a4wd{df lq/Tg

Ps cWoog
[A Study of Triple Gems in Buddhism]

zf]wstf{÷Researcher
leIF' ;+3/lIft æ;4Dd sf]ljbÆ
Bhikshu Sangharakshit "Saddhamma Kovid"
(M.A. in Buddhism)

;+of]hs÷Co-ordinator
æa'4wd{sf cfwf/e"t lzIffÆ sf];{
"Basic Knowledge on Buddhism" Course

gd"gf–kq
æa'4wd{sf cfwf/e"t lzIffÆ sf];{sf nflu
Sample Paper For
"Basic Knowledge on Buddhism" Course
 a4wd{df lq/Tg
Ps cWoog
[A Study of Triple Gems in Buddhism]

!= k[i7e"ld (Preface)M
af}4 hut\df rfx] zLn k|fy{gf ul/+bf xf];\ cyjf a'4k"hf ul/+bf, lq/Tgsf]
gfd ;a}eGbf klxnf cfpg] ub{5 . a'4+ z/0f+ uR5fld, wDd+ z/0f+ uR5fld, ;+3+
z/0f+ uR5fld eg]/ a'4zf;gdf lq/Tgsf] z/0fdf hfg] / glTy d] z/0f+ c~`+,
a'4f] d] z/0f+ j/+, wDdf] d] z/0f+ j/+, ;+3f] d] z/0f+ j/+ cyf{t\ a'4 afx]s, wd{
afx]s / ;+3afx]s cGo sf]xL z/0f 5}g eGg] b[9 ;+sNkaf6 lq/Tgk|lt cf–
cfkm\gf] dgsf] ckf/ >4f phfuf/ ug]{ k/Dk/f /lxcfPsf] 5 . o;y{, a'4, wd{ /
;+3nfO{ lq/Tg elgG5 . zfSod'lg uf}td a'4sf] ;dodf ;a}eGbf klxnf lq/Tgsf]
z/0f hfg] pkf;sdf ozk'qsf lktf / pkfl;sfx¿df ozk'qsf dftf ;'hftf
x'g\ . ljgolk6skflnsf] dxfjUu u|Gycg';f/, a'4zf;gsf] k|f/lDes ;dodf
a'4n] leIf'x¿nfO{ k|jH| of / pk;Dkbf lbg'xb+' f / leIf'x¿nfO{ k|jl| ht / pk;Dkbf
u/fpg] cg'dlt lbg'xb+' f s]z–bf¥xL vf}/fP/ u]¿jf j:q klx/fP/ oxL lq/Tgsf]
z/0f hfg] ufyf tLg k6s jfrg u/fOGYof] . cfhsf] jt{dfg kl/k|I] odf, lq/Tg
zAb af}4 hut\df cTolws ;'kl| ;4 ¿kdf /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg .

@= lq/Tgsf] zAbfy{ / kl/ro

(Meaning & Introduction of Triple Gems)
lq/Tg zAb lq / /Tg b'O{ zAbsf] ;lGwåf/f lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . oxf“ lq
eGgfn] tLgj6f / /Tg eGgfn] ax'dN" o / cd"No /Tg eGg] elgG5 . a'4, wd{ /
;+3nfO{ g} a'4lzIffdf lq/Tgsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . oxf“, /TgnfO{ z'e, pQd /
>]i7sf] cy{df lnOPsf] b]lvG5 .

-!-
 ;fdfGotM /Tg eGgfn] ax'dN" o / pQd k|sf/sf] a:t'nfO{ elgG5, h:tf]
ls xL/f, df]tL, hjfx/ft, cflb . nf]sdf ljBdfg o:tf ax'dN" o /Tgx¿n]
dflg;x¿nfO{ ef}lts ¿kdf ;DkGg agfPtf klg, wgL / ef]u;DklQmn] kl/k"0f{
u/fPtf klg jf:tjdf oL wg ;b}j cfkm";u+ l:y/ eP/ /xg ;Qm}g . ljleGg
cfuf], kfgL, zq', rf]/ / /fhfx¿sf] sf/0fdf gfz u/fP/ a:g'kg]{ x'g ;S5 . oL
sf/0fx¿n] gfz gePtf klg o;n] of] hLjgsfn;Dd dfq ;fy lbg ;lsG5,
lgjf{0f gk'u~' h]n;Dd ;+u} cfP/ ;fy lbg] xf]Og . oL wgn] dflg;nfO{ cledfgL,
3d08L agfpg ;S5 eg] kL/, lrGtf / b'Mvsf] sf/0f klg aGg ;S5 .
af}4 u|Gyx¿df /TgnfO{ ljleGg ¿kn] JofVof ul/Psf] kfOG5 . æGx"u'
kl/qf0f lg>oÆ u|Gydf pNn]v ePcg'¿k /TgnfO{ o;/L elgPsf] 5–! /lt+
hg]tLlt /tg+ cyf{t\ dgkg]{ cfsif{s agfpg ;Sg] ePsf]n] /Tg elgPsf] xf] .
tyfut eujfg\ a'4 #@ dxfk'¿if nIf0fo'Qm@ zf]efodfg / bz{gLo x'gx' G' 5 .
pxf“sf] :j/ klg /dfOnf] lyof] . pkb]z klg jfSo /fd|f] eO{ cy{ clek|fon] k"0f{
x'GYof] . t;y{ a'4sf] bz{g, pkb]zn] v'zLsf] ;Ldf g} x'b+ g} Yof] . ljlzi6 u'0fx¿x¿n]
k[ys\hgx¿nfO{ k|Llt pTkGg x'GYof] . a'4sf] pkb]z hfGg] cfo{x¿nfO{ t cem
w]/} ;Gtf]if / pNnf;n] hLjg} ;fy{s x'GYof] . o;/L, w]/n } fO{ k|;Gg agfpg ;Sg]
ePsf]n] a'4nfO{ a'4–/tg elgG5 .
To;/L g}, /Tgsf] kf“r cy{ nfUg] s'/f o;} u|Gydf o;/L pNn]v ePsf] 5–#
lrQLst+ dxU3~r, ct'n+ b'Nneb:;g+ .
cgf]d;Qkl/ef]u,+ /tg+ t]g j'Rrlt ..
cyf{t–\
!= lrQLst+ cyf{t\ dgdf alnof] u/L lnP/ ;Ddfg klg ug'k{ g],{
@= dxU3~r cyf{t\ w]/} d"Nojfg\ klg ePsf],
#= ct'n~r cyf{t\ t'ngf gePsf], hf]8f gePsf],
$= b'Nneb:;g+ cyf{t\ b'ne{, b]Vg uf¥xf] ljifo klg ePsf],
!= leIf' 1fgk"l0f{s -cg'=_, Gx"u' kl/qf0f lg>o -kf6g, ;lGt ;'vfjf;, lj=;+= @)%)_,
k[= !)^M /Tg ;"q .
@= eujfg\ a'4df /x]sf] #@ dxfk'?if nIf0fsf] af/]df kl/lzi6 ! df x]gx{' f]nf . lj:t[t hfgsf/L
xfl;n ug{sf] nflu eg] bL3lgsfosf] dxfju{, dxfkbfg;'Q, nSv0f ;'Q tyf dlHemdlgsfosf]
a|xd\ fo';Q' df x]g{' xf]nf .
#= k"jf]Q
{ m kfbl6Kk0fL !, k[= !)& .

