SECTION 3.

5 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION |||| 213

The inverse trigonometric functions that occur most frequently are the ones that we
have just discussed. The derivatives of the remaining four are given in the following table.
The proofs of the formulas are left as exercises.

DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

d 1 d 1
!sin!1x" ! !csc!1x" ! !
dx s1 x 2
! dx xsx 2 ! 1
N The formulas for the derivatives of csc x and
!1
d 1 d 1
sec!1x depend on the definitions that are used !cos!1x" ! ! !sec!1x" !
for these functions. See Exercise 58. dx s1 ! x 2 dx xsx 2 ! 1
d 1 d 1
!tan!1x" ! !cot!1x" ! !
dx 1 " x2 dx 1 " x2

3.5 EXERCISES

1– 4 25–30 Use implicit differentiation to find an equation of the

(a) Find y# by implicit differentiation. tangent line to the curve at the given point.
(b) Solve the equation explicitly for y and differentiate to get y#
25. x 2 " xy " y 2 ! 3, !1, 1" (ellipse)
in terms of x.
(c) Check that your solutions to parts (a) and (b) are consistent
2 2
26. x " 2xy ! y " x ! 2, !1, 2" (hyperbola)
by substituting the expression for y into your solution for 27. x " y ! !2x " 2y ! x"2
2 2 2 2
28. x 2#3 " y 2#3 ! 4
part (a).
(0, ) 1
2 (!3 s3, 1)
1. xy " 2x " 3x 2 ! 4 2. 4x 2 " 9y 2 ! 36 (cardioid) (astroid)
1 1 y y
3. " !1 4. cos x " sy ! 5
x y

5–20 Find dy#dx by implicit differentiation. x 0 8 x

5. x 3 " y 3 ! 1 6. 2sx " sy ! 3
7. x 2 " xy ! y 2 ! 4 8. 2x 3 " x 2 y ! xy 3 ! 2
2
9. x 4 !x " y" ! y 2 !3x ! y" 10. y 5 " x 2 y 3 ! 1 " ye x 29. 2!x 2 " y 2 "2 ! 25!x 2 ! y 2 " 30. y 2! y 2 ! 4" ! x 2!x 2 ! 5"
11. x 2 y 2 " x sin y ! 4 12. 1 " x ! sin!xy 2 " (3, 1) (0, !2)
(lemniscate) (devil’s curve)
13. 4 cos x sin y ! 1 14. y sin!x 2 " ! x sin! y 2 "
y y
15. e x#y ! x ! y 16. sx " y ! 1 " x 2 y 2
y
17. sxy ! 1 " x 2 y 18. tan!x ! y" !
1 " x2 x
0
x
19. e y cos x ! 1 " sin!xy" 20. sin x " cos y ! sin x cos y

21. If f !x" " x 2 $ f !x"% 3 ! 10 and f !1" ! 2, find f #!1".

22. If t!x" " x sin t!x" ! x 2, find t#!0". 31. (a) The curve with equation y 2 ! 5x 4 ! x 2 is called a
kampyle of Eudoxus. Find an equation of the tangent
23–24 Regard y as the independent variable and x as the depen- line to this curve at the point !1, 2".
dent variable and use implicit differentiation to find dx#dy. ; (b) Illustrate part (a) by graphing the curve and the tangent
4 2 3
23. x y ! x y " 2xy ! 0 3
24. y sec x ! x tan y line on a common screen. (If your graphing device will
graph implicitly defined curves, then use that capability. If
A76 |||| APPENDIX I ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES

83. dv!dt is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time; 63. (%s3, 0)
3
65. ""1, "1#, "1, 1# 67. (b) 2 69. 2
dv!ds is the rate of change of velocity with respect to displacement
85. (a) y ! ab t where a $ 100.01244 and b $ 0.000045146 EXERCISES 3.6 N PAGE 220
(b) "670.63 !A 1. The differentiation formula is simplest.
87. (b) The factored form cos"ln x# 3
91. (b) "n cos n"1x sin%"n $ 1# x& 3. f #"x# ! 5. f #"x# !
x "3x " 1# ln 2
EXERCISES 3.5 PAGE 213
1 sin x
N
7. f #"x# ! 9. f #"x# ! $ cos x ln"5x#
5xs
5
"ln x#4 x
1. (a) y# ! "" y $ 2 $ 6x#!x
6 12 2x 2 " 1
(b) y ! "4!x# " 2 " 3x, y# ! ""4!x 2 # " 3 11. F#"t# ! " 13. t#"x# !
3. (a) y# ! "y 2!x 2 (b) y ! x!"x " 1#, y# ! "1!"x " 1#2 2t $ 1 3t " 1 x "x 2 " 1#
5. y# ! "x 2!y 2 1 $ ln 2 10x $ 1
15. f #"u# ! 17. y# !
2x $ y 3y 2 " 5x 4 " 4x 3 y u%1 $ ln"2u#& 2 5x 2 $ x " 2
7. y# ! 9. y# ! 4 "x 1
2y " x x $ 3y 2 " 6xy 19. y# ! 21. y# ! $ log10 x
2
"2xy " sin y 1$x ln 10
11. y# ! 13. y# ! tan x tan y 23. y# ! x $ 2x ln"2x#; y, ! 3 $ 2 ln"2x#
2x 2 y $ x cos y
y" y " e #x!y
4xysxy " y 1 "x
15. y# ! 2 17. y# ! 25. y# ! ; y, !
y " xe x!y x " 2x 2sxy s1 $ x 2 "1 $ x 2 # 3!2
y
e sin x $ y cos"x y# 2x " 1 " "x " 1# ln"x " 1#
19. y# ! y
16
21. " 13
27. f #"x# ! ;
e cos x " x cos"x y# "x " 1#%1 " ln"x " 1#& 2
"2x 4y $ x 3 " 6xy 2 "1, 1 $ e# ! "1 $ e, +#
23. x# ! 25. y ! "x $ 2 2"x " 1#
4x 3y 2 " 3x 2 y $ 2y 3 29. f #"x# ! ; ""+, 0# ! "2, +#
1 9 40 x " x " 2#
27. y ! x $ 2 29. y ! "13 x $ 13 31. 1 33. y ! 3x " 2 35. cos x $ 1!x

' (
9 5
31. (a) y ! 2 x " 2 (b) 5
10 24x 3
37. y# ! "2x $ 1#5"x 4 " 3#6 $ 4
2x $ 1 x "3

_2
(1, 2)

2
39. y# !
sin 2x tan 4x
"x $ 1#
2 2 2 cot x $ '
4 sec 2x
tan x
" 2
4x
x $1
(
41. y# ! x x"1 $ ln x#

33. "81!y 3
37. (a) 4
35. "2x!y 5
_2

Eight; x $ 0.42, 1.58

sin x
43. y# ! x sin x
x
'
$ cos x ln x (
45. y# ! "cos x# x""x tan x $ ln cos x#

47. y# ! "tan x#1!x ' sec2 x

x tan x
"
ln tan x
x2
(
_2 5
2x ""1#n"1"n " 1#!
49. y# ! 51. f "n#"x# !
x $ y 2 " 2y
2
"x " 1#n

EXERCISES 3.7 N PAGE 230

_3
2
1. (a) 3t " 24t $ 36 (b) "9 ft!s (c) t ! 2, 6
(b) y ! "x $ 1, y ! 3 x $ 2 (c) 1 & 3 s3
1 1

(d) 0 ' t ( 2, t ) 6
39. (% 4 s3, % 4 )
5 5
41. "x0 x!a # " " y0y!b 2 # ! 1
2
(e) 96 ft
1 1 (g) 6t " 24; "6 m!s2
45. y# ! 47. y# ! (f) t * 8,
2sx "1 $ x# s"x 2 " x s * 32
x arccos x t * 6,
49. G#"x# ! "1 " 51. h#"t# ! 0 s*0
s1 " x 2 t * 2,
x arcsin x t * 0, s * 32
53. y# ! "2e 2x!s1 " e 4x 55. 1 " s*0
s1 " x
2
s
0 20
59. y 61. y
(h) 40 (i) Speeding up when
s
2 ( t ( 4 or t ) 6;
x √
slowing down when
x
0 ' t ( 2 or 4 ( t ( 6
0 8
a

"25