wliirll 1'11'1" ~"rop't''' til .,1ni,lg' islumillOll5" mid 'c'df:!iii(;ll:~
,~~nj~mphy,af ~ppearj'jg

( 1. I) ler t~S ~~'i'm l1::'me'l'Ibur wJiat'. righ fly Or twong'1y, i '10M p'n,wisimml,ly
Oilr

,e'llidtmt:

't~·

be, mui io this 0'1' ~/l(lt religion. 10li'l:,cu'e fl(J'i priesfS {"mUld by ,Q mitrislry,. ,rl,or t'wlJJogimls. rIO,. ,q,'olifh~l. mpeu.ll1 repl',~Sf:tlllllives m ()f n::l~g;(m. !:W'f erll!mfrs of I'digi,cm as 5U,cJ'i, ;'1· tlw slm.sc arm cerwin 5Q-calJed: ErrligJl J,f!'lmlel'!i' ph il:asoph~J's tlr~ a~mfgi1r w tlave beeli. Br~i W't' also s1i1':m'~:i'~teem:s to me, sml:lf"i/~li:lg ds(~-lel 1,(£dcsigll'til'f i t cafjtiOi~s,IY--i'l/i t4 Il'rescI'wd tl•.sl't". if 11Qt Ull wliClII',I~ f./i/immJ pre en,"l,ce, fO't w/uu. In pout ie: > is' call!Ni ,rl!p'lliJ/irm,1 drm-or:mcy "IS "I' Imivt:'l'mtl)'
i

reltiliOlllo(} religio1l

saUzllh.!'e m'f!dd, bl'1{jj'1:g phiJ:O~i}phy

UJI

tlw jmblic

"ctm~c," m d!eres

public~,

/0

j,

,!. El11oi!~ !j;eTIVeJ1~ti,l" Ij"lo",,1)'ro~ul Lt~jj,l;jm,~ (,jjtl Sil"i~ly, I t"J,flS, ;1iz,~!')(;'(h P~lmer filbef ;;lml f;lk;et. r ,I ,,," •.1"11. J?i!ibu il.f~d~,ilb.~, 1'9'73,. pp, il.j,S,-'I'fi. 'WeI ~h:all oJrl~11 il:e' Ilell~·!l'n.isi4:ii oroer to ,I~ve hlnli ~, i W"l '< li>ibiJul.r-IIi~1 of pe"Io;inll ~!Jor cK'Jdll1ple, iLn<lss.I.I!r.1nc'~ &prope~ mean i~.~ rITd!i('~' i.n !'he 17d!>i: of

,,,I Iii.' Mill or nfli,ghl, bllt ~ls~l wj'rh r<:'l1i'I:oo u} ~~\ccr)"hillil d5~_ T'hi$ a~~iJr;mOC' ~ITI'S (i.r(!~II>''~.:almC'r~~"<l .,i,.. m"r~ th~!l Ji!r'(lhlem~lk. Ih';iIl',d,:r.fOr'~ I npt~ !he rl!blrJSh~ En~i5h tr~nslkltion h(!ll t;~ mrodl ~~ i I""i,i~hll~!~in !h~ il1'~sl 'Vr];f!~;"ter IU~n;ln~.,'>,S,

"'tmblic-,I1'~5.,·' O!If'li'l'lguiii' 1:0 r'lif! lig~,rl o/d,rJ],. "rl'i~(,jfaill Ui ,fJJt: "!i;gli'rl' of tI~e EI,diglltemlieiU' <<lUX Lumielies>, (mce fj,gtlrrl I'{)~J:ie'e"lligiur,t. dl'ir~'w~ ,of public splice, emallcipntill,g it/rom tdi e;:;;~tertltl'lI'o,wer ftlon-l~~y"m:m-sl!!'l,j,lar), for ,example from rdigi{J!'"~ / dQg'nltlti m" arrhodO:."}1 01' Qutll,ori!)i (that ,is, from tj cermi,~nlli! ,01,I1'Ie dox.a or ~Uef, ..... orIridr. ~rOwi'ter~ does liOr m~um f'f()mall fr1irh). In (,1 i(!ss mudogic(;jl "IW~Il'l~1" (Imt I ,~JiaUrte'tlj r~l to l'hi~ lfl tef) fwd t1 t leas!: (-IS /o'ng (uul! ;r~so fiN' (IS 'lye am ~ 'l'U!! spulki ing here .i'ogel'her; we siwli ,dotjbtless (l1'tempt m U'tJilSfjrJ~e. here alld !lOW ~hc,irc!lm-, ~per:lmui s-usp,emive ,t:l,ttitl/ae, II ,cen~lin c,pocne rhm cQ.•siri.t$-rig'ltli ,01' wrollg1y~for l ,1J'u,' iS~!I,eIS sr-rious--irl ~rljnki"lg; n:/ig:io'u DI' mrd:blg it t,lppear "wirlllt,1 the .{ilnit5 ,of rMSim alo~:ul'."

t'-'

jI

2.l' ,IMm!'.1

r}l,jl',~rion: I'Vfitli

of this

'K(MU~(m'

~es:ru'J'el(Jd(JJ'? Wilm lV(~n(i~1 a

114:![ik

he Mj.

i~(!,r~~idlXtRdigion witllii,i:j th,!! Limits of gt.':JMlUAlOID:~?111r~ t']1; ,,,·I1<.~ jll~{I gil" sits dlml 't,a /.1pj,Jitira} l.'J>lflll. llS ,I haw: "1'1«-1to m~~ efs'elvJII!ri::. L .II ;I~'i! Ifl'l't"~ U,' tl'ie hi5tcry of dcmo'Cll(.ity. ~wwbly wlum ll'ieoll!gicai'tliscow'5c'Wtl'5 olliig't .•1 !I'.x~m~~e ft"rn.j~ of the via :J!lIeg.L'll:iva f.lmi ,eli'jm t/r£tf!:, l!vhl1lre .it ,:l'f>Itms W htwe p~'es'(:riht'fi Ole i!,! '!',:~iw l"Ilrmmmil'ies, ;'I'itiaj'ic lea.r;:Il:illg-s, J,iertl'f(lf}1, esri/eric iru,rll.!'arity 01"the des~l'{.-1
Ji~i~W wltidl, ,Iilr:!i::KanfS.
III'

witl IIlwer be ,~IHml.iS-#lfl-e willl'l(we l!.~'e'l 1'''I~ l'l'di'uri,~j'(l Lwui. How to' i'1Ipnlwisf' lmd 'illlow' cme.%r/' to' be stu:priSt.~1 hi speak.illg ori,e ,1 ,~ in" 1I,M ,!o fMr ('md 'IDW ~lot to fl'E'"mbte bc/arl.l the mifatfffnrmiJIc' h/i'~11Ctt,~itY' f)f ali~ d/.r·mr? The figure of rf1:r: Pmmist.'d Land-is it' I'!or atso Jhc w'e!1Xia! lumd bgiWf1lf'I:1 the l'hWlisl' ,o/.plaa: ,and Ilis:t'aridty? By hrSfOl'icify, we, (II~ltl wr,cietstnml t,Qli£lJ' ore titan m ~rl,~· l/r;~'lg.Fi"j~ oftlll. a $iwrpr:l1t'itJ specificity of t/ie ~c:mct'P~f rciigim'l. du~hi~trlr-}I of ;l~ o 1ri.~·iI1r)'.ami '(.I_f,~lIt, g'e'i.enlczies iii IeI' Ini,~gtc(r itl it~~ ffll!&&Ii\\,:(%:,CHId iI:1 its mUP/f1'_ D;stillc~ i ions ~Irr reqw:red: foit-IJ kas 11·1)1' ,,gJW(~YS V'I."fl'llmrd will' '11)1 'Il/ways be ide:ii rijlabJ.' 'w,i.l'h rdigiOIJ, 110'1" tmother poJN~:,wi.th tlll!ology, All ~'(1cr:ednlJj'Snd afl 'HlHrlN,s (,Ire 'l'ot WI,,,. a ~':i$ariiJ',ill the s~l"ict 5er'/s,' 11f au: teml. if there is Olle, re.{igi,rJl,'~,We will htwe /0 reWt'l1 I'orl Ibe em, fgJ,mceami thSt'lJl,f,Wti,lC$ of IhiIJ ,JOtm' 'religifm: pet.sirlg by wa}' ,uo,.th of its Uomli/l Urrj.d,en !',[.~r~'y of d~e' {"t'm.d it' '~(jsmj~tr~cl'ed willi f/~eAbrnhtumi, ntll(!/a{md ,1 im:r~_ Tlllfl' lfluer ~re not ~~oldyIH·el:iU. Sr.di eve~,rts 01111 'mpp;;m !ly tQkhf~ otnl ,!lie m,ear,lIIIg of (!1,1!,V1gillg ,rJI{;' IlislO'I'idryol hls,lorf-,rmti tilt! eVl!!uli,;/ru?SS <evenell1entialite :> 0/ IiI£' covent ss 51~th As distinct [rm.i·j' o'j'lit::t eKper.ierlre$ Qf "fm~r'l',," of tJae "lrolx.:~ of ~:fJ,f! "WM:;'f;tj~hed".and uf th~' "j~'l!~ ,so~nd;;' of the ~sacred:" af.~lie "d/vim:"; ,~;i$ !ii.stim:~ artrf rwm' oilier s.tructures ihtU v'lle tw.mld be .empie.d to' ,mll b/~ a lirrbiom rmtl'fllg)' ".I', ,{,~_ ,d,I'IIS," the 'f~'tlill,I'Jil'nt,tlry at,ld :KQi'mlic rt'wimrotls are jtl~eptJ rub'l- from ~,i~tOl'ld'}',of n"n'dlltl.rlJ'! it5(!1f. Vie me"ssi(1~tk' ,escluucingical Jwrizon deli,nits 11:11$ lliswridty, 10 be :'frll't', 11m onJ}' by t,Jr.tilB~{hCl"illg ,',relli(nlsl}, .I1l(ulgumted ,i/.
II I) lkfiltl'
('hI'!

rslmuJ-fmdllpri

i~ wJwf~' ~''IIjJ m: rd~'lfjty:s li'j· j~'lvemirJ'~~j WH"!,'" l'!lif? 'l'hi! j'i'ijUW,I"I'j_"rM[,'~Wlj ~j) ~I'j~' 'wmau 11('~m" <fwhirh ,I(cml fipr:aks-,'5we WJ'w Ji;!:rOI'11 is lWI' Olle, ,riOl'" .I!i~-'II om;~ (m~{ rO'f all, (lsIJlOIIJtIr f" llii.cre c~:palJle Imll 0 ;~lm~g1,mMilltfigm'C$ Of tropes olit5elj: Pf'rfiaps we ,w!llri tlsk mu:sdlre5wfn~ll!e1r 111is agrees 01" rlO't witl, Rim ~>s ~ntf!~·!a{m' wh!:rl: l~e I'OalJis .tiw,t Sc~'ip,!'!l'f,el,i(l~ ind!J!M! "t;epres.-em" the h isr.or-ic,'i,' cmt} temporal d'~!'Ul::irlt!r ,of mdical' ,in·;f (~l!,ell if it ;$ only 11' "mr.uie of I'Epresematiotl" (Vo:rstellung.'iarl) i:j~'d by Scripllu:e: i~1 fjmcti{}~lrJf fI{~m~:"l''frailty ";9 ,r~,tdrhis, liQhv.ithM~l iJdltig alar' Kmll ~~i·rllules' ~],irtumt tv {(ir ~he rl:ltion,rd origin elf tin ev,U dIal ,.e~,rlili(ISrm~Cim:eivlible tv rea:sml by affirmiltg ~-ir'mlltml.'.o~js{>~,hat ,t;1ieim:erprew#rm of Scriptm't e:.v:cc,rr!stil'.' complJ'feilt'l.~f)f ~1l:50'1 I tMid tllat ofa'll the "lmb/ie rdigilms" ~h(ll ev,er were, (ml, file Chrisliim ~di8ionwilt h(l~ff!,b~fG ,(1 "'110ml''' relighm (,Emd of ail.' first General Rema rk). Stra~we' pmpo5irill.I,', fml which mU5'l be t,(.I,I.:i(t1i cls5el"icHls-JJ' j~~ p,(Jssible hi eadl !J'- it51jr;eml~$es.
r/'iH
J•

0·'

{t

[ 1-') Wi,tll tMs em.f!f'I.'tI$.mlOtl!i;r '~iswrical il'imG:n:srcJl'i. a J'aisUJrifit}~ (~ifftnm.r {r-om whlll'
Wi·

1~l/l)ked

,~1 momt.'1'lI

(,lgo, im,l'1tSStIm tW() flve:rl(}.p in aj~ infinil'l! 1l'Zirruril'ig <e:iil

a[{'~Um

it au" '~it'm~nel,li 'O,1i1YIt'.",religion wi.t1li:n [he lir'r~it.. of :rellson ,@lone~'How nUl a liislt.l1'Y o{ 1 Il~~Jificaltuld tedli'l(isdt.>litiji'c re'l.son be iI1$Crib'~-Ithe:r:e awl tniis brought up to d"te. "1,11 j:lbO' hi5r~rJ' of r!Ildi~al f)'vii, of its jig !lI·et; rhat fire newr $impJyJjgl~re.~' iu,rd #U~l'abYIVlle>.. ,How {,IIi dii~ Ili$rm:"J'O/ historidlJI be Mke-Ii fWo r~OIas to
piCrU<j
{,I

( 15) Tiler//! are in ef{(X'1 JOT Kat.ll, ilild III! S!!}'5 5(1 eXliUdl'I}I, ,r;mly t.wo fmn ilies of rillUgicm, amI itl afl two somiCe:s at two strain .oI ml.igiciII-m:rd J'umce rwa ge/ieal()gie~ of wllich it s,W mU5t be (Jske:cl ndrf tIler 511ar' ~lf,(;' stm~e Utlme wl,ierl~C'r prt'ptT ar ,('twtmm,' <I10lm:>: the religion of,c-nh alone (des blossen Cullus.) St'-eb "i-ilviJlu'$ of· .!od," lmt ilt bol1om. fwd iIi ~S$l.mc.• I~I' does rIOt ac1~,etldH"Jlg mlly pmyer and d!~5ire. lvlrw is tW" r oMigf'tl to' m"C.(Im.c beuer, be· it' rhr<Jlligli file remi5.S;Oli ,af Sfl'I.5. Moral (mouIHfic,he) :religlon, by tM "rllS",. J5 irlte,'l:5teti ill ti,e gMt! mmf~lcr ,0- life (die R.digiun des guten I._ebellsv andels), ,ii' fmjoim "im to actlon, ir $lIiuJ'rdi"clj,e knowledge W i~ t;!Hd dissocia~iC,~ from it~elf, p'restr.ibing flu!!' ~mUi,jI}(~(mi,~' ir belteJ' b,,1l;C'ti.llg to this !Jud. il1 (lC'(lr~ ,lam:'Il Wi"l' ~hefalliIJw,ijl.gprindple: m'T,! is no!' i!~mial mnl hence It,ot I'reci-'S:5tU"jl for .(wer-rQ'lI'le W km:ml' IVJlliil' G(j~f d()e~ or JUI~ dane for 11;$ 5ttl'lruti,(",,' but it IS ttS£"lda.l ro blOW whal man h iJ!ll~dfnrustdo (,I m-der trl .lJecwllc '!,vQr1iIY 0/dl;'s ,t~.\lS"i~~{,ilice." .Katu dms lleJi't~s a "rcfkctilig hdlektieleude) foiilh," wbidi is I'(J UIY. a rQri\~{n who.se. POlSsiu'jUry m~g/l't well OP(:Il rh_' space ow' discus .1011. ll:1l,~use i:1dol!.S lUll de.,pend eSSlmtia.l'ty ilrnm arty /J'ist'tl·riral revd,atim1 rmd tbus ~gref.~ wil:h the mt'iQ'/il-:!Uly of purely Pl!'l:Icl.k:al f(l'Q.5,on,rcfiecting, f3.ith f~Vf)!m g.ood win beyond ,aU knowl!edg.e. It.is rrlUf opposed'm "do,gmatic (dogmlllische) {uith." if it IIrt'llla wi,l'li this ':d.agrmuii: filiI II,nit .1 .imof(l;r ,ils tile latter dtti ,'m in blOW mul diereb1' ig1lt:n'e~ ,ru,: (tijferenl(.C: br~weeN faitrl

{~r

(inti ki'1(Hvfcdge.

'I. (T. "!i;iuf 1;;IJomr in 11!.Cq~15 Dcnr~b.,O~J.tI.tt "''amL', e& 'IOJll Dutnit. 'i;rlll'5. I),wid \\'ood, John p, I ",Hfl'~''f,:.lllid lim M~IM.d ~s,i;lt1r(li'tI: Sl.lnf,ord UlJlil!~t)l PraR, l!l"n.Il.oMbly ~~.so IT. • ". Un ~.H<)",. I,~.i!r~ujd ,sr'~kin:e:: dl~niills..~ j,n. f.m")g"H!l'ge'S IJ.f r/j~ UIfSllytlMe; !hc FlU)' of NC;!,'fi,ril"ty irJ: Il1nji'j~!~' mrrl Liu"mJl' 'f'IJoory, cd. by S;lJlil)rd BilQ ick ilrid WnJ1i,I;],1:1ig ~SC'Ff N'{"~f'Ym~= Col~ll1'1bi~ , "I!Vl.·r~II}' l'irl!:!;!i, 19i1!'9').PI'. )-70,,! 1:n:~11ill ~ i'lt!:!lli: prcd!~ ITI..J 11<:1", i ~IJ ~1l~log'm~ I;QI'I!exl, th~ I hem~~ n ",1 11'"·r~ri.h~' Itf""i of "Wll~liIORIJgjl."
[I

Now tile priltdp,!e orSlu:l~ m,1 oPPt)$itiml-fllu} !hi~ is wJiy 1 ,f:rl'.Iplu.l5ize il'----COIdd n(Jf h'e $implyc1cfi'i'il'icmaf. taX()!Wli'If,t: Of r/~lW!d~(ifJJ; it s'Cr-ve;; fwt simply to, lassi[r he.temg.e1iOO;IiS religions ~m(}tr a·te S,lme mlm)e; if cmdd also ,,/M:ji!u!. I:~~~l~ U~ to:do>y, ~~ for place (.If Ctmfiid,i[ nm of w,a r. ill t71e Ko jlri,a rl $t~!~,e. !~'II rQday. ldlJf:it prolfi5icmaily; it E m,ll.!d he}p I1S $lru:Ulm~: proltiell'l(1lic . a
5. 1. K.tlll, fMi!!,irm 1'\·'i,lrjjJ thl: Limits of Rcrmm Af","l1; IIrKlkl. ~il lion J(~ IMd. ,bok ~,smio,Jl, ~.

rh~im!)/icmi(J'NS (,in~t nmsi'(Iu~'lh,.~ 'I a,h· K.:llui{~ll rtr~m:$f'The ifml:r scet,r'j'5 51I"lm,g, si/~~:plc~/h<! drE'Z1r'~g: !:he Cilri51im'l fdi.":I[)N ~wtl{d be ~he OI'rly trul)' '''morld'' rdigiml~ (;~mi)\~iou would th ~l$be re5'erved (:',xdl~5i Wl)f for it ,il:rla for ;~ a~'(mlO'~ of /'ibcroal'J'g tl"rep~'C,~'il~gfaitPj,,~ h ,r~et:~S$mi{J' that fbJlows ~:r1,m'!r)~e thm pure J\I'wnj1ity Ul:Ul' Chti~5,~i~l':iil)' (!reindi~m~'t!bl~~ thair essltm:e {~rldiu d.~eit ~;~1 r:rmcept,§f t[,re,rc i5 :rjQ C'lri5#(mir:y ~viJJwut pure momliW • .it ,is {18tliuse Cflfi$liG~1 nnrela~j,cm rcaichcs ,r,j'S SIJ'I'fwthb'lg i!st:e~,rt,ia:{ b{i~I,1 1~!C'w..rJlrdC'{l of momUty. a .From t'h i~ i'l'follows th(u d~e id,;m of II mornlity tlw~ is pl~r:e au r nOf,~-Clll',is~i~(~liW(Mj,I,'d hf'cjils!ml; i,~ ~I;n,dd eX:Clredbotll Imdl!rst~:md,i/ig r,lmii !l''('tlSt)'/l, it ~I:!\CJJ~I,d b,e a clNln .. rlk/,icm i~! tCJ"ms, :n~t!~uu:Il',r'Jidi~'iQwutl W~i1A!;rsa/jiy ,r)l t'he'(}r~"ego'ri~"tl{ {1l!ll\(lr:tl~fli,~ .r.SlitmitUI,gi>UC(,I'" The IJ10,~ff.l In IV' iu~"ribe5 i~'$el!~,~'he bOl',wm (JI mlr ~le,a.r.ts like ~ll:~'n'loryof lh~ Passim,. Whe~:I it t address,e.s u,s) i~e,illi€r 5p~b rhe idir;mr ofrh\~ Olrh~itm----f)iI' [$ siJem t. Thisrhl.'!Si~ ,ofKmu (which we ~ tOufd r;k~ tater J''I> rdale to ,,~hm ~W!' will can "Il,~O... baku ini:z.u i.on '" <m()~MU(ll((li~I!;sat:i,rm> P -is il ~~O~also, tM the core of iJc~ {m'.~teU'.!I, Ni,t:l'r:~d~e'$J'hC5is {d ~he sam,£? ~ime Ot~~/I,rt' ,i:~ cmuh~['ti1i~ ,aU ,i1ijJ'~,pitibkIWll' ,(lg!'lil'lst K:rNU? Perlwps Ni~'r?tL,~rlle W!'lliM Jlal~ St~;.d "h,lJ,m'!o-Cf1'risth:m>'" {nH ~h~ phu:e r2ccup:!['d by Silim .Rend am(mg ~ds priL~U~gedwrgets d~~rly tl~mtmst:mte5 thaI #Wll,~ crn'is~ ~ianiw, a t'ert~ln ~w'!tn'Uilljzir,r.g n,1{)~1llm,e'lii w;~hin CI!ri.Hi'(.mil.,~'fU lva$ l~lspri"I'I:rry i d ,E'rietuYtullfl t1!{d bnr~ for l'~i~n l1w g:ravesf respo~,~:l:ihi{;/JI. l'll!! J~'~,"'s ~md E~!r(lpew~ l!{a,'(ii~l~le~lCl~ ·comau. ted it! !,~i$e.l.i,f~~ t~fi'Sp!l!mlr 'fjtt,~n~pt tv H~5i51.h:~HI f.ar Q$IJiel';eurfls {~ lUiY re;';~~~tl~t,c;e.~ 1~~~~'-di1,h p:r'l}~CS~frorn \,,,ilhiu; di:rect,ed ag~I;~'I,~.r (,! r1Jf~(,lh~ O~ri~ij'fmily; Til i~ d~:~i~ dmthrlt'"'~'Stells it~S £l:l'n~e~lti,~g lba(Ju~he flislml of the wQrl(t-l~o/llh~g ~ 1:E'S$" lei rL~im;Ucme. mlhcr Sdiji)1n~Ucally" alle:ast hllO' if)J Jt~p(]~{hlc ttmsequtmces, mu:i
Art' W~ J'et~d}f t,[)t,r~lt~a,S;l,jm 'wi ,"hmJl'p;w;tlh~g
1

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jl;f ~r,1WI.I! m gflPd jlritlf'

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t'lmMi rlg'~jStiQ fftj',rk

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11'~"f.i.!h ,[;,%1' hmJ jrl.~rfrjl'~l'r~'I"llrj." Ilr aJIi'o fo MM;p{~j'rd tlwlIJ'r) 1~U'l'xistorrr ~lj' irj (,'w.l, O.rl.:)fl'l·Ir~~-,rrb ,

dam or the immiOtlcdltl0/

ll,r!!'~,Gt!/, tJJe w~hmol"'frwe mId of l!apl)ine5S, If.w

.rea:5OI:! gl,lm'mU~

'-"l;l'rj. {liliid

of ~po-s-ndll'fie~'r;f pr,arac~d

~hi~ mdi,al dJssot'im;,cm

ns~umt:s :uU'imlitd, rationala~~d pJ~lI(J$OpJiirnJ respomibililJl, tlw cm~5eqiM:r~1Gll here in this wor~(I" in c:<pew:ien(c"

of thi~ allil:mdomml'!'lt" .h: I'lais 1'I0f t1:tw,rhe, Wily of saying dlat Cln";sl.l(mjrJ~ C(!U ,(ml), (!mj.j;lCr 10 its m.(ll'~l cldli1:rt~ and r,r~\"mHt", W i.~~ Cr~~rfs.t!m'! ,ctillh'lg i{ it cr~'rJ~:~rt~i~! dt: world, ;~'lpJ~i!rW1l!e'lCll hi'~~'Gry~ d!~ath oJ d the Cj.(]l(lr,VI"C'U m::yo,rulthe fig~i~:re5 fr~,(~ lof Ptl5.li:hm? nw I Christitl,nily rji the {,i~ldl of Gcrl Jlms mmmmeedmul mca:lieiJ b}' Ki'uu to d~~ rtwdernilJl of tlu:EII:j'igilt'1ii/1 'l~l',~~e lwitJ'ism (,!~Ml Mam!Wl~'~1d~'hlls be p,~rfl,(jps the 1~:sJ' l~.Ii(, mO"I'Q~I!eis~i5 W reVfJ,~1 as(lilfS/'e'~~~iI'ydii/lg tru'U, in th~ Chri:u ~m~i~iJ'~g f our ~!1Qr,I.[}>signifie5 di!l'aeaat of o God, dl:otl1 iN God. hLf(.l1 ~'uin-pagt!1l rlwr,rot'hd~~~s ,tluu' do not' ,t'luepr ,d,Lffith ,elny r!:lon' aMI '1 ~:l'J'ul~ il~Udr:y in God (t~re Pas"'j'o~~, 1'Hrli~}! 1:1:(;). fnV,O n'w!!o~IJ'~';~/tjiS diti slit} (,l1iel~ ,~m:mgl,~ d,re he(iit,f Df Grfjecn~O!ri~rhm. (,II ~;gt,lrw'~C,hristiml .t:iIWIM. (!I,r~,mal; rJ:r<! rfwm~t"rVl:5 frmn a Europe thr,j r ~ig'lifi()'$ ~fi,~de",dl ,ojG(J.r1;, f:!r r:ecaUir1:8 al' nU .~(j~~ li!rN '"rJwrwthei5~1J''' ~igrliJh!s ~w b~ JaJar i~:r dl? OIJe:. flndir~ t'li8' lilo'irJ'J: O'7e. thaN
U,Elt'

bdie! l'~'lH si1lg~eGod. 2. W!~h .rL'g~]r,d !"uis ~!Jgk, w i~~f(;lrm~ll riglUijr il~~d W it~ po~sHJ,mtic~>doe'S W
Hl!idl.!ggerr!l~Q've in

JW{I f'll,~od()x'i:£ nmm'lg

mmw ,o\tlu/'rs~
a~!!d

L in I'h~ defirl.{tim't of ~feJl'!l(,~r~g f~;t'l" ;ruHssI7.lubl)!

f'()

af w/~(jr l1ind~ llu: .idea oir1m! ~/wl'r~li,~y tl'Ci~t5:lo the /iogi\[ (Jfasimple pril1;dp~e~ fhn t h~~id~~weir~'dIX mO'/l:WrU ago ~:er!m.ri.1w o,rdl!f 10 fond~l't fm~$df b~ a tnt/nil c i~l mt:lWil't', OUie W/m~t ac:tn$ 'hOJ~gh !God di,.1 not ~~'1C.i£t'or ~'m l(m~tt ('o~,!rer~n:ut ~irn:$df . l with ,Of,~r ,mllltllimi .. TI',rts ,~Jww:swh(l i~ 11W~'(,il tmd wlu;I i~lillO'ref,me Chrf5li(n'I.(js~~uniug th~€ n eli ristirm ow~~ it ~ohrmsdf to hI! ~norrlh '10' lmiger J ~ml ww{m:,lsGfJ~l a~
C~!ri~f:itln revdation,

Ktmt

f, Trmr~lfjt~f~ m!l'L~ I~ ~njmdLl b~ lu~lml ~h.at d!:~ I'r~ll~h :n"''(l!()J::tim crll.Ttf.ilby I).~rrl~lil~ljiU'jifJi.~I;I~iH· i;mfr",m";_cmph~~i~t~ th~lu.l~i\o(n of MWlTf:ld," wh~~~s th~ .Etl,~llih \\:"J'.rd USI.>tliii th~ tr.l il:rl\!~lllln; t:1,(]!b~I,ilini;w;[imr -S~r~$5e~ 1'h.J'L of Yg!(ioh~lil;}',~ Sin~"!!: "!:lloli('''s~gg~srs '~ilr~h· lr~th~:r 'Uhim ~wnrJdt ~.h.c~~ (If "}III)b"iJ~~ i:!~I'iQn~hli!~t~r~d~ ~'" ill ~n i.rnplJi[!~Ii~: di~~.inrturm ~:I1~;:!I~ 'thr<L)ushI[jU~ i~ "haJlJ~~r.T!)i;) th ' int~r","M of this ~'I{f'Ob~,mt"hm,\I<]~<:r. 1.ltilti!: rimy Illl! ~5ilfiljly~ h~ OJ!C f~f !r~T!5!~IHOIi.For i'i~~~ I)~Fr~d'li b ~ r~!J~,iT! thi~ eb..llplitl't.t~'~~ tii~fctrtl ioan ~TId v;;hidc j~f!h~ I~W~55 or nrorl~~itjt~/bJ'i:ilj~@J wdi1i\1~s ~i\b"(is~l.y Ml,I:h'·,Anit~r~~n, thi!n Ihcl!\C',fjIf~LI: th~l tl~ noli:!JIl or"!;lI!~bi~1i t~jm~ h; ~Llp'paalil ~h~t ~~f~\~rld~ ill Lr~ till· II~~'~I.mmmlllJ Il!S~~, ohhis l~nilM"'~):IllUMit~lf 1R:lti~l:1ll.y si~Jlilit:~rll. 'I1li~ dimadl~1 r}f Imml~I~4:t~,n! ill ,hn.rl', ~iIh ~ D,~'Wtll!e$!ioil .. '~t.lhoS(!' raiSf.'(1 ~r~ dj~Pb::r; wb)~ h~IlPi."IlS [0 !'h~' I]iis t. nlni~)1l of "\\'orJd,~ ~!ld •• I' i I~ di~!ill~!i!l:r:l fl'mn ",~.l:rEhm ~ml'usl(lb~,~ if Ih~' ~m:doll1!lin~H~1~llIlU~&C' 1 Ilf~moll~l i~l~tiili~~Li~I'I" t~m;dh 10 'l'_,;lk itQI of ~\wrld" bul: or ~j1iI[)b!llit)"'}

,(l iJifferetu ,(Url.~c~i,;mf'Heillsi:st£, . ~~~d~e-d.n Sein uilid Zeh upem i tJie d~~mlCI~r of o'rigillllt"y c£!~rc~dtmct' (Ge'w~$sell )., b,~;~!g~tlJsptm5iMe--g:r,dl(v.Indebted {Sci:luM.igscin) Or UW'!5N~filo~~ (B~~z.cy@:ung)as bod! pr>e-rll'lonl~, (or pr,a~ ~lhi(:al. jre~rfi'(1rMi~,U rf:flJ.r~~Q tI~~u mem~i~1gof'~tho", ,oomider,ed b)' H~;c1egg'er W be de,riwdiv(!, hUl'ld~!]"(;nte ~"Ij'idofrw~'m origin) ,(m.f1pr~~-re~lg:iou~. would tlli,~S He flpp;e(lt to go back br/orft ,{m,d b~Y-DIUJ ~llat whid~joi~t,S rm:n~l:i,[,Y l~ religi~m. l.iilitfJ.ming h:~rc. (~ Chris~ian il>," "i'i',ri$ wo'u{d' ;~jrrip~'C'ipJ,e aUow for rhl! rn:plui~im1 of rft,rt: Nie'/;z;sd~l.!tm ge'lll1ll~'ogy ofm{mJ.ls, but dcdlri$t:iillrjiziI1gi~· wi',rere n,ece.'lS(,II'ym~~1,e~~ir· p(H:i',rg:whl1h!'l:I~r Chrisl,iarrlll~~tigc$ i~ ~a{l m!igJl~ ('o~H~il'I"A s!'u:I!:egyaU therlJOre i/illu.{,r,u(ld o:ud lie,rB'SSaryfor:l'l 11dd~gge!" WJM,I ~m$ W1{,lb~'c1'0 swp da~er~erHing . aC'C'Q!~~'!lc~ willl crllFi$:tir,mity or d;stl~/idrig flim'S:elf f,'{,WI1 it~w£dl aU aw mQre dolence in 50 ftUtH it is t!ln;\cMljl .too !:tUI:.. pefh.~lpSj for hili',r to ,d'~1~:rcrt,tl il~ pr:otoc C'kri~i'ilili l'rMif5 f~,rr:he mll:olQgic(,I1 n'petition tl ru:l,e;(f$hmt.i(ll (,lmd,llic$,

~«~~

.h:r:re: n "lQgic," fr$ "fo,mal r~gOl~r" it$~p'O~sibilit';,e$"? TI'NJ' {nul till h:rfi.. ite spfralof.l)u~, bi'ii~'fli,rg, r~ madde/iing hrs~.al}ilil)l ,ammrg Ihe5e "pmitlons:" Tl~t! Itluer can be :l'JfiCupied 5,UCCe1r8iNd}, jlf ~i.lt,m1umwll,dy &<ythe s(,mtf" "st~bjeu5." .f'nmr {J:u,e reli:gimt to the odul'r. the ''fi/~uhw:~e~N'(l~i~m~'" thf "i.itUllgdsJlI5" hfJit:rhi!l!~izew{l,cj}' a~;"~ twd f)~lt\Md'diPl'g. 7Y\ey exace'rbatcit at tl n'W'~lCtlt' when-we ~"U;lUreHm~ to r'lis later-- glohl"llattl!imt/(l/i
can;'Ig'

Whm IM~Wi:

,'aLII itself, ,n ll(i{:eltsiry trw t, it;~ ,d,fl'(;l:r, ~mdo'l{:!,ted:frprog''(,It,mn.es

c,lJiiimce of 1"'istilmity, as llie 'I"Jcf!erj;'~'I'C. (J' ri'l' d~jlfl,liIJ (;I'II, wut Id.' r~'l:'1IW$c:ieruifk cfJpil'ali~m) i~ (M Jhe samc' lin1le lu:gemo~,it a"u~'fiJlitc, Ilirm-tMull"d/dJ tmd if I the ,Pm, e55 ,o[t.xJiatistllfg il'S-~'lf. Si,rtjpl,~ tfnmr who (m:: involved ,ill this I,mll,Mlliug can pj~rs!le .i;1 n;l'It,! nU illlglts:" Q,doptil'1g ,1:/1 "p!lsjtiml~:'either siml!llam'(II'I~'>' IW siK('e5s;",dfj too ~hrt uti'tN'u'10'Sl I.imir. Is this ,tot .tile madnesS', rhe ,abso{r.fe nrmd;l'QlI)I o{lou,r time; tlie di~jmuhm of lIU sclf,cofltem(lQra'leity,. tile' vcill!!d (l""d ,cloudy day of'vcr'r todaj-?'
f il.riS:"rllllgC

or Ikli~ilil:l

within 1111:,imil~ti,f Iktl:i.nn Alum:., AU I

till' l'IWI'~' -!lIn'

l'lt'-'!'li~llr~'s,'f

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,rJ;$O'~·.W, ~H: m uch ss d\q liccre,jif, ihe"crt:olit'· I,;""j'jd~ [$ .l'1'1f, l~rl of filii fl. The, ~~,l[f;hl(ie rl~ mlldl ,,1$ tIn.'}' explain. tlrey (./,emcmd perhaps more Ihall ,[Oller thi~rI:COln,:se UI religiot'l. w du' pr.illriplc 0 jilitJl,I:'I/j3li if!t' is Ofll)! tilt-II' of·1ll Tlldirally jidw:if1l'Y !('mu ot the ~n.11C'·'1ingJ{jit}n~ ~lrdi(,ldy r,"lcmifNIM, AI'ui ft, is trtis mlcilw ,,~r,s'.dlj.~ madri'Te-lilie retum oj'rdigrrm; that 1 wlmid ~1f'I'eWw tv ,qll,!'-srkm.
(17) flow then 10' III ink-within the limits oJ 1'C~lSmJ 1l'1o'ru:"-1l'1 m.ligicm wj!ich.wil JIQllt ~!gai1tbecomillg "~,raUd~tjJreiigi"m,'" 'WlJl,11d tpdll~' 11l! tl'ff~til,d,·!mi~eff(l/? Antlwllk~r, JQr duu matlli!l'. wmllii Ill] /,cmgcr be re,~r'(kle,110 (l pamdigm Ihll! was hrisri~1I or elA~'lj Aln'aJlamid WhtH WlJufd be the project 'Of su'ch II '[w",k', For I,viill Rdigion within the Limits of Reason Al!!lrH~,flier!:' is it l'fj,'G'fhl im"Q{'~1 :rJim is ~dsO' ill'J Did-New B.(wk OF Tc.s((ul'lem, Does tfris pr;oj.ecl rewin ,1l 1:1l',f'ttliing or fl, du;mce~ A gtlapol,iliCfJl d.lcm,e 0; ,r~,~~m Or docs the i.iea iWif rem~lllI. in ib ,,,rigi PI nutl irl' its el~.d,. hri$/hm? Am~ {/l;g,? C w.cll~M r/lis lilJ{,(~srJriJy be {l H mit, !'l li.l'uit Wee lUI}' jj,lilerf ,A 01 ris I it;l I'l-b IiI tl{cSo Jew Ill' ti
tI

(loG) 'flfi iidefil'~itifm of rftflecti~!g fa ith appe.ars in .i he first of rIll! lour Pat.(:rga m;ldea ,m the .nd o'l!ach .se lrOIl ,ofReligion ...... ithin the" l.imit .of Reason Alone. These Parerga are wu ilu~.gml.P'am oftl/~' book; IllIt)' ",d,t) ~'IOrb-eiong w;t~lf~l··.r'I:ngi'Oi:rh! die l,iml~" . ,or Imro rf.m~('m." they "bop'de" IlfJ'OIt" it,. I ~tf:eSSif/iis fv!' rCW1'1'i5 tlitU are i~l p.ari 0.100topologIcal, e'i't'rll'h ·'IJ-tm::1liuxt(mir: r.hec Parerga .itlt~lff'perbaps the {ril'I&'ilrwJ1ere'wc' might b-e ~bJ;e. 1'00;lt.l)', tJ) ir!:f,~~'ibe OW" refi,ecam1s. An the ,mQre sirl,r:e I~r!': Ii rsl Parergan, t(d.ied ill aUt sI!Corui e.ditiml. dll?J'eby defhre~ fin: sernmltu"}1 t u:k (pllrergol1) Wl1idl, am,[~ernilig wb'tl$

is 1l',lorally ;"ldhp£ltabJ.
rltepmi.ly

l~twM tons;s!

ill

Sllr'.I'lOUll'ringclo/l tilt! diffi'C1/11 ies

1u~lil'tl-Ili'OI~1cl SDmtWile who would /mrlWfit clmdm Of! of rflis limil

Q, nbl.mtits

11'l1.i(JI,{t

tJli, limir" n.lNJUI tli, >

of r,gUgio'u" of lhdr ,"rt.UI~ceudelll:f. They 'em do "his i~l hvo times iwowa~, turd rhc: resul'lj~,g 'qfltlre cO'!lld Wd~l)1 jmm~, lUiov:irlrrl'g dlfU th apprvpritltt' Irm'lspositi"m,s ~1.r;e w;esp«r.e:d, £1 jn'~gm~nme ,('if (,l1l'(~tyS;5 of lIfe [or1l'1S (If evil {M'tPf!d'ftU,'(,i ,rU ~hcfour corm!J's ,of tlu: Wljrld ..h~ tbe UlIli:re' ()' religion." We wm h{we' UJ limit Olltselves to .€m il1dicarirm of ifre' ~'rl'lej of 1111$ prOg~'(~I'Ji"'l'C' at!d, firs!', oj ih~ cr,ilCrir.1

c(mn,'Cl',l:d to tm'm:e~~dC'n~ q:!utsrim,'~. ~.;,rln·r~~ffm.sJ;'j'I',ed i~rl,() thf! demeru

existence

redn .ibiUl}i to any otbe« j'/i<nit;; ~n'at!: (,llmm! figun'

mo,ml ;,dras {len/,cr.!

,of Umita~i,r)1!.
(8)

Kitt:pil!g rbese quC:'stiO~liil mimI. Wit mighl be able wg~mge two tem'ptll.lio.l1s.
0

Iii

the'/M" sdrm1Wlic prirlcipi,!!':.

'm',~''W01{r~1l' be ~1'lt!gdi,rJ'~'''':'~mW;I~i8filogy wld"f~ det~rmim~~

l~b$:olw.· knowle,lg~a~ att' .I'm/II

(~'Ul '~'rel5Ijpl';'mt.u'ilml~in1:crl"'ljid/ex1:fJr~i(l/, !