- @-
 %= cgf]d;Qkl/ef]u~r cyf{t\ xLg gePsf >]i7 pQd JolQmx¿sf] pkef]Uo
j:t' klg ePsf] .
lqlk6ssf] v'2slgsfosf] v'2skf7df /x]sf] /Tg;"q$ / csf]{ ;"q k'Aa0x;"q
cg';f/ of] nf]sdf / csf]{ nf]sdf hlt klt xL/fdf]tL kGgf hjfxf/ft cflb
cgdf]n /Tg 5g\, tL ;a} a'4h:tf] pQd 5}gg\, wd{h:tf] pQd 5}gg\, ;+3h:tf]
pQd 5}gg\ . To;}n] a'4 g} ;j{>i] 7 /Tg xf], wd{ g} ;j{>i] 7 /Tg xf], ;+3 g}
;j{>i] 7 /Tg xf] .
a'4, wd{ / ;+3nfO{ pQd, >]i7 /tgsf] ¿kdf af}4 jfª\dosf ljleGg
u|Gyx¿df k|z:t pNn]v ePsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf, dxfkl/qf0f u|Gysf]
dxfhod+un ufyfdf a'4/Tg, wd{/Tg, ;+3/Tgsf] >]i7tf af/]df o;/L pNn]v
ePsf] 5–%
o+ lsl~r /tg+ nf]s] ljHhlt ljljwf k'y' .
/tg+ a'4;d+ glTy, t:df ;f]lTy ejGt' t] ..
========== /tg+ wDd;d+ glTy =========
========= /tg+ ;+3;d+ glTy==============
cyf{t–\ ;+;f/df ljleGg k|sf/sf hlt klg /Tgx¿ 5g\, a'4/Tg ;dfg
/Tg s]xL 5}g, o; ;Tojrgsf] k|efjn] ltd|f] sNof0f xf];\ .
;+;f/df ljleGg k|sf/sf hlt klg /Tgx¿ 5g\, wd{/Tg ;dfg /Tg s]xL
5}g, o; ;Tojrgsf] k|efjn] ltd|f] sNof0f xf];\ .
;+;f/df ljleGg k|sf/sf hlt klg /Tgx¿ 5g\, ;+3/Tg ;dfg /Tg
s]xL 5}g, o; ;Tojrgsf] k|efjn] ltd|f] sNof0f xf];\ .
1fg, a'l4 / k|1fnfO{ klg a'4zf;gdf /Tg elgG5 . k~`f g/fg+ /tg+
cyf{t\ k|1f g} dflg;sf] /Tg xf] . k|1fsf] kf/ldtf k"0f{ ug'e
{ Psf a'4 g} ;a}eGbf
pQd /Tg x'g\ . k|1fsf] e08f/ 9's6' L eO/x]sf] wd{ g}= ;a}eGbf pQd /Tg x'g\ .
k|1fn] k"0f{ ePsf >fjs ;+3x¿ klg ;a}eGbf pQd /Tg x'g\ . To;}n] g} a'4, wd{
/ ;+3nfO{ a'4/Tg, wd{/Tg / ;+3/Tg jf lq/Tg elgPsf] xf] .

$= ;'Qlk6s] v'2slgsfo] v'2skf7kfln -Outk'/L, ljkZogf ljzf]wg ljGof;, O{=;+= !((*_,

k[= %M /tg;'Q+ .
%= leIF' ;'bz{g -;+=_, dxfkl/qf0f -sf7df8f},+ ;fg'gfgL s+;fsf/, lj=;+= @)^@_, k[=&^

- #-
@=!= lq/Tgsf] u'0f / cflgz+;
(Characteristic and Significance of Triple Gems)
a'4zf;gdf lq/Tgsf] jGbgf ug'k{ g]{ / /fd|f;
] u+ ldnfP/ ug{ hfg]df
b'Mv}nfO{ x6fpg ;Sg] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] 5 . d'VotM % c+un] o'Qm eO{ lq/Tg
jGbgf ug'k{ g]M{ s'/fsf] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . % c+un] o'Qm eO{ ul/Psf] jGbgfnfO{
z'4 / kljq jGbgf eGg] ul/G5 . tL % c+ux¿ x'g–\ ^
!_ >4f– a'4, wd{ / ;+3k|lt >4f ePsf] x'g,'
@_ k|1f– lq/Tg u'0fnfO{ jf:tljs ¿kdf a'em]/ of]Uo, cof]Uo, /fd|F] g/fd|f]
a'em]/ :ki6 x'g,'
#_ :d[lt– lrQ ljrlnt gkf/L ul//x]sf] s'/fdf xf]z /flv/xg',
$_ jLo{– jGbgfsf] ;dodf lrQdf nf]e cflb cs'zn Sn]z k:g glbg
pBf]u ug',{ sf]lz; ug'{
%_ r]tgf– lrQ Psfu|tf eO{ jGbgf ul//x]sf]df dfq cfnDag ul//xg'df
pT;flxt / k|l] /t u/fpg' .
v'2slgsfosf] /Tg;"qd} a'4, wd{ / ;+3nfO{ /Tgsf] ¿kdf w]/} u'0fwd{x¿
/x]sf] s'/f pNn]v ePsf 5g\ .& tL dWo] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf Pp6f Pp6f oxf“
k|:t't ug'{ /fd|f] xf]nf .
o+ lsl~r ljQ+ Ow jf x'/+ jf, ;Uu];' jf o+ /tg+ k0fLt+ .
g gf] ;d+ clTy tyfut]g, OblDk a'4] /tg+ k0fLt+ .
Pt]g ;Rr]g ;'jlTy xf]t' .. /Tg;"qM #
cyf{t–\ o; nf]sdf jf csf]{ gfu, u¿8flb nf]sdf hlt klg ;DklQm
5g\, km]l/ :ju{df h'g cg3{ /Tg 5g\, ltgLx¿dWo] s'g} klg a'4 ;dfg >]i7
5}gg\ . a'4sf] of] klg pQd /Tg xf] . of] ;Tosf] k|efjn] sNof0f xf];\ .
vo+ lj/fu+ cdt+ k0fLt+, obHemuf ;sod'gL ;dflxtf] .
g t]g wDd]g ;dlTy lsl~r, OblDk wDd] /tg+ k0fLt+ .
Pt]g ;Rr]g ;'jlTy xf]t' .. /Tg;"qM $
^= leIF' zLneb|, kl/olQlzIff–#, -kf6g, g]kfn af}4 kl/olQ ;ldlt, lj=;+= @)%^_, k[= #^M
lq/TgjGbgfsf] kl/ro .
&= k"jf]Q
{ m kfbl6Kk0fL $, k[= % .

- $-
 cyf{t–\ ;dflxt lrQåf/f zfSod'lg a'4n] jf;gfnfO{ IfL0f u/L ljf/udo
cd[t¿k lgjf{0fwd{ k|fKt ug'e
{ of], To; wd{;dfg c¿ s'g} wd{ 5}g . wd{sf] of]
klg pQd /Tg xf] . of] ;Tosf] k|efjn] sNof0f xf];\ .
o] ;'Kko'Qf dg;f bNx]g, lgSsfldgf] uf]td–;f;glDx .
t] kltkQf cdt+ ljux\o, n4f d'wf lgAa'lt+ e'~hdfgf .
OblDk ;+3] /tg+ k0fLt+, Pt]g ;Rr]g ;'jlTy xf]t' .. /Tg;"qM &
cyf{t–\ hf] t[i0ff/lxt eP/ uf}td a'4sf] zf;gdf b[9 lrQn] pBf]uk"js {
;+;f/ rqmaf6 d'Qm eO{ a:g'xG' 5, jxf“x¿n] k|fKt ug'k{ g]{ hlt k|fKt u/L cd[tdf
nLg eO{ cgfof; g} ljd'lQmsf] /;fg'ej u/L a:g'xG' 5 . ;+3sf] of] klg pQd
/Tg xf] . of] ;To;sf] k|efjn] sNof0f xf];\ .
a'4zf;gdf lq/TgnfO{ dfGg], ;Ddfg ug]{ / k"hf ug]{ k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 .
o;sf afjh'b klg, w"k, bLk, k'ik, g}jB ] cflbn] k"hf ug'e { Gbf wd{cg';f/
cfr/0f u/]/ k"hf ug{df uj{ 7fGb5g\ af}4x¿ . o;y{ t a'4k"hf ug]{ a]nfdf of]
ufyf klg jfrg ul/G5–
Odfo wDdfg'wDd kl6klQof a'4+ k'hl] d,
Odfo wDdfg'wDd kl6klQof wDd k'hl] d,
Odfo wDdfg'wDd kl6klQof ;+3+ k"hl] d .*
cyf{t–\ o; wdf{gs
' n
" wdf{r/0fåf/f a'4nfO{ k"hf ub{5' . o; wdf{gs
' n
"
wdf{r/0fåf/f wd{nfO{ k"hf ub{5' . o; wdf{g's"n wdf{r/0fåf/f ;+3nfO{
k"hf ub{5' .

@=@= lq/Tg pTkGg x'gs

' f] sf/0f
(Cause to Origin of Triple Gems)
nf]sdf ljBdfg\ k[ys\hg c1flg k|f0fLx¿nfO{ 1fgsf] af6f] b]vfOlbg, 1fgdfu{
/ kmndf k|ltli7t u/fpg tyflk b'ul{ tsf af6f]x¿nfO{ 5]bg u/L ;'ultsf] af6f]df
8f]¥ofpg lq/Tgsf] pTkGg x'g] ub{5 . ljz]iftM lq/Tg pTkGg x'g] sf/0fsf] ¿kdf
o;/L b]vfOPsf] 5–(

*= leIf' ;+3/lIft, æa'4f]kb]zÆ -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, lj=;+= @)%^_, k[= !# .
(= bf]nG] b| /Tg zfSo -cg'=_, wd{–/; -af/f, 7fs'/ Jof; vqL cflb, lj=;+= @)^)_, k[=!)& .

- %-
 a'4f]jnf]s] ;Dd'KkGgf] lxtfo ;Aakfl0fg+ cyf{t\ ;f/f k|f0fLx¿sf] lxt
;'vsf] nflu g} nf]sdf a'4x¿sf] pTkGg x'g] ub{5 .
wDdf]nf]s] ;Dd'KkGgf] ;'vfo ;Aakfl0fg+ cyf{t\ ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLx¿nfO{ ;'v
lbgsf] nflu g} wd{sf] pTkGg x'g] ub{5 .
;+3f] nf]s] ;Dd'KkGgf] k'~`v]Q+ cg'Q/+ cyf{t\ k'0o¿kL aLhf/f]kg ug{
c;n v]t ;dfg ePsf cfo{ ;+3x¿ x'g\ . cfkm"nfO{ cy{, lxt, ;'v kfpg] v]t
;dfg ePsf]n] ;+3sf] pTkGg x'g] ub{5 .

@=#= s'i7/f]uL ;'Kka'4sf] syf!)

(Story of Leper Suppabuddha)
eujfg\ a'4sf] wd{bz ] gf ;'g/] lq/TgnfO{ /fd|f;
] u+ af]w ul/;s]sf,
;|ft] fklQkmn!!df k'lu;s]sf s'i7/f]uL ;'Kka'4nfO{ dgdf cfof], lsg d eujfg\
a'4sf] ;fd' cfkm"n] k|FKt u/]sf] u'0fwd{nfO{ PskN6 k|sfz gkf¿+ .
a'4sxf“ cGo pkf;s pkfl;sfx¿ sf]xL gx'g] ;do kf/]/ pgL a'4
al;/xg'ePsf] j]nj' 0f ljxf/!@lt/ nfu] . af6f]sf] aLrdf :jo+ b]j/fh OGb| cfP/
pgnfO{ cg]s nf]e–nfnr b]vfpg cfP– æx] ;'Kka'4, ltdL dflg;x¿sf] aLrdf
bl/b| / xLg 5f} . ltdLnfO{ d w]/} w]/} wg lbg]5' . s]jn ltdL a'4nfO{ a'4 xf]Og,
wd{nfO{ wd{ xf]Og, ;+3nfO{ ;+3 xf]Og, a'4 dnfO{ rflx+bg} , wd{ dnfO{ rflx+bg} ,
;+3 dnfO{ rflx+bg} eg .Æ
Tolta]nf ;'Kka'4 s'i7/f]uLn] b]j/fhnfO{ d"vs{ f] ¿kdf ;Daf]wg u/]/
cfkm" bl/b| geO{ ;Kt/Tg cfo{wg!# cfkm"df ePsf], lq/TgnfO{ ;xL ¿kdf hfg]sf]n]
!)= leIF' cd[tfgGb, wDdkb6\7 syf–# -sf7df8f},+ cfgGbs'6L ljxf/ u'7L, lj=;+= @)$@_,
k[= !^(M ;'Kka'4 s'i6of syf
!!= b'Mvd'Qm lgjf{0fsf] wf/df k'lu;s]sf], 1fgdfu{sf] klxnf] v'bl\ snfdf k'us
] f] / slxNo}
b'ul{ t guO{ cjZoDefjL b'Mvd'Qm x'gn] fO{ ;|ft] fklQkmn elgG5 .
!@= zfSod'lg uf}td a'4sf] zf;gdf klxnf] leIf'x? a:gsf] nflu bfg k|FKt ljxf/, h'g
duwsf /fhf lalDa;f/n] bfg ug'e{ Psf] lyof] .
!#= ef}lts wgeGbf >]i7 /x]sf] clg a'4åf/f k|z;
+ f ul/Psf] ;Kt/Tg cfo{wg eGgfn] oL
a'em\5g\– != >4fwg, @= zLnwg, #= lxl/ -nHhf_ wg, $= cf]QKk -eo_ wg, %= >'twg,
^+ Tofuwg, &= k|1fwg . o;sf] lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu n]vss} kyk|bz{s k':tssf]
;Kt/Tg cfo{wg n]v x]g{' xf]nf .

- ^-
a'4nfO{ a'4 xf]Og, wd{nfO{ wd{ xf]Og, ;+3nfO{ ;+3 xf]Og, a'4 dnfO{ rflx+bg} , wd{
dnfO{ rflx+bg} , ;+3 dnfO{ rflx+bg} eGg g;Sg] / pgsf] t s], xhf/f}+ OGb|x¿sf]
nf]enfnrdf klg gkm“:g] s'/f eg]sf] lyof] .
o;nfO{ ;'Kka'4 s'i6/f]uLsf]] lq/Tgk|lt /x]sf] >4f / leqL Xbon] u/]sf]
k"hf dfGg ;lsG5 .
@=$= z/0f pkf;ssf] syf!$
(Story of Sarana Upasaka)
a'4sfndf Ps pkf;s lyP, hf] a'4sf] pkb]z ;'g/] ;|ft] fklQkmndf
k'lu;s]sf lyP . pgL eujfg\ a'4, b'Mvd'Qm x'g;Sg] wd{ / a'4sf cfo{>fjs
;+3sf] b[9¿kdf z/0f uO/x]sf lyP . o;y{ klg pgnfO{ ;a}n] z/0f pkf;s
eg]/ lrlgGy] .
lq/Tgsf] z/0fdf uO/x]sf] eP klg pgL ;fg}bl] v /S;L vfg'kg]{ afgL
lyof] . hLjgsf] cGtsfn;Dd klg pgn] /S;L TofUg ;s]g . pgL k/nf]s eP/
b]jnf]sdf pTkGg eP . of] s'/f eujfg\ a'4sf cfkmGtx¿nfO{ ljZjf; nfu]g .
dxfgfd zfSo cfP/ eujfg\ a'4;+u z+sf JoQm ub{5, s;/L ;fg}bl] v hLjgsf]
cGt;Dd klg /S;L vfg'kg]{ dflg; b]jnf]sdf pTkGg eP <
ta eujfg\ a'4n] eGg'eof], z/0f pkf;s lqz/0fdf uO/x]sf pkf;s
x'g\ . a'4, wd{ / ;+3sf] cgGt ckf/ u'0fx¿nfO{ af]w u/]/ leqL Xbon] Hofg}
lbg;Sg] u/L lq/Tgk|lt b[9 >4f /flv/xg] x'g\ . t;y{ pgL d/0fa]nfd} ;|ft] fklQkmn
k|fKt ug{ /S;L vfg] cs'znn] klg /f]Sg ;s]g . pgdf o:tf] lq/Tgk|lt >4f
lyof] ls olb s;}n] p;nfO{ cfP/ a'4nfO{ a'4, wd{nfO{ wd{, ;+3nfO{ ;+3 geg,
gq ltd|f] sfl6lbG5' . o:tf] a]nfdf a¿ pgn] d]/f] 6fpsf] sf6\g] eP sf6, t/
d a'4nfO{ a'4, wd{nfO{ wd{ / ;+3nfO{ ;+3 xf]Og eGg] ;fx; ddf 5}g eGg]5 .
@=%= 5Q df0fjssf] syf!%
(Story of Chhatta Manawaka)
eujfg\ a'4 >fj:tLsf] h]tjg ljxf/df al;/xg'ePsf] a]nfsf] s'/f
lyof] . ;]tJo eGg] b]zsf Ps a|fx\d0fk'q 5Q df0fjs 7"nf] ePkl5 lzIff l;Sg
!$= k"jf]Q
{ m kfbl6Kk0fL ^, k[= $) .
!%= P]hg, k[= $! .