#ieDretic~il

dllddatJ.olllp'l'ad'ktil'

(.leIiJ'u" ctmi

'SUUillC/p.erf(};rmat:iw:): (a) tile allege{Uyinlemal tf'..xpei";,tmC€ (of tile!:/Ji; ·IS ,t)_( gmce): fana!icism
nil~,exp'l!j"'it1'li{~(,r;fthe miraCli]:Ol.oi:S);'

or ellthtlJii;:ls:111 Qblre. iUumiruUe(j (S(h~'l;'irrnerd);(b') tl.ne ~~upen;tidon (Aberg;laube), (c) the alkged fJl~:!I;idalioll5 of ~he IllllderSlrlnding in .the nmsidemtioll 'f Ihe 5i~,pf!rnllt!lml ,(~ecrcts; Geheimn iSSf): .ii.h,l.n'UllatisJ.n;, the fmtlz}'of fill.: in il iat'l.!s~(tI) file ri5kJ' aUI,:m:pt O!t1Cti/lg upon ,tlie $UI},~Nulu~fal (i'/llWns of,oiJr('litlillg gma:); ~h(mm~l.tw'g)l., ~'V'laet,1 /I.,~{m" 'wlds Jhe 'rjlilli~e of re1igicm fa ~h.epre.mise of aU i~~rwtogy-cri.I'jql'll!. Wl'f'~l J'f 'lold'S reUgilm 1:0 be the idg%g)l par l,!,:'(;t1!Ul"'lce, ,f'ven for the matrix oJ G.1/1~,Ie.tllogy and of ail~ very mrJ'I"e~,mI1Uof fetisliiz{JJtiQr~. do.es IllSl'usitirm not ftdl, whe~Jlt'r ~Ir wmlM lIa'vl; wallted it ,f.)f tWI, w,i/Jlitl ;11!epm'ugmud framelt\'ork of this kitul of mt ir.mal Ti"i,is~n? Or mtr,er, rn.ore plal~sihJe lml ,aJ:S,omnre dl1fku.ft 1'0 demQ/is~mti2;, dOeJ' I!(' .'lOt filn'i~dy ~~'tlC~,:mst"'UCIthl! fwulrunem¥lUy 11rist'i€ul llxio~.m;ui~'s Kimt? This cm,Iid I',I! of II'II{' Qf.C!tlr I1Il(tstio~r,s, the ,rl'W'.\U obsr.ure tll:if' lID dalllu, lni:!Il e it is Iwl al f.1U C;f:rtaiit {hal' tltl.t1/ery· pr,itlciples of d!t, Mllr";$,j In' iriq~(,r: ('Su ~'.w~' still ~PP'INll w, .:I Juuemgeuf'iiy bt"'I'I<ll!!e't Jilirh ,cmd knowledge,. betwee/l pmditr;ld justin: mUll"D;!nilhnl. This llewro~1·tIodl}l. by dill? W~I', may ultimate!), nQ~b·, irrtuiudble tel' tlu: itlspirnUo'l1 or to thl!: ~ 'irit

.tJie atle'i§edlyextcr-

ue

,'dig:i,cm, :i'l the CCl,!lfSe of (iJ. Jil1.t,l l'IIOVmmn des,,' jUl!d hn dIe cow:lmhms rJj The Ph~llo,l1'I~llo]og~1 of Spirit or ofFOliith and KnQ~...Iedge, WJ,h;;-Jl ,r1Pl'Pw,r,j U.[,t'S i,l effi.<el Ir~ "'!'digi,r;N! (t m,(lderrr tim~'" (RdigioIl der neucn Ze'it) /Oimtit'11 011 Ih~ s:elltimeflt Oun ",God hlmselj',is ,d~ I.,'" !l1fit1itl: pai,," is still (mlr a "mmmm" (rein als Moment )" (m,d dIe m'om; satr,;/f,r:;.e:of emprr1c.a,1 f',xist:em::t." mdy d(~l!:S aU? tib.m{me Alssi01!' !J'T ffltt Sf:rel.'li/,r:lllw Good Frhhl}i (spekulativer Ka_r[fiC·itag). Dogmatic pllilos!Jphi,e;s ,Cllul naw!'(I'1 p'digi,m:r.s i1!Oilld dis~;lpp.(t(lr tm-rl" mIt of tire gremest "a.spf,ril'Y:,~tlw 'mnrl~~rmpiety, O!lr: (If kemJ'si5(,Ind tln~!lll'I'd of the most serio!/$ p'ri.. a~ i l itm at God (Gouloll>igkeh )" m:eglll .II) feslIsdm M!' tiUt mO$i. sen~lIt! ,!'iIJel'ty i i1 i rs '~'igJii25t M.I(lliIy:, D'i~,l'ill t fJ'flm [17;1'11,.jnm,1 prayer 0" fir:nrl .:Sllcriji.ft!, l'mwd,.eolog,' tlf!5tl':t)}'S r:digioPl" 1m!" ,VIH another ,pr;m'ldf)jl[, if is t1'ls{!p~rJlap!i wlmt iljfQrm.~. Oln the amt mry. the ,the.ologic'Ul ,~:mt1 IN:de~~i{,r~ti(t1l, c\ren rdi~,if.lm, t1.el't:lopmtml ,r;{ faj~'h. Tlu! adler lempt.ailoll (p,lf:rS'ltlps Ihere tu't! still $1)'0(1rearons fiJr .kCf:,pi,:rg til is WlIUl) "'ollid be
"Heh:Jeggerl(u(: b.e)'Orl'd .~ildn 0I1rm:i1c'ology. wlie-re i'he1 hl rtr:r .ignores /JlJ'th pmyer m'ld

5~m7.rr:cIl, II w;cH.M aC'(ilrdi~,rg~y he' p;r!lCcsst.ifjl tllf~t (j "l'ftIlIMlability" (Offenba rkeh' b.e ~UO'lw;~d 1't'I'eld itself, widl (I lighr dUH 1\l'QIlltl !1iilniJt'Sf (itself) moM' . orig~illl~l:'ityIilan to aU relldatioll {Oife!lhafu[lg}, Morem,~!'i'. d~1Jdisl'i r/dlO/i 1:1,1m:~1(,1 11(,1"..1;' be "Ituj!'r w lteillll.:'£ln theo-I(~g,:l"(the ,U$,1}Im;~ em God, fOli;th or ITiioeldtiml) ml,d thelo-I,ag)' (dis('(lurse 1m ,}t!illg~(liv',.le, Oil tile t'554,mce (wd IJII: llh,illily o.' the .c1ivh:Ii!). 'rIU! c' periell"Jrt 0 Ihe

",,[ J,,·~I. IIIi" lhl'h' 1/"" ,.,:"

tI,!!S
j

!"l'

Ow "m'll Ilhl'ilj~~ i~~'Hl!t 1,,1"1' J

"j,rj'

f,l

lu:

H'NI'I~,t!'H;" iiil'"

.Hhnl.

HIr

;!m'';; ~I" ib (·.\Ji{'fk/jf~'

Hm,f W'

,til,'

jlmll,;;i(.~

rd!uiu,'!.1 IdJ'

I1lnj',? ls

j'/N~~ mil

,r/l.' ,J'/(Ul'

hi

w.. M hjri~' tIl' dnf'{" ",tt m

!,/kuIIIJlj

J" jhl~ rhmll, wJ::illg, .r~,llii ",I.rm 'J'I rll"lJtij'wr~' I

wl,rid, ·'n'il,!:'lillg fiiiti( m leas: ()tigfmdc~J if 'w~ ,this Jiliih ,ilS{~lj?Or m/lu·r. jrH"'~'5dy.

ww:d (Iwilig,l. Illi:~ r;!'WI!W

'I.~mr wfi.rhl' ~'''wllri.:- "i~Jm)'

vefWl1:rcp,r

.!i1'I'm:' W f ..si_~1rll'

w.mtd
f'ri~i

I'Il-t::

el'~m of n:~'.'d€lfiitm

fU:lW ,[IUlSiswd

j,-r tl!'~;elllilig revet,llabiUty irs'd', m~(llhe

I i.\!rJI V'j,~! U~u'~.·f,u,i~m ,r/WI J'.n'hMj~ w;s~rl!.~ ;0 rm~iIUHi'l

{1 ~',rm ur,~!t S>r,lt:re.diit'SS

II'lI'IlitJ be "PIIg:IW," 1?1!l'11 G"j'l~'CIl'-Olri~tiall, tuu:l t'1!r. holiness <sa:itl[('te.>!! of l( u'i~;fj I~,w, 1~,~fQ'reCl'ofI'mder tiw .Romtl,.t ndigi01',r. A~ fo·r atl.! "Rom(ltJ, "'~ does liCIt· J' 1/!·ldl,;!;!f.I·r pr'(I'Ccrd. f'O'Itl Sein und Zei'! (111. wi til an (mto{ogit:o-cxisl,l?liJ'il'd 1-e.p,!!'lil'iol,t [IN.t f~'h~'w'~aioIChri$t;a~] 11Hmfo tbat m I'lu: .~~mf' fhu,~' (lr:e' hf}U;rJWiI,' ,tJnj' ,nm1 reritlClU1 1,. Ihm jirigi,ru:lr" possibiJity?A p,m-R()matJ po'ssiMity. pftrisely? Di(.llle ;"ol ,(:nIptl/! tD 1 ~'1I'.ilb, $i'l/"Ji"llJ' years t:ll1I'J'i!f.f', i" 192~', dial i,l ol'der' fa (,j,mm1t; the sp.iritutll Iwrirtlgc ,rhtu i l~jW';tate.",he fil'~idty u_[ lii~ "1 ,am'" ',re ought M il(U/,e said; "1 tim a <Clu'isti,ul 11r!~'ftl~;tm' '? 'Wl,id, does not me-mJ "Roman." 'to tliis we ~h(l'Jireturn,

rJ oJ J'iglu. thc o'riginary light, ,f1,~ wry ,im'i~ibi~'if)r of lIisibiW y? This IS p~'f'lwf!s W1r~ltd~f'b'l.!l.i'v,!!'ror tlr' i1u:otllgrml' miglnm;" here, in pnrticufflr the liri5tia!1 .oforjg~ irr.fj'r:l ChJ'"i~j~'Jj(kmf of JJillt Urihrl$lerahi:m iIi rh~t:r,.~I'u:,rm·j: tmd:itim·J w, whirli

H~ id,f:gg r rl' kIlOwl,!?(l~f'$owillg

'So IllIU:Il,

11'1')

,..-rhll/'!!.

af1sl,;Cief form, then, t'hti tltW'r.ill Ivitlti'l' wilich ll'f! t'U"1! 5lntggling w,r;mlcl .the f()Urnvi/~g: is revt:-ahlbiJiJy (Offenbarkeit) more ,.:wi!.~;'mry thrm rc've&l-' tirm (,t U enbarung), (md h,f-l,IL-e indepeml.e'iU ,of all rd~gjonlln,d'rIpf:mdent i'1llie 5~1"l.lt·{it

111 mast ;l~

UO) Noctu rita} j'igll~r;.thfrrefim~, nwore ai'iii mor;j!!'.OV5(''Ut:e, Le'~ IfS $otep u1" ljlcp.~l,e iii a:rW.ar 10Jiriish: ill l.'iie1i1f of a third place tl:mf"mid ~,\ieUir,ij'I"C beeil morethan (ItrJ1i-origj,!~I'Y, dill m05t a',:rarrhk till'll jlm.rrchj'~1!1l.e' p,~(;l't:otJ p'O s ~ibI!!', III)!' i'I~',~, i51l!w!{~' w"Ir ~he lJi-~mi:I'C,d Ulml, Inu tl ,c'rtaiI1 ~tesel'.I.lilU whidi Inclke, poss,ible opem. fl,olt"ws or jllfini~i~$ r/i,e t Q~ltCT, ,BcM'~jy or e.xiSt.i>rl,r;e of ~b,~' mOS~ exl.rl;u,I!; ab~l:rt;u:rio~'~, TJml' whidl G.1fm,~I(Jori~NU her« "hi" rll~;5 desert, wirhol~t pad!w(lf' tl!ldwirhow inter-i,tlr. 1,~~m.!ld be the po~-ib,il5,t,il,I, ity of €l rd~:gio ,m~d Ilf I.Ii relegere, to l.iC HIre, bllt hefore rhr! "link" ,ofl!cli:g,ilfe-, proM£.m'{uic ,~t)"','lIOlogy IUld oo,ubll(!M;
reCOl',r~r'fil,rll:'(t; iH!fOf;e

r/'Hi' Ullk lJCtliVeru

'nf~l a~

sr~d~ Dr

M I'll,'
I

t It.lyl {"I",~·iJl.

II. '11!~ ullin

IU):J11llu) \'\'()rd. used 1>)1 U'!IiIJ;JS, lor tump!.: in l},i~ nUT. Ilil 5tI itl lFrollt tJl~ 5.7~€d' (Paris: l!diaiun5, de Mil'lul1:,. i917) is, '10 be SUJro:, (i'111y th.e I ril,1'I51~tL{kn a H~brt\~ \'o\IJ;ni. of'
1(;"\I'('li

M, ·Hil'jdt'~er.AfrdL"fl~a! (194,3); ~Pbl'l:5. when they aee in tlt~ir bdllig. <JJ"1)' in the' h:!d~w,Chr~ti~n S4!~IS;: cf 1:h~ ~.'Ord" The' 'pmphi!'t,s' of these I,'hHHlH.)o do nol r:s,ti':i.~G I.~.~ms:i~, '~(I_ Ihe ~lI!i~ij1~t~:n)'-fOlmdin1S word @r Ih~ Sacred ~,{rIS V!:Jm~I!.~rI!'/J' .1,'r.r.~I' '''1 ,rJ1!1 l'llt'l.lrge.r.r I lWyIIDlJl("clliaie.I}' an nounce Ibe god U}lUfI whrlm orne .~ n _~YiD~qllen:il)' ~OUl1t I: J,i' !!j"mll'li", t'cl·tllnl"ll:\l,I;;!r~nI"~f:f<iJlmlirnl un ml~nel'I't;)~I'j'i.lllx:;.lI'flUi;k o TIle poc~rl' orHllkl~rnill slml~"d 11",1: ' didi.g.ur~,dwith ~'I~~~Iigiolls' t'h~I1li!lln:of 'rcl\!l.ioll;; ~.~.h.idl h•. " ~m~im 'th~ b~,.i'!1~SS of llic' !humlln \W~ .,,1 mk1ill"f£li'1!! (art(' S.rcldt.rl<!n'iJmirc1I·JI !~!!mmil') the oc!~liorn~b€I .... '~nh!.im:ilns alld !\mls,~'rh!lljOct L Uk,I "I, "~~~I"~ tSl"lIlT) nor a Divi n~1f I \\~lrIr3!wrr). "The Sacred ~(t(~JlIi'flig,d 'IliiiD is b.l1I~r·;xI in p~~lic pre, ,I i. I i,,'~ mll)! opcn~ Lh~·!i fI1I~ (Iii' ~ ~~p.ii.ritiDn o.f Lh~ go~ .m'!:! iM;clIk-';~(:8. l'e.lli[lIII \II,I1~re it resid,e~ tdli'rr l'hc' !J,;~.Ilir(f (its n~IJfJem Qln II-~I-s ilttb of '111<1.11:re(IUlred hy i:l\~ de.sllny of nistOf)' .,'" !-lis drt:i!m Inht' e I'.,,"t'"i i Ji\line"b1J~ ihjol;.'~ liill: dJll'~,1;D~ g.iXl.~ (G!1<l1r'lrml$j.rtI'aL", yot lV, p. '1.14.) M~1n.' 1'h~f1 t\'>~'11t~ ye~rs I~I('~, In I ~62. this proiesl .i$ rl:m ....'1!'d w.~i!ill'~g. mlil'. ~SJ:insl: ti'J.~ '~lu:i~~lh' R I~L'm,Ln figlJr~ ITI~irln, It b~il'l&~ I,jg~[her imb.~ ~Insl~ wlllil!,'U~ltiYn m{Jde-rn hum3ni~m, Il1eJulics,. 1.,;ii'l~b~'ilmlla\V, In Ihc'LQ'I~ ofhi~ Itip tu Gt<."Ca~. 3fl~r \'i~i~il1ig tit.: lir[hl'Kiux.l~bOIl;J~tCr'l' () !c;;lsilrilllli, "I ", .... ;\1 licn'l, Irl!id()Wl' n(it~~~ ~\NI1~1. th;~ lil'l:~ ChlUKb 1.)I;)·~~("S<i(,s h ChriMi~1II r.t:mil i;i]! in h~rmon)1 Ilml I~i'i h ,m,rL"n't Cr~e., ~ p~n.'~si~~ ~piril' IJ1~l d~ 1101 b.t~wb~f(m: I h~ th(ilOOl"iltk Ihml,gJnn StlC'pcd .i n carlon I~w (.f,'m 1.;il'!;irm III,iU'idl-j! ri~ri'S:lJerd' P,m.ti.'JI) 0.1'iii!: I.~onl;l:n C.hul!'l;h .md il ili~ICJgy,Ol'llhl! it~ \...}I .~ I',",.I~.' IIl:~fIi'!j~,th~ OOIi~tn[, I:hcf~ \'\',IS fOrllll'tlr ~ 'p~~)!n' ;;:a1l~tlil~I"l' l~;rr ~JJfiilJji!iChd'1:j'd1ill!~m~J lli.'1lj, ,,;t~~llii ArkmiJ;"'(j •.Iife•. ~i:f(llrl!',.'){j~~m", 1'.;rr~Mitrrll1$ ely lI_oche-f. i 'lI'S9I. J'r.:.nd!l 'rr~miMioll ~}' F.·\ito.7.in r 1 .Iif:lnl)' m~idi.fiiCd, p. '71). . j'l'Lllr 10 Ihh, .... 'ite]:! hj juumq' hrlJ'1;t;shim c!~ Ul .he islami (!If r:~'rf!.l->\et iiij'i.otln~r~!~ndlj I knhw.'r .recalls i:I:!~;t(jpp.~I'r!i!.f,!5liuuJ. Skill!" app~i~d io G(]el!:i~1;0be d~r [0 Gret!ccl ~1I,j I he s!!!Il~ t\!l~,,,Ih ItHIl ~SSOCi91e-5 til tim ph riil,~ Ihe' ~tr.iln of d rnll11 11i.1.t;l(i, Itilli.llI (riilfJoor-rrrillir/dhdfi,!"l!) Gr·..ec-e,~ "Til!! 11!"~e- liElIIl. of ITJ.[J<I~r!llil!!Illlllisiii," iLnd I he oomi ng 0 . 'I"": 'm~('lIill!: B&e~ (Ihid_, p. 19}, ;\Iud :!iince ~ iht· ic,ll~mlmire· fiSIJ.!,~5,our galh'l!·rJllg.-pba:- <lJ~'t ~nl!.Mllm:t;> • .Id liS JJ,[JIt fmget Ih~'I' for J:I:Cid~L"r.I·h;i.:5 • '".'1'k 'lIOy~gg ~m~il!is aOOve ,till iI "soj,,,.mrl" I A f@'litlmlrJ, [I modc:'il (,xJJer-l) .op~J~ .:;:'u~l.r~ill th;~ ~I' 11111' ,~f Pel~, fli~ ... siblc 1m' m:mi 'SI" a fJ.itdilil~.i.c\1l of 1IIII!('ilillg "ii1 il name'., .tdoo is 1I1~() lhl' i """iii! If" ~Jr"~~r«t'" i513.o.d ~dif k~m:l.'!!" iilk;n;ibkL, P'_ 50,_
!,'I"I,&iL"lR.:_HU!lh~>' ~f~ nor 'l~ropl1cu;'

'i. ,( fOT example" :f••

or

,1)e~'Wei'il tilt! ri' (UU~ rlNt .~Ullr'l'i~r ,g:ml jl uf!m.I'd f,!bc) lle like t~le CO'r'rdilio"l' 0 tne" 1,'11;" afMlC i'iedtll:ed W its ,:rr{nilm1.l' ~Il'm~md,d.~termlmll,ioll: O,e lwJdi'lg-b~(,r:J:. <h:dle> semple (Jidigio)." lhe rem'(~inr of shcm'll'.,tl, I:rwin Verhahenheit as well, ,r:Jf noJlid1 .lf~'idegger 5peabil1 1/'i,E! Beitra.ge zur Phi'losopi'if.t, Ille !'e51J!!(/, ,rhe rl:5{nmsibilJly of rep-eriti.t.m hI dr" Ilv(,'iS'ru' <gage> of ded~i(m or of affirm(jiiml (r~·l:e'gett:)Wil'ldl links tiP' !-vit/i' its 'If ;1"o,m'e.r 10 lid, !~P'wi,th 1'J'le ,,,flIer. Evt'u if i~'1$adle-t.} ~he socij~1 Jlex-tiS, link to ,~Iieod~'e:r i'l' gCIU'J1il'~ d,ls fi(lw:;i(~r:r "ll':lk'" would p.fect,tf,e' tlU ./' tel"niilM' wmtl'U,mit}'" till p'05itiv~ rd.ig:i.(m ~'rer}r QJUthllm-lm:Jj!'J'O- tlrooiogic.!j,1 ho,,rizlm. it 'Ivc!dd H"lk tni.l'e S';'~rgulari#~ p;'~~r w',cmy socia!!)r politic(,ll i'iietltrll'lilr,Il:11,Oi'l; prj,clI'!a al{ im 'r:sllbj'ctiv,it~pf;iQI'!iy,ell til' ~I;j,~ ,,,ppo.sit-j.rm l1.eh~li"-crl tI'~e ,~i1cred (f}r' the 'iO{Y) tmd tl~e pm!i.l rllf?" "rillS rnP1 rllerefor~ l'esemMe III tle.ser,lijk4Jlioli, ,the risk vf which r:emnin$ ilrl,d.tllliaM,e. bUi it ,ml-1l1i I'lil.e CQ'nh1;lJ')'-nl~(j render p'(ls,~ible fm:ci$dy what' it ':IPpt·~·rSlO ~'hreMcll- T]II~ ai1sr-rtlc(jcJ'll of tTl.·, de~el"i am Ih r.el~rOpell t fl(~lmy W el'cryrhi 118from 11111icli it witfuh(;lW5. tV~re'u.ce rhlz {'W'I'Mgl~iry 0'1' the drIpt;, try (if the rdigiQw: l'mil' 0' , ..jre£! !', .of its ('lb5trnctillrl QrCl! its :s'lIbl ro,· ti'r;ill'1, Thi£ dc~~rtt'il rt!" !'I~flJ OlliS m~ike:;; l:I;\llY J'Drthe roe,pe,til iOi'l 01 rll(l,1 wn'ich will 1!!'l've' gillC'I'l W!1)' pre.d£dy fol' tlmt illwhQSI.! lil<Ul1e one would pmrt:sl ,llgtlillSI ii" flgfliinsl t'l~lt wrlidi lliwlly rt'.>embles t'i1~1I.(I;tl mul fin:; h!~ietenui'l'tlcy Qf mere a{J's{r;(ldiQ'i, Sim:c. e~1 r:ydliJlg hrls W IJI! sr1id iI" tw ,wonls. tet u.:;,giw twO' l'I(IInJ'S, WIlle dllpl,icitJI tlf tliese ol'i~gim. for Irt!'rr.!Qrigilj .i~d!lpJid~y il$df, !h,f?(l~1e mid ~'ft,e' other; teet ,t~S 'illume .tIles HM,!lSQlul'US, tl.lcs tw'O' jm,mt,t1ills (11' 1Ji.(!5'I.!!UIQ rm,cks tfUH !JIif' still ilwisibJ,e i,l die desert Lilt u$'l'e~',rd'a:r;i.'1i'~ two Ulim!l',~r/lar ar;e'$.tiJi "rtis WI'.i,r,r./, " t1~ere wflue a cermi"1 '01'1,rept of Ilis,tl1fY itsd b.~l;'Q,Ii'!S iliapprQ/Jfratr., To (lo rhis, I,e! U~ n~ cf-pwvisionaU}!, I ~nn'pl:w:s;ze I'his. ml'd fo·r pe'd(lgo:gical or rlu:r.oriml re.('I£om.-first ro' die. ~mfl'S$it'lilic," .mId

or

ACTS OF RHdlGI 0 N ~mmr:l to

FA~ITH AN D KNOWlEOG

dw chora, (IS l have l ried r(p o.wtc rigQn;m.dy ,eI$~·I.Mhr:lfl':.I(l

d~ more mln !ftlll)') 1'lwre .INU·lr!'litl}1 ,(ind, I "~OINt.

(2:.1) Fir~t nilmlI::fht me~8i,m lc, tW m.~~,I;ilm idlJl w#~,rcrtt

~h~' Ol'el,!l"~~g1(l~hrt fru~lf(! of

tp

wirht!lN
thl! othe«

rN)riWI'l

~f CKjH!l:J.l1Iimr

nte~ia"li~m. Thic~'~~"(ll,j&~e b the coming of tI!~ O'~hm' as tl.!!' l1a!!em 'Qljus'~~ce"lll,u m,~dwi'ltmur ,prophetic pr-efigur'ari,~j.l. "1 'I,M! COIt~i~1gof
illrl,/1l:rl licmNidfNll
{(m sees
fn'

{tin lmJYl!me~ge

~1$l~ si~lg~d(,rrI!wm t

It emu ing.

when /1!C ,ather ('ma ,('l,ead'!-.(nul rtldh:{j:ll!~~i'I-ct:U, CQm,e R~ a Sl,jrp'rise

,(my nW~mm~.

Posllibllilies rht.d b.ot~~(ll)~m ('!w:l rm'~tll~L41Y~illf,effup~ ~~jslwr)~or fU ,least die on:lina.ry course ~f~!is,wil'Y" B,r,j~ Q:r.r:1ir~tlrycoW's(! i~,fJla(l)fwl~id'l ph rlo.sophet5, hl~w,ians tlutl dli:s jJftm ,r;.ls'lJ't~~t!dtl~i,"(il ~hr.w.mtiti,mJ$ ,of dut re~l(J?m{on sp.rml lwe,n~pthl,g Q\F te~lring l,~j5,IO~'y :itsdf (1r;Mi.r~,d:'oi'l~g ,it b:" (J,~jdil'lcg, i~1 ded51,()1'1 t/MH tan cQr~sist iN leu:l,ig th!!' ,other ctmm (,Juf1 ~hliJc('m take aU! apf1~f,wuf>, pm.sivc ftmf~ of ~h~ other's deci~.uQn:e ~rel'l rfutru whem ;~'apptum 1"/ rtS!!lj; i~~ the ttui$iull .r.5ro!:loroover aluy('!ys d!&!f of rlw oallet, mg. whichd,oes IW~' e:... nem.r~r\lte of respomibiliry, 'The 1:i~('.ssial!i, expo'se-s it~e..lf:r() l~b5oJ'we o ~urpti$c (,I~!d. even if it' tllwllJI5 mkl!s ~he phe'fiDmenal formf!j prm.t;,rr or' (ljjf,IStice,ii' cugllr" CXPO$jtlg' rtsdf so (!h~,~rncl1:y> P'11>INJ.r-ea (lw~Ming 1l!'i!ljQ!\II a~£tirr.git~rf) b.e for ~ht: blJ,~t' s for ~h~~~om, tJieolit' Wlev'ii:rCQmhr,~ W£/~IO!U' Oprl1il'I,~ th~ {JQ$ojivililp of rhft s ,Gtbe.r. A t !'ssu,~there is l!~gl,mem:' .sfr,rjCM'~ of experil.mrl':." ~nli~ mcssieuric tUrnj!~'I'~li(l"JI do.es I'Wt tJef!'t)ljd II:{Jtm ,(lny i'j~le.tsi{mi~I~1, i~f'O·{lQ1'~ ~IO tlewrm£natl.! li'jw~kui"~l,l belm,rgs i pntF(!rty W no .4l\lmill:11j:~k religion (1:!~eli ,if f ~m~ovUg/!tl h~w, ~~mumg OiltSll'J'WS,'" f'()~' e,5:teW ial ren'ttm$ (if lm~glltt!gll tllul o!p1ace, of ct~/tjm:> of tl p~O!fisitl~',r(l.{ :rhei~ri, (!nd (;I ~d~,~ork~1tr:(!:(,I!)g)1 (Jf lvhid~ 1 wmsp~k "(U,tr.to"fJm'iim~: ghti/~'git nmn,L"smtlrki1.t~ bJI 5 the AbrtjJiami:c ~·et;'gir)lld.
(,I

(2.2) An h,rvii11dble (icjire for j{.l':SI~'ice i.5 b',~ked W I*~is upi)\(wti(m. By

ttf'fi~!;lj(m.

i'£ not lUi'll ~n!'ghJ

not

to bi:' .~.rtm·"1 .obm)'d!hrg; da~ir;:rIlII'(Jtlghbjowll:d~tl.

the kilter conSt:;,ous~r~'55>

~N,es.)'JtmidrJ'

~om;d.e/u:e, foreirte(;r.lJiUty Qrmt)l ki~'lCl'of pro.gI1'lrmlU! (;JS s~/lch. ,,[1~ a.ruttaa is b~kmg~/ro.m die!lgry :Veghu~i/~gw ~r~ef1i.Xfi!ril!n~r)jJaid~; of belielfj~~g;of

11 credit tlra~ i~ i.rrt.'ldLldble: 10 krj{)wl~dg~ml.d (if {~ Irll~t ~JuH ''foumts'' all rr:J'm{on w the(}t1.~f!.r hT tesJi~ mOil1r· 1"65 jMsiic""I!, wl.d,~";h.1 d;isringTdsh jro~n r,ight. (:lloj~e allowsth.~ J!ope, beyO'll:tla.ll "mlt~imn~sms,~ of (;I 1ar;~l'SiI:l'fjwbJe' tidmre of sillgrfkjriti~s.{. ~1{ltliIIT h,,! l~'h~,h rfr.fir ,tlb£~m(tp.o~5ibilifY' of ~he;mpiJ!55jM'~'ulmsl'ti,ti'[)uro,r~Jd rll;'v:cuhd('s~ h~· tmnmmred. 'nti~

stripped oJ I!l!'erylilh1.g. tilS i! SlWfll.d, 1111£ Jai~h wirfwm dog.'nawMd',~ nUlkrss it'S ~'!tw tiu'O'u'gh O~, r,rs'ks of (l'b~!l'lnr{:! ,rjight. an'J~,ro~'lJt;: cor~tt"jitietl i~,~ tmditj'()'IIf!1 OPfW$;~i'Q~l, tU1Y /o,r ~~'mtllpl,ethat lIfJl~w.'ofmreaS!m mui m~ficLlwl. U i'S (j~'1110!m.cedlvher:e!ler, rejlecti'rg wil:rHmt fli/~chh'!g., tl~ p~mdl nTti,(!~~(j'l &!11'(tlr£~~brrng$ die fi!l/(lwj~lg J).{jJ.o:,a,,,ii> .tQlighr; ,riuu I he jOlmrlatirm ,o/hm'-fC1w of tf~'e1~1W,in~ti:~!l!(jmJ ()f~hcins,ri,mtjm.l.fJrigi1~ Qf the 'tmititutj,Oli-';S ~i 'Ipet!(}r~mu,ive" 1'~'1i~ ttw~ cawma.f belO'1it r,Q ~Jie .~(J~ t~~at it j'O'!jN'ds, i;lijU~~ gl,~rme."l o',rjlfs/i/il.'s. Such em ,ellCm is ~mjus;tifiil1brl.1l.vhhifl the logk 'Of~vJftlf it wilt i~t!lII~' opl.me:ri:. it is ~~.w· del'isim',r of t~~!? .a/iUff ,il! ~he wlcleddafJl,e .. Hjm,ctfoflhrt'r;I'~50!'l dl.~jg}U u~ ~ognize there what Mon taign,~~~'!,d .PmClllc(11l m~ tj'rlde1l;~br!."'''~'l}''5~i'i(i~fQ~~nd~uiv11 ·~jr a~rtJ,ro'r,ilJ~" Th~my:stk.al tlUtoS iuuit1rSf,(wd ames INdiej or cretU,r,'. fft,e jittrJ,cltll)' Of I'}i(· lr.!fH'Wf.!'.rJh,. th~ ~f.!~:rgt (whidl~ hen' jigrJY1g"J "~nr~~i'{:(d")(Q ffJ~mdmiQn,fQ :k~'mwl,(!\dgc,I~' wiU l{u'el" SflJi also, tv ,~dtmce ~I;S "r,ioin'g," m' ,~hoor}~. prtu:t.rce {U~d ,~'hoorel'ica.{ pmctic;('~Vj!;dll ;~rc·st]}; ro fa.;a~" t.fJ {)I!rfrJwuj !'i ~i~y .:m:d f,(! tec'mo5d!!II ~ijf.ror~el:!l'.te[h 'l'olo~il<iJ perjtJrn'l(jJj(Y!:.. Wl,rere~,oej"rhls Jo'undtltit'm JhwUJS 111 f'Olmdering" w/'/efev:6r i~ SUI'~,rs wmy rm:ckit" the grm:mr1 olwlial ifJQ!r~lds. c.ltdr,e~~err irm(l'~'t when., lo~ir-lgi/)$d! d!J:j~ i,n ,dit' de;,~(trl'. if IQ£1tS the1leil' J~ trace of il:J,e1j .a rld lrr~memory of a seC('f!,t;."reiig:f(m ~"l'm~mlJt l:~r:;g;r,~(I:~,rd bf.gir,r (j!g{lin; qUl'lsi.a~:~I'DrmUifllH)'. wcl~o~,ri'a!/,~y., n nradi i,rw~m,t:, spolltanecms.ly. SpOflt<I~eollS~Y. whid~ is ~'Q SflJr, (.£~'hel,vQ"d Indf,r;,ues. {mrh' as UJie {lwjgil~~~1 wJiltt fh)~,·.ISfrom rtw S(Jljrr~> SpOrl.lI! SUiI,. a~~d widi ~fiefj!lt,om(l.~i~ily of the U:ladi I/ie. Nlf the V'I!£tm~rlfor ~he WO't;St, liVUhotl1 ~hL! Jig}it~m ~lSS!lrmKe or {nuJ!mp(J~t1le()rvg,i"(jJ r'J'(I~i· s ~l~. Witlwm ~'~is"flS~'f1 in l1u~d,t;1srtr/. atf're~~"tluJtlIJ,~ Uda~~T ~1C'1' faith, tlor pmmitt'. .of ,"Wi!'" fimlrt'" '1,or ~p~'t'UUKr ~v;rlu:Otjt C;l;,ei-'i"(!fio~lof dead! and o!theQ(her,. ,wr n;:lmi(m ~(' .r1~1l ~{llguJ,t:lri,~y of ifie o~hill":.'I'he ,htlm~f! of t~rl$ dt"srJt iri .~'1If' lll'is.ert (f~Sof t~wr whJdJ resemblesto <J f<ltdl, l1Uf wUhou~ r,,-d,r,jc.ilJ,gitsdfw. a~n~r uegativa ~'I'hicl~ ¥]i1 make5 i,r~ ~.wlYfr()l:n(~Gm,itCO'-/Ud(llfW·-O.lristil'm ~mdi~hm) is dwr ,i~, I~pro.otjtfg tJie tm,ttil.iou draf b,~(n'j II.; i~! aal,~J~gi'Zi'~:gii, /1];$ .fi"}~,tr(~('t~r.iri. lividw!l~ (kt,~yirrgJaWi, Ub~'mIes fj Wi; N)'jC'Il'Sti,1 m.~iOJl.aW)l tmd the poliri,cai dem[)"r"ll:}~ thm caww! be dissodawd /r.cmr U.
{j~
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(23) Tli1~second

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~.ist'em .s.e1f~i1uerpwetati:.o,,~.From the o!,f)l.mimeri,or

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of

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ttr~·jlf'/JI!~r/lQ

f~iJl~ tlf,~u ;,riI(lbit:l every {l(l of It'l'~g!Mlgt' (rnd eWf)' fU'~.rr:f'.i;~ Ihr !~/hj": nrl· mlhl"rSt,~/hi ;zl~l')Jec,r,jJ'mre' of tlji_~ Jfdilh, fm.d I'WI (if {lmuJr~·r' ~ .fJ~·fu'n· ,1./ Wlh'l _, jJ"jh' IJr'fwi/~ n '·'rmiOl.wl" t,md iwiW'fli'll'I' j'U:~,t:'jnrJ'~~· lIU' "UJJj4·d' d "'r,·II;.:wrl·· nN' tm·"irmid~y. m~
I~'
j

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ill$'i$l.. Ifw,tl.' i~!.~is,t, ~~ nn~~rfor so'mtt ,~imf! s~i.fl, 1ilIpm.rtJ!1! ~1,fnr1e$ lfuH (ire givcl~ J:~~(,~:.Il (lnd our herirti~W. i~ is uecjj,~jse,;~:r~',i!:spec:t of ll~j~ 'JQrde!'lin~ pi~!ccj t~n~¥Wl'lf of rl1'tigi(ms is
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(25)

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tlmde~yofDi1.5'eir:l!ltrQuid

£'l"m QfJiW

tIll: ,ql/,es1i{lr~ (Jj b,e;r~g, J:hi5 O,,~ek l'.!OU~1 :i~.!our $flyS

rior anc! exterior, friNscrHMS l1!',; ,5l!ismic ll;~rlmle'r~~!ll reedy up(.m rll." fi.a£lciary gM'tJU.~y di of lhe tiXJ~/~()5de'/lnJi', of tlw. '''t"I1'lomi'c, of the 1N),ljrk(~1(J~.rd.ujl'hejl,dl'idical. it brh'~.gs i'lW p"W Jhe l~n~ls ,(1l:mcepIMof.Tle politim1 tina ofi~'ijJnwtiQ"j~1 ri'RJJt. Ofr~\t1/:io'/ml.flr, oJ ~he .s:r;jhj€,Gril~i.ty vf ci,tilWnry:, of the 5o'IIe''eigmy of £ti!'lr,e~. 'n~fl:SC he~(}m,m,{r::{"jlCOfu;epit::; ler/a re r"l.:'if/~o~r a wo#d. bw (m,l]' fro.l'l,~tlM!.lr J~/~jludl!: lh~ groufillg t~mitm ,of rheir pmv,er is 1t,ol il'J(omptl:tibli"., far fmm .it, w.id.r rheir prom r.imjs:rwii.S ("ty mow a:r(,l:n~vitli a~drp~.rf~c.libi#ry: ·r11e otle nu.' neL'W tfo l,lllyl1lt.tJS_ 11,Ilthofdt rl?(;~rUing i,r'i.dfw ~.,u: d~.:~: D
(24) The ~urge <dtl-fl~[k;m(:nt> ,()f«'5J(j:m~ wdl b~ m!ith~r wJ'd,~m(md nm" rmsloVIm"d tU km,g as the
~,x;lit'tior

m,,;:'J'tlory .Muu:wh{ch is ~W[ rt',.r,lppropdtihle. 1~~,e'n'w'ry,It says d~eim ~1ietn{lri(ll;~)1,of t.l

tl-.rn'dwld ~'.rorf! .1:rwim:!hng,
WrlCa/~r

by mlr'
OPN!.

"J'letmlrJ~

t'kser~' ,i~! the clesi'lr't

n"1'tMliirs

'f'f.e (J,rwsli{m

Cl"l!'l by 0 tlr ~Git'e~k'" of wlrid t ,it is Neirhftt fl (m<i liVW, it ~htH (lj' k'1>()wi/ig
i

llite blOW

alisdes~Nr;;(l.rJ be dumglu lind h'fi to ,fjmrcu.ul(;!:' ifS1!~f~b~f()re" t.he tl.e:scrt .~.fU~1 (#If,!t {~ftiw r,r,!le'ali.tm.~ ami lh~ ,retr~'fjrS, oJ lhe lh'l!~ (!w.d dt:'rt~.'.~ (JIGfia.~of (iU
kC'Pl:fl~i:5 (}'I'Of

~h~ fi(!,~~Jif:s(If

ItmI5£'end~plre,

of mligiu

Of

of }il~t.ori,f.aJ "relighms");
'H"l:

or

wlr.l.'tfJ:!l'r, "O;!,1 ~hil ·tmlmry,H It i~'1fQm~ this la.stde's;~rl d~~t ~ l'n"e-.l.·edl!$ t''n;~ j"ir51 <!'a\'1'I111..:preIU1i ier;> os.r;;W~~ti(m,thm ''Cli,~~n''e (epoch,e
,IVJUU

nm glir~~pse. thm ~I!'hid!

Tfj,~ ulde,.d$'j~

f ctlll ~:rle ,a.e'St"'I"I

11'111tt:' de8f!rt.

~~r V'e·~ba.lt;enheiU fflw.uly

a.l.l!u/e.a w, (lbove

(Jrul imeri,r;r

0)" (hi:;

mmle-rIJne pku;e
JI,[j5

lldilt' I"wl be~ll

,(If:lU!!d,ifj,w iqurs-

#on: as rmJ'g(j'~ onesettie« JOt {lf~ im,!:'fli(d t.l.Xp:t(,mr:l~i'mr(i.m:r;m' to d,re lJ:iM~}'I'Y fi~ith, of

of nrlig{mt, (Jf

J,fjr~g!uj,ge$ or

,~:!U~l~1eS~ such ~

long a~ mwtlm·.,s

M~

d~fim:: thr:pa5~

S(ilg)~lr.rar b.~'t'w~l.!n tMs !NriiZri~'rfltld

t·jfic. tdjJ~biiJ'fed,rr!cf(Jg.i(~11,wh;,h i.s W ~~r PVllf real rmd sodoemrwm ic.. el1:'.) • ii/50 .f~.r,il~ ,addition W iw~csligtjtil~E j~'U! ,ol~l'()therJ/llJ:iI;:(J-PQii~ic{J1 ~'mdi{;{m ~h(j,~JiNk.S Greek philo$(j'p~.~yw tiU] Ab.r;alJ(,lmit" I":~!dmr~:w$. pltrh(j(!'S~¥t, 1'lu,lsl' illso sulunh to tilt, i'Jifaeal (!If dmrwhid·,~ rl:£fM,S .such imefro,fJotu.iuu"whidr w;U hrn'e t101'Wt1J'~ res,i.~~'IfJ,. jrmn 'Wi~'hin o'r "IS rJwu~h frrm! m't ,~x~et"ioll":i~y v.!'(l:r.b tll1(1 rg<sjs~'si '~'sh"'reChum, rhe "a,rota.l dun .. o/rlilonl' I lwcmM [lo1'j, (It ltl(l~t dcclmiirrg t,tp d~1!n~~'tpr(,l{l ~'ij]'1 .i 11dieved j~l.'rifi.ed ~'Il r
m'lternpri"tg, du: j'jiIJt1u" for pJ:ace, i1Ipl'acc tJ'l'ti'J'ropoJogical lmtl,H/(,l{, wi.diout agf',
m~fUe. lUJ ~~ t ffld~l!r

(dl ~hrl lpp.a C re~uiy fxterior dimc-nsio1J5 ((I!dmo~den-

between ,C!IWU lind p.ossU)Uil}' or l!il'IJ~fffitJI ~rlh~ eve.'Jr}" nnm ir ~10t be nr.~/"~<t.r. for im,.,W l~cspitctfor .d l~!.is~irlg!rlar i:'ldt't'.i'~i<1,t {Itfor a~is~~YiN!rlIOl:kor,j~'birldi'lg bl!~';jt(~f!~1 (m'gilltiria~.% n"o the O,rdCT of ~fl,e "IfI1I1lJ~/~rl" wl,d d1~ fm:f!!r ,of ~·.he'"~t:I'l."tih!l1h:."is ".1£5 tW~' ar 011{,C ~'.he'd~a~ICl.'i' . (J/'~'il(!rrrespm.~s{llte lM"Cj~,i(mmul of (ultHh~r "mfhxtingfilil/a." of.f] ~lC'W "tolrl1.l"~"'i2'~f
(26) Let ~~~ ~!WP()Sf'it t'lg~;er!d1lprm, m/imrg (mrsdves. tiu,u ~1U.of ~fSh.rtl¥:' are for "wte.r{Ural, " e Lil!ll 11 we Im:n:: ,'wt l}et'J'~ G.~'5igm;;d t~!f! frJw1d;,rg it.Wil: ~1IOljM bt:' here ~'()try to think

(bet~-1I\~i!l'Pl' r:e~~el(u.io.rl f;e~'t.lt.jbHi'lr, Of:fi!-~lbal'u[lg and Offenbal.'kdt., It~rj(l

mi~~iQJ~ of prnmll/i/i_g ,il', W~fjc~isirJ:gi.rroJ'

wf(.tH

~rolertlllit1a"c,nuld hcw::e!fJrth be. i

.~~l~bsl n1tt I~rl(}' ilX,tr(./lrf

.inmw.;1j,'lt~ly plf~c;e (]f,jQfatio11 m~lrb (lTojM!d rlri5 ~Mcu"lh'~ (ll'tlef

singul,ti.f one at #uu, fo,t O.~ar

01'

i,r'frcm
jory;
,f!

i!~ origins,. A.~:ld llierrf:w

m j,m rl,Ow~ce,dl ro!(g~r it. ~h ruug/" ~"~edeI1$~ly of its h'is-

~padr~gutJ.r;dj, m;r~ aUawins' i!~elf to b~: domlru:u(1(J by any .t~~ool()g.;rnli'j)n~ologicGl

wl;thCJlj,1

fNJ.~'3ibiljty fhat ~wmli.l IWI' be 5;aldr Chr,is~';mi. 1-'~rdie co.u:ef!l' oJ r.ol,ei'lJ/lct·,

hi~rcwJ' (l~'~d mor,i?

"(m(~i,~~II"

#UM

all

Mricto ~.~rL~IJ,bdortgs

opposi~io~J.! (for o;~unpk.~h~'r 51.mji{JoJdh~w,lligU}Je). t./oecs~.r(l'l ,C;ve~lW~l~dJ'!l"Jt,~il.'i<~1f of t~ ~b'e}{(;md beins "in (1,c.r()f~I{.I,.~ce iMi 11p.milo! ~:rClgm n¥]1! neg.':H iVd, ,As d result. c],lora w l,m,
rem!(ljl,t$t:lb$ch~li!!}rimpliSSi,r:J!e t:md i:r~ter(.lgCIJ'e'Om ~.otIll r:hc pro(,I.!Sc~f!S of l~fsMt.ital,tve1(,j~'iQn: " Qf fm~hmpo-~h~fj/~gic(,rl !!Xl).ftiem:Il!, wJiid.~ {j'I' ,lh~~~/e~J' 0 l'ea$1 ~uppo.se ii'S abstrtl(,'-

sa.cr.:lUze.tJ;, ~mclijiw, 'u.mMmized, IhelJ.fogized, clij/~iw.lIl.'d. fri:st(lrh:izet:i" R~~dic~llyhe:terogm~cm.'l fio tiw $(,lIe timf SOJMid, t~ Ilie ',~ol)' l<iU/;1~'h~ .~a,r;dJ. it .r~e'lreradmits Q/ (my .indemnifica.~:i()ln. This cam,~o:r~'v;~nbl:' !orm:jk,lted i.i trt,(~ pr"".mrr~'"f(lf d.ilO.f~1. 11e,'IIEFprf's:~lI1:5 itf,~lf fl$ ~!(;cll • .lr
,~1.l

~iQn., .irwin ~l,e~fer ~a!,\~' ~ t:'ut!."''e£1 rdigiOIi

,n r~d~1.'m ~~evgr?lIfmi~ it'S.eff to l

first ,of (,lU 10 (I sort .oj' Chrislitm ,r,l,om,e.s:r-f.t;Ny. Jtij n~(;."~in.)',.1weH~r IJcbiud r./,15 Ntlme, tl 5Ci."H'~ of the OiJ'"i~tUlu{ot)ll/~/iiU.!,ily. JtW;r,lS pdm'C(.I, t~miUi:t.l, tnms" m{Hed mul ~.ir:t'ld(Ul>d iu aU! ,um.w of Ihr. Cflrislhm fi.Jdi (lud 1ci"O'rlid JuuwlJy 11,~ .,.,.i~iJvia ~ "d(lt:i~m to ~1~i? ,il .fm) ct!risri:cm, fljwJi(;M li;;r.lr'Jt ta:l'ls "r'{'llec,~i,r~gfliljtfl"-muJ ri~;(!. vf pur,e mQnl]j~.y rrtn ~ wIJ!";' i~~Ii~rhlcawly ClrrjsMm~. The. Se.ssOl~ ~j~ offolcl'am:1?; Wn5 fiJ'":5;tQj" tilU <HJ e;rt;'~~!plar}1 11i$Cl'tj~~ t'he Chdsri.fl.lt dft.emed hi~r,.~sr?lblk.me thtu CtlplllJle of g;Vhlg w tff,f! world, ~1I1m if he Oftt'I'~ 1~(j'dw learn it hi r~l),~lf. .IWl d~is rcspl!'~" the F~/J'.h E~~1i:glMcl"!.
1n.e'1U, .l!!-S

L!lmiere$,

UI"t(c~ IW

.ff!'S!!

cs~eni rally Olri51-itln Ihtmthr,

Aujkfifn(~.~g,When if '

In>.ats of

t.2. Sec-~.s~!lifIe :n.lJm,~p' 71i. rr!JJJ~~qt(~J"~' In IJl~ p:ublishoo, English !Ul)i'~:

I r;1.I,:I!~Il:d mCl[~'~diQlj"ml:ki:llly ~~ ';'rln;~!!:~!of al()rJ."

WrS~(I.l1,.~ri!pr1'r.f~'llie KI'Mm~is f

~'ol~r"!n"" Voh(!in~'~ Ph ~l;n~nJf'1hi,c~] ic:liQna:rr res!!r'~~ (,l dUt~1prii'Jl,egli [:or l"r~ D Christim.r td;gim.~. On ~hft O~'W ',rm'.rd it is e"\'I.!mpl~lf.i'ly to.fer£'1111' 10 b~ s~ml'. h~~(!cfles t,ol,~rm~,e better thm' {U1Y o:1he'r re.ligim,r, be["{),ng,tWlli'f mht!r l'eli,gi.rm. iIi .>Iwrt" a UU],e bi rl.re ,n',ntrnlf'r 13f K.aut" {'4~fi,rt~1C ,or j.WI, Voh,(lire seems ru tI.lhdi ~htU ell ris~im~'i~ ~h~ it yi~

I \ I I ~I

,\ I I I 1 I I Ii'!

I I' ~ , I

"r~lj' "UWhtl"
!',\'lm1/1Ij',

11,·h;J.:,rit11. ~,r{hr N

j'

~h,' nl'~1I~' ' ... ·f ~hl"lr j!fr/IXpl

rmrt n1 111m'.' 111;' mm1ilY Ill,' nilldit

j~l'rIf

(~'jt'rjl'l~' '.,'im.,: ,.,

Ihwf

,I'

lu

Iw. iu

ih'L';-"~'·ii'I·,.n

1.·II,:,1<P1LJh ill.~ Ul.nllLl·H,di,.Ih'~. i ph'd 1'1'" nndLlldl·. Iu

it wIHnltl

hl·lll·l"~~'L r )"qh~'n·loil"l·,

Wh!'uli' 1'[0["
t/i/li

ilrj,:i'lwil'~~

,~jf

wh,.

'/,I';,:mll-"!'
m[lI<:

nne \·VULI Itl

11..:-lciu

)i'I"·'1 k

!i I t

ilb

~',,,~iI,.' w i'l II ;n ~(J rl ~II nee

.r~·Jig.i(la~"i~ y.

H,I,fmH' ,\rfir1fj.4,..

mIll 'li"lwllllli:;

Ilag iu
011
fl'W51

!/lm'

,((ilk'll'

mQ(ile.I'l'IJtr~ml',[J.)1I'I I
'550','1' wns

ln order

1l0~ 1.11 iIII m~lll.n.',mylh ill:g i.illi,[:'Il,

t,e.lwi 111; it Ith us iilta.t, safe, Wis.m!lJed.

~h.OIJ

li)f ii~ ,/iIlWi.'. hi!'"

rlre d',llIer hl;lI'nf.

t"I~' Vlilt~i:r;'r:lll

addr,~5i!d

ns athcd in the experience the unscathed But

1110, 011

of the unscathed

i~ will have \- anted to be. I~tH;J~ relig.ion?

".bm·(' tdJ' ro (J,WiSI itUl~" "the

j"rnlcmm 0 aU Inell. '''1) l'WI'e'n \lolmire a cuse'S rht! (.-rld'ist ~au rdighm ami dll.! ell 1~n:J'1', 1M'im libs tilt! lessG'1I of origirl,ary eil rist:ifmrty. "'the I'im.e:t of ~'he first ChTi~rililiS,'" ji!$~~~ mid the ,Ap,rJSJ'it:s> bcn'(l}~d lryl ·'tiw C(ulw'{ic:.
jg 1.'ete1'~-w~,~r,e$'~lifJ (

<l'imrh:rw1.

>1(,

the \'Cry rnatl:e1l'41'H~I:hing itself-of

the eont ra ry;, scrneonewlll

~<W.OGle' \'IIoukl not be pe~kjJl,g ,,,fit if one

wt~re to 5pellk hI its. mm1e, if On~ W~.re to ~~U!~,,rOor refiiJ'ling religion ,~Sin am iIfroli SPCCUlffi,riy. reUgiously. MOfe01ver, somenne d~e m~:~ht~:af'or is il: the same one, UI break with it; ,evellJ 1,0 suspend lTor all instail~ one's n~Hg:i(ms affili'lttOn. has IMs not been thc!i\cry resource, since hITIe aUl,me:rlllDrna'l, of the most authentic most or i,gina ry
sa('r'Il'dl1~'S5?

Al'~lswl{r (md Ji1o,I1,l(.m roJigilm.,n Tfw lftutr is ~h,nall

;~ {dl i.t~dog-

~lms

t~tl.!

0PPIl'5i'te of the ,rdigiQ~! of Iesus.

~I~

of t/:rl! "(};(SJlTt i~~rhr:: ttc5ed~; itw(jj,dd '·!:."Speerthe ,dislflPl.r,e of infinite (,j,!terj ty (IS ~i,~gul(lI"Uy.A~ull1Jjs respe,c.i would sf ill be religlo, religto as s,cmple or ret ieem ... distlW,G:', tiisstJ,lmiOl',I, d~ jlllltt kill, "(t. romillg from the tlll'l.ishoM of aU re.iigimr itl drr IIirile of repetition to ittidJ; tlu: tllresflfJJ'd of C'Ller)' 50'eral OT cm1ImWlrl'~!ritnr lillk. I ~ .Be/o're ('mr.f ~ftltl' ihe 1(j~05 !¥hich 1!\>'l\"iS il'l die lu:gim~n/l~1". l'fim!ml,d t,fter ,Iw HOly b Stlrm.,ifwlt', b!!fore ,and nficr tlfl: Holy S'f~rmtrcs"
;hwdle,'

"'1"f)/eMm;e~ WQutd be hI occof(iwidl

,!illl! (~Pf!riew;e

f'3.itli ,Dr 01' the

OypJs .. ,

(:m 1..• 1 ReIDi:gioJllll-lexe

and nm... this v

ry d Ol.y. if one we're st iill supposedto

. 11,(:ak of

tbii.JI]k ill rl'5f'lfm to devote oneself to Lhfs il task, No, doubl', butto tT}' above all to 'sa}' ii, and to Wier a Wl¥UCt concerning it; with the necessary rigolbr, which is 1:0say;, whh tb,t;"reticence, mad,~~ty,re'sp~'t or !ervofulf" in !.I. ord th~ .scruple (rd~giQ) dlermmded 'It the vt':lIy least b}1 't1h:~1:which is or dJ.itm; w
il. of rellgion, perhaps O'ii1e could attempt
to
IJ..E\~!1 if VOhllif<' r'eSponib I:r> th~ ,!u~~·ti(ln '''Vlfl,~q I tlil~i'irJwe~" Il>' ~q<1Tiilg. im" In i~ !'r~mg<rli ... t th~ of t':>:~...,~!~t!(t'hen', Iii.' IHO$t ~a~y~:l\NI ill~Vli1ln Ion of lITis ~hllm~nir~'" rcm~ilDs Chrislian; ~Of ali 11i~ rt:li~ons" htiSlr~rnitr IS without doubt thM wh .. h.m~gnt 'L'o!Il~pirc the i],fllilli >~! Hilerance'. cY<:n if 1m Iii now Chri~1 i;lln" nm'l! b'1~11 I.h.: IllosL 'i 11wl!lr.ll"lt of men" I (JIll!' s.c'pi!i.·(!I.Di.'litm'ir)', drlic:le" o!em nc~") .. Tnl! \\1()m r."tol~m!1(l~~ ill!.!;,;;';mK~h ~ 'l""r~';' il 'tI:J1., ~bo,'~ 0111 ilnru·Cl'uri~u~1I hi5.iO'r~· 110(1 'xjJL'fi~11 ~!!~~'. I' d~ltl{\;rs ahe m=,gli' I 1'hilt ell ri~tiillils atldre~" ttl oth~r ChriuiilJ1S. hrigl:i~T.I~ I ~Ihe mosl inllDkf':1111j fil\' ,remiildeJ, by a (0- rei i'!iI.{Ioli ~nd ;11 11 nmd~ ~h8l is e~si."n:tjllll:ly ,a_j- r~ligiQnin, of Ih~ ""ON ,of " i~l JC~U8. ar~~i. uf i'i1c'ililJ!hena:ic' CtU"~i~LTI1ILtf 1111l~ origjn~ .. Ihm~ i W\'lf!i;; 1101 f!1;!rful ~~l' sood;;]nj;l!'oo i1Ullr }l~O' I'r,~ ~II ~H om~·. on~ (lluM 5fIY th~~ hI' .J,~ir \'e~rn~lit ,0fllti-Ch r~t!;mi~ ~'.b~' l~ll'ir o.l'posilJo~] ~b(i~~'~II Ie l.h~·litom~r'l Cliurn:n; ~~ rrmc'll .[IIS b11.heir d~dawd pr'~~~.N1llre., ~Ofrbetjlnes Ilo.S~iI~k, fur pdl'1ll~lh'e Chrj~~i~Jl iit)!> 'lJ'til t~if() ~iid I'r~!(b:~~rhclorl~ 'btlIJu~ !Hlm~ Ir.uHq brm; f'mqO"C,"lthoJic. ! 4. V{I]t,tii't', ~Thltr-d.aO~,~ Pllj/,rj'-!I.!pIJ'm~~Virt:immry. '15,As I h".~e I rk-d to du dS(!wnl!TC r Spi.'der$ ~ MoIr.JG;p. 2~ roo I Imlp~' to Ihi!'!k I'hl!:oonditi('fl ofj\.l~· fiIT'in rcD~liol!lln ~ t~rl3il1 $Wlg;;lTinl,l <d~f,jiw",>;l!\ whUinl'! I~i h!' idl,c~~'~.~~r(.~I\\i'''r ! -IO·li)b~:s<r,VCid po "ihilil}' of Illis s,""oor .~'f'dis~s~'oc1~liUJl, i!'"~I'l~r lili'lJ1 rl;'''''ll):l. II!.. "rill!jill~-'l0ll~lh(:r !VC'mmlmllmg) 'I.,""~r.l$ "~li(hI-I~td,eggef reti'ilee: l~. ill h i olK"t~m. douu"llcss kgll im;"I'~ i.rl p<lrl. 1[1 !."~Lnl.::t Uif..-e (mQl 'II:tL~ ,!\Ithoril), of ]Ij-, whklJ, i It! @;', fmm il:s m<Ul! rcct'nl <'till,; ;-jIH i.Ik.11 .... Iu<;:<;cnll,ll iQ1'15_

if possible ill 0111 an:ii,giolJs. or even in'di,g,i.ol.l:), 'nHulnf;'r.\,,'ha~religion d pr'Il'Se'lfll might h,e,lls wen as what is ,~litl and rlOlt • wlu I, .is lIappe"hlg at this ve ry moment, in 'In' world, iIII history, {,t irs pj'llme. \OViherever .reli!;iol:l. can no !Ionger r,,,,[!ect or 3'1.times assume Or bear its name, And one should mH ~aylightl~~,11$ though ill r<J.....~ing".'~hi,~ d,IY~ this 0 \'Ct"Y ";I! \ref'~' mqment'''and "in dl~ \/II'ul']d.,;'~iill h istory,'" wh~~e for~lCui fig what. happens ~fle;re;, rcuH'llnng to or ~UJf~)o.rri$ing s;~iUunder the name or f\e~~ginn"even in the WIJlrie {lff i,~~, 'L'el-igiol:l, V{hal' lmppens IG II!>' rltlL'lre,~ tit"c'UiS prer.is(dy the cxpt:rncllcc lind mdkal iWUl.!rpl'el,uioll Or,evc'l'y~;hingdL;.lllhe!e\,*o"',kiln~:fdt lo mean: t.heunityofa "world" and of a "l.Je.lng-i:i1.-lhc-world," the ' oneept of wodd 011" of hiuuy in its: WesW'm u',]did,oll ( hristian or Gra.eciJ-C~ri:S:lian, extending to Kant, 11I~gl!l. I:lw;serl., Heicl",-gg,er), i.HtJ 1'10 less 11l,1I, uf tluyas wellas th,lt of the pnJswr" (Much later we w'iIl have ~iO get around 10 (rutiUli;r.ing these two motif. .., each 3S '!:'l'iig.lli.l.HicIS.tbe ;
il1l.ail)'

One Illuslt

case tikt: into

actOU Ill.

olh~r; pro.s.-e,ire ansearhcd

b}, the present, on the one hand, al'ld bdie~r!tlg uns:r:;atfu,ed 01' credit on the othe[;) Like others hefore, the

by belief. on the othe.r; or Fel >Ig.n in; ~he .%KfOS;u]:1iILt. th~ sa f'e !.Ind sound ol:],the one
side, ,tlUt.l f:iiil:l'i, lr'IJSlworthillc~s lind srruggle new ';w,n"s of n;.tiginn"• re unlt,.tsilrtl1'd over the human earth (\,,,.hich is not the world) even todil}' to control ,md virh.mll}, immediate

of h1Jnl.lI1iW,~ th' t~,!ml'i~

the sky with fmgel' ,nnd eye: digita~ ~ptem:s p.mnopl.ical visiJ.alizati n, "air "!,\lee:" [clt.'l.':OmmlJllicatiolls

i6. Irrll~lw1i;:; Ilu! whk 11";1, 1"1111 ~tdY'Ft\d d~ma~c I:)r Il~jl.ldi~. d'twmr,wJ: this.l~H~r I\lm.i will h~~'C gi\\i!:11!in Fn'rruc:h ~fj\]m" ~"tIll :l}ffl.ruf fillin"; ttl, ah~ det~jJ:Li.{'i'ii.or'llisp!("ilJIIlln' of) ~ml (]("'W~ frum !i'~J'.r""'fJJ. ~'i~d to (M~, ~ofr~pns. tlm~ is. g'!l.h~ ~crifi.(e r~rr"Cnxlliw Gmlis il.~ rilu~1 COr:rr'lp~l1.o;a fion, In 1'lIis I~,u.er'Cilf~, o.R'I~ C<1llld sj~k (If irj~!i:mPJ'l-rJ' .. rrirJjl ~nd we ~;.,m!l~~ this \.,.·r:mJ .nL'.rt:·C'F I'hi!fl~ ~L)d~s~n;Jn~ bf.llb. Ih~ p'ro."tss crf L:ir.lj]jlP~ilsalioil ,~I~t1 'l:h~ resl il"tlo:m, <\oln~ti1'l:]lC:'l 5il'rilki~1. timl,t TCQr;)i!I~!:iI!l~(!:'O I)Unt)' i!1Jl~ct. ~ndl~.rs inleiJ,!l"i:ty !i~~1:' Bml ,:K!<U nd, ~-8~O~~j rx~liililes.' <r'tt'1rn'rt.> ~ml·[)t'<.Jp~r!'l' Ii Itln'~lrrcd" c This h ill(!~d 'wh~1 the wmd ~imst:il!he\d'" <::ir,rr(~mr~t'> s~ti;11i~p'lJ"~. ilon.~'llm:ill1l j'l'IiLt\\d, Il1t't'I;!~lthed. th~ ~ilC'r«I 'lnd, hol}' b~rl[j'r<:.lU profanatiDn, ~n ·~lI"(nmd. ~II f.lffcnc~, ~II k'3ion. It b,iIS o.f!~r:I ElC'lcnchuse.n 10 nril.ll~l;lle 'Idlig ("sa fI.'-d.SoiI ~ mdso!Jlld,inl;or,.~) ill j-Heid~'J;goi:r.'Sine.: dt~ word Ilcrrig wlii. oc'Il'r thC'·cenl.rc'olf'LhL~rdl!!',tHOla HtCfl': Ol'!:' had 10 ~ht: 'id~IC h!l' .l!l~i11{>\1.' thlf l.I~e that \MIl ~h~1.I ~ mJkil!l~ of IIDi!; 'wmd:!i "Ull seal hed:' ~illde,fl'iilily;" ~iildl"ml:iili - [iun." I Ii Wll<l'l :Fo.1i(}1.,.S.!,'f4l shl!lI.t ei~ii;' ti:lC'm r~g.tda.rly w[til th~ 'W1lf'ds i'~nnmunlr;lIIimlnun;~'J!~·'t't,iI11InhUiliut.i.IJI1I" ~l'ndilioo'¥e iill, 'l:tl'lnQ·imnnJiii~~/:!

"i~

..~ ~

!I

~I I ~~ I J

! '!i
m

i!

'fll!

i' J1, I\\'I!

ill,~

~,~~~."llil:t'''''' 11101 m.!1 h'!~! 1

i'.!lghw.~},~. Ol~, ~
~uday.l{l'r

t'[lh .111,'1

"I ','1 '1:1,11i',1 go 1111",11.1.1L I'tl~Vj;'I' i

,~m.f'ri~:l~· ~h,;u ~" _~

im',. ,11~u',L

,.illl~·" ~.~. j\l~d,

th ".'~'~~'!~rd~

~·tJ'

t ~~Ij,' Ifw1'~ _, dig~m'flrlm~j',

,~r'l ,j II.

,I ,/ \ w I~I,., ,II!

W hB

h I h~'i"~' )l,II.i ht' ~~

~lIr

Mlw,.:t!ncs~~ M,I.: '1111")" ~.HI'I~.·Ihil]!;:?Wha~ tll'I' '

nO. :rdig,iOll~ m;Ii'lii~,~tai:iun

~'x"ll~pk

III" ,\,'''y'!~~1' "I

dl~'L~lLlirM'

'11:wI~'I'IW. iln

ur ihe tliVlilily
lin

1~'l,Iy." hnli~ l~ WhiH ofUod?

jl,j

hll!il~I~'~~ IHF 'ill

I ~O\llltn~flynnC' •in-

org~mjl)OO cm~ na uiUI:! <f~rY'IJ'm~~1~~"m> Icwisl I, ~:h ri ,a i.1r1 '~II h i~ i~i cuhs, wlhl;'~ her of p~1 I 7 0, not. Guwu tbLS, thlC ,yibC:LliJlij~lal i:r.t'd ~~lr("r~l~r~'Jl'<l,c~d 'lilrRllIm~l1Il;a!isl' I wars Oof rel~gkm, have no stah!~,~other '~hll!l
til!"

irigs can lm~ giVl: ~n Ihdj IU~b III i~8!

good way

pose (he {!~1~s;~it:!'nlJ?

thf s dcterrn:til:ltioi]
By repressing

o,f the Hw!!),rk~,"o:f "h iMorv," olf

imp]ic~;~,

t~lIl6'.m s(mlrthi.1~g d~£. lf rourse, ilnd ot!'l(1'r i.[It~r~s~'~(economic, .~~ o

"day~ and ,gflilc

"[llre:q:nt."

The 5t[lkcs (Ceni!:inl}! C1I.tl remain

i!l:~m~,
"

cicndy t:hemJH~(L
ethers

rQor~yarticulated.

t'hm'nfiJ,OI]~hc other

h,il.n~:i,;m:;Ml]l

with ~he hlpks of :repTe$f>io:lJ],i~~~"iboo

:1.nw,~l~g[lt~cI. ln

cenalso be di,~'ljjm'LJI.~ated dl~:p.~:olJt~, Which 18 to ~.y, as is :1]!W;lJ'1S ~he ease or in olhcr plaLes01' other systems. this never
specrres
(phali,la.511mt;a)~,Q

(28) R_eligw!l~ II! 1'1:!l:si1~guJ:nT?Perbaps, nmy·htt (~h1s ~h!)ukl<!l\\t:lY'~' remain p{)li~ible) poi itk'o-mHi tary, etc.) b ehindtheaew "wars of rd~gion," behind ~,v,h,npresents it~df under dlle nllJmc' of n:Ugi.o bCy{ll~,d what dcfcrnds or a~~Ji6ksilii JHn ame, kH~;t;. It'lidf or kl.~is, ne kills o 1I~10the:!l Ol!:ldror rh<Jt invokes declared ~t"k~s,erin Gi~h~r words. n,]me~ ilidli'~'m~ity in thlL:' light of day . .But IlJi\tei'.5JIJly,. if \·'I1b!lt is I,ll as lu.!pp{mh,lg 1'0 1;15,. as we sa ~d> O(~(.'111 (b!l.lt
iI"I"

()OCl:1] wi~:hOiJ.l. sympU)!f:n,~ "md fil.llIt~S~!~s". rr'S witheut

be

!tol ~]iwaY5)'lSf'Il~m;~ the figl:ln;S of evi] and ofrilewor~t

in the l1np~'~:edeTl~ied fonm

bothcases and ;l"I;Il'rJi~lg to both i.ogij,L:S,W~ ought to till«: lute account every d~'Cltln~'h~~J.:J~~ g;r-eat(',s:~. ~n lis r~t1jc;:!.~i~ya(l w'~H,lS Olskit'lg ours€lv>f'~ whOlt'
the ,cl!~p~h~, such md i:c:.~ili!:y m~gjlt' virtl:!<liJ!v e'~lICr}1 demm to !~Svery roars The .of pl, dl,!d~~red kes al n1::ldy app:ear ~obe without n mil: whll'i i~the "\.,.wdd," the ~d::JIy;~the s~m "prei>t"I1Jf" [hence, the dgh
Is

of lim '~In)(:iOl(S"war of rel igiofl~;'~hcl'<lucr

Bemuse' il isnot
certain 'l ~"m[ in

in t urn docs not always, speak ils name,

~!CI or

additiol1

iIJ).

[ace

of the

rilu'}sl ~r~L~'~lrul:ar

lI:n(l

motli:~arbarous erimes of certain "fundamentalisms" b

(of thcpl:\e"~e'!lt r of the p'J~,t). o

unm:vo,W{.>(].,

ofhrtr uVt:r-;mr[):lIll't.l fOl)tt~,l:r'~ rIOt a{H} ]'~.~.dirlg "\M,at.:-; of 1'~liguun,~ :nibeil

an

or hL~~.ury. ~1111.'. earth,

""",)111;,1 n,

the h um<mi,~y of m~n, the rights

ra]

or man,

Whrs or mu!itary "fm~r~verlUo.n.s,'" led bYlhc ~ud:i;l!l:(»·Chl:fslfil!l V\~e.s:l the 11<1me of in

of

m~tll

and of

Ihe pnl illeall and cuhu

o[',ganizfltklil

of soci,l"ty"

the best causes

nations certain

{QifiIUermltiQi~fl~ l'l:w,. dcmoc:mcy"

the $mi~rcigflty

of peoples, ,of

imal, the phC'llo,m'l~nlllluly of the d1!!Y. tlre \i';lh~e01' 'lm.ktlmJly· Mnif-e" [he rughl~o ~ifC'.~helrt:'al:menl of death-. c~:c.)r:Wha:l. is the presenr, w&1 ir:h i~~~~1lIIy: \".!m ~ i~; l~r(l'ry? tiime? bei ng? being ifI its p~l.ril:y «I(w,~sa ~ h
the differ~l]('c hetwc!!11 nilall" gQr~~n.da.n
17. 11~~'f~ :1" jll~lIni!tD~n!~r:'LC IiUdli~)h' in 'Ihi. rq;.l'Irn the ll'll1~ or!h., i F!{[ifaljml~. on~ c(Oul:d ~~y ~ij (n~'L-"'~~mli:i.!!'o!.~. •• ~n,IQIJil~ I) ~~",~lI ,~~ lilt: ~mln .. 'rSUfjll"<'f'~'~ilm~~j~ ~,rCl!JI11~!:Ir mriIJ-r1!'1 i~i'l:l:1~ ~lh';JMi:iWI!~, I n ~ dillinl:li ze-d 'q+"ilir'~p~CI:: .... !'!II IllesD~ IIIp.t.lJl IJm$llw~~.~ h~.tWIi~r ;!JnOlI~IT,l'lI'ill~! 1'!JYti, b~sli~1 or clL~'in~, 5[111~~~iillilll ~!l Cf~ t~j' CNN, . ike 1.'~ld~~~p>;!ml~U~f'nJ!;~r kru~r~!~111 ~flfl it~, ihn'~ mUJwlh,{:g~m$, QVL'.J th~ n1\!~~ iJ1-l!eity, th~ lIn~}r~"~'fn~n ~PG'"J ,;~mi ~o",~,~ Ih~'m(l<v!l'S or~ j:1r.ptr l~ of '!I"{:rsl"ld illlld~~im~1 rh~~oric f of \~ijch Ill~' J~~I i!'11C\'l::1 i<;lli. EmI!M'\liwlr l,Jtm". ~g.,inM.,~lln'rti(m ~ild ':Il~ h;III~~b. f~~r Iu~...!~rodr~~l1 iJ'f !i;QI:iji~~S mE ~.h.l~ ~f!;t.1 nd ! of.~ i~ '~j]d-UIl~l~I~~~LI. JJ"W~' ~d~-R'r il~ IT1'J1Iin rorlj l,i~J ir,o",'t-Wk im~mmi!\, ~.;lmiu",d" ""il~j h p'rr~nlr cdih~W; .~~;~ir~~~ hUi:li~n ~'lllmLHI[I-d~j1d~n(rviru~ [HIV)-i!;ill~mL..:li~h;lr 1~~"~'lnitlnj. m~~~h'dr~rllmrk~~~I"~iflld ~~.~jl~h!~{!11t~iJ'-I~c)M: ."~~'r}'thin!;I1M"lilltl ~1\~sia::ns,(lrpiI'CWI1~t 111~' o 1 in mysh:rv,t1t th~ l1udl~ris~i~'h'll'cll1m~i,-~r'; <'11(11' J iIb(m~~ pilgrim-~!!- ..:~ ~IOMCIX~:mnew' $01, 111J;1_ny ,ir;I£h.~~I r.1.I1;5,mL;~.:;d m Ih'~ {;nt~';« r......1IJcllli),. ~~.lnil1lg::l., I,'hieh 'j)!> ~ ~~r. rdu,r!ll~ tnth~ "nS~';!11 tW>LI, trotiil,,Ll', hol~.III('':'lllIllJMik.Mions) (~no.l!"oL."IIlJ.r ml1i.!m~N;.i~b.l,;]("w<.' ~.IH!iLiM~n,l~in ,:!.rli\m~rk,!!l. h.:n~"\I'i~[Q'1i [ .studi(J, ~\T.r I he' ilrl('m~ti~'i~;~liliirlI&I IdL",,[.s;ml! d ip~om~<}'Or! 11~ DlI!~1j Llm~. ,~I'C. til'! ri{!'l1'arkilhly ~d~~~~i to ~h'~ ~mlc ,~IIJ(J ~h~~'l!oli!~iU',i'i~ I:J.I~Jlml ~~r d~nn[)JJf~pl~}', W>!111 ~ ~diliSled to 'l:1!:~ technOSe!tiIlHfir, ~run(JmiA:,rmdrn~di~lj~I)oi""'lm of mu 'i:ill~e.!he fXl"'\~r of ~n tl1~S~f.i~i~rlmirl~l~n 1<'1 b~a'r \lIi~n{"#~fid.~ ilsclf f,nrrl!lhbb!y_ n~!cp,siIiNi. ~'I: l'fi:l~ ~~n~~ I rm~ ~~ ,tt i~ ool!(">Ckd 11 ~ iH!{i~lLliz"d ~plli"~ hy .i $tI~J~r~DmC ~lr~llllloi:5 or l'l} ,;HidioVl~U.liiili:lJt~lIln:J;~" 'thG ~~h<1il" f'drg~ilIli,will ~11~~r_~h~vg b1ill}11, hos~[taMIf ~!rI~.mrliJin ~p~rr:)1 V'11'[Ualuly, lixl.ilY, likli' !h~ ~uhl'imity of I h.~' ~I;~rry h~l!J~\L"JJS ~a.h~ h(liuom tlf om h~~.rls., !:h~·",~d(:':<)mi~!"''\.:ybt'rsr'''ooo'' rdi~"n ~rS-IJ'~m~jls • Itt, ~.xd"'r<LLLiI, ~ml h~'pt.'l'!Ci~pltill~ZNI r~laUl~~him.:~, ,If rO!!!n~~mg ~pocl;r1!'&'0111 CD-!l!OM, n~wti,!y li"<lj,~~toriL"'5 ,~f~~td Iit¢l., jGI" TV, ~~I:il~jl iJ'f Illt~rllil~tnet\.'lUf~, ~1:LI~nr, or vi~lm l.Iy I.lnh'1)rs~[iillilb.I.i!. ultr~-in!.crna!·i.l'll1"11i"1hae" iile:i.ri1'~tlNl b)i m:~ <~~rpor~liom' ~Iml ~ 1"(:' 1.I1.<:reasl:Il!!:ry mdep.~nd~iu (If Ihc pm~r~ o;)ht.,n~ (cieml)(J"Mr<t: or Iml, im. mrnk~ liUlte dHr~reJl~~ ~I. h~j!~D(rn, ~II,~rha~h~~,l(olE r~"(jDn:~rdt:r.'i:I,.lik '"~l.ob~I,It.ii'iil:r~ of iillerlUili;m~1 !~W in 'in ~u ri'l.!'j],tS"';j:~~, l Ilfl;~ whkih is I'Hay, ~)<jlIh~' thr'~sI1lJildlOr" prn,~~ of Jt1C"(~r~filtLo,d ~ild nl1.1~~dktrlhJ~trnns(oflu3111.lii! L (
tll<l iO!.l:ti.s" 1Jfml r Time: 111~:j'l'o,"rf,ri~jli"r,t, .'o;!'~.'<'f~riQpr (~u~r.:I!'i~

or of ."t,~~e.s. ven (if e

h~1 it.uiil ~llimp'e,a~'ive~ ),' are they not i11~o,mrna m,~n I

~11 [Iu;
ey~5 of UHl~ii;'

side, wsrs o[ rei Lg,uut1311~t: Ily pml1l~'!i,US w(jul.d notllJCt':e~silrnly he d.c'fa:rrt'Mtory.

whohll~~~11 to bduE;\I~~h<lt [llil l~H~:SC just eausesare 1.1iOt nl}~ weul;]., bin plm~ of ,lH Nli@ji.osity. TOo determine o ;}~'l''']l' of n!liguon tJ~ sud\!,onewoukl hl~\le~n be O!'n.~iIl t~ at ~me GUll J(:'iimit rh!;[~ligiou s, One would have tD be ce,!i]inlhat one can d 1Strllgu~shJli~ the predk'alie's ohhc reHi
IUJ!r even

'<:ery nr~gli n<l:I. t'~J;;~pt

g;iou::;;{1~~ld,.lIISw,~i>h1~n ~('oe,his is not ,It:',m;."y; Ihe~'~are M t

01' SOU!'O~$~hal

.~ml~l. tn'O

r3mi~i!~s., tw~

~trnllll

o\iCrlapi.lningie,
t he

conMllHill,ue

,ea.ch ilII1o~he,r i,,,.:ithoOlllev,e-r mc!'gin:g;

rhe- two ispr~X:~$(:'ly ~hC'dtiive (()

and j ~vs~ill (ns(: tilin'lg.s ;'Jr~ still loo simp~e, remai n l!l1 :-iC"'.t~hed,. on

(JIJH~of

part of Ihat Willkh is <!Ueugic riO ccmtilnr~rm;~ionc, ,s-aWl" by f;orexanlpic,

the concc~~t'Sof ettl'uc.s. of the

l,r'Sr!lf,~lmo-i~',r~lmmdJi).,. On,(:' wonklha\le to dissocill~ir! (h'e" css~ntirll traits ofthere~ig~!.nJ!.~s ~1,1JI;;h. ~ fliL')m ~blo..'1e :I<l~eswbN£h, U jlLl.ricii,ad, (llf the pol~l:i(;.:ll 0]" of tht.- ("{;onom~c. And yet,. !"]othi ng is it'loreproM.crn<llic
ll~~O :L!iioio:n'C ourSeh!\C;5,~CIthl:!iparliciU ~<lrd n:u m~c:rip'i,(m-remO!il~ [di~;i..On,Jsm: in. any C~~ ~ihoe(,)J'oguQo.pn~ibcd. A ~~!lg!e 'e'-";i1mp]e. h1Jone ohh~ mo.M rigomlJ:> ,mnenrpl:S wisa~,i!~e in Hs p'luHy ~he sphere oft.he po~it~,(;'.1~ (110mb'!)' by !i~pan~I'~ngit from LhL:' \'JQl'liomicand the r"l;;!~~g,i,ou~) € ,hl ollcler~o identifyl:he poHtfcal ilnd the ~o~Hka]eflemy~n \",1I.TSof I'eligio.n, slich as the C.msacles.

l~l<ln sw:h ~.di~~a,i~l~o[}n"Th,e ~l.!mia mem~1 conc~p'L~ th,]lofte:n.pe-rmil tOo pr"Mlm~tto is{)la~e lhc' p.olitic:tj',~restL'.iclillg

0['

or

Cad Sd"lmiU

w~s ob1iS'eoLl [0 ju::b]Qwl.ed~!1l Ihilt lhe oMen~ib~ypmely

po~ iticnl (~Jl:e~

gorLesto whkh he resorted

\"'f're the prmi~c!: of

po~iticlll her~.E1I!,glil. And whenln,e- denoUrJced

sec~li~rb':<ltion or of ~, tbeolQgiwthe pr(l(~S5 of "depoiili,ei7.aticm" 011of

i1

,!WIlIr.lliMlil~!! ; 1,1Ii!!' l'~di,1 j~,,11 Iii.!!. W.!" ~H!d!'1 \\.It, i~~llful~t'~in ll"d.diliml Iq.~'I~

il \~',I·" It·~~111~ !II)'

\Yi~h

rn,p~'L

I ~~ .1 ~

d"j,ri1It\."'~~· ~fl;Stj/~f

. ul .1~.~al' wI h 1b !!P~hnm,

i:~!r iIII I.~"i ~lg ~ hj~~ \l,Ii.~I"~'_~=-:'" '\'\~'n Wh~'~l .~~ ~

ahiH ~nl Ili~ ~'yn tk,ql~ ,,~Il'~~ i~'!II,iMI~'t~

U!h'

indi~~~~,;i;l~,k ii'nm

hr:i~ nol mml,eci in ~hl~ ml)~~.l \vcLLilla.r' <l{~jqw?> p!~dgt' llf commitrnent, the Qilt.h (<J.[I-

"our" 'thought

uf I!i:l\;'po~iUci1l!, I~ Even 9Upp~l~IUg Ih.H

,~~:u~pt\~ sud" pn.:'mi~~~,~h~:

@f l:udil)"'s \~'lilfiS ufrd.iginn could ;]t:;:n iITI,ply radical challmg~ delim ititlis.~he po~ilicaL They '~",ouidlhen (l011stitute a, response W ev,cqflhn.llg that ourIdea of d}~mocraq, f:or ex~mple .•\",ilha,~~, ts asscciared ;uridkOll. i Nhkal :iI.rldpoli~i.Glll;!oru;ep~> indudiL'l41, n:lO~e of the so,verci:g11 stale, of the eutiz:erlsubjlocr. of public ,lnd p.riv<lte spare, etc .• Slin el'lt,,":i[Lt> that is; [e!lgkm~~ inhe:tut.cdiu:!
u ilIPli"lWC(kntcJ[oflUS

to uurp['~lj~,tof

not produce, invokl;: or oOlwoke Mm a~ <l~r>eady~hen~, '~her~~Orf:l:). 11,I.lJJenge[l~ and < dered and uJ]1len~enlden'llbk~, pruOI to being iitself:; '!I1npoot'!ljdbk,'" And absent ]11. place. P~'!)dm';t:ion ,lIld fepr~dl:!~U(m the unpl''()dl;!~ibi~eOIbllient in p~"i;e. Fm~tyt~lIing, b~g~rI:';iwidl d:iJ~pr'''"ii"£TIc<! t~~at1Ibsc,:iilce. The ~de<ltb~ Qi[ God," i:J{!:[orcCil:dslia,nity. of !
i1Jot

or

in it <md beyfm:dl it,1Ii1'e olll}, fig~]wl!-li: and ,epi~Qd.~,~" Th~ u[len~~nden'lbl~

l:ilill!!

re-

r~IHh[ro'lil1

11 d0ternn

i!lJah~rdiljiQl;iIS

slrOl!tum,

H:elliocfQrth, despitet he erhlcal and 1)0]itical u[g£'n.d~s l'i1;u: donoe p~tm iI the r~s:p(Ii]S~ 1:0~epu~ (lff,rej~'G!(tionUlp()1l! thehlin no~m "reHgioUl!"' \vl]! no ]onger be held for 'HI;]cC'~dem~!: exerdse,a phiJ>ohJ'g~,c.1.iembe.Hishm,cnt or 11m, ~'t.ymlci,og;ucai. ~IlXr~[y; iu short', :fulf 1'1111 de.,~I.~.rlied0 ~1Ll8pel1ld;udgeme'lll ,or 1;kci.sioll" .'U best for 1ilibi 1 another e.pr:Jduf.