- &-
pSs6\7f b]zsf kf]Sv/;flt cfrfo{sxf“ uPsf] lyof] . tLI0f a'l4 ePsf pgn]
l5§ l;Sg'kg]{ ljBf l;s]/ u'¿nfO{ u'¿–blIf0ff r9fpgsf] nflu ;f]Wof] . u'¿n]
pgsf] 3/flgof s'nnfO{ x]//] Ps xhf/ sfiff{k0f r9fpg eGof] . pgL 3/
kms]{ . pgL kms]s
{ f] b]Vbf 3/df cfdf–a'af ;f¥x} v'zL eP . 5Q df0fjsn]
u'¿nfO{ blIf0f lbg'kg]{ s'/f eg] . pgsf cfdfa'afn] v'zLsf ;fy wg
lbP/ k7fP .
wgsf] kf]sf] lnP/ 5Q df0fjs af6f]df cfO/x]sf] s'/f rf]/x¿n]
yfxfkfOxfn] . pgLx¿ Pp6f ;'g;fg 7fp“sf] emf8d'lg 5Q df0fjsnfO{ df/]/
wgsf] kf]sf] n'6g\ nfO{ tof/ eOa;] .
To; lbg eujfg\ a'4sf] dxfs¿0ff ;dfklQ Wofgdf 5Q df0fjs
b]Vg'eof] . k"jh
{ Gdsf] ljkfsn] rf]/x¿af6 dg'k{ g]{ / d/0f;+s6nfO{ s]xL u/L klg
6fg{ g;Sg] s'/f a'4n] yfxfkfpg' eof] . o;sf afjh'b klg, pgsf] pksf/
ug{sf] nflu pgL lx+l8/x]sf] af6f]sf] ¿vd'lg uP/ al;/xg' eof] . a'4nfO{ b]v/]
5Q df0fjs glhs} ple/x] . a'4n] s'znjftf{ ug'e { O{ lqz/0f / k~rzLnsf]
af/]df pgnfO{ pkb]z lbg'eof] . lqz/0f hfg] ufyf klg l;sfpg'eof],
h'g o:tf] lyof]—
of] jbt+ kj/f] dg'h;] ,' ;Sod'lg eujf stlsRrf] .
kf/utf] anljl/o;d+uL, t+ ;'ut+ ;/0fTyd'kl] d ..
/fu lj/fu dg]h d;f]s,+ wDdd;+vtdKkl6s"n+ .
dw'/ldd+ ku'0f+ ;'ljeQ+, wDdldd+ ;/0fTyd'kl] d ..
oTy r lbGgdxKkmndfx', rt';' ;'rL;' k'l/;o'u;] ' .
c6\7 r k'UunwDdb;f t], ;+3ldd+ ;/0fTyd'kl] d ..
cyf{t—
\
hf] u'¿n] Ox nf]s l;sfof], Tof] d'lg zfSo egL sxnfof] .
kf/ eO{ ta jLo{ hufof], Tof] ;'ut}sg of] dg wfof] ..
/fu lj/fu / zf]sljxLg, wd{ c;+:s[t z'4 gjLg .
k|i6 u'0flws /Do ldxLg, wd{ oxL 5 d x'G5' ljnLg ..
bfg lb+bf ;'v g} kmn x'G5, bf]Aa/ rf/ dxfk'¿if} 5 .
cf7 5 k'bu\ n wd{ b'xG' 5, ;+3dxf“ o; efn g'xG' 5 ..

- *-
 klxnf]kN6 a'4nfO{ e]6/] a'4sf] pkb]zåf/f k|efljt eO{ pgL lqz/0fdf
uP . ;fy} a'4;+u 5'l§P/ af6f]df uO/x“bf klg ToxL lqz/0f ;lDem+b} uP .
5Q df0fjs ;'g;fg af6f]df k'Ubf Toxf“ af6f] 9'ls/x]sf rf]/x¿n] pgnfO{
dfl/lbof] / wgsf] kf]sf] lnP/ efUof] . hLjgsf] clGtd If0fdf dfq eP klg
a'4sf] pkb]z ;'g/] lqz/0f uPsf] sf/0fn] pgL ;'t/] lap“em];l/ qfolZq+z
b]jnf]sdf pTkGg x'g kfP .

@=^= d6\7s'08nLsf] syf!^

(Story of Matthakundali)
>fj:tLsf] wgfWo t/ s~r'; afa'sf] PSnf] 5f]/f] lyof]– d6\7s'08nL .
hjfgLdf k'Ubfgk'Ub} hl08; /f]un] pgL 7Nnf k¥of] . a}B b]vfp+bf, cf}ifwL
lsGg'kbf{ wgsf] vr{ x'G5 eg]/ afa'n] 7Ls;+u a}B b]vfpg], cf}ifwLd"nf] ug{
;d]t Wofg lbPg . 5f]/f] l;ls:t x'b+ } cfPsf] b]v/] cQflnPsL cfdfrflx+sf]
lh2Ln] tL ;]7+ a}Bsxf“ uP/ cf}ifwLsf] af/]df s]jn ;f]Wgdfq uof], lsgls
;f]WgnfO{ z'Ns ltg'k{ b}g{ , k};f nfUb}g . a}Bn] To;} xfjfe/df eg]/ NofPsf]
¿vsf] kft pdfn]/ Vjfof] t/ /f]u lgsf] ePg . ca t /f]u rs]/{ pgsf] clGtd
cj:yf g} cfOk'Uof] . 5f]/fnfO{ afa'rflx+n] sf]7fd} /flv/x+bf c¿ la/fdL x]g{
cfpg]n] ;DklQdf cf“vf nufp+nf eg]/ 3/sf] l5l8+df /fVg Nofof] . lar/f
d6\7s'08nLnfO{ afa' b]v]/ ;f¥x} dg /f]of] / l/; klg p7\of] . å]ifdfq
a9\g yfNof] .
To; lbg eujfg\ a'4sf] dxfs¿0ff;dfklQ Wofgdf ToxL d6\7s'08nL
cfof] . a'4n] pgsf] pksf/sf] nflu leIff6gkZrft\ d6\7s'08nLsf] 3/aflx/
hfg'eof] . a'4nfO{ b]v/] d6\7s'08nL ;f¥x} v'zL eof] . a'4nfO{ jGbgf ub},{ a'4k|lt
>4f /fVb} v'zL eO/x+bf afa'sf] s~r';L, afa'kl| tsf] l/;–å]if ;a} la:of]{ . a'4k|lt
>4f /fv]/} d/0f ePsf]n] d6\7s'08nL k|efjzfnL b]jk'q eP/ pTkGg x'gkfof] .
hLjgdf wd{ ghfg]sf], wd{ ug{ g;s]sf] d6\7s'08nL hLjgsf] clGtd
If0fdf eP klg a'4sf] bz{g kfP/, a'4k|lt k|;Gg eP/ 7"nf] cflgz+; kmn k|fKt
ePsf] lq/Tgsf] dxfg\tf, ljk'ntf Pj+ cgGt k|efjn] xf] eGg ;lsG5 .

!^= leIF' cd[tfgGb -cg'=_, wDdkb6\7 syf– !, -sf7df8f}+, cfgGbs'6L ljxf/ u'7L_,
lj=;+= @)#(, k[= #^M d6\7s'08nLof v“ .

- (-
#= eujfg\ a'4 / pxf“sf u'0fx¿
(Lord Buddha and his Features)M
g]kfnsf] n'lDagL au}r
+ fdf hGd x'ge
' P/ a'4uofdf a'4Tj k|fKt u/L a'4
x'ge
' Psf pxf“ ;Dos\;Da'4 x'gx' G' 5, zflGtsf cu|gfos x'gx' G' 5 clg dxfdfgj
a'4 x'gx' G' 5 . af}4 ;flxTosf ljleGg u|Gyx¿df eujfg\ a'4sf w]/} u'0fx¿,
ljz]iftfx¿ clg JolQmTjx¿nfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
x'g t xfdLh:tf k[ys\hgn] pxf“df ljBdfg /x]sf u'0fx¿nfO{ x]g{ /
a'em\g ;+ej 5}g . elgG5, Ps a'4sf] u'0fwd{ hfGgsf] nflu csf]{ a'4 g} x'gk' 5{ .
clg dfq a'4u'0fnfO{ hfGg / a'em\g ;+ej x'G5, gq t c;+ej k|foM 5 .
cem t, Ps a'4sf] u'0fnfO{ csf]{ a'4n] ;d]t cGo wd{bz
] gf s]xL gegL
Ps sNk;Dd elg/fVg'eP klg sNk dfq ;lsG5 t/ u'0f ;lsb}g+ .!&

#=!= a'4sf] JolQmTj / ljz]iftfx¿

(Personality and Characteristics of Buddha)
:ki6 5, dxfdfgj eujfg\ a'4sf cgGt cgGt u'0fwd{ tyf ljz]iftfx¿
/x]sf 5g\ . d'VotM pxf“sf JolQmTj / ljz]iftfsf ¿kdf s]xL a'b+ fx¿nfO{ oxf“
;f/f+zut ¿kdf pNn]v ug'{ plrt xf]nf .!*
!= pxf“ eujfg\ a'4 #@ dxfk'¿if nIf0fn] o'Qm clt cfsif{s x'gx' G' 5,
@= eujfg\ a'4 bfz{lgs xf]Og, k|ToIFbzL{ x'gx' G' 5,
#= eujfg\ a'4 k/Dk/fjfbL xf]Og, df}lns ljrf/s x'gx' G' 5,
$= eujfg\ a'4 k/Dk/fut hfltjfbsf lj/f]wL x'gx' G' 5,
%= eujfg\ a'4 dfgjtfjfbL l;4fGtsf ;dy{s x'gx' G' 5,
^= eujfg\ a'4 zf:qLo xf]Og, cg'ejL x'gx' G' 5,
&= eujfg\ a'4 s§/ l;4fGtjfbL x'gx' G' g,
*= eujfg\ a'4 nf]ssf cu| dxfsf¿l0fs x'gx' G' 5,
(= eujfg\ a'4 Jojxf/jfbL x'gx' G' 5,

!&= k"jf]Q
{ m kfbl6Kk0fL !, k[=!*( .
!*= leIf' ;+3/lIft, kyk|bz{s -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, lj=;+= @)%&_, k[= @@ .