(29) Rd~gi(rrJ"in the ~i'j'glllrJr? Response: 'Thd~giol'l is dH: response: Is i~not tbne" p.!21ft],aps,that W'Cn'i.ust seek [leW h~tlimlil'llg, a I:~PO[] Sie~A~s~nl il~g, that is, that ~)~,e knows ~,vh~Jmpmr!ding mea ns, snd '11~om5p.oJ<,lsmi,{i~y. J\s:S1J fi11iiljg"lhil.t is, tha~: one knows h--m~,~~'he~~,~",>i?S, it, No reSpm:l,se,ind~"€d. witbQld II prim;ipLe of responsiin biluty: one nrt;L,>l respond to' rile other, before the othcl: and :ro:r oncsei[ And no riJ!sponsib.iI ity l'o'itht)iLun. git~Ii~1ICrd, ,] swrml[':l:itn <fiji jl:~rk>. withoUi~ a p~edge>

or

aJflgt:ntl~r~dh.[hl1'empty P.lllGC. Wi.thOil~tGod. no ilIbsohue wlmess, No ,<1b~olutJeWJ,I:~ ness to be taken <I~~w~tilJess~n~,t:Mifying. m,rt wUlh. God, II God tharis present~ the t..'),:is:~~n(1C' a th~rd :(I~.rsa$'. resti£ }th3t is .ab:;oILJI.~e.<]1l<ltIDes~;miollbeco!~Jl:e~, ,mped1:l]~ of ous" in~ign ifiC'.\'Il'It or seGondary. ·1i'I?.si.i~1I1ony. wbichi~~)[} sa'Y,.~;stll1lY1eilt as wt:il11u th~ tffrepres!iibk iovoking ofawitness. Godwould remi!~!1 tben nne m~~'u.e.!ofth~ wihw5$, hie w{~~!Mbe (t~U,ed lls w utlle,ss, ~.hjjS r~m'lie4'l,'~"VL.'n:if ~omC:'ti mes the named of this n<l:mc remains ll'mpnJ!lOl!1J1Iceable, iw:letermj nable, in short ~unaarnesble LU'!! VIe'fy his rI;]:n.l,I!' jlml e\l\~fII if 'Ih~ o:[~ght to r~m;JJi nabsenr, 1l0IH.~x:iMt'nl,<and f1bo\'c ,~.n. ne\l\cry ~ sense of the w:ord, unprodudble. Gn& t'he" .. tll,e\')\'i. ;!~ "11Il!ul!eaMe~1,IIHname.:.tblf!,~' d P['(,£!1'!][-ld~\S~'Jll' witness uf c~Vt:ryo~llhOr or ~vc"ypos:>ih~c pledge •.M klll~ as one supposes. cm!C'C~'l) ~!Qn rl,MQ, lha~ reHgicm h;~,slUlL:' sl:i~lle~,t Irda~ioilJlQ what w~lIhUl~ Cll[~ Gud,! ~ wl)'U.M pC'wli 11 uot O'ill~'Y~n the general bistul'Y of !lomin<ltion. but, more
strfc~lj' here" undeejts name of n!1igio', In
11

history of the: .~l!c.ra:'~ie~uu.rl,!~!lJd f thl; o

witholU!~ an oath. w~thoUl~{)me ~ff(mw,~~M or the semaneic

i.rltf:[}Jlret~~io'l'l t hllt

fW;

~:!frtwdri.~1..Berore ewn cnv~~gDng '

the g,r\!'~n \·\fQ.li'd(,~ gl:m);lI~)[)gy and are ind ispensable W whOimeve. hopesto lh ink reilgion u naJer its p:ropc'r or secularized forniis), bd'{m~ ('run r'E"LllJl~rng.llla,1 some s@Hof "'~p[()mi~e th,e truth" i~IIh... ylj 11~ 'work. :1rid ~ome sort off "I makelhi~ ~ cosn minnen t befnre the
i11~story of ~e5tl mO:Ullr. of (lllth~,of

les.rimo~~,{w\l.'.]~. wnuld be thisldswry, it would me-rille \.vith h," 011 the boat th,u 'biiought 1,11:5: fmnl NlIplil.'S Hi Capri., 1 to:M myse.1f Ih:ru~.l wou~d be-g~r1lrymci3J[~il.1JgIhis sort 0[[00 lum inous evidence, but I did nul dare. I also wid n'l),sejf. siJ!endy,. that
lOne w[.mk~ Mind unesel f mth~ pliH:'MfliWil1011l OlUi:ld .' of rdi:gk~ll"@ii
Qif

tilt: "renrrn

of

o~:J:l,er:f.l'Dnn. the pe[j[lr:y,~we

mom,C'ilt

that [ ndd.n::s~ hlm. '~\I!('.n::1,ndp'("rhl'lfPsabo\!'~

]11

:l'n H~' Ciomn.l it

therel lglous" ,1o.(/'(IY if one conf mJ'oo to O'I:l'POSL:' 00 na'ivdy Re<lSmlffUd Rd:igion, (:6l~'C]l1eOr :Sci~niCe ami FM.igitm,. ItccbQ.osder~tif.icM@dtmity mul R,~ligi.(m.SuppOC!i,~I~.!],

must furm'1li1~y wke no%e nfthe

facl that we are ;,ljlre'll~Y ~!peaklD_;g latil~.

of tell Viti. A[I,g~()~Al'111le:rk1l1].) wh'f'p it ,~u~ho:~ilesitse1f~n

ooo}er to mGaU t.hll~ the l,."!I'of.ldtoday ~p{!aks L!ltin t most ~he name of religion. PresllP'Poseclat t hie or~;gjn of'1.1J. :add:ress, (OiUl,1 il"lgflf'olrm, tile otbrf~Q wJwrl~ .i~ is G{~iI (ftl!dr~5.:red,~he wil~e:t <g£lgl!!l~'D O'£:it S\vorril prO:lJ]li~e,. taking immed.iatdy God OI!si~~, witll:lJe;5I;"c;u:mo~ [lot In.uh<1\1\e il~.re<l.dy, ]f one c:wn p ul .it th.is '\!j'ay, cn:g,ell,de.rt!d God We nmke a point of this
God
e'.\:

ill SWke\'lOl5W und~'rM:~nd .wou~d QQeul~de~sl:;lI~ldanythi:rlg ~'1bout whlllrs,-gol.ing-o.ilI-wday-l.il-t~.-~.c~~.)I()i.r]cl-\v.ilh-rel.~g$011" " (and \,\I'hy"im t]}e ~.w!r~d"?
W<!iS

that what

Wh •.lt is the "wii1:Jkl"~\!Vhat d,oes 5l~ch apl:i~s~ppooit~on. i!w-olvd. etc,) if Qne <<In:t~n. lieS ~n bel ic:vc::"in ~hns opposh~on. ,ev,enill tll:isin!com.p;!lt~b:il:ity, whkh ~s W say~if on,e
fernll~mwiUlinl
,rfl'mrl1lts,

or the PiilISl I,hrec ccmuries

ill flO

:;l

c~rmin tlfadit U(lI'l of IheE:!lilighwlli'!llt>nt. mae nf ~he rn:iltilyi1f1~ig!u-

[not of
<l

<11,1

!'J',ifktar~m'g~ who\S:ecrirJcill

Con:,e
Qif

qUilS~ -m~chill[!!~c:!ilny,A ptiGt~ i[U;~.m:l1'lM,~>,I. de~Q~nt; of

<!

r~U1idJin(1'lMoukl

ilUlg~

i~ p['(lrm.!!!ld~r~)ol'ed in the Reformation).. but ye$, Ghi~ Iight of Lights,

th.e

u'(,mcelldental ;flcld resiling uct rO'spectU\lcly,l:heilbsolllt'liiiight

n~,a;cJhinc. One cwmJ ~d dU.l$ ha.ve bc:gun hy of ,m.meriarity,

dill~

pOiS:~llg,

Lumiert!s~ wMch lruvcrs~s ]ike

1"lJ]o~..~n~i.judll€u.Cl1iJlSI:ilil

single ray

,t3~ruliu cdtk7al Olr:i}d<ll:l.ti-rdigiolls vi.gi~

.fili<iti.on "Voh:!i~ ft:c..:F('uetbIlChIh]s 0ppoiSit

abiJI':Qh.ue "birlhr:~glije' <J,I:"

drQfr

-lsl:amic,

.rt '[l':!'fltlin

M;]rx-Niet7:.Sche-Freud-{.!:ndev-en
detennil1l:!~.c

)-He~degger~~ Bey'ond

km anCliu;,

!h.;!L~rf cof !.h~ rdlhi~~_]. n{! d'lU5 .,I~o or Ih~' r~1!gi.ot1~. I !11jj)1~ t~ libl.'rty orf\!r~ffili'lil\h.l'i\I:' l""l\l.li,ti,~~t~{1~ ~ d l:rm~~~!if;, (P.tlris: G~Ul~~, ~~,"h: I E'!1:!l~~~11. r~lili($ (!I'J'ri'l~HJHrl:p, I r:1i'!.S, LtJnd(Oll; ~(I1't.m ~DIJ\l<:S. 1991).

liL Wi!ilOIJI goo',~n SUlCliKil'lg rof r.thGr djm'lll~~

Iledtilg>e (11H)~('-S$t€iP'.rus(,riI~)~rl 01:11he ofhl~'r SLdc, .hill of f,eHgi.ol]s~tlt

andE!~d.l

~ild of ndm

p(Jsstb~e fibl~I'iolls,to

the Soi:hmi.'ti~n

I horhy)" pe'"h,aps~"'e :might be~.blc tOl!i~'to alldimerminulb1e d(,'\I\i~o[l!rul('IU of cd~kal,

"u I'IclerS~il mi ~ htl\",' Ihc~nl~'1<erllJ rboiM.c no~de"nt inc r(;'J~on, fa,r fjjoln

AL 1;'l tHo IU I ILi ION

FAln'l

AN D KNOWU

DG ~

"Al.mos:t literaUy .•• " he says. i\'f; .. lw,]ys•. recourse to k.nowlcdg,e :is temptation hself, Kncwi ng is Mmpwt ion; alhe ~1:iiiJ a somewhat more singul ar sense than b~lie\'ed when re'ferril1~ habjtuaHy 'hahit'lJ,l1l~f,.at~cllsd to the" Evil Geniu;~ or to some ori,!pnal sin. The I!cmpta:tion of knmvirlg, the temptation of knowledge, is to eclieve not only d~:;n:on,~ knows what one knows" wh lch wouldn't bt::'too serious], ;Jut also d~.ri 'One knows \,."hiU kno~N.I!i:dg~ is, 1:h31 is, &e!;', stH!CWI'OIHy. of beHef or f fuilll'l-of tllt1,fiducia.f) or 'Of trustworthines " Tn' temptation to' believe in ,{Illo\,,'leclg;e.here for example in the precious authority of Be lIl'!lenistc, can bardl}' be ieparsted lllo.m.a ertain fear' and trembljng, Before' \,._.,hat? Before 3 seholarshlp rhat .s recogll]:lied, no dOll.]bt,and legitimate <lind respectable, but also befoee rhe confiJenee W11:11whkh, i1I1U~1(}ri:zi:llg im~df ~\1:itho~ll trem bHng, throughthis allthiofit Y', h Benvelli.\ite (for example) proceeds with ~h,c cHuilng ~dg.e of assured distinction.
For e ample. between the p'(flpa meaningand ,its ether, the liIeml sense and its,

lbgclbl1!r wil.h ~poi·ute/). t~ must W 899) ,.The p~ rasite Ej\~.siJ!.ls abcut to r\~!!.!tn, negjon

COil

itle'[ fe-p()'ruil!o. Tile p.mpc:r me.'1ning of his

~SpCl'll-

deoana Ih~ relation whh spi)rj{I!W,enl!:Jg~

brillgll

thmJIJ~~froi1'lI diruog(te ofP'auW,fi. (Cuplimi. <

llillWS: 1)11,

Hegilli:l good

Iglnljd isapprorod, is

m,ie. And the ratter

898 [ • ". 899,M

~Immj'fts

Imll.lliscs Eirg<l:>i,lllli10 feed hi m all his d1::ly,~, if whfi.I' lw roys is himsd/iftl rum:

I sponcicil

hi i wtl?--SpcwgdCtI,

'-'go

tuum tibiaducnissi': filium respendeo, I. fer n~y I'.~n. promise yo~~Ih~1

10

"ls th.is n pmm,r.se?-h·s~. pW!lriJ'i:re;-Alnd

y.on.lr son hes

an Lv ed .. ~
!meted

111is l'iia.lo,SlUe is, con

,M!:, ~. re-~pojfsio by

l!COt,'lrdi"1:\

a legal formula;
I+I~t

:I

~pfmsi(J b}' the

the' ~'1tbcr" furrl1.:5 of a .sea.i.fLI.}'

exp're1>L~il)fi

ilve heI]cdbr:th rec iprc-

c.ai:: "I guarilnlJC~ yc:m, in r-e1.1I 'l11~t {iY r son has H?atly :lni~!:d." rn, Y Tnisex;;hlll1gt'
SiWU,. is;

ofgm.filil!Cl:'S, (d, Om

,(.m~l~er or ... l gi,,\,,:~rise to l

:itb~[';, as tllough pr~dsely thO!! i.l'5e/f "'ilhidL is here i n qUL!'.':iti,on (for el,a:m~}],e the response, res:rol]sibiUty ur t~liginll, etc.) did net arise, in a quasi-automatic, machine-likeor Dl1et::hanicalmanner.uut of the' hesitation, indecisionand margins :lcil''W'een two ostensibly assn red terms, Semple. h)~,it01ll:Ol~, lndeclsion .•rerlcenee the :~U'IlCi~ mod,l.':sly <pudl:l~r>" respect, .restmint before that which shouldremain .acr,ed, holy or safe: unscathed, imn'ltille)-tnis too it> what 1,$ meant by reUgio •. Itis ~VCf.l the meaning that .~en\'eniste believes obli;ged to retain with ri'f~r,eon(eto the ~p[opeJ and constant usages" of the word during the classical period.~t(i Let us nevertheless cite this page of Benveuiste while emphasizing the word ,·'propeli,n'''.~iler~ tHy:' an ...,~mQst. lite'u<ll[~~" , thatis :ahm osr III irad-bogg,]i Il;g, andfin ai~lr'what is saidto lave "disappeared and dle "essential" thai "remains," The places to which we call utention situate ~II. OUi ey, s chasms over ,..,rnic:h 11great cho.lar w'll.kl). with tranquil "tep. as lho1l.l.gh. he knew ~ihilt he 'wa~ t::dlcing about. while a,t the sa.I'I'H! time i.(know]~dgin,g that at bnUOfI1 l':IereiJIll.y oesn't know vt't)r much, And ..II ~l1iii oes d g m, as we can sec, in the tln.igma Li,L Latin drelFiv,;Itit)rh in the'"prehistory of Greek and ~llt![i:~ AU that grJi5fUl i!'l ·,...Ih.ai: can EIlolonJg;er be Isolated asa rcii;gim,r5 '!!O(a'n~ltllrr. I!.I'hich to S<l;~,. a rel densh ip of :right Lo religion, in the experience of the promis 'in se or of the indem nili,catory offering, of word commialng a :fitlt ~:l,fe l.he pre~{'lilt I.U HJt oonc-emi rig ;)nev,ent ~hil:tis pac!>t: •.[ pt·Q,mi.~~ YIOU [ill <It ~~. happent'd: W'h,lt 'Iml~lCflICd? Wbo, [0 bepnKisc? A ~OI1. yours. How bel!tifll~ il! ~MVI.';!!I ~·\'lIll~'].e. ~ligion, !loth Uflg, lJe£lS::
n

the 1lfIe'.:ming, alread)' w~l established

said of the' iaterpretcrs 'of :In
(If

ill Lu~ ~!)~SP()lfld.." [~(!£p(1l!d,"O, in.

,reSJ:l.tmfiOr it

1,lle gc:Hk, 01 pfi~5'ts. Jlt~bly of the h<lfUSric;~s, depcshing a se _urity iII return p,de5iL. Th·i·s c~:plaim, a .~~gaJ usage

gi'I,'irl~ dI prtJurl$e. j:r!r;etrmn gift; i!. t~ the "response" thl.: verb:

rt'S(HJildcrc

lor tlu: offe-rii'tg.

of<ld!:. ofa
ill

Qr

de

jim;', "to, give

·!,e!.'lIJ"Jilsuitaliml,"

The jurist, with .his

(ml"/.-SWt1rU

competence, guasantees the value of the opinioftJ he sJv~'ll" Lire"!us no~

:I

5Yn'lm~tticlll

Genn:ll1i.::: cspresslon: old '~Il,gl.

'response' (engl. ,anS\.verr', COIfllMfCd lu the gDI. SWilTIII.1'1(1 swear. prono\ltl«: solemn words': il is ~llm"$I' lirmllly ri';sptmtJ?r:r.

Thlls we can determ i:lle precisely. ~n the preh ~sao(ry Greek and of l~1 igl. of
the ffi!."<lnil1gof a te.rrn ~h:lt is of the grt:."il~~£r'imp'I'Ittimce
,II

in

refigimlS

vocabull1lJ"

nd the value til !It

:If! Latie,
,rlil

ii!;, de.d",ed

from the re I, • ~pjm(,j' w.il:h respccJ to other verbs i;:ritial di'srblftilJ'lr has aiwppe,(.!red. hm the
of Sptili~io' on

that Jndjc~t~· ffering o

in gencr<Li.
1'1:11',1 {l/fb!!

rmp.rJrlmll

I!~remifll rCmlij',IS' and. this iil whal determi nes the juridical notion

l'iJC one h::md. aud ~n the ether, [h~ Ifllk 'IIi.i'th ttl!: Greek coneepl: ~f${1!1.nde. IJ

OJ!

i.. 1'111.",· Ih,- 1·~I'I"·'·""I'.1,,"'" • , r ,.. 10n, "i "I',j.,,' ,mnt', ~hJl"in~ .1w ~n,I ........i~ 1IIi'IIi 1,1 ,ui I.. hili rIO )r, I. I • I~, 11.1 i Ii ~i~ 11M. hili. ~!~~,~! ~ n~~!I!L' Ih;_. l'n"''fIi,'lu· , .,nd nl~1 ,II"'~lnlllli.'~li ~ilgl'l~~lIi~1IJ I!!" I~IIU II! III; !! III' I~i I illl~· hi ~.I,,~I hu' n! !!Iq, II ·.'nh I~. WW .h.n lin ~n~I,'ilUllr ..... inl'II'!U'I·,II~lln1 '11\ .lin, I' !I! ~I ~ I ... '11~1 I~II .IIJ',i!!'·"u1 iunhil~tllli\.
~tI.Ibid

•• J~. 521. I~f

t:IC;lll1pl.:, '''l1ih '.1,UMt

does no'! follow the movement of miitlll any more' necessarily than the hItter rus:rn!~stow,anis fao.lh 0n God. For if ~he: ,uflrCepI of" r~ligDr()[J" implics. an il1ltitihniontbal is sepamble. identifiable "il'clinucribahle, tiedlluough its 11'uel: to the Rom;m.n i!15. its ,esscnti:al ttll.lHolli both to f~1lh and to God i); i1l1yth inlg !::1m i st'l·f-evident Wbcl'D '\'i'e :s.pe k, we' EIJlil:opetllns:, so '()l'djl1aril~; a iJ1 d so ,con. u...cdJ~r turi:nf .. ahl)ut <Ii "n:ti,lrn of lh,e religious;" Whill do we Ihereby l.1am~~ WIM~dll WI; n:fcr? 'Iii
(),2) Bu ~ religion
.~I. Ii ~illl.~ I ~III I '.
11.,·11\,'111,11'

rll~Jn. I .• ·l'h 1:-', u:'oJ~~ j'"ii

11.,1 m

~'!I

iI,.

-~I

~In~~

I:h~ b~IL-11~1I wnll,I!Io '1i1l,1 I htl

'-1.lt~~I~1I ~!!'.... I-I L'i,

r"I'

,II'"

Ii

ii

Ii ~hdS..I~~I~ II"

IrUI~II,,",,"'\.L "iiil.~."'·

III,l"-;1'lh.-t.tII!lKII

Ilili. h·I'J-:r...

lll~ti ..,,11111'111 II! 1,-

.'1' ~

Iii

j,H I.I"III~

I.

"!t'lolill

~I ~'I~I

•.

1\

"I , (H

IU Ilto!\

IN

FAI rl-I AND

KNOW1ED

71

l'he "rd~g;ious.'" the rulu~kl~i~rIh;j.I'i~.valilandy ;is~w,;;i'lh."d ~...ith the experience olf the ;;tined ncs:;;of'lhe d !vine, tlf !he h~~I I" nl'ill h' .... uil' f thc unseat hed Uleil'ig )-is it ;wn:1 reHgiol1? III '\'1l1nltUI(1 I:owllolt ~':\:h"gll dm'~ .1 "sworn f,thh;' a belicf have to bl:" COmmrft;ed or f"lb~grd? IlI1'wr,~d}~, liD l''''~'lc; !o,Wofil f~Lth, giv~.n word" trusrworthines " n .rust ur i:onfi~kll~'~' iu~·u~"r.ll i~hHll\.'S~;ltijy inscribed ~11 "I:,eI~gUO!UlI;' even if the ll,]ta :cr dn~.~ ma rk 'L h l' ml'i\l'l'q~t:' I:H:~'ul' t \"'l~ experlenecs ihat are ,gen{!mUy hekl to be
(l

.'ll'U,:!

11), I el i!~h iLi-':

1_ Ilit.' ex pt'r i l'IW~' nf bdi,t:f,

Oil the one hand (h~~ie'"illg 0 r credit, the fiduciary Or' 111("ru~1.~"'nrthy 911 ~he act of fBJifh, fiddlty. rhe appca~, to bHtnd cmdid,ilJlCe, 'the t h:-,~Imorn ial thil!!is ah ...ws beyond proo:~,demanstrativereasoa, inl.uition); and i , ~. the experience of the unscathed, lJ'r 5tlc.,.e,dn ssor of ilOl.illess, on. ~h~o~h'IT?

These rwo veins, tor 't:\'o;O strata or two sources) of the religleus should be disingllished fr@mQneanoliler.TheycandoubtliCss be ,ass)[)cia~l?dw'idl each othc[ snd .ertain of their pos ,ib]'1O'o-i.mp.lli.C'a.tiollli analysed. but they should , I'Hr\'L?r be :omfust:d or reduced to oneanother a is almost alv ay1i done. Inprinciple, it is ;wssibJe to sancti fy. to sa· rallse tilt> unscathed ,or to maintain onesel fill .tiw p.rt:s~ltce )f t'IIH:~acrosanct nnvarim.lls Wll~"s whh{)~n h'.ing;lng ~nto p~,ayan ~.d.of b di.ef~ if It lellst· b die:. kith or fiddity sig:ni.fies he re lIGqJuie.scit'l,g to. the te rlmony o'r the }lher-of the Imer!:I,' Ori:U!T who is imt cessible in irs l,b50Iut~ source .. And there .vhere every other is utterly other <oil umr af,df'rl? f51 Umt tl!n;rO. Conversely. if t carries beyond tlli,epr,eS>e'I'IQeof what would o:ffcritscl f to be S~Il:'i, tm,II,,,hed, l nOVien, tile acq uiescence of trust: sl~iU does not in itself necessarily in'l.'o.lvc the :1!cI'ed.{In this 'O.l1t~Xt two'points deserve ,(;ollsidenllioll; [If· t, the distinction rroposed by Levinas betweenthe sacred and the holy;, we shall do th~]lelsewhere; le-conJII)~" I he necessity for th~i>~two heterogeneous SOlITCes of rd igi.on to mingle heir wiltl'rs. if one can put it that w,a,)"witbou~ ever, it seems·io us, 1I1l1oLmt[ng sim)1), to the same.)
33) We met" thus, !It Capri, we EUIIOpe'IlIIU, assigned to hm;l1il1J:gcs (]r.!1li!lrl,~pa.riish. ;ennal1, Preach) in which the same Vi/ord, :religion, should mean, Or so we thought. he same t:hing, As fo:r the ~ru:Sh",(ul:hiness of this word. we shared our presapposiiOD"llll:t B~n!,!i;;niste" he latter se,ems ilt ,effect to ibri!i.e....e T himself capable of .recog]izing <lnd isol:1lting, i.n. IJle' iltlide on 5potl.~io lilal we ,e'\I'okc,da mOIl1,cnt ago, what H~ refers to a~ "rdi,~,iousV:OCOibuhlir)r." Jhn cveryl:l'I1illl!:', r'~~mai,ll:>pmhtematicin tbi~,
'C~r<l,..'t .. jn~1 H ~:n~~I'i~l,\[lm;o;t'~, i!l ~ ~

""\oi/lUJ.l is, ... ?~ '~V:hi,d:ll]5 't!() sa}', OI~ rhe tme htl.rMl, wh,;rt is i'l Jn 'it~,a:e,P1c,e? Arad c:m the OOI!?t, what is it (present i.lldIc::uivel ~It pIcsent~ \!VIlat is it doing, wh,al is being done with 'it at pn.'£I1'IU,. roday,. wda}' in the world? Soomany \,\I',1I:fS of rn.si:m.laling. in each of these wnr11s--h iflH",e;s$CrtCtl. pr:es.enl~ 'Io,wtr/-, responseinte (he question. So m,U1IY"'tal's of i.mpos""g the answer, Of pre-im posing i.t Off of preserlblngi l as rdi,g;ion. "f[IC:'r,e we might have, perhaps, a pre-def n it:iO:Fl: h oweverl9 tttJlenl1!}' be known or re1ig~ol'l ill f,he ~i.ngular, we do know that it il lIlways a respenseand res,pom;,ibilitl' that it is alway. response ancll~espo'l'lsibithy that is prescribed, nlJot chosen freely in ar! <lctof pure and OI!b,M r<lcdy auicnemous will. There is no doubt t h~t it i.mp:ili,es t~e~r:lom. will and r,espo:ns:ibi:lh but let as ~ry to ~hi.nk~:his; wiJl1.lnd y. frl1~,dQm w;thmu awmwrny, '\'Vl:ioNheF is 3 question iI of sscredness, ,U rifida~.ity or {I . fa.ith"the attic!: makes the la,w, the law is !)di:~r:~o give ourselves back, and lip" to. the' OItheL 10. 'every other and 1,0 th~ !,.I:tterly other. The said <Ad iscursive practices" would rcsp und ttl, 1iieve:r.:n type's ofprogramme: I

mHwr. a~ W,IS ;u;;i ~lDg!-tl'~h·il. ~H'~~·Llr~i\'oI.:' " pn~('li~'l'S,"

OIlh'mpl ill!,: lin iOlkt'

onesel]' of aprovenanee by (1'ty!Ii1IO~ogiie8. hoe bestil:li..i5h'3tiun would be given b), tile divergence cul!lcerning d]€ two p(j~5rbJ:t! ' ,lp/'u,dogicals(lul'rc.s or the' word religio: fa) r"i!.kl,~r:e. from le,ge.re r'h~l~wst, ather"}; Cic~roni;]J1Iltradig tiOri coutinued by 'IN" OUo, ].-It Hofmann, BCfl'lCmistti; (b) l'i\!ligl'lr:e:, frorn ligan! (",to tic. bind"), This tradition would ,go frUIT! Lactanrlus and T(!rh.l.l1ian to Kiobbert,ErnOl1t1cmct" Pal]l.y~Wissow,a.]n addition '100 the fad that etym.ology never provide a .lilIWand only 'provides. material or thinkillg on the condition thi aJ: i.t allows itself liO be ~huug):U as wei], W'C shnH attempt Iater to def rle the impl'kalion Or tendt'nC}' <.du.lrge> common to ~he l'Ili'Q ~~:mr"E;'Sof m,t:3n~ ng th [IS disti.nguished, Beyond a case of sinrplc s}'nonrm!i the tllj\Q ~mantic sourClCS, perhaps. overlap, Tiley would even repeat on> another Mot far rnm wbatin truth would be the origin of repethlen, which is to ~!!~'~ division url.he ~atne. the 2. The 8e<i r-.ch for hisu)lriw-sel'mmdclli ;fmOilHons,O.r rs'em,e,3~ogwes wou M ~i'C'IIC.fi]ili,ne an immense lield. w:i~h1;\·hkh 'lhcmct:'ll1.i:n,g of the word is put to the test of his1\Q[ir~ll'tl"ansn:rm<lliOllS Mid elf im;.fitutional structures: history and amhropolOogy of religions, ill the style of Nietzsche, f'or example.as \''!'eHas in that 0 Be:J1v,el1l~ste whenh,e helds "lndo-EuH.lj?,e"a1'l in~:[itut.iioras'" ''''\',r]tUle.s&eS'' to the /.J;"~ "i~tnry of ,m.,t!all or of <lin,etymolog-y-wilticl1 ing in itself howevcr.proves Ilothingilboutthe ecffcctivc 11, C .of a wot'd_ 3,. An 'Hliill)'sis abov.e all oOllcemed with pragm3itk. lind fun tion<ll!t:'ffeCI::i.n~ofe sl:mcl:um.1 and abo mOire po~i timl, w{),ul1;.l no! hesiMlC luitiV€S,[ il;1.~M ~he u~ages 001' appN'C:I'~qon!> ~~fihe lex inli 'W~OUI1Cc~, \"'~l{:'I'(!, n 111 ihl!' fll'~-Cnf a~7W!\,,}:\uILtril 'i t:'5, n
I. Amlrill,g
mw~u;ll n·llun'IK~·S,. 001' ml'pl't'~{'('l·lu~.'~:1 {·unh'_~I". db~'jlu!''i,(,' lilwr.lit·

l~' 0If~ i.~lIl.'lkd

and m,uk'

I~i ~hti~'a;IW ill

Ilw

InL·.t~,lld·t' ,:I ~

Ih~,

... wlmh

:!I]d

1III':.li'llli. "\'VI1;!1 i.. 1'l,li",iilll('

lHl',mill,I' hum

",II.H' h.!lt

11'll"m!i'ry ,111,111'11111

,,11 "III"I'II~I'tI.

lillr:m

...

t\.CTS

or

RF. UGION

F,r\,i r1-1 AN 0

KNOWHDG.E

iJ

Ihese til rce biases seem, _rom diffcl1f!'ll!t ui.llt;s, 'IF view, Jeg,ili.m:iite. BUl even if they p send, ali I bellevethey do, t j:rrefum ble imperatives, my proviskllla] h)rpot:h~s,j},; lich I ,adlvaru:~31.1 more pl'ud!cnd~'aild t~midly 'or not being ,able tn ;u~tify it the ]ciel1'11yin the ,limited space illI1d time a.\filah~e is thai here, in Capri, the Jast WPI? III tn deminate, It should nO'I: exd udc the ol:hel''''_~h~l\'>'OIIJ.ld [cad m 1,00 m<lllY' .ln1i lies-but it should privH~ge the sigmi of what in theworld, war.)', singularthe use of tile ,!,IIcm:l"n;ligion" as '~ el.l.as experience 0 "rellgion" lIssociated with ... word, ~JI:~rewhere no m~mory rind. no history COi1~J sulfice to announee or I~'rit. arleast mn <it first sight. I \"''O'l.llIdave had Ihe.n~fo:re toinvent an operation, h scursive machine, if one prefers. whose economy not oIlly does justice, in the .eu nd lime 'liV,ailak)I~, Ito these three dema nds, '1'0 each of the impc.r.t'1:tiw.'lhat we t .nl I:C;iSt, ttl beirrefinable, bUI whiChwol,lld <lJ80 OI'ganize -tile hier ...rch~'and the .·IlLit, ... .t II certain speed, at;,u rhythm given wi ililn the nnrrow limits, <a~'lIililbl£'>.
I

hurmltl s" Of elsewhere] b . ~""tlet-liitt,!f." 11 thing that is one and idrll"ifild1~'f, identical. with it:5.eJf, wb ich, whether rei ug:iolU.s or ,if rellgious an agree re call" religlon ,.~ And yet •one tells one5~lf> one still mustrespond.Withillthe ,L;glin phere, the '(n~g:i11 or rdigillwas 'the themcorf challenges that in truth W'ltreiIltermiIlable', BCI",",ce'll two readi figs, ertwe I.e.~so.nr$, therefore, two provenances: Oil the one hand, sUPflQr~-ed by t.!:xts.ofCice:r-o. re.iegelrf!. what would .\iet'.m~o be the 3\10\''O'edltlormal and' emamic :filiianen: bringing ~()getheI i11 order to return ami begin a,g~ill; wlle:ilrC£ relig.io; scrupulous aneruion.respcer, pl'l.~.ie·IIl,.e> eVCl1modest Y.shame Of piet'r--- .• d, on 'tile' m other hand (Lu::t<l.n'lilji,l> and ·17ertul~iiln),ri!lig.c1re. '~trrn(lLo,g)' '''i'llv,cntcd by Cnl"is tians, ...as Benveniste sars?Z ;lind 'I.il"lk:il'lg rd(gion '10 the litJk, plfecisely:" ~o obligation,
a

Etfmoruog~es" fi~wiit~ons,~~e..:lo,gies, pil"!!lsm,liJ~:ics, We win no'l be ahle ~o here 01]1the analyse: . required by distiacnons dUH are indispensable but I)' fC:SI'CICd urpractised. There are' In3rlf of them (riligionHait:l1; bt'li~f; refi!/~~ i.~ly; r,e'imgioCnllcuh; [eUgiont'~heology; rdigio nfti'lcio.lu:fiY; n~]i.g;iOtliol'ltQtheol, (Ir )"~~I agnin, r, lig,iolJs/dirvine-mo't"ull or ;innno[t.a.I;, religious/s;:K.rud~.sa.lled·- •.lmcatht\cI-imTmll1.e'-'1~mg1. But anmll'lg them. before or ;]n~r them, wewi:lll i.~~ the test the qnJa~;i-tmns,em;knta~ pl'ivilcg1S: We belie ve ourselves ohliged to II Ih!: dislim:tii(ln between. on tb« om! hand, the experience' f belief (trust, t ustill iI ]C'.'>.~. confidence, fiith" the credit accorded the .gar)d faith .of ,IIf! j'~ll'erlyOllner W expt'rk'n~ ofy,ritnessin,g) and, lm tl~!.' Qj'h.:r. the experience of sacredness .• ! 1'1' h(llin.~,!;~", of the unscathed that is Silk and So'LIIld (II ·.Ilig. oly). h hese COIlle Iw~~ distinct ,5itmr:c~sor foei. "Rdigi(Joi'i~ ligures their eJlipse because it both pi'd~l.:'nd.~ 'ti"'O fod but ,a.lso sQ.m'elimes shrouds their j'[,n'ducihle duali.l y :in the i'l~', ill ,\ mann.e'if pn~cisdy that is s creer ai'll!. rerrct''II,t" I .m)' C~!S1;. lh~' hf,stol:;r of t:h~ wmd'r-eJigiOrl' should in principle forbid ~\~F)~ ~:lll'jM~.m:fl.'om using fhe n11'rne "tdigion," ;in uroe'r to !ietognize in h what "we" It! tl,i,_·,s,igrmte, identitY ilIlt"! isolate :lncr-e.\;Vhy add he'.re tbis q,~~alificatjOtl of I ,(:11ri~'1ia fl"? .1 oth~r word~, 'Why SllO'll.ld the CQri,cpl: of :religio.1lib~ so.~d'Y n ~I i ~Ldb? Why"i n :my as.e,. dOC"li '1h~ qu(·~'tioll de-serve 10 b~ pu,'>i.:"{i nd the hYI~Olha 1.lkt'lll sC:l'inl!~l? FlCi'lV(:l1is.ie aJl~.o I'e <Ills Ilb.,U Ihe]"t' is no "n'IlH1Hll!" lind· Ip~'·.m It.'i'I'I~ j~~r'wh,lt We' ~·.dll n:ligion:" Tilt' ~11]1~.I~i' I.II~~I'I·"I'Jh " E ,lid w~l: um~~h'i;~ "t.'p,;nr;r.h· g!l~! i~ LQlinn" \,...1'1.11 'Ik'IW!;'Ulis'l(', hi!' hb 1,.111.. ~ .!II,,, '"Iii!' !DllU1t~H"~l'llt no,.1
~rlalw
j

22_ ibid" p'. S'11'i IT.1'1i~ [lIdD·[U ropO!\ll.n v()Cllb!!l~r~' <ko.t'sRot dIt~puse of 31lr ~'{IIDmgn tl'tli'f fOlr ~reljsimi~ nd il is in" the n;JI LIre ils.clf of IITi" nonen I'loi 10 lend i'!sdf!(] ~ sinsJe ~mj ·'un ~~lmitl~J,n;lRa.!i[)II:" Cor~lali~'ol'J}', we w~'u1r:1 have crm.5id~mhlg diffi~ul!r in dism\'~pnn.~. ~~ sueh, WOO! orse would rctrnspee~[\~I~ b.~t~mplooto idC'l1itif~' i.md~.,1;h~~nfmr~, ~~·hl.ch i{l ~O}'.~u 'in~'iitlltiml~1 mLi iIy n?sl!':l'I"Iblill!!,~\tr~. h "I~ (:lU "rdigioll." W{! ""~1!1din ilil}i ease h;m~ dimt'l!h~' in 11n<iing ,illlj'tlihlg, of Ihal ord~r ill th~ lun,11 of a socildly s ·p.lI''lilble ;,mliIY. Mml!OVt'r, wh..:n IIt:Jl\".mi~t(' pi'op"jse~ 10 5~u:dy sol ·lr h.f! tt'r'lI5,. Gfl'Il!'k line! L:Jotin......hi· h.he ~a}·,s,,~ pn5li rm f.'I!;i~lrlfr!r$ 0 "rtlii),ioll.'·' IV~' (lUil-hi fm our r,~ra ~(llImkrs1:or~ 1\""0 .~igc;r.11 .!IiIi.. n IH trai!)!;" tlll"ll paradczes ..Jh!l \'<'~J~.~~~u iWIJ ~1J1lk-~1 g;md~L;;: 1.1l~[""'-;::lli~I~Jln.·£Ll.pp()~~ liolbod:n ..· . ured mCJ:nir:r.g orth~ ~lrd~re'~&I:I:I'I;5dm:~ he authorlz ... himsl'liTl!Ili ~

iden.ify
!h is

r rt>-OOi'Li,~~r4!ht'mi(m

jt~ "t'!JiUi"iUlclIl

,m

I-Io'.ve\\~r. II ;;eel'1:1!~ to

me Ill. t he ill. no poim th~milJ!i:!l!;";or rrubll:'milliZ<.~

]l-crmil:~
.~f1~

or .his Ilre~Urp"'i8il ion, t.mthins

to .J.llll'iorilZ.l:' the .llirpc~·h"·~i., ~s he hil1~otelr

1'I1~q im h is <::y~~,thg wChri:j .. a'I'L~ i"ifli1'",.mill!,\ POOIII ides j:,~ro: !Iw i!lLlt! i:n~ roc'r,~rcllK.C'. 5in~. b ~iI)'S, ~nhe ;!'Itcl'!)fel.i'Liol'i by wli~mi~('bond. r:Jlse.~

obliga.lira!l'

, •• iliYClilcd

br Chris!i,ms,

I is]

ItLl,iorit:<i1l

2. On. the QLh~r hand,

whell;

~flj~r

Ilw

mm:l:r "I.~~r r~[jl!i!]oJ1~).I~diWct'I~tc rct~tru-"lfl!d ~ i eonfronted

G~~p. ~rorM ~'rmrdd~ t"cult ~ild pi~t)l, riural Ub(£WI~I'(!e,~ mld Ihi~ i~ I'h~(jth~r term ofthe p~ir-Ihc' \\;o~d. nl%!u;,
idL"nllo;-a.ljlo "re'tigt,o[j.~ 'We liml ourselees

i! 'i~ (lnly ,IS <In "e(lui~·.rI e'Ilc:" (whi(:h ;;;(mld hmull)' rnean

br nl p'~irnil(l:ti;;;JliIU;niYIl .h~t dt~erDI'!;.:s ~.. ry ~;r;,:II.'! ~!l il1tr:r'l'iil ilf mH~ P~'llC" 'Ih~ dou: M~ and dhC!JnQL"rtins Wo,; Ihal Il~ii ...~tri$n~ mwk<::,s,d~>Jib~r'<t~(!'ly j'J·r Iilot, 'li,f H'wl!' 'word "'~q ~.iVilI~ru"which \,,!! !imllh~si~c thus;
(i1l"',\(e

sh .II telir:in oldy 11"0 1~!'ffi.S,r ilift!1.1;·l.'i."'l ilnd

j;)fI~

rcU"w'

whkh"

.o!'1.1l' ii'I ':reek

iilid the ,olher' ill '0:1.11.;lI~" fit p

t;;I

J.alin, c~n p!]S5, for ~ql!i\1';l!eiU . ()f'rtligion'" (p. 517) ..I-l~r~, dum, iUO:I.\YOwurd5.lh~1
~liorl, H"(jr~.uh·~I(::Flt~ jj{ more

(~f hem. whkh 'its~Lf. OJ1 !he' (lt~llo~vi'l1!.lpat)!:', i~ a ~id not

ba"'ll·;tr:IY

'C>i:I!!h·.demi'M 11l~ w.orld. 1It'lt ~I !o,'il~!:in ~We-.st~ri'l lan.g.u~~l"s'" whk'"

iliipOrl;J III .i n all ~~pto,(IS.r.!
nQWWIl'];g

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il' i5'

11:11 We ~

ro' !h~

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gi~1 \~hieh rocm~illlS', i Ii mil \~~rn

1~!l.gI.!il.s.es. Illl' S'oile .~n.d w.rul.ta:nl W'(lrd. for l/oI'hich iii:! .i1tlm·w~·-

1.11 j" rdill~i~II'I."

1'.1".,'11hitl;1

,wh~'I"~'\'!' ,,"~hol·'~'·I·'Ni.!!'" ~I.r". 11,.1 .• I ..

1I1·.lllllir.'ll'·"

11!,i l'l'l'l'!'H

I. lin'
1."10"

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j.I·'~ L'li~~i~Il!" m.I~I~'tillll.ih'.Th~'I~' ,:I.

.!IN ~ ,!'~'('! \'Wl"'h', W "I

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WW WIn'I.

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h''',1 t'

1,'l!Ior ~tl~l'itlll.e' bas i:'~\C:r het:n ~bl~ I,v iml?me iHelf'" (p. 5illi: emph3~1s "ddl'otl).,1t is ,iI Hp.FOIJcr rnciJnill~r (IIUie:iI:;;;d10' b)l' (;1(;0:00'), ~tid iI i Ih~ "propl;r ~nd .;o!lsl~lll. un~i:',5" (pp .. 519. 5·21) Ill~I' :Bl"llve.nii!e in t~Fl:d-:, In i~1!1l ~ify fur thi~ wnr;;1 \\'hi-'!:h i~i n ~h(jrl ~n ~qLU~vali!:nl~~mon.t.! OQl:\o:;"3,bUl ~'"tthoiil~-qIlI"'ill~nt!} ror 't11i!lL\,'hkh ~TImjl b~ dcsi~"lldin sl].UT~hr~nythini! Iml ilsdf.I""hkhi~ I .iiiI.y, by ,;til er!ui~~dcn.· \,<'ithcIUI 'l·,qui"ab:nl. AI h~)Uf1Ill, i~ ,hi., nill dl'~ k;,,~ ,jo.:!'iieielil dtlinilloo. (If r.::1iSifl!l? III illl)' CiJo£C'., whllllll<!m1~IJiS1)e\ tomMI 'lr 1"filj •• 11 i..... 'll~i"i"llo~' .1"""'~~I1.ll~""1,,'rh'II'" Ill., 111,"'~ j,li II hrul ·l1i:'fI•...:~ i~TIl,o:'w.n .he i11~'~! Illt-~' riL"'<I1 ~, 'v 1'1'1 r!~Hll1 "r ~,'h,11 ,to 111,,11I ,~., !l1I.~ I III III,· "hi~LLlrf •• j '1l1 01_11" i I Y,n ,m.1 "",11,11 II'~" ,.,111 i 1)0."~JliI"I·.,d,l· i, "~iiill"dl~III{"lli "11'h~~I!!iU"

I'"

\1

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fAIT I-I .AND

ri1tL:nl r O

\,'IIUDGE

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Iii, ni,' ~

iii.

,.1 dIl,:,1 !·u, iI;

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i'

I;.!

li;h~, I,"h '" ht,~'W~ ~'lll

between

mOin

aJ1I

no :lora,gC-ft~.~M>jius.t seuce a
for 'rdigion: "2~

it did

I]oty,el

exist. ,any "common

Indo-European

term

,I .. 1 I,~'.III.·'~~"I~I,I.1111~"'. \ '
!IW, .,

"llIDld~'

diikR'uH

place, on an entil',e,[y d.i!ffcfoetH

(,lind w,~a:m tl,ot yet done' with • t IU"III.; l h.". il;, ,I111:\0 h"h,lII" III t he I n~1W.IIrfit5, ,etymological but also "rellgious," of ~\"m I I d~.1!;" I~ wi ~III~ lltmht lis:c·in .. t il:lg ,1I1d passionate (it is; related t·o the lui ~Iiun ibdf, ilia...n iI',u'a s one of the two di:s.pnt~CIsources has been daiJ:Thoo te be ·iSll ran], Ih.DI whatcv;e.r its h:uer('.st or m:cesslty might be, su h ;li div'~rs~nce i.sru.l' U~ it "d ill'!:;. ope. I rI the f r-s:a[ll ce, becausci:loth.ingget. dledded at the '.OLII.fCC,' we e jUM sugg,ested.21 Sceo'.l'idly, because thetwo competing ctymologj~s can be r~c('dIII dt~ sa.r.m~, in ,a certain (fI.IJ1Jl1crW ~hc pOS;S,iib~:~ly ~,epe'tit~Qn.,'~;ooMch and 'of duces the same as mw::la as ~t oonJ!rms it In both cases (r~-,legl!re or It:~l~g~!;e'). !'! is al. i sUe is indeed lit persistent bond Ihat bonds il: >Iffirst end :forem~sl: to If. Whal 'LS aU issue is ind eda reunion <r(fcSsemblc,wmr>, 01 re-assembling, ill reecting, A wsist:m'C1Hlra reactionto dis-juncrion. To ab-soluse :J]t,erit1'.~neco~loc!;.. n'Cc.flecter; is, moreover the l;r:a:nsliltrtJil pr,oposro by Beuven lsre, ~ who glu:s:sctsi'l. ~: "return fur a new choice, return to revise a previous opemti()[1,"' whence the ;'('IIr "scruple,' but alse of cheiec, of !reading~!'idof election" f lnmeJUg,cIU1(:.since ·c ~ in be no ~:cI,tctivi,r.'l wit hout the bonds of collectIvity an d r~ooJ:lecrion. Finall'll, .. in thcobonCiin the ~df, raarked b~fthe::~rn.ismatic "re-," that on-e should prl'll<1~'s, I!i reconstrue thli: pas:l3ge between these differem n~'("~mDi1gs tn:lrlegcre. r,,-l'igarce, {'{II,rdco. in whidl Benveniste analyses Wll.lt he also caUs, elsewhere, the "relatien" r!I~/d./"/'1 , •. All the categorle of which we could make use to tra nslate the common Illil'lg or the "re-" \,v{luld be' madequate, and fitM of all because they ean on]y liN md uee iIlW the dcJi ni rion wh:l~ hac!> be def ned •. 3S lilon,gh it aJ ready IfJ ad ~o II ,dt"lilN.:d.For example, illpliele:nding W know wih::u .i. the "proper :rn,eacfiin,g." klWl'niste says, of words such as repetitinnresumption, renewal, ru:fl,",ti,Oi'i. re!:hl!~. tc~\ol~~ctinri-in sl1O'rl:,religion, "scruple," response and r,e\'j.ponsibiHty. IVlii'~l'\f('r side one rakes in. this debate, ~:~ ttl, the ,e,n ipse of these double tilti~l is IIMI Ilu.>~~Il!in: modern (geo-theologic,oapoliHca!) problt!mnti.c or tl-ae"retn.lrn o:f rdip,inm;" refeu. \!lfhoeve.rwou]d Ilot a.cknnwledge either th legidma'Y of this, hl~' rtH:i 01' ~hc Christian preWl.~e!1eelhat has ilnpo~edl irsilf gl(]hally\",'~(hin the' ~~i I ini Iy W>CIuJdhave to :r'Cnl~c'file Vlery pre:mise~ of such a debllte"l5 Am.d wid'! n. an~' 1l1itCmpl to. IIlhlk ii ~iLl.I;at],onin which. "l,i; in tiIlH!$ po ,to Ih(·rt w:ill pt':r~mps
111\"h!'illi
r

ul Ih,'
!

I'lih

.m.1 01'1 Ih\' ilW,lHhll,g

Ii

(3") Btu. OIl1,es:tUllllifiust.resPQllld. And wi,thoul, '''''3.itillg. Wi.tholltwaitLllg 1.00 long . In ~he begi.nn.ing. Mallriiio Ferraris at the Hotel. LU[ellll. "I Uleed,~!he l'C.lb" ~,"w~ m need a theme :for this mlt'>[t~i:n.g. in Cap-fl." In a v":his,pc'.fc. 'wil:h(m~ whi~pelin,g, yel: almos! Wi.'lhOlJlthe$iM"1l1g.macbhu:-likc, I respond, "ReHginn." \t'!lh)I1' Fmm wlwr'l? did this ome m me, and yes" mec.ha.nicall.y?Once the theme was ag.[f,ledupon, discussions ~,\!'~re jlll1pm"'ised~hetwccnr-wo walks at .lIlight towardls Par",gliO.l~c,which can be se-en ,in tile distance, be'i:w,~n Ves'llll'J...l8 <lrld Capri .. Ucuse--biJ refers to h, Faragliolle, and Ontdiv,O, retu res pe L"h~PS, hegho .. of ~i:ght,he shadewless shadow r st t (if nOOl1, das I\.iJia(,lgsg('-$p,~tlst,. more 'beautiful tbiIJn "II the grcal ghUiS:t.ii the iJand,. o.f benerrhablruated" than they, <I. she pUIS h,"ro being dead," and Cora long timc.l ~ had t hus ,!lub~equcraly to justify an answertothe quest ian, why [ had named, a:1iI f a o slldde'~, Inilchim.:-lik~" "[eli:gkll1~~And this, jilislLiil1,clni,u'I] wOldd have become,~odB'Y', In}f 1l:~S'p~H1Sle tothe questlon of td.igi(m. Of religion lOday. for. of ourse, il \,.... euld hml been madness i'L'>elfto have p.I!Qlpo.."f<l[0 ll',eii,1 rdigion .it.se.lf" in general or in its C'ss~nc~;tarher the troubled q uestion, t!;(! common concem is: ",,,i'hal is going On ro dial' wlth it, \'{,it:lii what i:~ d'e;:;;ugnated thL!s?\<Vl~al Isgotrag on lher,e? wtmt, is, happ~nillg :Brldso badl)·? What is happening under this old name?\'Vhal in tile world is suddenly emerging orre-emergisrg unde this 3ppcll.'inicm~"Of I:: urse, 'lids form IOf question cannot be' separated from lh~ more Famdamental one (011 the essence, the concept and [he' his~o.I'Yof religion itself., and of Whi:U .. is celled ~ro.lHg~GI'J ,But its "], appro<icl'i, firSl of al], should ha~'e been, <lGoo>rding to, me, more direct, ;gi.obal. massive and imn.edia~c,. spontaneous, WD thout ddc~. almost in the style of 11 philo~opber obliged to issuea brief pres release, Therespcnse that I gave atmo'll:t without

....

~"1;- :'-I('~

Iuln ',~~I~ui I'll:.; I un~1 !..

'WI ~~lld

, I~"n""" i',I.·, jj~,J.o.I"jjj"f',~m l.m,~rj,;;t,:.." ~', :>l t

I

~1,un1~11111~11~~ g 11.,1I k 1!I~i;'J~r.L'1 In~ll.tI~- ..'" 4

~\~"II~li 'li1r,llIh

IJir~"'I:' ~ ICII !~'.t~n LI

1111 _I

II I~. ~I

ill

i.. ~~
r

Ilgl' .1,lItilL~~

i liN~'~~!II r
II

h~"£itl.lt:ioI1o l~naris must have come backto me from afar, resensting from an t <!Jd1,erni:s:fs CiWlern, in wh.ol')~ (!,cP:!'i'!sthe word W,ruill precipi~te. "Rei..igio[l," a word d:icl.aled hy ~",hoknows what or whmn.: or eVC1'yone perhaps, b}' the reading 0'. the nightly Uellj'S td.'C"I'i~don a:1l inh:matiomd .l1letwo'rk, by thtl ,~ve.rfmalfllw,e believe w,e ~l"t:"by t 1h~ 5t.W: of Lheworld, by tllt: wholeo[ wnllt is as j l g.oe.s{GOti" .it~,synonym in short. 0'. lJisw:ry' aJS sm:h" and ~o on}. Toda~' once a~ai[J,~'OCiarfinall}'. ~oollYotherwise" mhe gu:eat ,tlt1estiofl would still b~ religion and wh1lt some lla~.tilr cal:lits "lretu m,," 0 53}' 'Lhi lg:S in rhis wa'yandlQ lldie'l'e that O1U: kI.'I.0W!\ of 'what one ~peakJi; 1 ~woi.ll.d to begin by no longer umICrSlii1l1d1i.IlS anything at all: as, tilJ:otlgilreligitln.. be 'the q U!estiof! of rcHgiml W.1S, whm 5w;cl:cd~h'~refllrnhl,g', that which ~tl1of a s~dden WI:l'llld (on1.!." lIS a surprL~e tr1 ·\...nh.H one b~lk.""'(:'~UIH.' kmows;: Ilillll1" the e.utih. the world.,

I .!~113'il"fli'!!;·'

1I'~lhnll~ IIU
,Ii

•• I!~L

II!!·t ........ . 'IIII·

=1'
4' ',1. "'.11

1~~llli

III .11 II I !1_1!1i Illi111.,1

III.

"IL'hl~U~I~ f'l,q" •

h"It!d,
!lll~1

~ 'I';H iI ~~'I'qhe'] L\'Idn

ll',k!

nu "" u! IlInl,hi
IL]':II-' II,!

t..

1I1111~!~~II~lljll~ 11~IUi

1111 -11',ilL Iii iiI

'IJIII

,.'1

II~II

r .•

r I,

I"
II

if I Ii..

.1.11j'" ! h;~1

"ii'" i'\i!+.'"

~!hlll

••

F/dT11
i. 'I

AN D KNOWU DC) E

~1 !II ~ li nder lilt', HIIb:ric 0: all t IU'III 1I111j.:)I. It iSlOr}, 01' of IC,IIIe<ry I,~f other ! H "' r J 11111 il !iL~enc;'e or 0, ph ilosop M by. l'\I'C'11of ihe "phi I'(lsol 11,1' of religion." .jrst II h' ,wni~~, II, Is typi,CilJ, and examples ul' Ii! t'LHlitllw nrLlidplied" if I:ht'mi~ ,I quesI' III, rdigklfl, it ougfu 110 longer tu Iw a ·"'lllc:<lion-u:f-religion." Nor 'mply ,I m:lIsc to this q~testion. We shall Wrl}' "1'11,~ hj;"rein the question w of rel:igionis I !.l f ali the qtH:~s't:ionof the q nesrion. or ~ urigi ns and the br}liders of the queshe l-;Ir the response" "The Ihillg" tCII.d:;;illiis III drop u:t f sight as soon a one eves OIiS£~f [<jJbleto m:!lstAI:r it under iht:' tl tle of a d iscipii ne,a knev ..1~e or a IUISCIphy. And yet, despite l.hcimpossibti ill' of' the Hlsk. a demand :is add ressed to, it <ho1l1d be dlili\fere.dl <tell;!':>, de ne, or ten to "deliver itself" <se t'f'/l/r>-this, xmrse, ~n81 (ew traits, in a Ilm ited number of w(lrd~. Economy dictated lJiy pubing ex igc:tildr5..,. why" :dW;I)"l' the question or number, where ther~ ten comBut IiIdIYUi'mS, subsequently mukiplled by' so and so tlllllly?'l\rhere here would be tht: dl ipsls we arc enjoined ~o sarin hiee:pi'l1,g it silent, Vif:h,C'fC tht:, n·rk:eil'u.:e? And what H: ell ipsis, the silent fi:gure and the "kec:pi ng quiet" oJ reticence wete prl;."Clscly, h'!:l mile to thai later, re;ligion? 'I!\feare ask d, in the eollectiveaame ~:f several ~ipt'(,m publisher ....to St,)Ilie a position in II !few pm:g~~ n;"I~,gu(ln, nd that does not. a 'COIl' monstrous wdar. when a se'.rioustreatise on religion w'oul.d d~mand the coniell, ion of new libr;lir:i,es,(1:_ Prance and the uni;v;t'fse"even if. not tJl!1i(!vit,lg fhal is thillA:ing 3fl}'th.in;g m;;'W" ne w'oUild con ~~'I!ll'enesel f with remem h~r!tiig, archivu .da~".ifyillg, I,a.king note in a memoir, of lAill1ll oni: bel.ieves one akead~',bWWJ, ;~lithal1d h1Jowl,edge: bel" CC'I'IIbel:iC?\I'.iI'ig knows and knowing one believes, One ulternatlve is not a g)1im'e'. e'~uscheese, then, I' teld m]',~~]f,a qu ..s:i~<lphori5tk: L n .]S nne chooses a machine, th.'(!'i(£;ilSlpcmic:iOlis machine to treat of religlcm ill '1'\;.IiI[1 number of piige:s::25 01":11 few more, we were given; and, I:e-I. LIS s<!y" a:rbj· n!y,I,~~d~-dphe.r 0:1: ;anagr~m.m<ldzC' thi: 25, .52 very 1Uneql.]iI!~ sequences. as nun}" lIS dispersed in il non-identified field. a fidd that is nonetheless il!ln:ady IU:ll'hil1!;l.,lil.le iI desert ,1bout which one isn'tsure if .it is srerlle or not, or like a I ul ruins 'Ina of ml ales and .of wd:~s and {If Cii\!es <lnd of cenot<lphs and. oL~.Glt,I s!..'!;'Jing~;hut a non-identified field. nOit even like,a. w~lrld (the hristlan hisl r t his word, "world," i11r,e~i!Cly puts U~ (,l'r'l guard; theworld is not the un iverse, I ht, W~j'iran.l>.no.r the ea:rl'h).
1>[:'(' {lI1JI

\ i,IIIlUI:

of dating. that i" of: igl1'Llllla finite meeting in it·, time and .ill it space, 6.'0111 the si ngl!la:l'ity of a place, of
<I

Lutinplace:

apr!,. which h not Delos, nor

P~Ul'lIOS-rlor

Alhct:ls, nor r'e'rusll~€m, nor Rome). I had insisted un the ligh l,!'he rdation

of all

or

religion to fire and to lig;lu:. here is the light of revelation ami '[he light of the Ef~l.ightcn.fil'C::i1a. Light. plu)'$" revelarlon, erlent and erigl [il of O'itf r~.ri§ioti~, pho~u. gTaphi' insrantaneiry; Quc-stioli. demand:. ill view of the Elll~g:hlel1meln of ~oday and lOm!(IUUW, in the Ii.ght of other Enlightenments (.11~4f1dilnmgj .Lumieri:s, l:fIu'l'J'inrSlr101 how to l'im k rci,giol1l, in the dilyli;gh~. of lodOlYwith(lrl!t break] ~l,gWi,lh tilt: phHo\Sophk<iJ u·ad~[i.on? In our "modernity,~ the sa'id :t!::i\dildOIl demarcates ibelf mn an exemplary m~1nner--it 'will have to be Shown why-ill basi1caUy Latin tide, that name rellglon .. p~rst of :lll~nII book by Kant, in the epoch a nd in [hit spirit of the Alifklikw~g, if not of the LWllirf(!s: IMlgioli wltM,j t~re'[imiIS iJfR~~Ci5()rl A}(mc (]793) V,'.IS also <I book on radlealevil, 'IWlhat of reasou and of radicalevjl today? And if the "return of the religloes" was not ~.'ii:~ hmu relation 1,0 Ihe nHum,_anodem or p(1~·t modern, fo:r on. ~f cle'rtain phenernen <I, at least, of radical. evin Does radical ev i1destroy Or instirutet he po'SsibiIit}' rcligioni) Then, the book of Bergoon"lhat g,n;:!!JIlIudaee-Ch r i.niall" The r,,~'tl SOllff;r!'S o/MO'H!J.li9'lmd of I~'e~igi.rm 1932). bctw('en ( the 'L'. 0 \""orld wars and on the eve of evems 0:( whi;e;h'OflttklH}W':S th,lt one does not

or

or

ye~know how to thillJk ahem, and

ttl

wlii,(I] noreligion,

1'10 religious

institution

in

I)

d~e wcrdd remained f~lirdg~]or ~~~r'Vi'l'\ed "J:st:;fH~~Ct,t u :inmume, safe t;lmi!S(llj ri,tl ]111 beth cases, was the issL!l,enot, as ILocby, that of I.llinkil1g religion. the po sibiUry of ~cligion and hence ofits interminable and iaeluctable rC'lllIrn? "T~ I;hi~itk"el i:g:ioD;~" ylJUI say. As though snell a project would n()i~di~~oh~e the questicn lnadvan c. TOoJu)M that ndigion is properly tM,dmbl , a,iilIdeven if I:h.inking is fieithe,r s€~il1~. nor knowing. nOir 'l)nOd\l]~lg,. is,s,tiH to held it inadvance in [,e-sped; tim ....ever short or long, the affait i dil:'C:ided. AJl\cadr in spe'ilki:rngofthe£l: note a of li machine, I have once' <l!gainbeen overcome by ii desirefor eCionmny" or WI11iC'usi'Dn~ the desite te dr@:\!oI" order 10 he q g]jd;,I.he f!'lmol!~ eonel usion of the by in ll-wJ Srmn,"trs ... tow.ard$ :il1'i,mile:r place •• inerher diseoerse, orht:r atgUimentllt'i1lC stakes, The latter could! ah""llr'5 be-] do not exdude it_::I. hijacked translation" OT if rather free :fon'l1li]~i'.!::lil·UOP_ book'~ Clllldydiflg 'wm:ds a.re m'l:m.on:l1ibl{'; "the e'ffu'fit The IF~-quifed to 31l;'(:QliIIIl,pHs'h. down 1,0 our r,efr,OlCil!Of}'pilaoe.t, the ~sseDtial function of the' gn~",ersc) whid!!. ~5, Sim~:IIchijh~' the makil!lig ,of gods.'" Vl/h>lt would happen ir £o,.r Bt:rg:son \,Ylere m1u:~,e W 5.!)I,Yomet], ingcnti.rely d iffe[ent frumw'hat he' bdr,~',ed iaJe ~
{.3n
\1l.'1')'

I hl IiIi

Ilhe

bel'l~lII.J1in.g, the title wiII hw¥c Ibeen my first aphorism.

u\I'1

It condenses two.
11L't:,lll\iC 01'

W'J ,11~i~ ~ntJ.:rillg I~'~,

lIl1'O' l:1. COntracl: wit h t l1'em. Vile.m" CIHi1m ~u~'tlto d,~t:Drmlu~~it

Ih~'m, ~1Y'.I~~in!t liI~'m ds~'whcre whik ~kWllupiiljl, il'

till'" iUiiS. :11 II',N llit'

or wll.ll

Ih~'ir

lheir

\','anle-d

to, sa)' but what pc'rhaps

l'lilt'l.
ill~ i hm,ll;:h fl.',,~.r.Ii~i'N,

\V".lS

~mI'Cpti'tinusly

dictated

to him? \Vhil't\\'t'mld
I~w ..
~I,

ihl'Y
I.f;j

'!IIi,~hl

1i.!Vt" 1&'1~p.,.I".Ibul.lli

rdu~iun

h;I:p'lwn if Itt'
.~>'ml,~lmu.luit ~ ... I 111;'1.;-_id II \

d,,,N.pi!~'11 nI1,.,;:U;, k:n .. p 1,.1:((,m:1 pilJ.i""::Ige i

,rt

0:

''Ii'I'I!!,kB;
Ifill,

mi'I"'IO\'hlll~:.,

Ir;,;1 I h~'l!ll·.miill~(.~IlIq: W,IiIb I In ',.I,\, III •• 11'1 ,I.• 11 gil.· hq~ilmil~~~ il'l ~iP~' I ~i"I"" ill li,~hl11'..1 u! q I!,,' I !.!NW' .,1' II,. 1·.I.m,~ III,' Ii.'. L·'o, .. ii\ , [oi

I'dlilowinlt ~IU"''tTY' nhWIl'l]1l"nl ~~(hl·.~,il.11 \ im1, ~mk~(iJdnn ,Wid h;li Ii. i P,·iM.

Ih,11 lw

Ilm!~

""if'. ~,I\"

:i"

,'I il Ii I' ddil'll" III!'

,digi,rll'l, •• 1. t

11:1

,\L I ~ ~lI IH lill

10

ing) in which perhaps the ,d:ouble SO!lr'i~the haps a doubly m dnrmi@JmmJ:, "Mechanica:l"
Iii

dceblc

stratum

or the dOlibLe here

FAITI-I

AND

KNOW

GE

onler; aJi Abml'iam would

offi,L
110

who. would hen ,,,,,forth refuse to sacrifice hi'S son and wht
W,IS

[It--of rdigill' cOIrist:.l V\lcre such the (, se, then that h)'p!}thesf:;;~vou~t~ l:iv~' re woukl have hi be understood meanO!lg that is r.uher "mystical" Mystical or secret because centrad iClory and

longerenvisage

always, m ... ness), \-'!!hen one hea d

the

~alrepli"e$ent:H.ive~ of thereligious l'ii:('u'il.dry, b~sinni Dlg wi t.h the Il]HI'1: mediatle and most Larinoglebaland cederoraixed of all, the Pope, speak of
'1)0

"g. beth i nJlcct':5sible, di~Sl:'Onc!eni g and f'lInmar. II~I~ei,ri',!Uch,lmCannl}" l:O n ~ve.ry I:¥Xt'~l'Il:that rhls mnachi.[J,OIiity. illduClilMJIt ml~nn:lllti:.l:1J,tion p~'Odmxs, and 't:hls ·produces whttl ,at llie .~tlmC' thnr! .del(!'Ches fm.m (md mlUllche.s f,o the family ~Jm;sd.I, humely), to the familiar, to the domestic, t,C) the proper, tome oi*,os the 1Iogi, ..1 and of til cmIlUlYlli.c, to dH;"eilIOs. to the place of dwelling. Thi quasi:H1ita.n,roUs autematicity, as irrdlectiv:e. <I :reflex, repeats aga,il1 end again the' uble movement of abstraction :ilrid aUr;u;tioIl Ihat at I'lw mme ti'm.e tle/Qches (mcl lIta£he-s to the cou nt rYj,the idiom, the' tilC· 31 or to ~V€rr[h illiig confUlseclly celle t dl by u nder lite' terms. "ldentl tV''' or ,< identitarian"; ill twowords, that which at the DC time ,ex-pwp.ri1llt'es a.lIld re-approprlates, dc<..,mc.~na.lilt!>and re-enraeinates, ,ex11o:twi(lte5 acoor<iing to a. logic that we will later have to ronnatit..e,. that of atUOr
.,tl',]di

this Sur'!' of ecumen ical r~c(lradl.iati{jirl, cne also I:Jt~lIrs {nut. olll:y. but al~o) ~he announcemem :s,peaks through or g\emlnder oJ
<l

bt: sure,

certai n "dc,][b of ,God:'

or

Sometlmes tine even has the im.pr(!SSion that he speaks unly uf thilt-·whi,ch his moujh. AJ~d ib.u another death of, ~odcom sto haunt Lilt' P1ISSiOfl tll.n animates him. But vvllat's the difft'rcil e, one will ay. Indeed.
W.:JII' hy

(b) This dedaratilQn of peace .an "is.o"pursuing a pa firing gesture, in the

InO I.

other means, dissimul

ale

Eun pcan-colonial

sense possible. lnasmuch

a , it comes. from Rome, as is ·Qften the cllse,it would try Il~t, [Inc! tirs;t in EUrn[H~'.L;J,pon Europe.jo impose sun:,cptltJ:ously .1 discourse, i!1 culture apolit~c:>and a righi:, to impo(St' them indue i:L1gthe nou-Cataolk
S:illi'H~

on all the other Illl.ormlhci.~!: r,dig~m'i~,

Ch ristlaa 'religiolW.

Be¥ond Europe; th rough the

[tic~d culture. the aim
ill . "II;'

munc 3.uto-i ndern nificntien,

Before 5,pe3kil.1g I) calmly of rhe "return of the n~H,gioll.s"wdilY. two thill,ghav'l: be explained in one. Each time what" is involved i.:; <I m,<i hine,:3. telc-machine:

schemes
Ito

;)n,d the same jl.l ridim-lheoklgico-pol Impose,

ill

would be

the name of peace •. a glgbal<ui!1iza~ion. The latter

become hlmc~fOl~thlJ ropean- Anglo - AWl'rirm; in gIS idiom,

1110111::

The said "return of the rt'ligioull," whi"h isto

overdetenniaed phenomenon,
U res (Ide-tec hno-mcdia-scieneific,

S·lY

the: pread of a complex and remain

is not a simple tetJ'mJ, for ]t"s.globalily and it .figcapitalisric and pol iI lco-ccenorne)

ot~&in~l.l ueprecedented. A ~ldit f~ nOot'a .simpll! return of the ,digil(n .•s, for ,it and comports, ,]S OI1C' tJf its ~V!IU tel1d~nd,es>.. radica I destructlon o:f tbell?~ igioLls (stricw St'lISY~> the Roman and the statist, like ~'ve:ryd'ting th"t incernetes the European polilknt Or jlJf~diml order a~milll$( which ;all noa-Cbrlsuan "fbllldamen'l'~llisms" 01: ".inliL"igl"i~ms" ee \\'ilgil]g war, to be sure, bill also certain orms of a Protestant r even Cathell crthodoxy). Itmust be said a' well that in face of them, anether self-destmctiv!: OIffirmaliofl of religion, [ would dare to calli it ,ILlI.o-imm.!.Il"H\ ·oullwell be 31 work in all the projects known as "pacifist" and economic, "ca:th();~i.c:" r not, which appeal 10 unb"e.rs:ilf]';;lj,t~m iZiIt:UOlil, to tine reco (H~<ciJ iatin[l of"m'e'nJ. sons, o:f the ssme God;' aI1ld above O!Ul,vhen these brothers
hdong 10 ~he :rrnom:l'I:heil>l.iiC trtid:iti~n of '!he Abrahm1l1ic from
.11 II!

sa.it! above. Til task seems all the urgent and problematic (iuc<l1ula le calculation tl,frelig:ioill for OUi" times) as the demographic disproportion ill. ill not cease' henceforlh to threaten external heg,emo·nry, leavimg. the 111l!tter no sl.rategem5 other l.h;Jn~IlIJC'.r.bMli.za.~iOb]. The field of tnis war Of of this paclfieadon is hel"lc!cfQ,rth~'o':ith(Il!~ limil; ,)11 the r,(;'!igions, their centres of au~hoJitl'~ tin': reli~ions eultu res, sratcs, nations or eth nk g;roups that th~'y represent une IlIa:1 :JCGe-~<;., to be' sure, but
ofl'e'll h::lLYt:

reijgioFls,. I.t wiH ..Jlwa~

.it

h~ J i!"lieuIl ,t:':!:tric,u ing thL~ [l<Kifyin,g mo\'cmcnt

dauble JiQriztl"lj ('the one

rt'-

h'idillg!l'r divklin.' Ihe

(l'l]

{lther}:

TIn'

kl·,PlIIli.. hmi~l.jul of

,the d~';uh

nf

Cud

111\,.mllm~rj.lngiC:11

illlm.IIWlllii,ll.il!ill

~ulw i'i~hl:> 01"111.111 .m.1

.IIHI I r.m~, t'lld"1I1

'il

imwml

I,ili' .ilou\'t" ;1111 nhli.~.11 iolll'

un!:' that i~ immediate and :rolential.ly market, They are ,M the same time producen, actors amd ~o[lghl-<Iiter cnnsunters •.at limes {'xf'loirers. :It times vietims. <At stake in the stiugg1e>i thusthe access to world (tran national or transstate) networks oft:d~'ColnfnlDl1icatitln and of'tele-technoscience, l leriCI~fotl.h relfgion "lathe s,ingulaf·"<l.coomp.mi,e;s, and even precedes the critical and relet(,'d][iO$,(·b~n'I'i:!'iic reason, it watches over it 1'I,~ it~. shadow. ] l is,~ts wake, rlw shado1i~' o·r ~ight i~selr, the [l,Ledgc a'f fili til" Ihe gua ••mtee flf tna:s.t'l",o~t'hir1esst, the Hdt",;iiiry ;tlXp(:ri.c[lC(!·presrlpPQscil by ,aU pmclncdon of sa;,uoo. ktDowkdge. tne: tenimonial pCl,rom101lh·jty ellg:a.g~din a!~l'i!':chnoiKielllificperf(nmance <I!ii in d1.C,t1'ntirc c..apitnlist:k t:coraomy indissociable from i't 2:. The 5<.imerllOVeluent ~hat ,',endel': imlissociable f"l;!ligion ,and!e1e-!cdmoscicmifk :rC';lMH1 in il:l\. I1111N!l'ril j,:,11 "lSPCCI: rt'aCls in~"\li!;l~ly to' ilfi~·l{. '1~cact',it o\NIl anti1

willulUt :Iimit, to

the same \""'orld

!', Iw,Lnl, ,dl";QI!lhh'

Ilnlh

"I ,.

'mlmllll,·W

Iwhln· IlIl' lli'\'iHW

dtl'U'l' hUI ,11.,,1 It'> qlWIl

pCIWl'I" , If

m.ltu

im:um'llil.y.

Vi!~'In· .

hal'

III a

!ipo.ll"t'·

whl·r.J!:.i11

ACTS OF RH lGl0N

FAITH

AND

KNOWLEDGE

self-prote lion of theulbrnthcd. of du~ S3'[e and sound. of the sacred (Ireilig. holy) must pr(Ji~eCIitself OI!gaimsl its own protecli,[)tI, its OW[l police.IL own power of .rej€'Ci.ion" ~[1 .~ha;rt agJi!1st its own, ',hkh is to say, llJgains,t irs own immull.hy. [t liS this, l.er.rifylng but f,H;ll irlgic of th~ {~nw·i!lmum'i~JI uf tilt' l!~:f'(!lhetl d13~'~'l'nlll~wa}'s asseelate Science' and Religion.~1

all r.'~e ,;me lumd. rhe 'Ug;nts' and

Enl~ghtenrDU~11I1 of tde·techl1{)L5;bL~ntinc

cril.iqilt:

rd .f€lIson "m only suppose lrush'l'o[thinc$s. They are ebllgedto put into p:lay an redudble "faL[Il;" t hal of a "so '.ial be ad' f ,r of ii ". WO'rIlJ faith:' of 3 tesrl m ny t" [ -'l;')[nis~ tdl YOli the truth beyol1d all. proof and :J'U thcoreticel demonstration, to ~i,ieveme. etc,"), thaI is. of 0 pcrforrnative of pr misingat work even in lying or ~rjtlry and without \';ihi.ch no "ddr~ss 1:0 the other would he possible, \. ithcurthe =rf1;JlFm.arivt", experlence of thi s elementary a t of fa ith, tn(tre ,,,'O'uM neirher be cial bond' nor od(ln:~ssof the oil.l'lcr.nor <lll}' pertbrrnatl'iril1' 11.1 general; neither U'],v>entiml. 'nor il'l~titu'~D,on>nor mn~.t'ihJ.lkm, nor liO"'l:!I',~igD] state, !flO!: !;1VI/, nor )(')\''1:: all. here" that snuct I:lra~ per:format i\d~)'of the prmhlcliv,~ perfO:L'nHII1Ce th,~i inds from its ver)' inception the k_l'Im''{l~..(Igc of the sdemifk mmmun~ty lo doing, ad science to 'lledu]i ',]of we r~guLarlY!'pe<lk he.n~of tech n <'idem:e, it is not in nrdc r )1 cede to a mlltentpomry stcreetype, but in or<1·r h) IFe-,call tb,ilt. mor,e c.learly than Vt::11 b-c'ore, We .I1ow· know that the scientific act is" through !l!l!ld through. a practi ill lte.rvel:l,ti:oll and a tech ni al perftlrlm1t i...ty j n the ... rr ~l'Icrgy 0 its esse nee, And i e )Ir dlls verrre8i:>ull it pl.._1,ys wii:h place.putting dlstances and speeds 10 work" It dele1!li~e's. removes or bri Dligs dose, {l,ctl]aJl:iz("sllf v inu<I! iz~s, accelerates or dccele rates. .ut log~letl':Ver th is rele- IDechnoscile'Ht]fic uitiqlJllc dC\iCioIPS, D.I.brings lnto piaysild
onfi rmsthe faducO;[ft.fYcredit

ur an

dcrllc.tHOIr}' fa Ltll 1Jr\'h.kh is, at least l nil s es sence

.1;7. Tine uiflinUln~;o (imrmml£)

lI~lon!i

!UII.III'S, n

nmul'lily]' hut i't ,.1Iro boelaliig$to thE lii:!ollot)' or.he hrisl.i;]!1 Chll II ~ml10 canun lilIw; !h~immunil f t~liI1lpld ~bn in\lO,!"'L"d I.he ilWiol~bilhy Df th~' ~S ;lll!l} tho:! could h~ found Ihcn: (Voh~ir~ il1dlgn,U1~ly UOl,ker:ll.i:Li5~inm1tmitl" of l~mph1'$~ ilS ~ N\'ollillg c~anwl(l~ Or~o:In!elllp' th~ I:II%~ ,anil1, cl~~IS"tic.lI,~Pbbhtinn"}; 'IJrb.m V I'll crC3~td ~,~n~grti~lion of t~d~s~asti~lmmllrd tf: ~Wlil~~l' I,J.:o;:tS ltd. Inil i ~ :M)' SI~r~·i~. &"inn ,tommOIl justice [p'ri,vik1l-~ ~ dr51S~~I:cd 111;11. r ih~ fi~r) ~ml ~g<J in'~'I: k~ s~~n:IIl"~" JS o rL~1 I>::.It 'ih'sp<:ebally in Illie dunuin of bi~l1l-g~' nb~t 1:1'I;~ t~i'lli Dl!'!i!JlU s ~inm !1'ILlIIlJUrrh~,'ed~\'dQP~dLh~iT ~ Ilthll'rit)'. '[h~ !m n ~U[IJLt~ry r~';'ICI.·ioll pK~t~1.:5 n.D,~· ~i!l(!~mrlity~ ~f d'l~ i:md'l j.l:mp~r ill proilLLdns ~nl i_. !ldks DI,EiiliMt t()Nli~ ,1n'l igt=ns., As, for 11l~ ~r(l(:ess!.lf amo ·inlPlllll1 i2.BI.lutl., ~~11idl i nt~r..csl!; m Pllq Li~kl~fl)' h~r~, 'it (Om~'m li~·ill~orwLlt~~Fn. [ll) i~ v.lC!llmmll'J1 ~ild in ~"[In. ~,f~'it'til~,!inll! il!SiL!lf~!l'Ii[lSt i'l~ l~f'~Ul'~~'lnllll IlY d~~lflj~ifl~ it~ UWIn illiliiU!1~ ~'stl'm_ ,\s th,· i"h"jlmn"n"11 (.r lh,,"~ .1nlil}[)(i'ic~ is U~II,lt'll til " bm.l\llt·r Zi'I'IC ,,1 1"I!t;,jl.~:!lr "ml .\~ .m,· ro.:,,'I'h ""."Ukl~I,· h' 111.'I'"sili"(i \';'rl;uC'S 'If ililllllll'll ,I...,t~,•• lh .1,·,liIlL ...1 Ie' lill"! ,11\' 111, 11.111'''"' "I I,·!'" I, .. " _lrr,1 ,,, i.l,di,I.lIc III!.: 1,~!~rlln,1;: U .. (jf 1._1 I.nn ~H111.;n1 htlu"t.~LiliI .... \\"'~ kd Ulii"!.!l·h·'L~ .tuthlll'B/n' hi -_pi·.iI~ II~I I '''''!II L ~III !1.iI'n"'f,11 Bt,tJ,!!ire Hf !!1~lht 111,IIILIU~/.I~~lill '" ... -.'U'''' , liUII"'I~lnll .... hl!~ IIIi II ... r.,.I,U,I'\' I~"I !hunl ~III~' 1M-I Ii '1..111111-"• III'h\'I,TI I 1.lllb ,uh,1 k,ul'i'l,1 , .1;~I.ldl",I~'lil,111.1 "'I 1.'n~II·.,I', \n-li II-~Ilil' ~11!i"'h 1111 1!·1 •... nn' ~ "n ~'I~!I 1.,1
II

'ii1fi~pi}:l'!ed i nto

~!! fK'liId er l;:-'fCml'Ie(J, rWill I he ,.lnJ.~g~·s, .. ser ... o:!. II~c'tiI-:'C5. Ill .., oh'li. III i t:tt lh~tornmon ut' ((l'I'H1!llIily). This fre",!y.m or Ihi.;.I!:«''TItP~!OH 1',lS,sul.!$('I;iUt:ihdy lh~ dOIDll>i!lS ,oons~i:lillio!l[l1 or lmcrn~lDoI'1it1 la~ 'psrlillDll"'lIlarr Of dip!;;'m ,II i. g{

rtir

~r~~

or C:,11Jiing.rel igiOi:i!l(the elernen tary canditien. thi(! mi lieu ofl he religion .if not religion its;elf). We speak of trustand of credit or of rrustworthiness in order to underscore that this ,~]C'ltientaryact of fa it h also underlies the es:Sienl]<I1 ~}r e onomie and capitalisti raticnallty of lilt, tele-technoscienrific, No ealculatien, no. 1l~;l!]rance' will ever be able to reduce its llltil~lOllie necessity, that of the ~,es,tim'Olli,li ~:igl'latur'C (Wihfi~ thtlO[Y is not 'n!ece~$1l6Iya Iheoq1 of '~he suhject, of the pt:n0lf11 00'1iof fhe ,eg;o,coescious or ueeonseicns). To t:flkenote of [his ls lOgive oneself 'the means of under:stm::ldi.ng why; in "ril1dp~e•.~Od3y" tlle'l'e is l1oiul;ompatibilily. ill th,r said "return of the religious," between tile ... lll1damemali ms," the "iflteg:risms" Of their "polities" f and. on the other balnd. IIOltiollali'l.)', which is 100 5:t¥. the tele-techno-caphalisticoSJl;iienlif1c Id~ ia:ri't1" in 311 of itsmediatic <lind globalizing dimensions, This arionality of ihi.? said "fundaments ~isms" an also bc-lJyperui Ikal and not recoil before wtmt can sornet imes resemble ;'I deconsrructwe fad ieallzatlon uf the critical gesrure. As for the ph!(fm;m~rlJ1l. nf i~f]~)rm:lce'., irrld'i.onality 0[" ,gf"ob~cu:mntism" I:hil:I.;:reso of~D1 e:rnphasil!ed a~I~!CI d.t:.fIc)UI'IC,eiI., o 'e;JSn~, and with good reason, (Iler <lre often ~ residues, surface ene-,,~, the reac tlve slag of immunilary.indenm il1catory or autoulnllllmita.r reacdviq'. They rna k :I deel) structure or r, ther (biul also at the s~me time) J fea.rof seU; areaction 3:!}<tins[ that 'w:ithwhie;;hit i~ Iparfi<tIl)llinked: the dislocation, expropriation, delecalization, deracinatien, disidiomatization and dispossession (in all their dimension psnicularly se.KlI.:Jl-pJudlidlhat the reletechno-s ient "fie: machine docs; not fail. to produce, The' reaetlvi ty of resentment OT)POSCS til r S il::l:OVCnlt':rn.t La :"tse.l r br' di~'iding i~. indenm.ijies ~t~elf II: thus i11 a mevement thmltis ~t once iJmmmitary and 3'lIlo·imnmTIl!e, The re.3!cti.onto the' :ru:mchincis 11~ au ~omatic (and thus machinal] as ti~e itse~ Such an in'te'f.mll r. .pliu Illg; wh~ch OPCI:nS distm~CI'. is also peculiar 0 "prop!?!:" Hi rel.igion, approprIating n~iigiollf(!r the "proper' (inasJI1:ul!:h as it is also the I'ms'd~hed; ltdlig, holy, :sacred,. saved, immune and so '_n).app:roprial.ing ,rcligiUll:lsjrl(:Ienmifi,catiot! to all for.ms {)f pl'Open.}", fl'l}IU the lin!lJllistk Idiom ill its "letter;' to blood and soil, to the family and to the .fituiml. This interna'[and fnrrnoo'i,;u~reaJcl.i'll:ity. at O:I'J:.e' immunitary aind lautH· irnUll,l.l1e"CilI.Il i11lonc aC't:'oll.l]t fm"\",ba.l will becaUet:!. I!h.t:' mligGoU,5 resurgence i1'1 iIS d()~IIl>Ic[~,11J~oontraclk!Of}f phenOnrlc-nofi. Thj~ word ~m'~'C~'I(,~ <d,eforl~ii,'ilent>
~J,:

or

r,.r;!

i".