- !)-
 !)= eujfg\ a'4 af]wjfbL x'gx' G' 5,
!!= coz, lgGbf–k|z;+ f, nfe–xfgL_ af6 cljrlnt x'gx' G' 5,
!@= eujfg\ a'4 clåtLo e}ifHo u'¿ x'gx' G' 5,
!#= eujfg\ a'4 sfo{sf/0f l;4fGtsf kIfkftL x'gx' G' 5,
!$= eujfg\ a'4 cgfTdjfbL cgLZj/jfbL x'gx' G' 5,
!%= eujfg\ a'4 sd{jfbL x'gx' G' 5, cflb .

#=@= bzan tyfut a'4

(Ten Specialities of Buddha)
eujfg\ a'4nfO{ bzan tyfut klg elgG5 . a'4df oL bzan ePsf]
sf/0fn] g} h]i7 jf pRr :yfg k|fKt ug'x{ G' 5, kl/ifb\sf] aLrdf l;+xgfb ug'x{ G' 5
clg wd{rqm k|jt{g ug'x{ G' 5 . pxf“df /x]sf] bzansf af/]df ;'Qlk6ssf] bf];f| ]
7"nf] u|Gy dlHemdlgsfosf] dxf;Lxgfb–;'Qdf o;/L pNn]v ul/Psf] 5—!(
!= tyfutn] sf/0fnfO{ sf/0f, csf/0fnfO{ csf/0fsf] ¿kdf h:tf] xf]
To:t} oyfe"t¿kn] hfGg'xG' 5,
@= tyfutn] e"t, eljio, jt{dfg sd{sf] sf/0fåf/f ljkfsnfO{ h:tf] xf],
To:t} oyfe"t¿kn] hfGg'xG' 5,
#= tyfutn] ;j{qufdL -;'ult, b'ul{ t hfg] ;a}sf]_ dfu{nfO{ h:tf] xf],
To:t} oyfe"t¿kn] hfGg'xG' 5,
$= tyfutn] cg]s wft' -a|xd \ f08_ gfgfwft' -rIf'wft', sfdwft'
cflb_ ePsf] :sGwnf]snfO{ h:tf] xf], To:t} oyfe"t¿kn] hfGg'xG' 5,
%= tyfutn] gfgf clwd'lQm -:jefj_ ePsf] ;Tjk|f0fLx¿nfO{ h:tf] xf],
To:t} oyfe"t¿kn] hfGg'xG' 5,
^= tyfutn] k/;Tj k/k'bu\ nx¿sf] OlGb|o ->4]lGb|o_ sf] k|antf /
b'jn
{ tfsf] s'/f h:tf] xf], To:t} oyfe"t¿kn] hfGg'xG' 5,
&= tyfutn] Wfog, ljdf]If ;dflw, ;dfklQsf] ;+Sn]ztf –dnLgtf,
wldnf]kgf_, lgd{tnf -;kmf_ / pTyfg –k|ult ePsf]_ nfO{ h:tf] xf], To:t}
oyfe"t¿kn] hfGg'xG' 5,

!(= b'08axfb'/ jh|frfo{ -cg'=_, dlHemdlgsfo -nlntk'/, jL/–k"0f{ k':ts ;+ux| fno, lj=;+=
@)%$_, k[= %(M dxf;Lxgfb–;'Q .

- !! -
 *= tyfutn] cg]s k|sf/sf k"j{hGdsf] s'/f h:tf] xf], To:t}
cyfe"t¿kn] hfGg'xG' 5,
(= tyfutn] ljz'4 lbJo rIf'åf/f Ro't ePsf, pTkGg ePsf ;Tjx¿
b]Vg'xG' 5 / cf–cfkm\gf] sdf{g;
' f/ gLr pRr ePsf, ;j0f{ b'j0f{ ePsf, ;'ult
b'ul{ t pTkGg ePsf ;Tjx¿ h:tf] xf], To:t} cyfe"t¿kn] hfGg'xG' 5, /
!)= tyfutn] cf;|j -lrQdn_ nfO{ Ifo u/L cgf;|jL eP/ lrQljd'lQm,
k|1fljd'lQmnfO{ oxL hGd -hLjg_df :jo+ cle1fåf/f ;fIffTsf/ ug'x{ G' 5 .
#=#= a'4sf] >]i7tfdf k|Zg@)
(Question on Buddha's Superiority)
/fhf ldlnGbn] gfu;]g :ylj/ ;fd' a'4sf] >]i7tf ljifodf k|Zg
/fVb5– eGt] gfu;]g, s] eujfg\ a'4 k/d >]i7 x'gx' G' Yof] <
gfu;]g :ylj/– æxf] dxf/fh, eujfg\ a'4 k/d >]i7 x'gx' G' Yof] .Æ
/fhf ldlnGb– æeGt] gfu;]g, pxf“nfO{ gb]v] klg tkfO{n] s;/L of]
s'/f hfGg'eof] ls pxf“ k/d >]i7 x'gx' G' Yof] <Æ
gfu;]g :ylj/– ædxf/fh, tkfO{ s] ljrf/ ug'x{ G' 5 ls ;d'b| gb]vs
] f
JolQmx¿n] hfGb5g\ ls hfGb}gg\, ;d'b| ljzfn 5, uDeL/ 5, cyfx 5, h;df
7"N7"nf gbLx¿ ufleg cfp“bf klg g 36\5, g a9\5 <Æ
/fhf ldlnGb– æxf] eGt], hfGb5 .Æ
gfu;]g :ylj/– ædxf/fh, o;/L lgjf{0f k|fKt ug'e
{ Psf pxf“sf c;+Vo
>fjsx¿nfO{ b]vk] l5 hfGb5' ls eujfg\ a'4 cg'Q/ k/d >]i7 x'gx' G' Yof] .Æ
/fhf ldlnGb– æeGt], tkfO{n] 7Ls eGg'eof] .Æ
#=$= a'4–k"hf ug]{ af}4 k/Dk/f
(Buddhist Tradition of worshipping Buddha)
a'4Tj k|fKt u/L b'Mvd'Qm / ljd'lQm ;'vfg'el" t ug'e
{ Ptf klg nf]sdf
ljBdfg b'MvL k|f0fLx¿nfO{ b]Vg'eO{ ax'hg lxtfo ax'hg ;'vfosf lglDt cfhLjg
@)= leIF' zf]eg -cg'=_, ldlnGb–k|Zg -nlntk'/, jL/–k"0f{ k':ts ;+ux| fno,
lj=;+= @)^!_, k[= %$ .