II

ACTS OF R.E.UGION m~)OSe5 itself upon hM

tp
!J.~tQ

FJUTI-l AN D KNOW'LLDG

f.

SUliH~t;,.~t rt:douhling the

$eem$~O be

of a~~ll\~ tlil;al ~pproipd!ll~f;S evsn

whkh.

en folding Hsdf, it

{Jlppo!Scd.-.md sirnu~hmoously
C'Jnerny;

gets

arrkd. a~'i'(!y~bdf, 8o.mct~me~~ tm'mr and terrorism, wking with it pr~d, ..ely that n 'oihich protects e mHi:ge:ns, h. h'$, ewn ":i'lnti.b:md~es-"Allying. its('~f \,vilhthe h()sp.itilb~el)O

(Ichw:1rlg' p(j~tI tbese p,emi~e'$ or gt'JM'mi ,d,~fi~'fltlom, (luel given ~1tedimi,rilslrrng sp,r:l.ce a~. il'(4M~,lve~JmU c~t d,c filll!e~~fillal proPQ,sitiou5 ifl(j fQrm tllat i>s ewn n.wregranIdmed. gi!'r~hIY, tli5S.eN'Ii~rrrU'etL, aphorl$~'ic, disc(!C!t{N UtnlS" juxt'GPO.dli,o,rl'tll. do,gmalir,
e!Ctm'tl'miCi

b earing <!iW'M}1the oth~r wtlh :itsd[, ~hi~,resurgence grollh,!.S 1.1:nd:swe1{s ...it h tnt powe:r' of the ndvf:.rsa:ry. FJmll tbl)l:~hores ef \,.,.hatever i,~lilnd, one dQesn'~ s I]OW"hef\e is ~h.e 1',C'5I1J.fgcncc I;;believe we see cO!n~l1lg,witlu:mt doubt, in irs SPOflW :Jneous swcmiJl~, ir['esistibly ,<tlltornilt\c. nut We bcllevewe ,see ~l ceming '~'filhol;l~ olly hGru;':l)rli.\iI,le are ne ]cmg,er ceTtaifli that: we see and that there is iI fYh][·~ wherll' w,e .:e~ il: Iwmi:rJ,g. The future to!lle'filt~s neither foresight nor pnn'id . f'n,~, :II, 'is therefore n it, ~a.th~r, (lIught ;md M:!~rri.s.edby this resu rgen~e, thlillt: "W~" irl l~IU~h.:l.mcarried U\"'iU;'l'--flw:lh 1&lhi_~l~:1l;;:iiIWl~ wOl1klli ke ~() tl~hlk. if th:iswol)d '<lI1! ~m~ used here. be
ndigion~odayillie~ (l'tces. his, nd
':m'

iudrcal:ivc I.w~fiwwal,
(3-8) Of
<I

i~1~~ w(mi, mQr1.!"dilU~cl'Cr ~dl:grnpbi,t;.)

the to-comeand repe~Hi>Qn. Aldom.: no
'tQ-'COIUC

discourse

tucoIl!l.e----.on

widil01H ~l!::rihlg~ lIncl th e po~si bi lily of ITp{~"~ii.ri~. Ito-cemewithour Nu

50I!i:!l~ sort of

it!!'mbili~y, II~ ICO!~lin the

orugitJ~lry ~s.. Nt} re-come

form

~)f~ oO'¥C!l<!nt with oneself

<lI~ld'm~firm(;!tim~ of

r~e
of

without some sort of tnt's.:;iU1'm m~mo[y and promise, ic

,llmessi<lmcity older

Lh<li~l 1I]!I.\el~gio:o.

l!1lJo~e rl~im[I'Y thanall messianism. o

${l.1:r~:~' po~~fbi

No di&-

iv~~~fwhh rele-rechnescieaee ..to whkh 1~Jie~c~.~ id~al~ its w

oour.s~ or i1ddn;s:> of the other vIii lhQr~t the po~s:~bH.Ltyof an ch~'mlt:'nt:afY pm:mi~. ~rjUI·y ~I1Id brokel1pr'0111 without the promlse of
11

d~f: t:l1jt!
a

'WI'I.d, g~[lbil!~izrlt~on,

lit prod UCC'l.i , w~ds> exploits the QP~I,ai

ises req~ ir''I;'!the

ronflrmarion

~iI:y.No promise, lhe:rdorc'.

hili\\,C

s_Pkx't:mcuhlriiing f the Pope, nor tne IlJI.l:er.:>l<ltf: dil,Herl~innsoftbc ~Rw,hd:ieMU'Jir:' nor planJet<'lryter,\od~l:tIw{)l(Ild otherwise bepossible, ill this rh.ytbrnl-m,ldwe' could muhiply such
kT10Wlf:d,@C

of lie1e nu"dillt:izst i.on;. nelther the tr.ips an.dglobal

of the )'Ie!. This J'f'$ will ,mdfiddityQf

Hill~I:ied and

n.d.kations

ad i~rfi1J:itiul~:, ut,. B

em

fh:t: Qtfj,~r
rrl

rum"'"

h' rellctsim.mcd:hltdy,
!'lit

5;~rmlt{ml1'~

()~~ly,d~'c1;1dllg war against rh;}t which givc~ ilthi~$ n.ew p@wcr only i~lodgi ng if from :lU its pI~lper places,

the cost

t:nf

trurh from :l'lncei.w,:Jf, fOOim the :tak~llgillti! o:f its U'l,uh.h ml1ducts a teniblc war 1iIg3in.~l th <It which proteCI:~ h on11' b}' th.re'ame!li.ng ~t, !'l(iwro.i.ng to d:li.s dooble <Inc! cm.lh'@dict(Jl.ry slmctme;irll rou tlihlry
lIndautu'-~mm ~~nitOlry. The relstien beh"'e~r1 thesetwemotions is inehlctilM}~, and thc[\efolie
fonn
:;i;lIt:orniiil"LC

Of these two sceeces

and mechm]i.nll, b(lt\,'Ilee'n ane which

~j

has the
t:lrUl.l ]S

efrhe

m<l~h~ne (mechallDz<lItiolJ ,alltQrn.Mil,at~on.

!]'IgJch~n,Miol]O~ 11'I!lIdli(m~),

ilnd the (J~he[>d~,u of ]ivi.ng .$pot],t:illl'l!eit)', of the say, of Ciumther (d~im8rl} ~df-{:letet'I]]i[jatim],
(:Q;mmlll.i1Iity

r15calt,~edp.roperty of life, luke the hy~e"bol~

to

,ih.u the 1l!:lUtu·immtlnit:ary

haunts the of its

O'WTI

afa~tb." No faHh" the~ef(lr~, !:lor SILIPI'OlSed b}f itcrab.iiit},. II'Ithi5 sense; the led:lnkOl~ i~the pOl'i'~iibilit:y faith, indeed its very ch,a.n'~. A of cha:!Ke that ~:riltai~$the greasest risk, c¥el'l the' menace of mcll~c3J.!I::viil.Otherwise. tha ~of whuch ijri~ the chance wDuMnQt bef',l:uth bUl rather progT;;lmme o:rpI10Gf, predkl<lhility or previdence, p~re hm,,'1eclge; end pure rulow"how, ~ hleh isto $.'l.y ... mJnnu~m~'i:I[' th~ fLllur~, Ir1swll.d of opposi ns rhem, ;IS is :;jl.mos~. iwtty.$ done, l~lf'y of a ought to be Hmu,g,ht~.i(lg,eth,er, <IS onil' and du: j(j'~W p.()s.£~;bmtJ': the milcMne-Hke and. f11~~h,and thes~m(! holdsfor H1Cmrndli nal and ~J~ values ~rltai](\d i[! the ,~~cw· the 8<!nl,;t (hdlig, holr, ~1lfe and sound, unscathed, intact, immune, free, "'it1l~,. fecund, (:crtHc, strong.aud 8iIXWf: all, as we: wm SOQ'.I1isee, "5\"iO[~C!'il") -mo.re ptt:!CIsdyin. the s.:;l.t;:ro~ncUl}' of the ph1!lHc effe,~.
will alway:" imply~he
trlUstwmthil!JJ;'oSs

nu:me \."Hho~LteveJi}~th~fig ~octlllkal, ••H:lto,m at:~c,mildline-Ukc

and its sYlltem of im mu nItil:ry survival

(39} Thls dQl!h~e vah.le, is, it not. for f'Xi.!m pie. thatsign [iThed by a phillh.ls f'C'ru:r:i~i,tHty,mt"J~h~:r [l1o/thepha,llk,[he
rn<l~l?

]Jl

its dif-

possIbility: Nothing ]11 CO~1lm(m.l.odtilll;g, immune, safe a:nd sound. ilei{ig >!nd boly, I notb ing nnsc';:Ililecii rI the mC1,~;I: l.m~TInom(Jil!siivi:Il;g.presel'l~ wi ~houl:a risk of <l'U:W' immxmiw. As i1h!l:ilrys, th!c ris..k dn,a[g~s~t~~lf twkt:'>~he Sllm~ fLllitcrisk- 1\/110 t]me:Si
T,~~he:r

effecl:of th'L!~lhllIUu~"whuch i~ ~:ilOI j]}IT~~S~I[-

il:~' t]]epl'Ope,rly of
ph(,iU,r,ls?-btU

lis il

Dot;

the phenomenon,the

phail~'esrhai, We da.y ohbe

1I1so, by' virllUl!. of fh~ h:l\!!f of it€:rtibilir.v Q:r of dUiP:~i}L:ju.i(nIthilt aUI

tt'liltl emf'!

\...:ith

11 :i:l]}(,i:1J!'II~e lm.ci wi~hll bC' fov nothi nL!!/\I

ch:mee" In

tWIG

words, h m.usitla~e

d~,t.g'C of-one'

ooukl ,]bo say:. taM .11il:nJ~l-the l

WOllld

pO.5si{}~'Ii~'Yof tl1M r;1tllilica1 ,!lviill

\...~thOlil: wh kh[!"wd

.. LJI_ ~ '/~!~J~~r~rrl~r I", r,l'iItJ~', ''''i~'H'i

1''II,rrrd~~~I' tr"":'r-!~~rr~~rr

"I,~I i~~I,~.illlll~~ ~'il'II'~!';, IIh~'II"'~-.I,~. '\vil.h'.H~t

'I!~ I~III i 1\1i,.!i ,.dll, I ~I~I'~I I.~I r.~ ~il1. ~

"~I~r

~<lJJJ!_"

U'i

_1!~~~Ii~'I.!11

!ii

III.'

.iliild~~~I~~~-1

i,~r'tl~,-, IUUI\C' ~~t~ ~~nnn~'n~ ~~ ~'!

,d.G'tad~ .~tfroJl'l hs pur-e<lnd pl'opcr preSelllC(!,i~:i8 !lo'l a18ij) it~ ph~mw~rm!.n G[eek. its i ghOi5l. hs £p,~t.r,e. its double or .it'!, fet~.sM 15 ~:riJl.ot[h€: .ro!o.%'(.1/ t~ r.ttom,miciw of the ex~ctlon Ohc n1ilx:hllUll1 of !ire w be kept I,msc,nned, irldemnil1~d, hlHUUIlC and safe" s~cmls:a.nct), hllltfilso IIlJ11iC1procisdy by vi[m.~ of Us ru:Ak'XChm,f1Lcter;d1lilt: whkh ~~Il:I0St mecha.ni.ca!!. mmH ~epilr<lbJe Wrom~hel~ fe ~l 1Fep~e~elHs~Tht~ l)h<Q n i,~ls it
!:HM Jbo,
~II~ di.~1

'j.\rl!!q ~I 11i'~llj~~!~I~r.l~II;"'~ I .!H~,II

..

~~i~III:,··

,jid,~1 ~~~.

'·'J.."ith~~~jl whh:h
I

i lit I f t'H~ll I ht' pen ~~<md unr,(:

~.k't'H,: tid (~]'in !ht· [',od h

1'1, 1\..... ' ~ 1·1

r. the

m.ld~~~~

I~inl.'

'·11 !!i~ I,U ~!'

·Uu" rlli' 1 I ij'n~ !" ~~~'i"""'U~1I Iii' r.· I. ~ Ii!! IIHi h .. ,.",I!!I h .IB11!'" Uw II I~I~I • 111111~!1 • II~' ~i! .,1 !I~ ~I
'L....
i

I ~1.-111 ~IIIIII_'I'I 1.1i~'I~Fj1 '\., i i .lli! I~h! 1'1 i

!hi-

UIWUt"

~1ii.lf.r111~ !,ill ~~ii '"

I h,u i~ ~'! ,., h·d, ~'\ II rh ih·d, It';',I: i~11 I i-'l'~

\
II ~!I, i

.i!!~!

i~

\·\I"h~·n·I.j he r i ,1"1,"., ~

hi \; !' I

1m!

i,!,'!

H~\'.

"'t· I

,.!.Ilt

I ll\:nadl·~1 i1'I pw~e~~i~~Ii~?b

I: !oJ li_~ I!I'L~I

1'; !,I~'~h

\' ~ !,I .!

I~~~~ 'l"U\\i("1 i~

i-\

IHUGI

N
il1:g 011

FAITII

AN 0 KNOWlF.

DG E

~1'ioOugh to

aCCOUll

t for ( logon tlirlollai }-oount

and caleulatingrhe

incalcula-

recall. here ,aliithe phallic cullS and th"i:r wt:II-Imown ii ng prom lsesin
311

phenomena

;11 the core

or so

,Ie----.everything tbat bindsrhe tele-technescientific machine this enenny O'FliCe ill 'he service of Iife, to rhe very source and resoerce of 'the religious: '10 faith in the
n(p~t i.ivin,g as dJIMd 3 f.IJ a'lw:nnl,!];tiiCOl.Il}'$!lr. ~ia,'it~Sl, 1)C;5 uscitared in Dr~spectral ,pll~m-

ma IW I·di~ions. .he three "great monotheisnrs" have inscribed

:t;r~-ma,the' ho]~I'". and ~.oun,d, U nseathed.jm rnu ne, :5.:1,( red--it:l, <I word, c''II'e.rything safe 'haa r..anslates l,redlig~~ht rix, ouce ~gai 1'1, ef a cult or of aculture ohhe generaltzed "el:h;h, of an anli mi u~iI fel i:s,h ism, of a h::t'ishiling, adoml ion of the Til in,g,il,~eI r. 01l1e:'
~[)lIkl. without bdl1,g arbitrary, read" se[«t.. connect evelrything
1'C'cI

00\1', "ants or ' oundorlflctilof IlIl; l,jnSf.rl lile:d thatis always 8 circumcision, be 1'1 "extedol' or interior" lih~nl~, or, as w·as saki before Saim Paul, in Judai8~ln itself. "clreemelslen of~hc heert," And thill woulid perhaps he '~heplace 'i!1l enquire why. in the mcst lethal explosions of ;;I, violence that is inevitably ethnice- rehgio~ns -why;,

on but

all sides, women

1110

.i11particular
III I]

arc Jngled

Ollt

as victims {nut

~Ob'i[y"

of murders,

in I'he semantic 'hal

t

of the rapes

dl rnutilnrions living-is
ill

rhat precede lInd accompany them).

;cn ·.alo!) of the unscathed-e- Us. inti}', sa :he spontaneity of erection '.~urye F.gri'~~m.Q
Or

safe and sound, III:i}'i'g'. tw'I}'''

;peaks uf IOl"ce.,U£e-lor,ce. fcnill~}', g-mwll'i. ;,!ugmcru,alioll, and abov!..:all S'wd/j'l;g. ill

of p eg~'aw.;yJII To be brief, i't does not suffice .. r~~,ll>h' I

(4fl) The rdigion ofthe law, I w

tili~ nut a tamnli..lgy? Absoll,ne impc!:,'Hive',. 1I10ly

f "llv~l'lion: ~m\liflg the living intact, til!.: !JnsGltIiH~d, the sOife and sound

10 CDm~. l~1 I.b~m be dr .. ..on Iir~l, ~m:l unce n the S;ocII".:lI:~ ~9d th.~ Ilol~' ~fl~r liI~vi il:l!: p~)t"rtu'jd~' ·r;.'CJ.lkd ~.. ~[';il "nr~e'dloJ.,~lo~j~"11 diffi.cl.lllk~:" 'Ie i.~ o rruc I~MI:o us t I.h~~.(l "diffi~ul[k~" secrn ~'!!~&'I more ,wrlo.Ji.l~imd more runmmg'liul !h,m, IiI")llO;'11\'1:I~i5tl:---lt,,",'nif hI: ls ~viniJl~ lit! ~~bjtwj'l"cllgc' the ri~,li '!.lf~~!1'l1'jJlgthe Q,bje-cl' ~ f .,tud~ dDS~[!h~ l:>illYl' bif' ~~)"~,'I:;}. ''';llil)t~inill~ Lb£'n111 O'f"ojii!in~l m""niull" (religi.o,n ilsdr,~fid th~~s;I.C'f<'cI~ • &lC'L1IVeIli~q~ identifies, qhmu&h rhe-ermrmm.l51)i mmpk iJt'!wo;;rk of idimIIL~. rili.at~1I1 .lfiiJ, "i)'null(l8i~~ silldiit'd. lilt!: r'l~iltFl.'1I1 ,,[II<I illsist~1I1 i"hGJ1W or rhe ~f{'rli1'illh' ,...r Ih!.' ~~tro"g:' af Ih e upo' ..erful," !I! rl<ilr!i,ul~r ill 1.l1Jefi~lJre 1.Ii' lip jll1~gin.11 r JIl,
t>l1: qJ~

the pren]

IJr ~ '~'(;uk

19<1.i:n, or rum 'Uut i'idl ch;]!~t'~r ",f iknwJl.i~1l~·~ li'jdj;l·Erri'lYI'!.~m lrjf~r,~w' ~ml Soci~j'~' 1(M~ssi!l~ ••

ilh~ullllC respe .r, restmint, [I"]I_~d'~'My;W:tH;,nce neethe c.;;:,~it)'of a n enormoas task: n.~~. it tU ins till' hilin uf ili:Jfiluguu~ mut j'r;.; i:n the Wist s;,;ao&:ll'lca:ifyi:ng; attitude or ~:rHlcnrioBa~ity,. infd;:!~inn 'n.o that 'wh~ch is, should reraa in 01' should be (~nm"'~'d be wh n!. i~s ('wUig, llvl ng. SU1J'n~gand ft rtile, ereet 10 i
and fii.x:uJ.[u::l: sefe, whole. unscathed, and he311:11.Su h an intcnuonal il ; respect,
I hCiliilt:S" In:mHJI1~.

Uiei.l~g) Ith1l1h'ls the righi:

sacred, holy

:Ill"1d ~(l on).

Salvation farn-

unitude bears s~~v~r;~1 names inhibition,

OIr

ur thesame
I

m~)dL:"'ly~restraint,
IJIlt!

Aclrumg I( Kant], .sdn·u, \t~d,'!l.'letl~'cil. dwll'e>

ill

Ili:hi.'m~ 0 ~""'lliPJ '. \\~ may i.J.e. IJoe~nilli\.-d the folLl)willg !,Ii!!, (illli iOIfl. wh ik ·1Xi".'rring. 'tt~~ r~MI;>r I,Ll II,.. ,,1rli le i'Lsdf for' Ih~ resu "The il.dj~ 1 ·ru:rj.l()~~ nnt '~I~llifr rfLi:tel,y jvc 'Slwr~ll': Inis, ,;Ilsn .1 {Iu~!ili.:;'iion (if a 11umber of sml.,.1If r ~c\fJ;:rwlhL"m~ ilidil(l~l'!~ ZIH'!lth:u In, and olf c,~rtairl ilOiioll8 uch ~5 ·d~\ .. n: ~·I~~~, ~·llnr~ri5r.n wi til n'lawd fmm~ of Ih~ Silm~ t(~~.t t~""d LI~ tn the mi!J.iIh~1 mean i "ll· ThL" iJNlk verb ~IN.1I;rj si.l!:fliIi~ ·I~! ean ~~~il:, ~Fm.~: imf,lyil1l\ 'fora' and 'prrnrJoi1l'it~':\\'ItL'"I1(;~ :!m.~-.\lroL'I;~.""i1li~IM;Th~ Si111lCGUl[q_.rio[1<il1 ~~:j;!I i(!u ioi i1S n G~~1o;, the Ilr'L"S!Cfil: 'j ktrd,~ 'w b~ pr'~'M~~I1!:, (Iln)i ~rItht, w~m'lbi,' ih~' nc!uIJ; kJjm'i, ·sw1:llinlj. (~f 'II.':I.\'1l'5!. ~md;~lii Lllwo1Tl~ n h~Il~I.~n.t! klirm, 'furrt:""'!wlln.i~I)': kJkio'5, ·~D,,,.-,:r~ill.ll;~ll~t~-.~'illu:1'.'Ms iN.l~I~l Ilrui,tion DrLnq;:S!J<ll\ lh~ i,,1.1 iIll idelilltil r of th~ 1II~.lllilir\ "f'~;,\~U' "m(l. i II 'o:~.<:hof Ih~ I'li oc~ Ii1n8iJ;li;~s ••1 ·~I;JOl~ ilk ell<.lIUllml .•• 111hH.!O·Ir.If!i~il !l~lle'~ Ih~n ill li~dt ch~ Im:illlblJ;!! "\'nh'J;!!i fmlli ''''I'It'l!in~' M·~I!'i.m~ll,· 6r 'pro;..>'jl~rily· ... IlJt:twi."C1I sr. kllllrJ, 'io, h .pfflgnlint;' lind kJirjo:l. ·,stlver..'is,l'1,' b;i!!\,<Ict!n A'll.. ~rlm.·.~rrol~g: ~m(l. !plmrl" r,~liUi~lns :!~ Ihu5 r~":Ilor,-d \~hicli.1i11Ie·b lin It,. m~ike m"te Pl'~!~ 'ih~ 5.1n&ul,lr tJri!;ili "ftn!., Ilqli.on pI" .::red'. , , 1"M hO~1 >1.11(1 S1IC~OO cha,ra ler i.~ihll~ lIei1n,cd I h l"C,ug.1i d il!llioll o:lf~lll.d)(:-nl11'1 .1IIld, r~\lrnI fDr<:,~. [".a~'jjb!~or bringing to li~~. of C~LWI'!I tite' IlfodlJ'lio!1;.~ of Jl31iUn=10 bUrSl ~tll-li {' (pp, .lliiI-\1·;J"). On<! roll'~j ,~I;s;Oi n.saih!1' Ill!der Ill~ til.lo! of th.L! ~Iwo Jlml ~d' Ihe r<'!fn""rllmb,l~ tld.1J:fI"~n 'mf'~lil~iz ·Ii h~ B~fI'~'1li~w. u~hTlo~1 cwrr."'ill;;lr~" til!)i\e 'Q!rr<!~I';:""d~ 1,1:) '1:1:Je·'1\01 i"011of Lh~ '!5;acr~"<[1' o,nlt bll! ""f! dut nil."lt -d.I5.lincot I~rm~.~ .Lkiw~n~~t~ ~mdr,,";!i qr~1!'ill, iwt~bly in C~'fm~1l (dlle Gothic t,'C!(1ls, "!;Lmil<CCml;::d.~ ~mllh., r~'U.ni.e l~fr,il~, .~~r. 'J(jlj~ lin !.:Ini n l'i"irer ~1'Iib!. fll.t(r~r~.ill (;rcrl ~.I,lg.iili,md, ffrL'fi:is. IU the mi(\i rI of I~'c (~~rn"all Il~jfig. l:!iC G~jlhi~ ~dj~t~~ {m,l$ nr.lImlil'£~ the hf!r.'l "smm.d.l1(~~s. 1i;~.Mb.,ph~$iC"~1 i n ~'1!ril·r." I F.! ijj;"I~tl;:l.n th~ lirl'i!k ItY§,:ior:!", i,;g.i,!imm. -in SODt!. ht:~~th." Th~ ~'Orre51}i.~Ii.d.i '~~rb;d fo.r~lIs $~nir}' of J n'!!i "~nder or b~,."mc h~~hhr, hei.ll,~(One m:i:ll;h:t i!1il3Ie h~l"C!-ullho~ISh Jl,e'f!Vl;!ni~l.c &Dt'1i not--.:I:I~ 11~~,· ~ ~il)' fur' ~~~i'" Nligion !)~ all 51JilT~.lii~;:tiun ~I:.cito illlVOh,c 'h.c(!ling.-hei,I!I'rt-h~th. h.li! (l~ p:rolliis~ ·of ;] mr"f'--o!"Wll. S~"'.\.~-11tlrj;O:L)~ ruo:i:L"mptioll, of th~ mtolClltinlll ofth~ uJJ~.nlled, f.r illd!~mniific-.d.tiol"l), Th' 5:Jj1!D~ Ih{' En~Jish."flll"'h'.- neishlmllf lin III"wliolA: nmtire. inl.lcl,R 'thcrefIJTe ~~i1r~. l!Jl~ ~,I:hoo ~wd, iIi ih iill\l\ril'r, illll1l'un,'-~, "Ill.' (;!ilhi~ I,.~ij,j. iQ r;t1ml hCilll:h. ill 'P"s'~fl)n " of rD),siil:;d inif-!iriw;' ;;;].Frig.s .... ii .•,vi,[" ,b '["'" I!II"C;rcd, kltll;,.!', ~h;liW: l!.;n\',·ni:!.lC'lIlHkt"Hr.'. II~ "1"l:li~illliS .'a.lllc ''''Wh.-...\'cr iiI, , II~~'''''''I,-''' 'ILliR' I,' \.Jlu," Ihal I'~ 'L"'hH~'(lhY"iillj..d 11flh.'tf!,rilv I, inl.h t. jr,. .. hi h,.i.lbii"lr (!\mi'i:rrill~ ihtllil." ~ 1'!J1hl~ IUri~1 I ,-., 11~j,~ Ii. IIMI n~h' \ i"!.hl". 1~1~1~li~... llj, L~\II""!l1 dl I', 1I_~'ln.lt h! IM\"i- :\II.'I'U in ~'Ui .... 11""l'f",',.:1 lrili, , h iHLq~ldI\ ~~I ~h'i'Il~1 ~·,I.I.i'. il~ ~II 'I'~',uuni~. I~I(~q.. \'~'I\' 1~,.IUNi'_ ,II~ ~ Illh·.I ... I .... ·.!.rI...... Iw ~~iU iiii.L'·:J~na~'~ na ~d

Grins c,uh ,it (Hcidcggcr), resrratm

ca uses ;J rc nut and lin nn)", but the movcatems ihcm;
~1'js(J\t'nd.i'lI.s:

'wMi.ll;'I!-btl'f.k.

S:Hnt: n he 1m..., sacredness, In: I ines ., the .g,on.;! 'to (Ome

general,

Tile poles,

·'~PI,)e.u,q~!i~eanalogous

ln tile way Ihcy relate to

d'1.(;'msd'~c~, .uid irl ,'~'WI,1 i~fh'mfilpri,~~~ i~iti"~I:Sd·.fVt"S.. AU of them

,.f

or

I~

.....

lii

ilIJ~

IR.n~ ijlll

1 1 I lill~1111 ••
iI

,III

nQ~1111I1 II

Ii!

1llllu,iii L,.~.

Iql

!i!f,~~ I' I

In IIII

1.iill-·.

jill

I!I-""N~i 'I

11~i 1'~Ulllli·~'~· :1'lnlii~ ~

•• '1'111~I I

dl~~ .~,~ ,

.,1..,11 ! .1 I ~~ J~iIJI rJlllld,!''_

g '.1

~l- f.l'1.:wh~j'~. iPl ~ ,wn 1~1'~Lr. I ~Ik!!) pi '1" r~·rlr."!..1 ,I, IIHirl' '-I1~.i.lill<~lI111..1"11 '1m ili.i~ \'~hr,~ uf Ihe' hAJI;:! ill li>l'f' Jf!d ~Iii il~,I~'>: ,I! 10'1 !i!.':;ii C!.Hi';"n ~';;Jni,'~nl.ll· 'urflIIllILlin,~ i !'!'1i i Ih~ 11M:".r h,jl~m hy tll.:"i'lcll(J,<'r,I n ~ ..klil iml ttl l jll~i:-rjf~mll (~wi'~)\it'T. L~lh,,~. Ifl~n i rmjlyitl~ all., rrdl~~), V~rr'Jjlt"/JrrL·,lt ~nmJL"Sl' 'lIE rcsl,~,["t. scml?l~. H'.JOl<r~·C' si.lenl di~o:r<."ttun I hilt ~11!S1} ~ISo:l in '111,.1 ,~s r....lcnl~-.;) \'"jillid h" '''Ill}. 011)0;' LIr ...~n.l~ f l o:;x~Rlpl~."dbeil ;"l Inojor IJinr· fm Wh.l! (L)n ''''I'fl> !iI$ h!1fC' ..!lId i,lIeinl,li niH ,,'u'i!lll II I~' !'I.ok' 1.1<1)'1."('1 ihi~ 1.'rI~l'i'!f! Ihll II i Ikilm,:,[· ITIfI" PlIilrl)ol.t1fri,r \'<'I!!l , .... l;~, 1'1.1Iw ~bsi ,I~I...:I,~'r 111.~, " i, i " ~(J~1i.e;r ~od,~lilt' ~tld wtm ~ln'I"'3", r 'l'h:~god! o \",.Iw I'i!.~' • I rcJ,'jf" h~h." iii ".lrl il;uln I"CfjIfrdillg, this 1.1" 1'ItEilU:". 10 Ihc ro:cent 11,.. k~ 11.. Fm[]~i:)is ClIiud il'l~,"t~~tma:S el k I'iI,<iLj,'l!' J!~1'~i~lI ll~m I~ 'j~ilf",il,"l' ~ljT I'1rii''3flpljlL" die' Marl in J Idcll!'OOl!'r" I wl'ltl!' I,TilGL"Io,ari>LI, ,.a:£j;ill~ lIRiu" ill i !~i.lq!l~<'r\ Cm.f/rUlJjlil~,.rH~' l"if.i.Il1'~lll..rl,-,. in A'iM h,difUf).wfi!i, 19~.1. 11m. 1-3. Whl!'u ti(: r~T:I 10 t-!~i.d~~,.;er·s irHbL~n{!i! I'll m~~J1.:m i1iMII!i.iTI ;Ii! ·'llnjr"L'I'il~l>~ WjJhVr,l.rz...Jlm~}. Comww rish! I}\' ;NL"~i~i:~~ 'i ~"fth wh~1 is ~~.;d{lif--<l,f~d al\ll:~fS i lir~jli"ll)' ~ll"IIill~.-[h(' G.\JIdr .tn.cl. ~n '" lli'"(lmicrul,· i 11~~ru~'li~ll~.<d m;llii!JI.IliIIUm fIr kH:"ln!l'l'''~MI~dJ('mdrilfi'). ~ilh ,,~.hicll I:J,~ .:~n ~~soci.<l.1lL'"S~~ c,ri· Ciq~BI: i:h~ iru-.~flF crmtioll1 dirL~:h.-d p{J".im.;.r.i lyoJgain~t Chrb!ilbnil~'" 9f" ~p.. !i2:R,. Til is ~"lln~. tv BP in th~ <l.irt .... of the h)'llol:hCOii~ dcvd'"]I'Dd. ~hG'1fII:l:lddqmO:f dif~t.li ~!i!~pio:ifi!'i,at th~ ~;)me ~'unn~ lion ~~im~ Yr~li" lliH:m~ jC5pg.(:j~ny Chri~~i>ll"l-ilJ)maill. ~lgoljilS' b '1ir:1'. ~!IJ;l!!,l.in~i ~h~1 II:rhfll in '.11i;· Ii nl~ii1iil:i)8 nh~!llLFIl' ~nd 501.md.thr: lIml;ilIlh~d Of ih~ imitiul1~.Jh~ ~~r(}=~l (hiEilig), illl<:rl:'lit ofhh"llllSill.oll"'mn~j~~~, si i1:lJjj\1 i.rying, rollsidctatJl)'. ill l'he Wit}' il. 'llCnds to III kC' it dis!:mre <£i!' d~l'R'j~rlIt'::> fmm l'lOll'!n=ltllion. ~]]d tC'o:lmics. or mllier fmm \\fhal' is ca]Ji!id ~I!jtcll and JUIl.htfJ~I.raft,,;I$ ~housh !he)· ~'l'Cre the ~~ml,,!, The mme, )'('S,:I~ wilJlI Wi! .J.1'1! Irying In ~ )! heri!;)$ ",,~11. 'Il.-l",.lly ,md i[l "ilIf i".hioii ..,\lid Ih~ Jrllll FI'ilh.c1" m ex rl.ld~,!.It ...f(,,~s,i!t1}' or the dHle-N'l!1iilll Ids, I!l! !illo;.~' II,i. :QilP.ft p;;s~itJifir is r ~'.Il\ni~.'d l!1tiUg,lU, y or II j. n .. l ~'~'rl"in 'tIl.lt il ('~II !"th' i'flr ~ li1:idl·~I.:~n,111 "01'''''1''''1''':' rI"r Ih.1~ '111'l·I,m,~ i~ ;dk'lI ,or C~'I'L·n~'r In I hi~ '14;'" I'I'",il,jllll'. I.... II 1.1". I; I~i, ;I! II.~L·1111" ,nll.,.I. ; Ii .1~,' .I! I." 111 111111 m,kmmlh .11'''11 Ih,11 I\,<" "II',' i iI' II vi "!~ "I'~'r, ~'I. It II'~" \~.. ,IMII" 'I!~II i I.. 11m I.!h'! III 11m q.,\ I .16i.1 ..a,!·~,·lilt,· ... '

~oo·"

n~~

ACTS OF flE Ut.iWN WO]\leor marka r($~:[;1i.nl <Jial~~c>" Pe'dwp~fh~y oOIlMi[uu~ a,sort of u nrvcfSilIl, not t:mlfal11<lClir Clf the; deadas

f)-\I n-I

AN D KNOWUDG

67

the pr.indpJe

of Hf-e and of sur-vival <suf-vie:;.,. Th:is

rel,gimn" as such, but 11 unU\le[$!I~struc nne of l:C'lj~Losit}', Fen if they <Ire ,KU in em~elves proper~y reiigious" they <I!!.Wll}'1) open the po\St~ibii of the r,di~,Q~lS ity i Ihou( ever bel I1igabl~ ~o Ii mit orsestrain it This pcmibi lily remains d~",k~~d,On e one: h:1l:ntl"to be S'l!I reo i:t is respectful 01' I~ln~bi~fililIJi5:~.cnt:~(m. efOLewh<l!~ b malns s8JCI1i:dm~tery, mJt~ wha~ ought rc remal fI l.n~<!;Cl f inaccessible,. ~ib!~ O the
ysricJi ,umm.u:n.i.l.y of a secret, Bul inthus hf:!'ld~n;g back. lhe sanae habitn!;!, also

mcch.micffi,1pl'Jnd ~)~ei~apparen lly vrry :5;i:I1i]})I~: h!1iS :1liblSoJuil'ev.alu.cQI1~r if it .~~ iiJ~

pens an access withmat meldiat~on. or rep['es>e'nlhuion,. hencenot wiihQl;l1 i1[1it1i~uive vielence, to. ~;hatwbich rem:!~]]S u!1scilthed. That is another di mensie L'1 of ~:hC' !ysfic,]I,Such :I. UI] iw:rsil~.a[lo\'o'Sor prerrrlses p~rb;ap~ the g~Gll<1] n"<'ln~il arion of mU.0, thatis: ~cnlple. respect, [\e'5~rllim,Vf'tJi{~,r,feJ',lulit, reserve, Scheu. shame, di~CI)f;· on, Gd.lj$Sc~~~reii, e'l'c.-uli! stop short ofl:hat whkhm~~;~ or should remsln safe d sound, intact, un~,athed, before wh.:lt must be aUtcned to. he ,,\.rh,~~t ol.ight~.o ... i e, ~omet~me:seven fit the cost (pf $aJc,if~dng il~df and .~Iilpr1liyer; the ol.hcr', S:~H::h a n~"'-C.$fLl .•suchan "existential" LUlivers1Iiity, oouMlmYe' provkled allea~~ the med~lIon of 11 $dil1~'/icmotncgjob;]l'atin iZiu~cmof rd~giQ" Or ~n ~liJy Cf~se,o its possfbi,lily, t W.bl<lt '~'I'Oldd then be I:e'quu~du5, ~1'1 the same rW.::!l'!'emel1l·,,~o lI'>COUnt Cor ruJ dcmbk· ls;ll]lfil~nn: ml tiw m'l!! ['UlI'M/, the 'lb!jolu~e respect of ~~f~, "ThQlJltshalt not ki~1"(,]t the ~,~~ ~11eigllholJx, if !Jot the l~"'ingull general), t lie ~ftlnd<lml.'nl<liisf· pmh~biti!Qn o.f thy bl)u~oj]. of artificial tllscmirl.ui.gn, ofpf;'r~ormat~\I'(;l inttTve!'ll~i.ofl j 11 the genetic tential, eventothe ends of gC'i'lctilcrap'y; ere.: (md (ll.~ d~~ Odil:'f ( without {~wn ('akirlg. of w~:rs or n:llg~oll. of their h'[l1(}risllt1~.ndr.hd rk~mngs)the no J,e~!.Jni:Vi!;"r· l s'l!;rmd~!WIC"lIt:ucm" It wasnot so long ~o that this Mill involved" he-reand thcl1e, .]].1]]111:1 s3,a~6occ. C'!'e1]inlhc'~gr~at'llfl'Gl1Ial:he!s[J]J;O.'" h. ~1i\','iI~~:; tnvelves ~.u;rHkeoft.he \I'mg, m(~re lhaI'll ever ~JIi large-scale breedi ng and siaug~lie<riU1Jg. in thefishIn:g or untin.g ifldtl stries, in .mi mai ~"'\::perim~nti1tio[l.. B~ iI, said in :pa.... ~iI1,g. thi~1ce:['lfiitl c.o;~ogi5~\land certain v("'getar~.iQ.ns-<lit least ~olhe extent that th.ey believe themsdve~ ) luve rcma~ l'Ied pl.ilr-.eof {Un'u;;alrrn(.d by) 311 ,eJnl,i VOrOl!Sl~Ie'Mhven ~ymi:m!uc~L_ e '(Juld ht tb,~ oi'lly "n~Hg.tous" per~cms or~helinrle ~o r~~pl'(tone of lil,!;.'SIe' two pure .lrces of r-e:ligion m:ld ~ndced~n bear responsIbility for \vhat ~Qu~d wG'.n be l:he Wre flfa [~~!£i.{Jn.\>Vh,ffi:lm:ethe 'm;\d~im;~oflhn~~ douhht: "u\S:hl~a!iofl .(respcc( of Je aL'lJcI s<lcrifucilllj~y)~' I Ireii~r~[} it a.~rn,et1r,tmi'cs b~\C'.tllSCit I\epror,h,u:;l;'~,with the rt:"gIJr~ryof iI [echll.tqllc~ lheirls~Ailnoe oflhf; nl()I1.:~~vil1igor, ~J }iOIJp,.refer;. of the dead in e li.ving. It \II'<I~ ~Iso ~he :i!~uQrm]tiot"l acoon:! in.g to the philUk: em~[t tJr wi1I~(ll \.\I·e ~}oke~tbmlt. II W.}$ ~hc m,]rtnr~cui!?,Ihe dead rrmcMne yd more thall ~Iving" the ~pt'c·
wi 1,1'1. II i ';"l~I"'I\~nl~~h i~I"'.'I ~lln.ll~n~ I..... I~.i~ MI. ill! hi ,i ~~d. jij lu~ln~~H~ i [hd LI'",Li'i~t ..:;~(:ri!] ~ I! I~ iI !~I '11I I.i I "'i .01i II!! ~ 11~a'I~I~ ! ~'~l~ r~! II 1'1111 !I~ ! III!~! I !',~L~~~n L 1~1 d'I~\O; LII ~~ • 1,~ii~1 !'m I~ I I ~g! 1~4~II~I ~i1~111 ~1i111La!I\"'rru~ !~i.1i1 ..~ ~ 1 'I.' n I -1~LI~V: 'v~,~1. i~i:i" ... I. iil..di~'~'14d .li~··~iI'q!"I! 1 II! 1~1~I~!I " I ill U I~I,.II r'll~~r~". !11M ~~~h'til'I',iLI"~r I~.I·/~I !~ ~~Ii.'11
;'." r ~