- !@ -
ufp“ ufp“df, gu/ gu/df tyf b]z b]zfGt/df rfl/sf ug'x{ g' ] pxf“ dxfsf¿l0fs
tyfut a'4 x'gx' G' 5 . pxf“s} 1fg cjaf]w u/L w]/n } ] b'Mvd'lQmsf] af6f] kfP,
hLjgnfO{ wGo wGo agfP . #@ dxfk'¿if nIf0fn] o'Qm eujfg\ a'4sf] cfbz{
tyf dxfgtfnfO{ b]v/] g} w]/n } ] pxf“kl| t >4f / cf:yf /fV5g\, jGbgf ub{5g\,
k"hf ub{5g\ . ljxf/ ljxf/df tyf a'4d"lt{sf] ;fd' a'4–jGbgf ubf{ leIf' leIf'0fLx¿
tyf pkf;s pkfl;sfx¿ o;/L k9\g] ub{5g\–@!
Oltlk ;f] eujf c/x+, ;Ddf;Da'4f], ljHhfr/0f;DkGgf], ;'utf],
nf]sljb", cg'Q/f] k'l/;bDd ;f/yL, ;Tyf b]jdg':;fg+, a'4f], eujf‘lt .
o; ufyfleq eujfg\ a'4sf ljz]if ( j6f u'0fx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ .
:d/0fLo s'/f of] klg 5, xfdL pxf“sf] k|ltdf;fd' gtd:ts /x]/ cfb/–uf}/j
bzf{p5“ f},+ k"hf ub{5f}+ . jf:tjdf a'4nfO{ ;Ddfg hgfpg' / k"hflb ug'{ eg]sf] g}
pxf“df lglxt tL cgGt u'0fx¿ :d/0f ug'{ xf], clg tL u'0fx¿nfO{ af]w u/]/
cf+lzs ¿kdf eP klg xfdL cfkm"n] klg wf/0f u/]/ Jojxf/df kfng ug]{ k|of;
ug'{ xf], b'ne { of] dfgj hLjgnfO{ ;kmn / ;fy{s agfpg xf] .
#=%= a'4sf k|dv
' ( u'0fx¿
(Special Nine Features of Buddha)
a'4k"hf ug]{ af}4 k/Dk/fcg'¿k :d/0f ul/g] a'4sf k|dv
' ( u'0fx¿
@@
o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\–
#=%=!= c/x+
dgleqsf ;f/f Sn]z¿kL /fu, å]if, df]x cflb ;Dk"0f{ zq'nfO{ /fd|/L gfz
ul/;Sg'ePsf, slxNo} s;}n] gb]lvg] u/L u'Kt kfk gug'{ x'g] pxf“ eujfg\ a'4 c/x+
u'0fn] o'Qm x'gx' G' 5 . of] pxf“sf] klxnf] u'0f xf] .
#=%=@= ;Ddf;Da'4f]
nf]sdf ljBdfg oyfy{ wd{nfO{ :jo+n] ljZn]if0f u/L oyfy{¿kdf a'em\g]
pxf“ eujfg\ a'4 ;Ddf;Da'4f] u'0fn] o'Qm x'gx' G' 5 . of] pxf“sf] bf];f| ] u'0f xf] .
@!= leIf' ;+ 3 /lIft, af} 4 ;+ u fnf] -sf7df8f} + , ;To;Gb] z k| r f/s k| s fzg,
lj=;+= @)%*_, k[= @% .
@@= leIF' ;+ 3 /lIft, dxfdfgj a' 4 -sf7df8f} + , ;To;Gb] z k| r f/s k| s fzg,
lj=;+= @)^@_, k[= #) .

- !# -
#=%=#= ljHhfr/0f;DkGgf]
ljBf / cfr/0f wd{n] ;DkGg, h] af]Ng'xG' 5 ToxL ug]{ clg h] ug'x{ G' 5
ToxL af]Ng] oyfjfbL tyfsf/L tyfsf/L oyfjfbL pxf“ eujfg\ a'4 ljHhfr/0f;DkGgf]
u'0fn] o'Qm x'gx' G' 5 . of] pxf“sf] t];f| ] u'0f xf] .

#=%=$= cf7 ljBfx¿

af}4 jfª\dodf pNn]v ePcg';f/ eujfg\ a'4df ljBdfg\ cf7 ljBfx¿
o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\–@#
!= lbAarSv'ljHhf– b]jtfx¿sf] cf“vfn] em}+ :y"n / ;"Id, 6f9f / glhssf]
b]Vg ;lsg] ljBf,
@= lbAa;f]tljHhf– b]jtfx¿sf] sfgn] em}+ g5]lsg] u/L ;'Gg ;Sg] 1fg,
#= Ol4ljwljHhf– cg]s k|sf/sf Cl4 jf lj:tf/ b]vfpg ;Sg] 1fg,
$= r]tf]kl/oljHhf– c¿sf] lrQnfO{ a'em\g] 1fg,
%= k'Aa]lgjf;ljHhf– k"jh
{ Gdsf] s'/f yfxfkfpg] 1fg,
^= cf;jSvoljHhf– Sn]z–cf;|j gfz ug{ ;lsg] cx{t\ dfu{ 1fg,
&= dgf]dlol4ljHhf– dgn] lrtfPem}+ ug{ ;lsg] 1fg, /
*= ljk:;gfljHhf– clgTo, b'Mv / cgfTd eg]/ gfd, ¿k / wd{ ;a} hfGg
;lsg] 1fg .

#=%=%= kGw|j6f cfr/0fx¿

dxfk'¿if uf}td a'4df !% j6f cfr/0fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . tL !% j6f
cfr/0fx¿nfO{ af}4 ;flxTodf o;k|sf/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5–@$
!= ;Ln;+j/– zLnnfO{ ;+od ug],{
@= OlGb|o;+j/– rIf' cflb OlGb|onfO{ ;+od ug],{
#= ef]hg]dt~`'tf– ef]hgdf dfqfsf] 1fg /fVg],
@#= k"jf]Q
{ m kfbl6Kk0fL @@, k[= ## .
@$= P]hg, k[= #$ .

- !$-
 $= hful/ofg'of]u– hfu[t eO/xg],
%= ;4f– lq/Tg, cfo{;To, sd{ / sd{kmnk|lt ljZjf; /fVg],
^= ;lt– s'zn sd{df k|dfb g'xg' / :d[lt /fVg',
&= lx/L– b'/fr/0fdf nfh dfGg',
*= cf]QKk– b'/fr/0fdf 8/ dfGg',
(= afx';Rr– ax'>t' x'g,'
!)= jLl/o– sd{ s'zn jLo{oQ
' m x'g,'
!!= k~`f– nf}lss / nf]sf]Q/ x/]s ljifodf ljz'4 1fg /fVg',
!@= k7dHemfg– ljts{, ljrf/, k|Llt, ;'v / Psfu|tf oL kf“rj} 6f Wofgf¨n]
o'Qm x'g,'
!#= b'ltoHemfg– k|Llt, ;'v / Psfu|tf Wofgsf tLg} c¨n] o'Qm x'g,'
!$= tltoHemfg– ;'v / Psfu|tf Wofgsf b'a} c¨n] o'Qm x'g,'
!%= rt'TyHemfg– pk]Iff / Psfu|tf Wofgsf b'a} c¨n] o'Qm x'g' .dgleqsf
;f/f Sn]z¿kL /fu, å]if, df]x cflb ;Dk"0f{ zq'nfO{ /fd|/L gfz ul/;s]sf],
slxNo} s;}n] gb]lvg] u/L u'Kt kfk gug]{ u'0f ePsf pxf“ eujfg\ a'4
c/x+ u'0fsf x'gx' G' 5 .
#=%=^= ;'utf]M—
;'ultsf] dfu{df kl/k"0f{ x'ge
' O{ ;Dk"0f{ b'Mv–Sn]z cflbaf6 d'Qm lgjf{0fdf
k'Ug'ePsf pxf“ eujfg\ a'4 ;'utf] u'0fn] o'Qm x'g'x'G5 . of] pxf“sf]
rf}yf} u'0f xf] .
#=%=&= nf]sljb"
tLg} nf]ssf ;a} s'/f a'em\g] pxf“ eujfg\ a'4 nf]sljb" u'0fn] o'Qm x'gx' G' 5 .
of] pxf“sf] kf“rf}+ u'0f xf] .
#=%=*= cg'Q/f]kl' /;bDd;f/ly
bdg ug{ ufx|f] x'g] JolQmx¿nfO{ klg cfkm\gf] 1fgn] bdg ug]{ pxf“
eujfg\ a'4 cg'Q/f]kl' /;bDd;f/ly u'0fn] o'Qm x'gx' G' 5 . of] pxf“sf] 5}7f}+ u'0f xf] .

- !%-
#=%=(= ;Tyf b]jdg':;fg+
b]j tyf dg'iox¿nfO{ cg'zf;g ug]{ zf:tf jf u'¿ pxf“ dxfdfgj a'4
;Tyfb]jdg':;fg+ u'0fn] kl/k"0f{ x'gx' G' 5 . of] pxf“sf] ;ftf}+ u'0f xf] .
#=%=!)= a'4f]
rf/ cfo{;TonfO{ /fd|/L a'em\gx' g' ] pxf“ eujfg\ a'4f] u'0fn] ;DkGg x'gx' G' 5 .
of] pxf“ eujfg\ a'4sf] cf7f}+ u'0f xf] .
#=%=!!= rf/cfo{;To
oxf“ rf/ cfo{;To eGgfn] a'4n] b]zgf ug'e { Psf] rf/j6f ;To eGg]
a'lemG5 . ;+lIfKtdf oL rf/cfo{;TonfO{ o;/L a'em\g ;lsG5–@%
!= b'Mv;To -b'Mv 5_,
@= b'Mv;d'bo;To -b'Mvsf] sf/0f 5_,
#= b'Mvlg/f]w;To -b'MvnfO{ gfz ug{ ;lsG5_ /
$= b'Mvlg/f]wufldlg cfo{;To -b'MvnfO{ gfz ug]{ dfu{_ .
#=%=!@= cfo{ci6f+lus dfu{
oxf“ b'MvnfO{ gfz ug{;Sg] dfu{ eg]s} cfo{ci6f+lus dfu{ eGg] a'em\gk' 5{ .
tL cfo{ci6f+lus dfu{ cf7k|sf/sf 5g\—@^
!_ ;Dos\ b[li6 -;xL wf/0ff_,
@_ ;Dos\ ;+sNk -;xL ;+sNk_,
#_ ;Dos\ jrg -;xL jrg_,
$_ ;Dos\ sdf{Gt -kl/z'4 sd{_,
%_ ;Dos\ cfhLljsf -;xL hLljsf_,
^_ ;Dos\ Jofofd -7Ls k|oTg_,
&_ ;Dos\ :d[lt -plrt :d[lt_ /
*_ ;Dos\ ;dflw -7Ls Psfu|tf_ .

@%= leIf' ;+3/lIft, j}zfvk"l0f{df a'4k"l0f{df -sf7df8f}+, ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg,

lj=;+= @)%*_, k[= $* .
@^= k"jf]Q
{ m kfbl6Kk0fL @%, k[= $( .

- !^-
#=%=!#= eujf u'0fM—
gfgf k|sf/sf] wdf{lb ef]u ;DklQåf/f efUojfg\ eP/ eujfg\ x'ge' Psf
zflGtgfos eujfg\ uf}td a'4 eujf u'0fn] ;DkGg x'gx' G' 5 . of] pxf“sf] gjf}+ u'0f xf] .
#=%=!$= eujfg\ elgPsf] sf/0f
oxf“, a'4nfO{ eujfg\ elgPsf] sf/0f cyjf efUojfg\ eGgfn] o;/L
a'em\g ;lsG5–@&
!= O:;l/oM— cfkm\gf] lrQ cfkm"n] eg]h:tf] x'g,]
@= wDdM— gf} nf]sf]Q/ wd{n] ;DkGg x'g,]
#= o;M— kl/jf/ / sLlt{ x'g,]
$= sfdM— cfkm"n] lrtfPsf] k"0f{ x'g,]
%= l;l/M— >Lzf]efn] o'Qm x'g,]
^= koQM— dxfg\ jLo{ x'g] .
#=^= a'4sf ^ c;fwf/0f u'0fx¿
(Six Extra Ordinary Features of Buddha)
o;sf cnfjf klg, eujfg\ a'4df ^ c;fwf/0f u'0fx¿ /x]sf] s'/f af}4
\ @*
;flxTodf cfPsf 5g\ . tL x'g—
!= ;dfklQ1fg cyf{t\ ;a} k|f0fLx¿k|lt s¿0ff x'g,]
@= ;j{>t' 1fg cyf{t\ ;a} wd{nfO{ /fd|f;
] u+ a'em\g,]
#= OlGb|ok/f]kl/olt1fg cyf{t\ c¿sf] OlGb|o zlQm yfxf kfpg],
$= odsk|fltxfo{1fg -cyf{t\ z/L/af6 cfuf] kfgL cflb hf]8f hf]8f ¿kdf
lgsfNg ;Sg],
%= cf;ofg';o1fg cyf{t\ ;a}sf] dgf]efj a'em\g,] /
^= cgfj/0f1fg cyf{t\ ;a} s'/f :ki6 b]Vg] .
#=&= ;f/f+zdf (In Short)
;f/f+zdf eGg'kbf{, a'4 dxfdfgj x'gx' G' 5, eujfg\ x'gx' G' 5, dxfk'¿if
o'uk¿if x'gx' G' 5 . ljZjel/ zflGtsf] ;fd|Ho km}nfpg'xg' ] pxf“ zflGtsf cu|gfos
x'gx' G' 5 . uj{sf] s'/f t of] 5 ls pxf“ xfd|} b]z g]kfnsf ;k"t x'gx' G' 5 .

@&= k"jf]Q
{ m kfbl6Kk0fL *, k[= ^ .
@*= k"jf]Q{ m kfbl6Kk0fL @%, k[= #^ .

- !&-
$= ;xL wd{ / o;sf ljz]iftfx¿
(Right Dhamma and Its Features)
g/fd|f] kfk gug],{ /fd|f] s'zn k'0o ug],{ dgnfO{ z'4 agfpg] wd{ xf] . hf]
;'s} wdf{jnlDjx¿n] klg oL s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/]sf x'G5g\ . o;sf afjh'b klg
km/s km/s wdf{jnlDj clg km/s km/s kl/j]zdf wd{sf JofVof, cy{ km/s
km/s g} x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . h] h:tf] eP klg, c¿nfO{ pksf/ ug'{ wd{ xf] .
sd;]sd c¿nfO{ pksf/ ug{ g;s]tf klg cfkm"af6 c¿nfO{ afwf lbP/ gaf“Rg'
klg wd{ g} xf] .
$=!= :jefj–wd{ (Natural Dhamma)
wf/o]tL‘lt wDdf] cyf{t\ h'g hLjgnfO{ wf/0f ul/g] xf], hLjgnfO{ cfwf/
x'g] :jefj xf], To;}nfO{ wd{ elgG5 . cf“vfn] ¿k b]Vg', of] cf“vfsf] wd{ xf] .
sfgn] zAb ;'Gg', of] sfgsf] wd{ xf] . gfsn] uGw ;'W“ g', of] gfssf] wd{ xf] .
lha|fn] ] :jfb yfxfkfpg', of] lha|fs] f] wd{ xf] . z/L/n] g/d s8f :kz{ ug',{ of]
z/L/sf] wd{ xf] . ;"on{ ] tftf] 3fd lbg' ;"os{ f] wd{ xf] eg] rGb|dfn] zLtntf lbg'
rGb|dfsf] wd{ xf] .
$=@= lrQk|;Gg u/fpg] wd{
(Happiness Bringing Dhamma)
xbo+ k'gftLlt k'~`+ cyf{t\ lrQ k|;Gg x'g,' skf;;l/ xn'sf] x'g] :jefjnfO{
jf:tjdf wd{ elgG5 . h'g sfd ugf{n] cfkm\gf] / k/sf] klg lxt sNof0f x'G5
/ dgdf ;f¥x} cfgGbsf] cg'el" t x'G5 eg] To;nfO{ wd{ elgG5 . eljiosf] h'g}
;dodf ;Dem] klg dgnfO{ kZrftfk gu/fO{ a¿ cfglGbt t'Nofpg] /fd|f] s'zn
sfdnfO{ wd{ elgG5 . wd{n] kfknfO{ gfz ug],{ b'ul{ tsf ;f/f af6f]x¿nfO{
sfl6lbg] tyf ;'ultsf] af6f]nfO{ ;f]emf] kfl/lbg] sfd ul/G5 . wd{ / k'0o;+:sf/
g} k|dv' sf/0f x'g\ ls k|f0fLx¿n] ;|ft] fklQkmn, ;s[bfufdLkmn, cgfufdLkmn /
cx{tk\ mn;Dd klg k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5, ;Dk"0f{ ejb'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'g ;lsG5 .
$=#= af}4 b[li6sf]0fdf wd{
(Dhamma in Buddhist View)
oxf“, af}4 b[li6sf]0fn] eGg'kbf{, dxfdfgj eujfg\ a'4n] a'4 eO;s]kZrft\
cfkm\gf] hLjgko{Gt -$% jif{;Dd_ ;j{;fwf/0f dflg;x¿sf] b'Mv, si6, kL8f,