!I

worth nror:e thnn I.ik, Alld hence only in so r~l' asitrcoums, beeorm ng~tscif ia ~:h:c l<lbolU of i.~lnfli.~c mour.i1Ji.llig,.in 1:11.:: illd(l'n]ll~ficat ien of a speClrfliuty wnth.o!1tl~mit ]r is SllUM., hoily,ill tim itdy r("SpectaJbI~ oni}' in the!lli1me of w'h ill is\\lOnh more than i~ and what is not restrletedto lhc natarelness g,r the blo-aeologieal (sliJc.riHreilbl~).a]thal~iI&l'!l IWe sacl'~ficJe {}ughr ~o ~lIIcrijfio~ not only "m;!wrlli~ Ufe. ca~~ed"<J!~lirmd" Or' "bioLogjJC'dl,~ alm that which is worth more than f>O-c;jJ.n.cd rliaru.ral life. Thus, but respect QlflHc inl~h~ discoerses of r'E'~igiC!'n such CQ!1Jcem$"hYI.T!<lUll.IHie1o~i1}¥in se :J~S; ' far as il bears witne~$, in OOirnemmmer,~Q the '~Id'in lnmscena.e'l'lct of ~h!lt:wllk.h is itc worth more than It (dievinhy, the s;'lcr~rlanessof t:he ]aw).:l3 The prke of human Iife, whkh is to s~y. of <lmhropo,-theoiogicai ~ife, the price of 1rth,m ~ ollght wl'~m,airJ S;]['c (JieWg, sa.,r;:}C1, safe' <I.ml seund, tinsca!:hed,.~mu1IUl1e). ;~5 [he ll~~olute price, the prkeof whllt ougM to inspire l'C$P~ct ,modesty. retieence.thisprice is priceless, II corre .. sponds t:o, what Kilm callsthe d:ignlty (W{{rdigk!gU) of th~ 'erl!d ]Ilu~sdf, oflhe rational finite heu~lg, Qf,lilsoiwJe value beyond a.U comparatnve lUar~t~t,pl'ke (Marklpnds ). Th is d igni.l,y o,f ~urc can o!ii'iJiy.'mb$b:~.b(':'Y<'H1Id pr(!S€nl living, being. Inl~ \.'!lben(e,lransQenden>c~,ftti~hi£m and sp~(;nOllit}'> ,.,(hence" the reli,g,!ICl.sityof rel.i,~;i,QIl. Th is eseess above and beyond. the Hvi:t:l;g,.whose Ililfeonly has lIbso~l]t~\lli~Ue: IW being w{jr~.h mere l.hmJ.lliJe.mom thlll1i!t~df-!'h i!~,i[n ~hlOn, 16wh,u ope.f!fs~j]e ~:'p[ljc:ef dcath o Hml is linked to lhe ,]utomatJon (e:xcIHp:l<1.I'iiy "plrallie"], tOlecht'l.lc::;, the l1i'uldliIil(\ th,~ prus~hesjs:un 1'1 W'OM, I~) the dinle'f]liiOrrJli of aute-inmnaue and $dr·~aJcri:fida~supp~oenl'el]mdly. to lhis dcatb-driv.e th.al is sflcm.i}f aa. \Nork in every oommunuty, t~wry awu-w-.immuni!y,willl;;~i~u[lnig LI"l<~ suchin its itl;~·mbilil¥.its 'heT~t<lg~,.its ~l?ecll'iI!l rrad~~:inn.Cmnnnm iry <l.~~!,i!m~.'nQn immmrU}',~ no oommuni,l.}' <is ~()I5:5,iblc>thi<1lt ,lWeI.

would ~lOlcui livJt:C,i~5owna,uw~imm.[ilnity, apri ncip.~eof sllt[ifitb~ se~f·de'$~n]cl~QrI r[~~nli nglhe ptu[1dp~e (jiWSieli:pn)!e(;)~jo:n (thou of ITI~jmJi.l']!i._n]jg Its sc]f-intcgdtyinl8d), and lhJ3 if! vn!e'l\I of ~flllUl sQ,rl: f lIwisiblle and sp~clnd 1:mr"...~~i"'rhis~f·".o[JI~efiting, o ;l,UleSmt ion. k\f1eiPs!hellu~Q. iml1l1UJ'I,e>C{H,1 m~1nily aIive. ''''hkh .is to $,lY. open to. somel'b IMl![l, oth,er <! nd more' !:han. itself:: the O!I:l'iCI',the fut~tre, d£rltb, fr{ocdu!!l!1,I:i1Jeco milin:€: 'or tl:H~~01;'eof Ihe Qtlh,~r,r.hli' ~piKe<!!:ld ril]H:" of 11! ~~)ecll'i1H:dng nlt~ss.i<mkHy beyond .ilU, :lll:eS8!<lJllsm. l~ i~ there ~h3t [he pOi!islbm ly o.f tcliflj,(m p~.t:S~S:I:S;' the mU:gio!ls bond (scnlp'l~i(ln~, r~lipe',C:1 (u~, Itmd.el>~>.n.'1:ic",~uJ hibited) bet'il\\\een tb,eVIIIIllJe of I ~[-e.its in absnhl.tig Rdigllit}'.~ .. d the theoiQ~kai mO]ctiinc, the "mach~ne IfQrmaking god5.,,~q, m
.~~. f:'mlCCi nl nil Jhl' 'JtlII.,,~r<l.ticoi'l ~ml diSili~_:i~I'ilJiJ uf ~Il.~>{: !;I'i~~ llll:"S [30,rN~nd ~lmclm). w~ r,~f,C'r m l]oj!g~~\. ~ i!rn~'!.'l' i'-1~':md '!'I ~ I,~~in,~', h ~4. '/i:Jm4rf! I~\ I~I I ! '"II ri li<'u'll~;m. lh,· 'liYi:' S"mn.,: II' Mrljllf,llt ,trl,1111·b~i'I'I, I F.IIl:<;_ I~_ !j,'; A~hf,~·}. '\LlO1'"~ Illli.1 ~ ~~UILIL I~I'17 ~~I~'~~~I'I"II, '1,1/11 h I hL" 1&";'rj~."I,~iI~L ~! I \\1 I I~ "I ""I.II~ ~,~II t~·1 • N~~~.~· ....... 4; I !,n~tW; 1IIIIvn ~~~)'f'I~! N~ Pit I~
I ~,~~nL I~J ~.'i;""IhP,~r~ I~ , i I,

Ii~I'!

I"',

Ii ••

h ....iltii Iii \'I;' •..I!riI~. 1~.ln',I~I~~~~~ t...unnl

~.i.I

~Lliolllll".lllt

"iIJiijl~II!la

Illil~1

i'.II~

I..,.

I '.

I'~I~ I, ~III •
i

I ~ ~~.~

ACTS OF R.HIG ION

ri!;,

ITI1

. N D KNOWLEDG

response that is both ambiguous andambi-valant <.,1 d(mbJ~ f~!€i:ue et (I ~l{mblrt ent.,rHe> is rhus an dlipiii : the eUi.pso5 ofsaeriflee ..Is <II r.eli.sioli ma.:gmable withollit. sm:rifia'lIndw:llhout p.r.a}'cr? 11~ sigll through which -Iei.d!lggcr belteves ontO t.beolog)' can be I'eoogni:l.ccd is when the relaticato the ib~olUle 13ei.ng or to the SUl?ve]TM~ , .ause has freed h~drof i:mtl:i, therebylasing
41) Rel.igiclin,.
i1S <J

LOC-e..sS s3J:;rufi(;ia.l of[edIlg 11'0 less than to~')m)'(i'r. to

But there aswell, ~wo ,';lmnl"ce·!>:

r

he dlvidua.llnw. the d(U~lJIe. blJld, also the duel foci, the e.[lip$i$or a,riginary duplicty of religion, comi.ls therein, that the 13\,\/uf the unscathed, the $ah a:linl1i f the o ;a:fe.the humble respect gf that whi h iii. acrosan (heilig,. holy) IJotl, rCiJI•.lrC5 m'IlJ ~ llldes ,s:l·crific.i!, ,,¥hich is W say. 'the indemni Ii ation of the unSl:<lthed,. theprice or :mmunity. Henee: ,nlto- immu nization ill nd the ~a"fifiGe ·of sacrl fice. The ]aUer dW<l}'srepresenes the same movement, the Ft-icC:!tu pay fOT not inj IlriD"lg or wrong.Ilg tbf1 absol L.Ue othe.r. V:iol~nreof sf\crifk·e in! he name of non-violence. Ab.so!ute .espect enjoins first <Il:11d foremost sacri fiee of sel f, of one 's most precious Injeresr. lf Kant speaks of the "heliness" of d'i(~moral law. it is whil.e ~xpl.ici.d'Yholdi ng 3. discourse ou "sacrifice," which is to S~Y' CHi 3J1'inth,er in~tanti<Jtitllll: of religion "\Niuh~n the limits of reasnn {ilOl~e": the Christian religion as Ihe ollly "moral" r·digkm. $('Ifsacrifice thus sa. rificc •. the mOlitpmpt:t in the service of the mostproper, As though J)lm! reason, illl aproc..css o' a·l!llo-:immuneindemnificadon. cDuld only oppose Ireligion as ueh to <I rdi:gio!'9 or pure f,l'ilh to this or thaI belief (42) In our "wars o:f rellglon, 'v1oh~n.~ 113
l!bo\l':e, a'p!?CAfS "Cfll'ltempomr-y,"
'(WOo

but itt is.only an e",_,1mpl'E!, if! Algerl:.l.todllY, in the' name of [slom, invoked by both belligen'nt panics, each in its own wa . These are also symptoms of a reactive and I1cg:atov.e recourse, the vengeance of the bmlyprope.r ag.;.il'ist311 '~.Kprop:ria~ory snd deioc.aI31.in,g rele-tech 1l0i!H,;ience,id·e'llidfie.dwhh the globa.~ 0: the nUld~et,w'ith ity mi~itarY-~IIp'it.ali~ti,hege:mony, with I.~legRobo]atin.izatLOfJ of the Eu.ropean demoeraetle mo del, irI ii[~.denble form: secula r snd religious, \'l/he'll~no ther ·figure of double o.rigiII]-the fQ[~e.e.lIble 3]lii.it:'H.:~ of the worst effects of f'lll]iitb ism" dogmati m Of' rrretlonallst obscarantism \""ithi hypercritical acumen and incisive analysis of the hegemonies and the models ofthe adversary (globalarinizatlon, religion that does 1101: peak its name, ethnocenerism putting OIl, ,\15 a.I",~,.,. ill sinn!,!' of' uni'i'\~r· S3.H$m,.~ rnalr.kel~dri!,l\en science and t,ecllnology. democrasle rhetoric. "humanharlan" stnlt'et;y.or "keeping the peace' by means of PCOIc'I:-kel!'ping ·f{.wccs,\<;'ihilf:' ueeer (Oilraling tht' dead of Rwanda, for inslal:lc..e. ~n the same mar-mer as those of the Uni~ed Stilte~ of America 0 r of Eu mpe). Thi,s an::::hilioc and (~s~en~ib]r more s;'I\li.lg,e· rild:ic8Ilizatuon of<r,dig,ious' violence d,l~,mSj, in '~he name of"reiigiol1," to 3I1o~· the ... bving. community to rediscover its roots" its place, its bodyal1d its idiom intact (unscathed, safe.pure, proper J. II spread death and unleashes sel -desiruct ion in a desperate (auto-imrmme gesture that anack thebloud of its oWDll)ody: as though Ilu;~rcb)f1.,0. radicate I.lp.rooleeincss end reappropri e te the sacredness of life safe and
sound. DoubJeroot. double
IlproC)tedIH~'!>.~I'double

eradication,
ill

ages, The

(l1"I1e,

already discussed

(43) Douhi·e rape, A

1~e'Wj:"l'mdwwmJlld

thQ,D~ i1Hy,

wars that are 3,lso wars 0.1 rell-

in sync. or in step ·\,.i'th tlh,elil.y~e'r~orhfs;tk~.ti,on o:f .

gion. t~l;r ·~lIH)$~dvanced technosdet'l.tHk cakul~bmt}' with a reactive ~arvase'rythat a

military t'e!~···t.e-diD1lol.og}'~of'··dugitaf'and cybcrsp.lIiced cldlur-.e. The ether isa "new archalc violence," if one can putIt 1:I1 wily. It coun tel'S the first ilJJ:]de\f~rylh ung it at represents" R~venge, Reserting, in fact, te the' slime resources of mediatic power, it rf:lr~rts ('ocrnrdil1g to the return. the re OUI1I.::e,. thercpristlnaeion 311l,d the law of internal andautcimraun rl;'Olcti.vitywe are ~ryillg to f:()l1mdi7J~ here ss lo~el~'as posslble to. the body pmpe-r and to the premuchin I living being. In any case, 'to its d'esi:rl! .and '10 .its phllm,"5m.llevel'ig~ is taken aga:inlil'rhe dllccu::po['alb:illg and expre.rhl'~.ing achine b,' .reso:rting-fievenillg--Io m bare hands.to the sexual Qlrg;<il~s to, 0[' p[ianili,~ 'lOO"';, often to\Cveapon;s: oth,er than firl€,;Jrms d'arme bltmclw>.Whiilt l$ referred to a$ 'Lkm.ings" and "atr(u;;ili,e':'" -vm·ros never u~ed in ···("Ie~n" "pnl:per" or \'\I3,rs,where, pre i~ely, the d~a.d are flO ionger ·t;;o[lnted (gllidcd of"'jn~dli~e'nt" missiles direc~f\d fiIIt entjr{~ cities. for ]IlMallce'l-i~. here Stll)pia UlItedby lo;rtures,.beh,eaJding.$ mid iUlJltil:!lion~ () all smts. \Vb,n is invol ·e(11i~ alwJYS 3vO'\iled vel1geance, (j'(""n til.'d.:m'tll ;t~ ,'>cJI!!.ml n'""'~'Hg~:r.ll.il',~. illllil i~,!h,d ~{'Ilillllj; ur ~i:.:'II\!!'rcd I. , han· ~'!lrps,· ... l'xluhih'd, 11·(·~Bh'.... ,dl"1.. .•'> nlli hi I,.ill!,'.. il~' L III h·,I'!h~'. i!npal~'\1om i.lu: l'lld I
'Li~

~;U~m Hke to attack rhe body pro, per d:un~~·llf'the :sexual. th6lll$ that can be raped, ld lrilui.liitcd ur $i.ll1pJly deflied!, dc..'lIexuilliz.ed-yet another form of the Same violeuce. Is it pcss .. to sp!;lIktoday ofthis doublerape, to speak ot it in i!i tvay that wouldn't iib!c De 100 foellsh, unin ormed orinane •.while "lgnoring" ~p$ycho;m!lllysis"~ To igllOTe psydm3nal}'sis can he done .in;li ll'iolJ,s<1Il'ld 'I. 'lyS. sometimes 1:luo'il.gl:l x·wnsi.(' psyc ,ChOill1 Iyli.c knm .... Jcdge that remains uhurnll}' disOisso-ci,ned. P~'Ydlnalla'ly~is is ignored wihl'lmit is not i I1tii'gtJ'ica into the most powerful d iseoerses today on I'fglll, murali t}~, olitics, but aha on sc ience, philosophy, theology:, etc, There area thoep l~and way ... of avoiding ~.U!C:hoo!f1siS'~~i:lt f aHegration, even i.n Ihe iastitutlonal milieu of ·p.~y'~00l!l1:a1}'8,is. No doubt, "p~ycho.. n!lIl}'sis" (we h,,~ to proc~"ed mOore and I'i1CEfe qtli, Ik.ly) .is rCCL-ding i:n'llhl~ West; ill flever blioke mH, never lie<lI1}!cmssed the border~ t of a pOIn of" lld ull.'ope," This "fllct" is ;J 11f:'giti mate P:iI[tor the cOliifigurn li.on 0 fpheilIomel II>Si.g,I1S, symptoms that we <llr.c qllcstionil'lg, here under the' tid" of "!1digjon." H W 'COJn Olnll:' invok~ a new r;IlJighlenm~n't in order [0. a ('!lulU 'Ii)r Ihis "'relum l)f
I herd iv-h.!!!~.. h' iII!!!UI hli'i lIJ.ti ~ illl~l pLI)' .:11 k ..!~q n ~UInL' ~I, ~rl I jf IIIgi~' f ih L;' lH1'~:unn
.,,~·im~.~? ·W·ilhnu! I'I! !U!',U!,~IL hb I},L·,lrLill I~B' ~lllt·'~1im •.• if !",HIH••1n'l! dW I wnr"!I!q~~ !Ji!1

~'I.II,!·~ [l'h.IHil I>I~ 1'~~il.;I1·~~,I ··I1.I~m,II • ,'II~:I"I'!'''' I,

I"hi" i~ ~ Ih'

,.i~~·,~'~al1!p!t",
f[li

ACrs.

OF

ru: L1G ION

I~AITi-1 f."N D KNQWLEDG

,(' r~ilctioll to radical ,evil that is <I~ the centre of Freudian t'ilotl:ght?' Thi qlicstiorn n no lon,gelC be sepamted :frurm many others; the repeddon-compulsioe, tlil.,e

to be egmellted imo micra-climates, difficult ~.~n'ivingami bearingwitlless

those hislOr:iml,cuhura.l.

politil.tI micro-

Wiles, liale Europe and the Middle East, in whkh the jewish people had such great
to its raith., "1 Ut'ldetSliilid Iudaism as th~

leath-drirc," the differ,em::,e between "material truth" and "ilis'torical [ruth'; that lpoS'es itsdf upon fre'Udw~tth. respect ~o"rclig.ion," pred~d)1., and that 1.¥Ofksitseif u aboee ,aUIn eloset pr()lx!mHr~o OInin't,E"r.mi n3~)1@ Jewis_hqu~sr.i.om,.h is true that ,,,,h1o<J:l1lllfytuC 'ktlJowl~d:ge(ilD, in tum L,],pmotand reawaken faith b~' opening,itsei f a flew space of tesrinroni illuiy, to a ni1."W iastance of attestilt6on, to iii new experl~ce'of the symptom and of truth. Thi new spa ewould have to be also, ahhOllgh It ,e:oclus,¥v ly.1 galand pol itiCaiLWe shall have to return to this. yin:g ~o think the interconnectedness, alh~it otherwise. of ]QIi-\~ledge faith" l (h.nosri~tic,t' mel religolls belie • calculation and the sacro(Hid "ct. I n the procl::s \~~e h,~ye not ceased 'Ilo encounter tbe a Ui;ltiGe'. holy Of not, of e 'cakl]_]lIbk~and dH~ incalcelablc, As, well as that of '~he im1DnuneFiI:ble and of Jill ber, of rhe hhti1lr'jI' lII1d of the dogit.. D(tl'liogmphi"c.aklJ]m_ii)i1I~ al, for 'tll~;~.al'l(e,
COIl

;g,) We are

tilliltly t

pussIbility o'f giving the mbk: ,~ c()'!'!.tex.t.ofkeepil1g this book readable," ,'l'W.'i Levinas, Do es not the g1obaJ!:izat~on cl~mo:8rn:phlcruii~i'ty and c3kuia.'ti.oll render of the probability of sueh a "context" w.eake'r t h,lI] ever 11m:! <IStilre,ateniTll;S, for .'iuf'll"~'i<l1 as the worst, the radical ~vil ef the "Hilmi sol.ution"? "God is th,~,fI_uur,e ," sa,ys Levin as also-whik Heldegger sees the "last god" announcing himself in the eve'!')'absence of' future: "The ~a~l.god: his (lGGlmring, (We;s~mg)is found in the hint: rim Wil'I:k), in the. nst of ,II!,! arrival !i~ill().Ul5l,uliding (dem Alif-aU mT,rl AllSbldll' del'AJ/k!m!t).::Is. we! I as in the II~ ,of: the gods that are P<lst J nd of thel r hidden meta morpllOsi:s,,"16 ight
This quesrion is perhaps the most grave and l1105t urgent for the State and rhe

dll}' concernseae

of the aspects, as least, of the "religious qu,~~~iOfl"~n its S'f'OpO-

!lations of Israel, 'but it concerns alse a II the 1C'!.,\fS,and doubtless abo. if less obviou~ly.<IlJlhe Christians m the ",mid. Not' :I'~ a~1MusJ~m:s,~)odiJiy. And to this day, this, .is a fu:ndilme.n'tlal diff~r~ii1lce between the three original "great menotheisrns,"
f 45 )1:- there not ;)1Ym)l1!i another pllJce of d isp~·rsluo.nl When: the source ~Od3y divides

'ical,di mensi rI. As to the futlUT~ (If a r Ai:gion, 'i h~ qneseio Gli of number concerns OIS ouch the qUIi.i1Itity of "popularlons" as the living indemnity of "peoples.~This doc :it merely signif)~ that the religious factor has to be taken iln account, but that the .anner in which till.: failhful <Irecounted must he changed in all :Jg~of glubali:l4-n. Whether it is "exemphu¥,> or 110l, the Ji!"w'lSh uC'stio!!1contmues to be a rather q md exrutlplc ($,tifnple, particula r G!~e) forfuh.m~ elaboratien uf Ihis demo':a:pbic·n:-li,g:i:mJs, prob.~~m3ti(. ]n truth, tb is qu~'.S:t ion ~Ilfrnhcr£ obsesses, as is weH 1iOWfi" t'he Ho~;y Sc:ripH!reSiiJJ~d the rnonothe ism ,"'Ithem th~y f~'i:l themselves rrearened by 81U expmp~iiilJl:iivci'i_fiid!~~OCil1iZ.jUg tele-teehaoscience, "peoples" IIJI,() d
I

or

elf again" like the sam', dissociating itsdfbetween fuit'hand knowle d!$e? The origill'lllilrellcthrity In at! e'"xpruplFi8Jlhf(lL'lod ddocaliililg telc-rechnosclence IntlS't respond arleasr "'In figures. The :Ianer are SLlpcr:imro!,ltlCi upon one anothes, they r,~lary or replace each o'[hel:', produ ing in.truth ill the very 'plaoe ofdl.,e em.pLlI~ment noth irag but .indemni fyil.1:g and aU'~o-nmmU1H~ ...u?plelijH~n[;jrity:
it

ar new form. (If invasion. "fh~y ,ue lerr~fi,[_-d, b}1 alien "popuiarlons," whose gro\\ltl:l . wellas pre ence, indirect or virtual-s-hut
OJ

5tKh.;]!1I the more 0p'pre.<;~,i\ie-

]" Viol~m sunder! ng <armcfle.,\I1lmt>. tn be sure, fr{lUI lhe rad ucal i~r roets of ( EPlt1IL~fjrzfl'/lIng, Heid~gg;et would say: we' cited hi nn, above) andfrom all forms ef origi nary pf.I}ISis, from 3.11the supposed f(;;,WUlrce.s of 1.1 force held 'tu be authentil1iU generauve, sacred, unscathed, "safeand sound" (JleiJig):: ethnic idemity,
descent, family, nation. bleedand
Hire

~oomcs in alcul.able. New way~ gf counting, 'l.hen~fore. TI'H~r{" more than one is ay of .intel:pretililg, dHt unheard-of suevival of the smllll"',e-\·{isll people" an, I the obal exiensiou n its rei iginn,. s:in;g,ll:' source of the lwo monotheiems which shill:e i 11(e-I"ltil do,mi nat ion of the world and of whkh. u in d:i~n~~yatleast, it is t:l'lI: equal, here a re <I thousand W.IYS 'of~~H~rpreling its, resistance to aUempl:S a I: exrermiaanaas \'Ve~_1 tv. :1 dcm(lgr<lph'jc d iSl~ro:r(lrtion, the ~ikeof whi.ch is not' knewu Bm as
hOlt \.\11]1 come of this ~un'i\l'al
['HI

soil, pmll)er name, properidiom,

tlf

proper cul-

and memor}!.
0\,

2. But al

rrrore than ever, the counter-fetishism

the same desire jnverted, tilt:

aDa.mi :>1, r,elation to lite telc-t.echnoscknt ific IDll·clline.wruch then b ecnmes a r.11;",dl~ e o'f evil, and oK radical eV'il, but a .m.S1chil1€'to be miiniJnd3tt:d as much as u to be exordsoo. Because this ,evil is to !:Iedornesti eaeed <lad because one lncresslng!y IM£-S artifacts and prOMTIL1'Soe-s, wh iell Ot:l,(, is tIlt:ll:lly ignorarn.jn of 11glrm'fing, d.ispropo dol'! bet""een knowledge and lu10\.,,·hoW". the space of ~.uc:htechniOlI ~xper1en(e lends to b~rome: Inu.re: 3i11imisti. magical. iuys:ticillll. The spcct.l"ilI
. n, lI<!il.r'!.,I.'!:r.' l

fh~ d;ry (a1.iFCIU:ly arrived, perhaps)

wi n b~ ~:llli"a:~cd? Then, "g_loilalizilliou," a h:ml S[) rreqtl!~l'idy cncomHered if! mt~rkalll di:<;cmlr:se, \~ willJi p€'itha,ps tl } IOIl~t:r allow the Sol!lI'faceof !he hum.1n eal'l.h
~. h.rrr\I.JJ.,i \
iJI,tI~·!

""he'" glClbali.za~

I'lr;J'lj,;tph!f',

11, 256, Frcll~h

tr~!l~'~ti(lll

,1ml o;_;!I,'(! b' J,-F. O)(I,rlil'l(:.

'"1_,l"j;

IF,3et'S !!'Il<:

j\11114IijN~1' 1."•• 1'1

II

I P.r'nlli..,
!,III

~D"I~'i; ~" ••

a n~~h.,h

Jly"!!I h

~"" --. I h-I i II~III.aq

~_rddji.hil~,Jl~.,_.i~JI rJ{

,m'll

··.:J'!'I.. rl....,~~rd~rr:· r;:'h~, iI,tJ ... n ... h ;hl,;'li'II,~ L~HI1 h~ i hi u! -. Iftl '1~I',ln p,,~·fI~/~rl/rrr~.rr.. . l·rr~II~., .. "..'1 ~ h h ..'I\'~~ LI \'L~"llii II ~I~'

I",~.l~~l' ! lil"I." d.,

'I I.~ I ~,ill.,J.II,

• i 1111LJnt~I~1~III ~I"

"'1~1~ II

1.111.

II

~III~II ·',~I.III,d

~i~ 1 liI~!

,,1'111\, mil!'\:.I"d~i'r,! ~11I11~"'i~bi'1,~-"11!,'-"FI'llit m~irh' I"g .. h1 t\P~ 'r ~JJLr', n""r ., frn~!i/Ii!dJ~ Id~r,rfJI'~";!iUJI II"~IU"" "'rqa,; I~~"n". il)'1 1'1. :hii.'~~:u; 'Uniior'!l'jf'tiih 41:1 I' :hiL~~I~~' 1114 , II·~IJ 'i ~~I' ........ I L
Ill! ,.n:-rr'liIIIJm·-,till!l
!~ ("

I', ~ II"

ACTS Or Mp(1C~ of this

RELIGmN

(:XllC'lilzn(c persists andthentends ~,D bettJm~itl proport IOUlito lhj~ dj,spu)po,nim,~. one might ~ay-hl!Cre~sIn:gl)' priJnHive S!~d aJ:'chai~c.So muc.b ~,o thiilt its n:j~~tion, no h!'3S t~]'lrl .its apparenr appropl'iallOIli, CaD. iII;SlS,llmtile Ihe fO['iI'Il of a I'd~g;iolj[t}'that is b oln strl'!chmll and inJvJsive" A cenain ecoiogisl: :s:pi.rh Cd ri pil:rtkipa.~e in til, is..(Bula d ist inctionmust be dmw.l1Ihere between a vaguJe el;!OI,{Jig~$J ideology <i nd e(:ologic,ll d iscou [S~~, and PQlitks th,H are of~el] both com'pCII(;nt and rigorous, ) Neve, .1:[1 h.isto.ry of h"tilla:[ihy.utwolikI $~-.e'.m, the' h@J~th~ d~pn)~,orHg[) between s.c~emifii;;Incempetence <!ndrmm ipru"~C'lI'Y compelence been. as serious, It is ,not even meansra hie anylonger with respect to .m:;lchi.llcs Ih~t :J:re used everyday, with lIma.l,)t~r'r' thatis tolken fnr griltUi£:d lIr:!!ci WhOiS!Il: p[lo.ximity is ever closer, rnorcinl:erkl[,m,om domcstk, To be sure, i.n the rer~rlt p!!i~'l eVll1'y snM:ier did I:1IIDl kU.QW how hi.li firem:lmf:u'n,i;:ti,gn~d ..lthollgh he kn:rew very well how ttl use it. Yestel!dI.w,. allthe driv.ers ef ~utornobnes Or t ravellars in a. tm:im d,id not .aJw,rrys know ¥(~ryw~U how "it works," But their [e:llIt ive hn,oompe1:ence st<l:rndsin 110common fquitfltirul:ive) meamre nor in arw (q!..l.i.d:ita~ ~hl\(')<I !lilklgy wirl'! th.iIl whlchtoday chilm.ct~rizt's ~he r~l;]tio1l5hip of ~h~ mll~()t p.~wl of humn nity to the mach iaes by '!,I'lltell lhey 11\11: !'\""idl wh lch UIC}~'strive to O .~i'\!\en daily fllm ~Iiiluity. Who is cilpiil!b.~(' Qf sxpla iill ing i:\cit:[l,tificiIIUy I) chi IdrG'nl i L h()wt~'k'phonesrUl1l;lion toda)' (by underseacables 01"by ~~tcmlC}, and the same is,true of ~e!e".isJon, fax..OOimp~Lte[, clecrronk mall, CD-ROMS, :rrl:i;gil),f.::'I:ic cards, jet pl.:lrI~.!O, the di:srrib~ltio[l of nuclear 'ellJergy. ~c.a!l[ler~,ecnogl'lIpn}', etc. ~
46) The same r-.e]jg~osity is obliged to ally t:hereactivir~! :r,cball:c return,
:1$ ~.~.

sary that iu truth is; the s,Ilrne. The satue -eb ut> douM~" Wh~'Lh i~~IICI~af; wh,aJ is called the eo',ntcmpor.ary :i'nrhie bh~hl.l1Jt.~m:l.crnr()ny it..~ di~!o"uion. Auto,i.m.mu!ltl of iri,d~mI'!ificll,t~on. Thts is whyrhese ·'oom,e~~;t"orl:l.ryn mO\'\if'memH~ ;In.' dblijgcd to search for thc:ir salv~ I:ioll Uh,~'s~fe and s:(H]nda~ the sacrosanct]; ~s well as [hell" health i111h~ p.::H.rfidoN:.or ,a newslliarrce between the ~C'!c-techJll.osc;t:'ntifLC lIIJdthc t two sources of rei ~gion (the ui}:licathed, hir!!,i/ig. }il)ly. 0[1 the one hand, and faith Olr bel.hi'f,t~.'W.!'it! UJci~try the other], The 'hu 1n0! ~hilrU.m' WOLlldpmvici.!! :I. good examUn ple of'this. "Pc,u,;ekecp]Mgfbn~ell~as W'~H., (47) Of~!j'ha~ should one rake pill.r~.jculllfflot~ in u'yrnljl to {bmlrtli?~e.in a (:O!f'U::I;5.t~ i,mI~[i ~h~ axiom tl,W 1'l~1', 'Ihetwo, sou rces around. each of th~ two "logic$" ifyl}iJI~ike, cr ~",h of the hv{) disl.i net "resources' ofwh:til inthe We.."~ gQe'l> by the Lati,mHc name, "[,eHg~o[l"'? L~l u S remem her lill,ehyp(:uh,e~,i~of these two ~t!'!lir,C,t:£: on. the ()ne hand, the fiduci'lr~i'Y' of oo!lfidcl~CCj trustworjhiuess <jiabili~if> nr of trust: </hmce> {bdi~f. f<ii,th, cn~dil and ~.n ~[J}, and 01'1 the other, the 1I,iil':>C:ll,th~d-jiii:\fiO of {h~ liln~c<lth~dl he safe and ll.Qund, theimmu ne, the lmly, the sacred, hr:iUg}. Perhaps U what in, the first place oUl;'jht be stressed hi thi~: eac h of tn,~se"lilix.iQl.m as such, s, fii.rt:'ildy re·n~cnl and presupposes the ot.il,cr .. An. ,'l~:;(jln alway.s 'lffiHLTll. a~, its name imi k:,]tes,ifi value, ~ pricC'; it cnnf [IUS ~n promises <Inevaluation ll~;a[shoui.d r~mll~in in1Jl3ct ~.!1dent,'!i~, lik'every value.an iu~t ot; ftlith. Sewnd Iy, both of these n,,)] <lXiO:lll." renders possible, bu( Ml nec~.~~ary! O[Hc,t'hi ng like a rdigJon,.wlh.ich ls to S lO~Y, ~l'Ist.iu.ll[ed "P'P,mHu8COl'lsisting an ofdogl1l<ls {)I, of :l.rtudesoffaufhlhal.we bo;~h deteem ~m1.te and ,il'nll~PJ·riIb]'~ from a.guven hi:ijWfic,,1 ~och~~ (Cb~.m;h.,dc[gy, SOcL1Jil1y Iegi,ti:mllEi~"d ;)lIHbof'it)', people, .• ,harecl ~d10m, com I11JUnlty of th~ fllirhfuioom.rl.l.ittcCl ~ tothe sarne faith and sanetiooi ng the 5111rUIC' hb:~()qr). Bl!A the g~p between the open" [Ilg of~his p.ossibilify {(,I.~ (j mui i'1'Ts~l~uu<N,m!)and I.he dtt.I'tTlt,m"l!IfU,e n.er:~js';i, of~his Of tha~rd igion wi n al ~"';Iysremsin im~du,ciMe'lIri.d sometimes <i~"operates> \;'lfidt~n each :rd.igio.fI" Ibe"~.\ecml 011 the cm,e hand ~h<l!t lJiII'h~chkcc'ps h dOSe"M to its "p~Drl~'" <l!'l!cl ... pmpe:rro~siL)illlly. and onl the utl1l~r, its ocw[! h~5mI~C@JHy determiaed necessities or ~,l!th01.'jlt ics. l'~U'IS,one c,lIml aJw~~y5.c::ri~i1;;uLie. relec t 0, ecmbai ~.h].:>or '~harfiJ!rm of
.s:tlil::md!lJC'~$ O[

of the :l?li~li1rlUve aad dO'f!:m:llisrn

i!uul to !YJ1e[\cThic vigi ~<lro:;c, ..l The rnachmes ~l combers h}' slriving toappropriate rhein re slso machhlCS,fQ1rdcstmy.ing, hissorical tradition. They can disp]il~e the tradiiO!],l1l ~;~.n:u;:h,l.I1r:~, Ofl'!liII~~(l!J,~1dt~Zlen~hil1!~'hey tend lo effllce both the bo.rd'er5ofthe tate and IJ1C dlSlillot.iw prepcnies oflilIl,grIJiIl,gcs. As iii: resuh, the religilYtlS reaction rejectio[l and assim ilation, intll~)je'tion and ~11I ~orporatiQn. impo~ib'l e ~ ndle!'!111l if~atkm and mOlilmin:g) ]lOrman;), fnUows tVifom:v,e[lU!e$~:hil~OOmpl:~c" withc,ac.h oUler
ltd ~r~ :llpprltel1~]y :1In1itl1eticrtiL 1300h a,r tl1e:D:iJ, howc~[> 'oft a "denlO'c!!"atic" utldition: ClIll
;i$ ¢as~uiy Opptll$¢ or

have .'I.~n1:1'Idy said, b.otl,r to obscuramist

SiJIV~

or beHef,

C'I"I;:U rei igi.{)us ~UlhtH'il:y" ~n tl:H~Ill.amc GElhe mo~[ o.rigtof

.,elurn to Il.aJiOlla~ d~z.e[Qship p:u:r~oti.sm on.he ilJon11!?i~l"U ilS forms, aJfil1t:iluOI1 for l~lli~n8ituoll"\sUlte> @Jwakie"rlungof !<Hiomdism 'Or of eth r1ooentri:s:m, 1'1]1)8'1 often <lUied with Chu .cb,e5 0, religious u~:ho[ltie$)"o(, on~he Otll1tra.r y, iI p(1iJte-~I: [IMI: L$UI1U"'(1'[$SJI!Co.~mopDHt'<ln fjrE"i(tu~ nenk<lk "Eml()gi~t~,. hI.![Jt~ n~st!l,bdicvel's <I n c.o~mIrLes. uni,te i 1'1 ,m ], uema~iona~ r !flUl'~i-'Id~-I dlh IU';"h~~iSil'll !"Wha I i~ itrv(l,!vtd 'I~wr(·,Ii 1~Irt~~wr~ is ;l n Inl:('marklll:.'ll.i ~
c

ddw.f the fen,-enl

rmryp~ssibilky.
tiorllng)

ThlL::' htUer

can be

nm;'~~'r:l'!'d([<lIthor

'u'ustwodhirle,ss, ~good iiililh".1is

rllQ'S'l

~:h~ .condit ion nf le~Hmonl~" of the soda~bo II1d ilnd ~\!'el:l ()[ thl;; or 111 ready

t<l!di'JI q~~e~-

ur

h,;n~

dlllh[

i~ h.~· i II!,\I ~.I.;n r~I y ~)~''lUI r ~ n w i~~ ~ i

~"

,..111,~,uy d~'V~: I,~ pi: hrm~,~d~ n~'t\.mrb I ~ Ih~'

1\1

e:Xiampl~ belief ill Il specific ori:gij.ll<l ry e:::ven~of <IS1mth(:'l:'ef't::rencc ~othe I'aMf:$of lhc bw. W ell:'~Y Cb riMrm.nity;, to som,ef[uj],(hlllne'[[~31\"'f)rd air ~:dpt:~lre, In~re ~1iI:t:haic:<lila more- pt:J.n~foan "lli! derk<l! or theo~ogJcai djsoo~l,rse,. Bu~ ils~e!]luimpt)~iliblc to den}' t he p~ 1.~~ihifilJ'i!~win O~t' n ~1 ('-ll!HI~ ~ I B wh ud~-I d~~~'fvi.~d m k:-: h~' m~'~~'~~il'r~.h(' ~ particular,
f'()f

rcvdllt~ol:i. fpmlTIl i~e or of injum.::don, n

I 'I !ml,h,!',

!1M! ,~~h~'!I It',! I'!~ ul ~w 1~ ' I

,.. II !:~,!! \', w

t Iw ~d m.' ~I~'nl.In; I i '

n~~ ;~il .!d~lt·~·-

;~~!Ihnrilr ~~!' ~k'h'! i!!u.!k Iwlit'i') !

~\~Lm~d ~~~U ~1i.!~':'i,!ill~1.,MI~p!·III~I,~'d" Iw :iu rdl'dl·~1w-

IK1" Uf IU L Ili ION

den}' it, whichmeans thilt the most one ;m do is to deny it. All discourse that would be opposed to it would, in d{~('I,. dways succumb to the figure or the logic of denial <l'ierli&rHilm>. Sneh v ould be he place where, beforeand after ilil the .E!1IUgh ments :ill theworld reason, crjren ~qll:e,science, lide-:tec'hwaosden:c-e, phijlo~o'Ph'y. lhou8)Fru~:ingeI1Hl:ral,. rNil]l] I'he $~me 'esCiurce as rel igion in genera].
call flQI'

:I'iticized" even dee nstructed.One

to be' sure.rather

particalar,

he

WO'[it1

G/{'I,ube seems to concern J/i'/tt OJ'fIU uform of

bl'l:lef: crcd ulit· '.or the blind a(f;€p:lan e of 311(lloril}f" Hcidcgg'::'f '~I;'as unc{.'rncd \'. it h c U'<lfllslating a. ~ p'f!l,rh [a saying, a sentence, decree, de(i..~ion. p oem, ill .my case m. ~ay· ~ng 'I:hat c nmet be reducedto its statement, whether lhc{m~tLcal,scic I'1I.Hk or even phi1o.:o,;ophkal a ne! that is lied it'! ,I !l-.iragular and perrorrl'iiit ivc h"il}' to 'I'Ulg'l!:Ige). ln 11
passage that C(Iru;·ef!'l~pre~ilm'ret,Arfi\'ll?Se"I • .Pr:ffHmz}and pl-e,~i?llIrJt the representain rion of rep[~t1.tillg
0:(

.48) This las,l,propo·sition, inparticularin so fill'as ~l t)nClL"mstJhough~. calls for sevsral essen ria [qua li IiC11l ion "It is impossible h r-eto devote to it the l1e, ess 11")' elahn1tliofls 0.1" HI muttiply, w:lIl.i h wOlil,d be 't:as),; r,cflC'I"CIlCCS 'to' all those who, before and after aU the Enliglnenment:!i in th'ew(lrld, believed in the .indepenclt:n -' uf !."rillea! -ea~ml.of knowI,edgl':'. technics. philosophy and though l with respect to rel igion and ~'Ve:il toO .:;'i,nfaith. Wh}1 then privilege the c::tllmpl,L;' nflcle:ideg_gcr? nl"an.~se of iI'S extreme character ann of what h tells us, ill these times, aho'Ul a certain! "ex'ln:.'"1'i~.ity.~ I'Vithout. d,oQ;lbt" <LS we recalled il Olb-mf,L:', l~eklegser wrot'l"I,i1i a Ieuer to l.l)with in
192J; ~1 am
3

(in tier RC'pr(j$cn~l1~no'Udl!s VorMftIJ,grl£:). Heklegger w:rites: ~Wfl

'Christian

tll~o],og,iiitil.~"J7Tbls declarationwouldmerit

t'xl~nd~J

nterprctat ion and certalnly does not amount to a simple declarer ion of faith, B:~l it '1eitbe'Ji" contradicts, annuls no excludes this oth r cenai!lJty: Heidegger not only declared vex)' ,early and! on several occasions, that philosophy was in its: "" ry princiJ']e'''atheistk,:' dl;lt lb,r.:idea of philo o:phy is "madness" form:ith {which at tlhi.' Ie st suppeses the oonv,erse). and the idea of 3 Cb fist ian phjlosophy as absurd as a 'squared circle:" He not only excluded tile \'eryptl$sibi~it)! of a philoSl:)Iph)' of rell~~on, He net ,ollly pfO'posed a mrl.icaI s(:pafiltion bet ween phi k~~oph}' and tl"ll'O!Ogy, ::he posit uve i>wdy of faili'l. 'if not. between lhcru:ght and thle'i~)logy.li6 the disccerse on the divini~y of the divine. He not ul11Jy attempteda "destruction" of i1H orms 0:[ the onrotheologlcsl.etc, He aliso WHite, ill J953: "Belief [or f~ 1 has, no place in tlmu,gln ith Der G/ardJt, 11Il'r im Dcrrk'l!'-; kfliliien Plmz),"19 The context 0 this, fil;'TI'l [Ieehllil:~tion is,
'l'\! J\i.I&,D~t 19,~I, i"'~ 00 111 I}, ited ill fr'~tl!C1l hy 1.I.I!!m~h. H('i"~m:t': <'I (Pol i~ 11 F. 199-,]' p, ~O•. IJ_ 1, ~)10 bv r-r.an\ui~~ I).a:l;tur, in ~[lil"jd~,~;;)r ~t I~ IIl~olol;ic." ~.r.-~Ij.~ pJJil(l;mpf~il~il.~ ttlIH'rW', Ma)I-A!lg!!~l l '~4" 1'105_ !-~, 1]')'. 'lhj,oc1.n1:r ~'iUi llial uF lmil-Ftal1.~(li5 (i~ , 'I'~:(j!J[tin~ da.~d ~OO\'~.Ih~ l~tl~1tstudy i.~ t'n~ th~ mN;'t ilhLmiliutins s.no ri,rhcsl. it s~~i'I'iSlu iii.', thliU ~&~ ooen puNished on Ihb s-u.hj~Cl in. r~1i\1'i1 }'(!';ig"S" l~. ! Mke Ih~ lilxlny, in ~il'lrd ~Dlhc~~ ,(uJI.'c'Sti.rnu, ~li.rrr~t\:Il qJn<~ '!l,luin 10'"'1-10\,1' 10 ~~\)id ~peakL~"" A~ iv dl~ dil"i n itf fj,r th~ ajv:in~. (he IJJCrm.l, whkh ~!l1Ju!d!'tnUlS be th~ thNIi'i~ of. ii lll~i(lBn:g)'" di5~j1'!U lm~h !Tom Iht(l~1 ;Iud crofl'l I"Illig~O~l, rrn!lttplkit}' !:he ~If i!~ m~.mi.l;lg5 S]HlUIJ rtiJ!! ~ mterlool«:.-d. j~lr_()a.dy In l'~l,!I~.o.~l1:dmore ,.pcdfiGJlI)' jll Ih~ li!li;-if'iio, \,"hi1!'~I·h~r'~~rC'n~ I~ Ih~ll rom' i:Drll:l:!pIS, (If I.h~ d.L\rmC t~~ , Ill! th~ p;:!,int Ih~ ~em.lrlabl~ ""ork (If S<!f~ M,~~4. l,Hnl\ll'~lJJj d" ,ficl 'lJi'i5iiltl, f-'l!.ris. ~...d:it~on!.~ dl!' )":Iiillli" 1qq"). I't i.. I"rIJ<i> 1'm.;1! h il~multi,,1 icil), docs mil PIT"iNtt lim ("!'! !h~ I ,com r:llr)' oontll\:tncls- Qill~' 110 ,..'i'llini 1(1HIl:· liililoif' , l'I\f.·-~liml.t,h"Ii.i"n; in the' .IiOrlJ1flH 1I1,,';mill~ ,I~ i~ ;.IlIoo .. t.r ill ~am' "f(>rd. .. uf 1~1"'1n it. III IIH·lig;, .... , "'"iillin!t, Ihh h,.rill111 lis..!!" "LLI.• I 11" .ll>.m.I"".'.t . I'~. ··TII.· i\l1,nnl1,m,k! II1.1j',I!'!"!I!:' '11' 1.!llm UI";01",:,:,"I, I ,jill of.j,'o{ j'/JlII~U~", Ir.m •. 'I).wid l~ilrrl.'!l J.... ,-II .Ii i d 1·!.Ini. ,\ ~ ''I'"'' I ...... Ii! ,,!II',;,. ". 11,,, I~-I. I "'~LI " I' " "i "'j '!,'I LII Ii .1•.., l\n,Him.Hl,~.'r," H.J IITII'., t..1~ ~.·RIIIIJI~III, I!~IIU, Ii ~I L Wjj
g{\ (,'

~i.This 1<:lI:er 10 Ul\\rith.rl.l'ltcd

or

or

'I

annOl :$ciell'~ifuc!;lny pr~we (bew'ISel!l' the translaucn IlJOF ouglH We!! s,iml'l.y by virtue !lny outllor.iIY put our trust in it [3 .credit it. believe itl (glaube'/I). The reacin of proof [in erred ,:IS ":sci.el'llifi z"] is too 811Ort. Ildid' hasno pla ein I,!linking (De" GlmJbe lIat im D.Mbm keirum P/tli% )."B'E"idegg!:'f thus di.smisses, baekru back, seien'tin proof (Wilkh nliglu suggest thai to the same exteru he 30 -red its non-scientific LjJ~~titillonr'~alld Ibeli,e-f. ere creduloes and ortllOdolol oonfidcncelhat., closing its eyes, h acquiesces and d;[liJrnaticaUy S3H<CtiOns autho,ritr (i\ut()d~;'U). CC'r'Hlil'll}'. <Iud who wtlukl ,oonlnldie~ l~~ g~?Btu ~~:f;'idjegg:(l'rstill extends \.virlh force 3.liId m(Ucf~lky the assertion that be~ijd fir gen:e,nd has no place iI1J theesperienre or the act of thi nki Iflg. itn .~cn'l!·ml.Arid there we would have d~ft:i!cutlt foUowh<g him, Fin;t along hi.~ own path; "veil i' nne succeeds iii! avcrtlng, in a,. ri~orm.ls a manner as possible; til I'i.s:k of cornfusillg medaliries, levels, contexts, it still seems difficult to dl:!iSo!..l"leI:aithin general (Glm,lot:) from whilt :Ic]eide,gger Ilims,e] ,'~I.mI'L'!Tthe name of 2:l/cS ~ge("ac,eor-cl., 3~quicsdng,. trust or '~-Ulnl1idi.'nGe"» ,de-sign<itcs a' lha'l wl:!kh is most lrn:dudble indeed m.usl origa mlrrill lJIl0ught; prior even to 'Ihat questioning said by h im to ,mnstitut.e the p:i!ety ~ Fromruigbir) of tl1i:j]J:~ir!g ~'I, is; 'w,e'n m(u'IoIT:!that W1[110 ~Lt (',1iI1li rig '~his ~<ISl .. OJ.ffirmati,oll ialto qucstien, he' subsequen tl)' e:(.pklim~d that it is, tile' Z~.'$i:1Ji;"l' thilt con,tit~Lte.sthe rnosr propt:r rncvcment of thuukLllg, and ~h:iil: ithout i~ (<1khough w II~id,egger docs not state it. in this, Conn) the question ltself'would 110'1 ,enn.erg.C::'.,1I1This recall to a ~ortof faith. this ire· 'dl to thetrust of 'the' ZI15Cl8ii, "before" an questioning, Ihut "before" <11.1 knowledge. allph:i:lo:sophy, etc., .finds ,<I part icu,llariy ,I.rikin:g forraulatiorn 'rela'ti\,t"iy 1,:u,i1' (1957). h i onnu!.ded.ill Ihl" for.m-f".r,e fur Hl'id(Cgg.er. whcn,c:cthe interest often ,,,U1ichedto it.-not of sd'f~c6lidl'm ur 1"e:rn.10fS'C but of a r-.en.l!l1 Ito a fm~mulat~on Ihat demanil~ to be: IIU!OJ[H::~d, ref! I:1Icd, ].e'~: u~~,s.-'lY. w b ~ ree,t:'oga@tx1 d ~jferently. fhl~ dllis, g<es.tu:in: ,~CS's ovd ,and singu~,~r tl'lI.i:1fI iI: m igh!, s.eem. is n P'erhap"~, we wi.1I try to. show e~eo\fher·e (it would r.il'qilJi.n: 1]1()'r'e time and ~,p'H:;e) thJ.II ..it m:cords witb everything wl'i]ch, beginll ing,~"rith the exist.ent.i:d 31:1i~llyl.ics {If the thought ofbeill,g :!lindof tile truth of being, rMfl:lnns oolltilut[)usly what we will (.::1,11, (in Latifl" alas., and in Illmliil::'f ~oo Roman for Heidegge'r) i.I c~rta:ill tcstttmmial
l

I)

·UI.1'11 IllilWI"'lqy

1111~""'''Le,.", "I i I'll, .H~.l'I'

~r~1 ir- u.'i.I.'/;~,'J .",,1

I"j,' I_lr~"I',,"j.

,,11.1 ~;.,.~·I ,Lin IJI1~bk Il' dL"I'dLII' IIIL'I'!\ hl."!1!'-1 !~le Ih~ 'libC'r!}, ...f l"Il'ftl'l'ill~ '[,to 0 ~ 1.11.,. C ;.,.,.fr","y 11,·" ",i n~~"! I ;1!1!:!!t;,,"hd ll"\lilh)1 (C :hIL::l!!~l"m,11 UIL'!:J!i Iii;
...., i"~'1 I, I' i '1,1' I ~I .11". I !,!-lIlr, "I i.~.I'1~~~.1 ~L11!,·,.I"lr.h', I'. ~ L~.II__ i 'I_

FAITH AN D KNOWUDG

:(l"redl'le~5 Of, we wOiuldeVlCrJI go so .fin as to s 'y. <'I worn word<Jf1i jlmfe> ..This reaf-

dent. Is it. however. untouched

<iIUil!ll'.ltle> by til ['cl~giosit)'~ Perhaps,

"':110

.Bout by <111

um3.ri;01'I ,oilti:nlJe.~ ~hrougholu H,eide~er's e1 tire work. It resides In the ded.s,Mve md ~I!IIgdy n_mdel:'e;~;lim;at~d otif -of aU,r;s.t:aiaoll (11f':Z!l::I,~gmlgJ in Seili mltl ZeiJ as well m IS iti iiUthe other motIfs that arc inse-p1Li!lMe' from and d,ependenl upon lt, which is o ~ay. aU the existentials and speciraGlU~,'.that of conscience "Gew;~;'fU!), origi nary 'Cspo:nsihil.ity Of' gulh (Sdwldigscin ) and E~u~ddo.s~~nl~ei~(resolute dellerm iIJ ation], Ne cannot address here. the im rnel'ise question of the onrolegleal rcpet it~oll•.in all. hese COI:1I.:Cpts, 0 ,II so markedly Christian tradition. Let us therefore limit oLll"ieh:rel> Q sitnating a principle of reading. Like the experience of aathcatle att.estatioll BczeugJ'ln.lJ) and like, \'t:i}'t'ning that depends upon it. the point of departure of;' 'ill ,m(J .7.eit [,e's:ides i:1l. a s;itua!:iol'l 'that C:11H1O[ bl:' taCIt :.all}' <l.li.!..:.I1 what i ' .,tll.,e!..i. to filitll. 'JO! religion, to be SQJfe nor IhcQlo!J.'1·, ul, Ih,1j which ill f11ir.hIlcquies1:l's before or h J<e-yo:nd ll qU!t::stio:n iiJlg" in the already ,com mOll. experi enec of a ]<ll'lgu'ls,e and of <I a 'we:~ 111e' reader of Sd.n !~r~dZ4Jir and the sjg,l]a~nrr"",ho lllik-es him 11S wimess are
I]r-eady ~.itutl~~-d, 'this l'1~meTl,[of faith firom the mcment ~n
(I

fhilt Heldegger SJ'ys "we"

justify the choice Qiff the "exemplary'

being. that iii; D(l$enll, the ques[ii()['i.i.ng. being s, I\. nd wh:<!It renders pos. il>le,

hat must be interrogated as an exemplarywime his .... we,'" the positing and elaboration ~~termining of i "fermal strucmre"
'0

for

of tile quesriun
(dllS

of being. th1:1lil'ifoldi.ng lind

place in thjnkillg"~ 1'hi seems lC'sso;;:'ertain, Since rhe .ms'or question remains, in our eyes, albeit in ,1 :fo,rm llnll is ;Mill(jl.tite nc\'~': "\'\~h;al does it m('.l,i to bdiev,e?" we 'will af>k (elsewhen:'1 how and why n HeidL'gg.l:"I· can .at the same u me affirm one of '!:Ilcp!)ssibiiities of In,L' ":reJigiou~." oJ wh:icb we have jl.ll'~'~schematically recalled the signs (f'llktii~/l, .Be'z~·ugJ:lr'jg, Z~~g~" Ve'rl~fl'i'teJl'M~it" Henige, ere.l and reject so energeticel 11' belief" or ~fa.i:!h'"(Grim-be). ~2. " Our hypotlllesi:s 3ga,ililrefers back to the' two sources OF two strata of rcligiml whi.di we distinguished above; the experience IOf sacredness and the experience of belief, More r-ecepl:i'N~(O1:11£:' fl r t (in its Graeco- HOlder! inian or even ilrch· o-Ch ristilln 1.1'11ditiarD)., Hcideg£,er was prollxibty more rc-sista'l'I.tte the s~oond,. "",hi It he cOl1stantly reduced 'to figures he never ceased '1.01?\]lirI'~o question, not to sa}' "destroy" or de:.ltolJ:Il(,"C;' dogmatic Qrr cn-rlulous belief 'in autho;ri~}', to be sure., In.. also belief n according to Lilli'r,~i~giolls, the :Book and O>lI'Ito'theology, ,~.nd<lb"wC'_,IU. t'b at which in of the belief if! the o~her 'Cfmld 3rp~..a.rto him {wrongly,1W>e woul.d say) 'to ,aplpe-al necesS(l rily hJ' the egeloglcal sybjec.tiviry of lilnt1l'ter ego. We: arc spe<lk~ here of t.he ~)e-n!ef that is dema aded, required, of the :f.1iIM~11 bel ief in what, having come from the lltl:edy other <die' l'aw-re lOW autre.>" there where it ,or~gj nary pr-ese'ntation in person
42. Samuel \lWbo!:: hilS,fl:miml'1d me. and lllJilnk hi In dying 501, of I:h~ ~"Cr')'dense and d ilTi IllJ\l~ 1i~;:IIl)'I kLi:I~~t to "The Thm.\dl! r the ~1<!rnJt ReluN; as' Bi:Ji~((a!.s eiJl GlaHI.rc rill lais Ni,E'rmh~ IN~k~, '191'1)" I. p, 382; Efi.blli~, tr~1l5. n id farrell Krtll ISaib Ff"~m:iwo:: ~rp~r, '9'ill! I. pp. D:~I-l2}. 1{(li, H In F!i::.j"iJo-adins Ihe~~ pa~~051~ ~tri.~~.M~ <IS h!1po~sib,1c in ~ ~OCl~:r'LIJIC [.0do ii.i~tit4l to dl.i. r rklme:s~.com... ~)I~.:dty il"ilild ~tmte,tl}',I \<o'im ~rf 10 return ~() thi& cls~·"'w~~.W'Ilik w~[tin~. Iml""L"~r., ,Lin thl'W 1;1\'0 l~!)ill!~ {'I.} Such ~ r~.:r.dillg 'WOuld ~IUpp~ ~ p:JI!i~n'L and liloUg.lU-r111 s"ll'll!!fIl ·~~q.h[he h.oltl't~ ~Nrdi', Hin1.1~r'tJ.i}, Sid.rh~II-r1J) (i'i;lIriJ~~~ <ib~"'!t [n, 31), thwqJ~:,I1illLlt II~id~laJ,~r:sw,ay {lIF tMf'lki!l~ l2 ~ l'h'is ~hDI,diJifl,~ ~n i~ t'ss~ITiial g~Q!!rmin:JIlion ofb~U.ef:. <It !OOS! as H~id~Fi.n.t{!'rprtls.it in tir~ ~ildhr\l! '(iir Ni~lm;h~ ~1Il1!d Ii1i!litab1r i,f the q]!JestiQn Po.si!tlin TIJ£ Will m A,LW~-'ViI;ll j" ~ ~dief HOI'" I~it bot.J3ii'~An 'i:;cliltfis ~ Jwiditlg-fo.r.frrn l/f:lio!. -G~!lilJ it! 0';11' fi.lr- Wiahr·-h~.llm}." Nu dulJJihtIlmHltld~ rO!'lTI:!Iin~""-~I"}' (3r~(r.Il ~rjd . '!l~r~l:li~iye in hl5 u[lI~.rrrulll.tioJl, of .hili, "'oon,~p-t of belie]" (GliluiJl!'ml!l'llr1l')in Nili't~h~, which fis1.0 .say aile 1~lt~r~~ -'(ODa!pl: of I ru!h ,~Iid or'hoiding ,bim~1 f I !"idl/llifli::n} "Ii Iruth ilTid or Irulh,' n He ~ <en decn..rrs that. hI.!' .... •.b~m .. I!o'n tilt t:lsk., ru; l;rdl as Ihilt 01 H.'P~elii!nli!1g 11!t!Nkt=ht"<Irt!,!;riI 11'of ili~ ,1ifr~r!liJl!;{1~'l!;I'I\'l"c1I ITI'l!I[on <ljid jJIIiilO"wpiJy .. ~vtrl hell5S. ne IiIml'tip'lks r~>limill~rytnd ic3tirms in rr:fL"rrilll;1lo 8~fIt"rK- d(!li!l!l frgm th~jJl:fiod or Z~l"".~I.!'rf~!= hese imli ~i'ijjIlS IT\'eall h;ll ill his <:"ytS. ifbd11"fis rull5lii.llit"\l b}'"IIO!dtng-!hrT 'tru~."and, hy '''lIu'IJi!lll'!lIl~lf ~rI!rul h,~~ml if Iru1:h signili~ for Nilliti1.;~~'tlt~ "rda'litll:L 10 Ihe ~nllt)' iIt it!lo t(ll"3lit~~~ ~b.c1l1 b<!li~f. whiClh wrni:~ts "·L~kins 'to,r tnu~ sQmelhin~ ~"NS~fl'~OO lfifJ V;wg,~r,rllr'lB 01" Wlt'JM ill ilrlm,I~Pl}." r,~m(ri.rus;Ih~rcf{Jr~ m~tap.liy:,i,~1ill ~om~ ~l1Id Ih~~fu~~ IiJrm"qlliMI to 1"'h~l: il'lllmlll.~I.:51hm.l~d ~]({lI.'\\,ll}(n h 1'h~ ordlfF of f(!pr'L~.~rl!~l:it1fl iif~d tft~ H,t.11i!y IJf tb~ ~nlit)" 'I'his \'o\(j!i.JM 'ooilsis1i(.'lI~ ~~it'h the b~ ~flirm~li(ln cited ~b(l'I~" p~r (,~1~'~1N! im DmMI1 kj,;.terr Pln~~'" Of ~.hc· [rar Nkt.fKh"alt ~M:in[ti(l'L~ orbcl~~ ~r~.~·W{lI·rr·fr.r.ll~rd. lieid~e-r' d~".1"l=~ 6·rsllh~t h't~n1lains (j'nly ~,n!;!tMllIfl' bu.! "!h~ moU inlpof'lam,~ wni~h is III s;l,Y, "holding ~u ""h~i is tm~ ~nd Ilbl:illtui.n i Il!; ml~~!OC1(ii il~ ((i"1i Skl'th"/l'l'lJ' rnl dtl5 ~tldjft WN'1 i im Wil~ t]). AI:u;I, ~ lilt~ (uriJ,t.- Q~l. hit' ii.-dd~:·'If m~inlllinins-om:t:'5e1 r jJi tlit Irue '!}i1\Sti!m:e.~ ~ IMfH!.alilyof hUJIl~n ,Ii~".dlen n(l"d~i.5i'r:J:n umo.:ernillg. iii!: 11' ~I! 'of 1;r.e1~l'3lld NicI7.sdi~· COn~1'1 ,ufoolief ill p~lf!icul.1f Gill be m,ule Lroe(.)!".:hi5 !:ll~l'tioil.of twlh as m .11. 'its ~l!b!lonln 'Iir~' b~'11 ell.l· idaU,lc!.""hlch J.ni h~ i;. ttl ~;)~. N icl;...;; .1;,,; il ~!.";}Ii(m h~ 1"(: ell';1 y ill il~ I l!,ll i'I)' (.:!jm S r.-ml~ij im ' .(lltU1J,. W~lhtlu'l !i;l\·jng for '''.'11 l'irnl ,II, ulli. iO'ol I~! "'i ~"i! ill th~· Ni.:l1..~d1<';J1I c.mc~'1'1 i!ll1 .. r hel ,.. I: ""~. ~"illJld 1l!!1 ;'Inr,,,mf~I' ;frr I\'h~i 101 Ih'e 1 mLI·n"Ii!~i. 'II ",I~~I! ..... 11,." 1 , ill III ... , ~ i, I', ,'!k'~ t.-.m,,_ p. I !,I t .k

"bdi-ef," bylha~ '''bd1er' that wm.dd haee

,r:lUql~f's'i'!II'i:,~~i~it

Gefrtl,'gte, dllS Erfr.o..g~e.das .Be~(lgtc). pl'jar' not whllt Hi;idegger then calls af:aktum" 'that is, thE vague
of the mea.ning

rcn

Il'ld ordiu;;u:y pn:-comprehenskm

or heilng, and

L11:.Sl of

an of the

'l'orcls "is" or "be" in ~:~rJlgUllge i:o 11~:i!,nguage(§ 2)1 This Mk-IW;!l is not all C111:pi.rior :al f~1CI'. E,~c.htime Heideggr::f eemploy:s; this word, we' are n«es:s:<rri~}' back h) a led ,Qne\,\':h~'Te3C!Cjlli:~S(~n~e i~de rigiUtl,j r. Wh.etlHJT this isbrlTill.l1:1i[~(1 Or net, it remains i reqairemcnr prior to. andIn vie\\! of every poss;ible qUI;'$110 O, <lnd hence prior 110 3.1.1 Jhilo.~oph~f. lll]1Ieol,ogY,.;l1Iscience, allcritique, a]1 reason, etc. This zone is that of a a aith illces.and}' tr ,affirrniffi lhl)oughoLlt an ,(Jipen(~~ain of C4;mc~ptlii, hegilrlJ'iirigwilh h,o£l'!Ihat W~ !till\1'!:' alnmdy dtliid (Be'2:lrllg~mg, ZI,ISagC. ,el.' -.J! buc' it also ,oonllnuni,ca~l- 5, 1'ith ,eve:rrthin,g in Heidegg,e,r's way of [hinking that marks [he' ITS:l!rv·~iI: holdingliick uf ti:!'-5'trai i"d (Vt~rlttjlf.e111IeiO or the sojourn (Anfen'/ialt) ill rrmdest)· (Scluw) ill .hle vicinrty of the u.nscathed" tihe $acr€d, trn,li!" slIle and sou.nd {,aas HeHige),I:1.I.e p:a:!icia~ or tih.e~~m.iug of the hLSl g.od t.hal: IU<l11 'is dO~lbHes$ flot yct;,elldy torcoeive:u 'lliatthe m.oveml.'nt proper 10 this f~iG:lli do~s l'iO~.i.iolls:rit !llJt~ 3. n~1ig,lon is aU '1.00 c\·.i.i

or

w~r.

41. On ,olll!h,m Ih~m~~ ..th~ ~']'I'U~ ih~t ""~JiUld hilw i~. ; !w(,kI.~:1 i~imnlCIO~~ ~Ild \<o'O:~.r~ i11<" ~1';1i}1~ j]f 1'1<.1 mliS iU~Ii.:o.:101il hiCrt'. II j, .~h~w'·111It!t·lo·nnun·;Ihr !II,;' ,li"",.It~,·..,.! ",!,\,."r--..li'''ii I-':[I"""'i Ih~ 1)"1'1 !'t'i h,j;nk b ,~...... i~II!."1111Itil· '"I ~ n.f ...... ,vin~ ..!I Il-l h..'lh,'t· .1~ ....ltlll'IJ'; IIIi un\-,_llh, ~1. ,I,,,,,, III·Jl,,~\.!.tr~ ~1I1i1 I Ill" 'I Ii ill KJi·!'. ,~hl' "'L'.indiL-'" .I~I IIL\~"'Ij~n III thL' H''ILI, ~ In I"ij~lill'11',ljl~ I~IIII! !l1,,!I1,I,'!i II !I~ gl" .. " .....~~"t. Ild,'1' l'in"Il·.IJ~,11!1 I
i

.II~'.~hh .i I"

~'-o!Inl

h,IU'a,ilIY"I

!.III

t'tlu'

,,1ii~,11.1.1U it.;-I,'",h,

n"g~ ,I

~ntllf

-..

,~u!1 iii!! I ~~1'4'h,

)\C,

Of IU LIGION

I~AnH

AN D KNOWLEDG
I -,

F
,~~,...... ., •.. . " .

would forever be impossihle (witne.5,SLQg ghul word in the most elementary and or i.rr'L:.-duibl.!:'Sel1l:st:,premise ohrruth up '~o and induding perjury). would constitute the condition of Mi rHlin, 0 the rd,nJon to or address of the other m generel.
(49) Beyond the ,culture, S(!:n1ntics Or history of :Iaw-nil,orcovc.r intcrtwined!a w!hieh determine lhis word Olf this ,ml[lGcopl, tht~ experience of W]!tlii!~si:0f!: situates it convergence of these two sources; the wi'sC:~'j'~/wd (rhe safe, the saered or the' Stlinl[yl and the fidiU::irjq ([ru;~tw()'rthiness, fidel it y. cred]t. belief or f3ith, "good f~lth" implied in the wool': "bad Faith"). We speak of these two sources rhere.in one place t of their onvergence, fOol' the figure of the tWO SOLI:!: "!::"S'.as we have' veri'fled" proliferates, call no longer b 'o~!I1tcd. and therein Ii perhaps anoth,e'r reason of our 'qlll.::stioni.i'ig,.In II1S[Lmon~', truth ispromised bll}l"tll:1d allproof, anp~n;elP'i.iun,. all illttlhhrc deaionsrrarion. Even if [ lie or perjmemy ...df (and always aad espeCiOllU)f when I do).; I promise truth and ask the uth.,~r'to believe the adler that I am, there

~,vhe~e n~der o.:r p mu'f Ow of (h,e lrnuition wi! I never be red m:iblc' 'to er homogeneous ..,lith the .elemcntary l H1Sl <fi,rhlCi(lfile">. the "geodfaith" that is promised or demanded, The latrer, to be S;IUFe. is neve'!"pure of all i't.ciabilily nor of elltcehuie •and hence' of all ca]cfIJjLilIbility. For it al opl"1:}lni:;;e.s, repetition from the very fir t instant. It is invQlved <!.'I'lgllge'> in its C\fCf)' acld:ress of tile other, -rom the Ih~'1 illstmn il is co-extensive !,;\'iththis other andthus cnnditions every "social be lId;' ,('v,ery ql.lestioni ng, aU lnlowl;ed:ge,p"'rfo[~ ntativit)· and ,eller}' rele- te.dmo:sdentiflc perferrnanee, i:t.dudingthose of its forUls di.lIl are the mos l sy01'~helic. arti!)ic:!;:i.I,P!I'OIS,lhel c, cakulalb:!e. Th~ ,~.,ct of fail:h ~
:Ind

where l lint the Qnl}' one able ~o be1]n~' wimess

demanded

Inbearl ng witness exceeds, rhrough its st ructure,

ill[ [~HU~l]011:I111d

:ill pro(j,f~ ell kru:mrledg,e ("1 swear that I.am t~l!ing the truth" liOi.DJJl\C(l~s;'lirily the 'obje live lruth,' but the trll.lJlh(I whatl believe to be' the truth, Jam teUin,g,}IOUthi~, tmth, b goii,!tv,I." me', believe what f. bel ieve, there, 'ii here YOll \,,,iIl i1I~"''Cr able to : ''C' he nor knowthe in placeable yet unh~er~ali;.:ab]e.exemplary place from which I pe-a,1k to ron: perhaps mi' t,es:ri:mony its fllll:5£,.bUI I am. sincere and in good faith, it Is not fuhe <<'I,p Ie rimol'1ly"), \IVhat th,erdor~ doe~ Ihe promise of 'this aXiomatic ('qua:~i= transccmj'~lllaUrcrforma.Hvc do Ihm. col'ldi.'~ions "md for,eS:hadows "s"im:ere" de la~;d:i{ms no less wan l~, a:l:ld perjl.l.r~'f;S"l.mJ thu~ ..:u add n;;s~of thE;',other? n a:riI't:In,rnts; , lo sa-ying= "Bci.icwc wha,l I, say a~, one bdk'Vtc'S, in a m.Ll:ad,e,~ Even dH~ slight~s,t testimony ro;n:i;Cir:rr:J'li,og mQS,[ plall,ls,]M!~. ordi,nlJ:ry or e,,'eryda)" th:ing (iil1l'it1t do Qil'hcrthe wise:' it m1.lst . till appeal to wli'l as \,IIOlild a "!liracle. It offe'l"S,hsel·like the mira I,e ib;df in a 5p"C~ that leaves no r OJ]] fon-di itJ'iCh;mlm(~nt. The nperiellcC' of c1isen,hantrn m. howe\! r imlubilil1Mt' ii' is. is !iIlb un' mod,llIly !pf lids "mf";I(I,Jlm".~" ~'XIlt"ril·I'ln~. 1[IIot, rl'arliv{' ~Ind p,aJ;Sill~ d'I~'('i,in ~..!, hili' ;1:-0 " hbqilri~.11\ktnnlin.llinn~, Iii '11'h' h"limUl'i"I!I~ mid'.I' 1I1~!1h. Th.1I liH~' '~h,llld 'Iil" .glk~I gaP"I' ! h. Iwl i'L'w ill h'~1 i

I If

. 'I . --, in . storv' 'I',hi'~ '.' ",1"""'11'1' S ribf's, itsel f wi:th~ In011)' as m ,il. nUI'3C.C' OJ';)n " t:xu:ao rd'" ,,11.,r'y ~,,~ out he italion i01 t'lH:' very ,concept of b <Iring witness. And (),"~ should n{]itbe amazed to! S~ examples of "mil'ade:s"iIllv,ading aLi tnl;' prnblematics or testimonj, whether tbey ali~ dassieal 1)1' not, critkal or not, .Pure attestation, if 1here is such a d1ing" pe,rlil~n~ to the ~xperi;cnce () £llli,th ohhe mi[ad~. t.ml)~i~d in evJ!l.'~r"':>odal Sind 'rd' U",-, r' "' .' " renders . i~df indisp ensable to Scienee miO less than .""'.'" :11' alsio ~HJII'iu. IlO'''''ever 0 . ,, IiO J?hi.losoph)'and to' ltr:l~iglon., This source can COU~CI or scatter itl-id.f, rejoin or disjoin itself. Either at dle same time cr ~\'l:a:es~iyeiJy.ll an appe11Jroonte~PQmn.~o~s, c , '"fh L.I:'" .. '''Ie,., 'I If \-.1, ere te~ti:m()riialtrrtlllt in the pledge <.\Iage:> efihe other urutes heber m the otherwith the' sacrnliaation 0111.pr,eS>eIlIGe.aioseno or with asanetification ofthe la~... <is1m " the other. h C3:r1. d ivide itself in various w,ays,.Pirst of al:ll,in the akerIliilhl'e between sacredness without beUef (illd~x of this alg~bril: "Heldegger") and. faith ii1, a holiness witbolU S<I'C'recllless,in a de~acr:1lLiz:ingtnuh •.even making of :i ccrtai rI di's,c:tlid'l,lUUncnth~ oond ition or 311tn,eHtic holm:ss Ornde'lol; levi:llas"t " IJtOlabl.y the author of .Fr,ml1 r.'le Saaed to ~heHoly} ..As a f{)Uoil;v"lIp~ it ~ I] disj;Q~:at~ hsel f '\'IIl1eowhat eonstjtutes the said '''sodal bond" in be]i~f is also an mterrupnea, There is no oppo5il,ioll" rundamell [aBy" between "secial bond" and "sudal uneavelifig." A cerilli n interruptive UI:1IIt:3\i 'ling, is rheeondiaon ,of th~ usoc~al bond." th~ ~"Cr_y '.' ." t" .,11 .. et ,I".· resprranon n a11..community. " "1'1' '" I 1'10, eve n IJI Ii:",k. ".... 01' ~ re iproc<li C)o[ldlnon, ,liS .. , . . . but rather the possibility that I::vt:ry ,knot can come undone, be cut 'or interrupted This is ,,\!here du~ ~adl~,s w llu~rd,alion~() the odll.'r w:o'uld dis.close ilSeI,to be ,the o secret of testimonial expcrlence=aud hence, ofa oertein (<lith.Ubdi.'ti'f is the ether o:f the' ,Ii:klresli and relstien to tJw uner'ly Odlru':, it is <to be found"> in tbe experlence itself or non- rilf:!ltiorilshi p or or absolute .i/l~ei'tit~pt (i I1Id,iGl!s: "Bl.am::hO't," hm "L e"VJ.I101S """ ).., 'I-I,""'" ,swell .. tbe l,lYI)ers,m(ti,fic3t len of this nen-rehrtion or ofthis '," .. ....... ~ , • transcendence W() ILlId come about 'bY\"'<lI}' desacral bmt'ionrather than th rough of ·'(Xulari;l:.):tiollll r laieizarion, concepts thai are too Christian; perhaps even by ~';';ly o ofa ,ct:rlaill"a~heism," ill al'l}~ I;' by \>\f,ay 0: Oil radical experience of'l:hc resources of ell Rnega.!.nve 'l,hcology"-all1d ,gOiil'lg, byond even this trild,ition.l:i,er,e we would h,~e~o sepa,rale-lilanil:s ttl anosher wltllbulary. for examp]e H.ehr;a.ic (Ih~ I:wLin:E.'~of k;rlouc/l }-'lI1C 5"Fl!Cred :l'ld the hd~~. no longer s~HI!~for the l.:nlmue dmLllca and li,OI'i..r,ec31led by Ben\l'eni~te., b€'tw0cn I]U: n,lhlnd $aCr~cllless in thit1;~,sandlhe hol:ines..~or insdu.:1t iOrl5 or of the' law. ~i Til ~:sim,len'U,ptii\i'e dis,~jftindion el1joi~s <li .sort of . ., . " .. illwm mefl.$~I:rJl equality wlthm a.1»o l·',.1",··uissymmetry. Th·J .a'll 0 hh'IJl I.lntimclihie u,te e . '.
!, ,,,I ,. ~ '.' F i;; ..' ,_ ,,'

or

ness in.l~rrllpt ilnd makes his,liOry. il undoes all 'Oritemporaneit~' alld open,,, tbe ",ery • pa,ee of frli til" It desig:n ales disenchant me-or asthel"ery msource of du! rdigiolls.

AC1S OF IHUGI The 'h:rsttind the last. Nothiflg seems therefore more' uncertain, more (Ii .Ikult to sustain, nod1in,g seems here or there more imprudent lInn a self-assured dis
OI;II:se etc,

on the a.ge of di£~Il(hantl1u;,nt> the era

'0 . SiCCUJaJI"iZOltiO.l1.

the tlrnc of laicization,

(50) C3~'ulabUUy;: question, al!paremly a.rhh:t1l1t!tic, (tf two, or rather ,of 1.1 + Doe" lh rough and be}~ol~d the dc.mo;gnlphy Of""ihkh\'!,'e ~,pgke 1Jibo've ..\¥iIW should there' ilways have to be more dJlln ~mescurce] There \~'Ould nor h'1V'~ [00be two sources of [-d~g,[on.There would be fJith and r,~ligLon.f<lith or religiori, because therear« ar l,el1~~t Because there art:',f:or the best ami fO:!"'lhc wor t, divisiensnd .itetability of lIvc.
the source, This supplement introduces the incalculable at the heart of rhecalcula-

cer,lab, Mount Morirzir-wJlile gO,jllg to' upri. /o'sl year, {lose bJ' die \(t1'slwim·(l GmcliVt.:l. 7(1d'lJ' ,/ remember Wlli~11 lilldjmrfini~wil T(!,adJng in Genet at ,!laIn" of which ;1'0I1mny of the premises dbenle W b. " :re.Pllembrre,d rn:!'!!, j,Pis£l mml)' l.n'lg'~llIges• .!'he acior) ,fintl rWle IIki'ims, lind t~~t!£"trCS ,w~d du,' CQ~ueq U,f)'nce. all ~'fe ,1:w'ulisrnp.L!S~md,tJ.Ii ale SIN!w'C5:: ~Om1oj" fJ11Lt tlm;'51iQus .I 'I,ifin I!O~' (,llfoid is tfmj' of religh:m. ~451 ...tigum.l" 26 April ~. 99.5.)
1'5 wllm /11f("}lIti1' fl
I
I

(This, ,p'rlmps.

II lilt! Uked to 5ay of

Tralflslatedi by Samuel Weber

human, that is spiritual,") But the mOI',eih,m One <plu$Cl'Ul'r>"~ is trt once more than two. There is no IIllhllce of two, urrless h. is 'to siSI'!~ryin 'EtJfe.c1 the P ure madness of pure faith" The worst vialerrce, The more !ilan One is this II -I" 011,C which introduces the order (hHaith ~n"of trust ]11 ,[ he address of the: other, bllt ~~ 'the mechanical, machlne-l ike d ivis.~on so (i!es;ti.llf1l~,:rn.i~'~~ffirm1J!~ioJllJ reactivit.y, ycs, }'CS,"l'tc., :al'i~,wering[J]<li:hifle and the and possi bili l:y of IlIld.i!~lle\'hII:per) IIlIl:Y, lies, remcte-eontrolmurder, ordered at 3 d isble, (Lt:vinas: "It i:s this beillg-twQ
<etre,fi

del/:l:> rha is

tance even ~vhen it rapesand kills with bare hands).

(5]) The pO(1S,ibilit of radiical cv'm both destl:oys and institutes che rdigiou • OntOitheolog}' does the Same when it suspends "c;dfie.e and prayer; the trurh of this prayer thai: maim,1in itself, recalli.ng AriMotie one mOH~lime. b~rolld thetrue <mel the false, bC}'O<li1d their oppositica, in any 'IISC. accord ill,!!, to ,i'L eerra in ml~'~ep'~f o :tr~t:n or (J,fjud~emem. tlke, henedic:tkll:1. 'priiycr perjains to th~ originary regime or t'estim.oni,~1fa ith or of m.3.rtyrdom that we a:re tryi.ng to 'thin khere ln its most "criti!rn:I"rmc~.Omotheo']o§,y eno:ypts fOl:i th and dc~til'l!csit tlO the C(HllJd.1l lOT! of a sort ~If Sp<lflish Mammo who would have IO$l-in truth, dispersed, rnultiplied-e"i.cr}"tbi.i1.g up, ta, line! ill:ldudingli:!e memory of hi unique SCCIt~t. EIl'ib.lem of II • tilllife: an opened. pcmegransee, on ~Passover e veni fig. '011 a t nil}'.
(52) At tile bouom "'itiu:mt bottom of this crypt, the One
-I- II

incakulably

CllgCIli-

ders 1IU these snpplements, ,ltmakc;li vloJew;e (J/lt!f!:1J, doe« violence ,M itself (,!lui h~ps itself fN)~"~ d,rco ol~r~r. The iUlto·-im manit)' of rel igion COl'1 oniy il'lciemni:fy i~:s'c!:f\'fitiJ1 Ortuta.'>si.grl1] end. On the bcnem ,..Ithotlt bottom .of JJI ;,tlwa}',~ iIginLm:pa,s~ibilbJle r \I ]t~" ,1Im'''1of l,011l101:1'OW ill languages W~ no !ong:er kll0W or do not yet sp ea k, This place is unique, it isthe One without name. II, "mkesl.vdY. fNtdlt1poS" but without the slightest genC'ros,ity, neil her clivifir nor hUIiMII1. T be d i!lper~,ionIOf ashes is not even promiisLO'd there, 1'II.,:r demh F,iv,ell,
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