- !*-
pTkL8g cflbnfO{ x6fpg k|sfzdf Nofpg'ePsf] lxtsf/L–ax'ksf/L tyf oyfy{
sNof0f Pj+ d+unsf/L pkb]z g} wd{ xf] . of] wd{ eg]sf] ;Dk"0f{ hflt, h/f,
Joflw, d/0f¿kL b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'g;Sg],] sfd qmf]w nf]e df]x clg cx+sf/¿kL
cf;|j–Sn]zaf6 5'6sf/f kfpg ;lsg] Pp6f 7"nf] v'8l\ snf g} ;flat ePsf] 5 .
wd{, k/nf]s hLjgdf ;'ult k|fKt ug{sf] nflu dfq geO{ oxL hLjgdf ;'v /
cfgGb;+u lhpgsf] nflu lng'k5{ . wd{n] jf:tljs ¿kdf ;'vk"js { hLjg
lhpg] pkfo atfpg] ub{5 .
b}lgs hLjgnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg] cfr/0f lgodnfO{ klg wd{ elgG5 .
kf0ffltkftf j]/d0fL cyf{t\ c¿nfO{ b'Mv glbg', lx+;f gug',{ clbGgfbfgf j]/d0fL
cyf{t\ c¿sf] lrha:t' rf]/L gug',{ sfd];l' dR5frf/f j]/d0fL cyf{t\ sfdldYofrf/,
Jolerf/ gug',{ d';fjfbf j]/d0fL cyf{t\ c;To s'/f gug',{ ;'/fd]/o dHhkdfb6\7fgf
j/]d0fL cyf{t\ ;'/fkfg dBkbfy{ ;]jg gug',{ cDdn gzfn' kbfy{ ;]jg gug'{
cflb klg wd{ g} x'g,\ h;nfO{ zLn–wd{ elgG5 .
b'Mvd'Qm u/fpg] zLn, ;dflw / k|1f klg wd{ g} x'g\ . a'4n] klxnf]
wd{rqmk|jt{gd} atfpg'ePsf] b'Mv, b'Mvsf] sf/0f, gfz ug{;Sg] / b'Mv gfz ug]{
pkfo¿kL cfo{ci6f+lus dfu{ ePsf] rt'cfo{;To klg wd{ g} x'g\ . a'4n]
atfpg'ePsf] wd{ eg]sf] g} ;fdfGo dflg;x¿n] a'em\g;Sg], Jojxf/df kfng
ug{;Sg] / b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'g;Sg] wd{ x'g\ .

$=$= b'Mv / b'Mvd'lQmsf] af6f] ePsf] wd{ >]i7

(Great Dhamma Showing Sorrow and Way of Sorrowlessness)
pxf“ a'4 eO;s]kZrft\ cfhLjg -$% jif{_ ;Dd ax'hg lxtfo ax'hg
;'vfosf lglDt ufp“ ufp“df, gu/ gu/df, b]z b]zfGt/df rfl/sf ub}{ lx+8g\ e
' of] .
oxL qmddf pxf“ eujfg\ a'4 PskN6 /fhu[x gu/sf] Pp6f ufp“df k'Ug'eof] .
To;a]nf ufp+sf dflg;x¿n] eujfg\ a'4nfO{ eg]sf] lyP– æef] eujg\,
xfdLn] ;a} wdf{jnDjLx¿sf wd{nfO{ ;'gs
] f 5f}+ / ;a}n] cf–cfkm\g} wd{ >]i7 /
pQd elg/xG5g\, t;y{, jf:tjdf s'grflx+ wd{ >]i7 / pQd xf], Tof] s'/f
atfpg' xf];\ .Æ
To;a]nf eujfg\ a'4n] of] eGg'ePg ls d}n + ] eg]sf] wd{ >]i7 / pQd xf],
cfpm, d]/f] z/0fdf cfof} eg] b'Mvd'Qm lgjf{0f k|fKt ug]5{ f} . a¿ pxf“n] :ki6¿kdf

- !(-
;Demfpg'xb+' } eGg'eof]– æh'g wd{n] b'MvnfO{ /fd|/L b]vfp+5 / To;af6 d'Qm x'g]
af6f] klg :ki6 :ki6¿kdf Jojxfl/s¿kdf b]vfp+5, ToxL wd{ g} >]i7 xf], ToxL
wd{ g} pQd xf] .Æ
$=%= wd{sf tLg v'bl\ snfx¿
(Three Steps of Dhamma)
eujfg\ a'4n] lbg'ePsf wd{sf d'VotM tLg v'bl\ snfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oL
v'bl\ snfx¿nfO{ o;/L klg b]vfpg ;lsG5–
!= kl/olQ cyf{t\ wd{sf] 1fgdf kl/k"0f{ x'g,'
@= kl6klQ cyf{t\ hfg]sf] wd{nfO{ Jojxf/df cEof; ug',{ kfng ug',{
#= kl6j]w cyf{t\ cEof; ul/Psf] wd{sf] /fd|f] kmn k|FKt ug',{ ;a} k|sf/sf
laWgafwfx¿nfO{ kG5fp“b} clGtd nIo k|fKt ug'{ .
+ f ;dfg (Dhamma as Boat)
$=^= wd{ 8'u
eujfg\ a'4n] wd{nfO{ b'u+ fsf] ¿kdf pkb]z lbg'ePsf] 5 . o;sf] dtna
xf], wd{ nIo k|flKtsf] nflu xf], To;}df 6f“l;/xgsf] nflu xf]Og . h;/L b'u+ fsf]
sfd vf]nf, gbL cyjf ;fu/ tg{sf] nflu xf], tl/;s]kl5 pksf/ u¥of] eGb}df
hxf“txL“ af]s/] lx+l8/fVgsf] nflu xf]Og .
eujfg\ a'4n] dlHemdlgsfosf] cnub\bk" d–;'Qdf wd{nfO{ b'u+ f ;dfg
dfg]/ pkb]z lbg'ePsf] 5 .@( a'4 eGg'xG' 5– æleIF'x¿, d b'u+ f ;dfg kf/ eP/
hfgsf] nflu ltdLx¿nfO{ wd{sf] pkb]z lbPsf] x',+ u¥x'u+ f] x'g] u/L af]ls/xgsf]
nflu xf]Og . To;nfO{ ;'g, /fd|/L dgdf /fv, ;'gfP/ Nofp“5' .Æ
a'4 eGg'xG' 5– æleIf'x¿, h;/L sf]xL dflg; af6f] cNdlnP/ unt
7fp“df k/]/ Pp6f 7"nf] hnfzo -tfn_ sf] 5]pmdf k'Ub5 . p;n] b]Vb5 ls
tfnsf] jf/L 8/nfUbf] / eoo'Qm 5 / kf/Lkl§ zfGt / eod'Qm 5 . Toxf“ kf/
eP/ hfgsf] nflu b'u+ f x'b+ g} , g t jf/ kf/ ug]{ k'n g} . To;kl5 p;sf] dgdf
nfUb5, cxf], of] 7"nf] tfn k/]5, o;sf] jf/L 8/nfUbf] / eoo'Qm 5 clg kf/L eg]
zfGt / eod'Qm 5 . lsg d 3f“;, sf7, kft hDdf u/]/ b'u+ f gagfpm / To;sf]
cfwf/ lnP/ xft–v'§fsf] k|oTgn] s'zntfk"js { kf/L ghfpm+ . leIf'x¿, To;kl5

@(= k"jf]Q
{ m kfbl6Kk0fL !(, k[= !!$M cnub\bk" d–;'Q .

- @)-
Tof] dflg;n] b'u+ f agfP/ b'u+ fsf] cfwf/ lnP/ kf/L k'Ub5 . kf/L k'u/] p;nfO{
o:tf] nfUb5, of] b'u+ f 7"nf] pksf/L eof], o;sf] cfwf/ lnP/ kf/L k'Ug;s]+ . d
of] b'u+ fnfO{ 6fpsf]df af]sL cyjf sf“wdf /fvL hxf“ rflxof], ToxL| lsg ghfpm+ <
leIf'x¿, ltdLx¿n] s] ljrf/ u¥of}, o:tf] ug]{ dflg;n] Tof] b'u+ fsf]
sQ{Jo kfng u/]sf] x'G5 / <Æ
leIF'x¿– æeGt], Tof] dflg; pQm b'+ufsf] sf/0fn] b'Mv ef]u]sf]
dfq x'G5 .Æ
a'4– æleIF'x¿, olb pQL0f{ kf/+ut ePsf] dflg;n] of] b'u+ fn] dnfO{ 7"nf]
pksf/ u¥of], o;sf] cfwf/ lnP/ d}n + ] kf/ t/],+ lsg d o;nfO{ oxL+ rf}/d} cyjf
kfgLd} 5f]8/] hxf“ rflxof], ToxL ghfpm+ < egL ljrf/ u/L 5f]8/] hfG5 eg],
leIF'x¿, o:tf] ug]{ Tof] dflg;n] pQm b'u+ fsf] sQ{Jo kfng u/]sf] x'G5 . leIF'x¿,
To;/L g}, d}n + ] b'u+ f ;dfg kf/ ug{sf] nflu ltdLx¿nfO{ wd{sf] pkb]zlbPsf] 5',
u¥x'u+ f] x'g] u/L af]ls/xgsf] nflu xf]Og . wd{nfO{ b'u+ f ;dfg -s'Nn"kdf_ pkb]z
u/]sf] hfg]/ wd{nfO{ Toflub]pm, cwd{sf] s'/f g} s] <Æ

$=&= wd{–k"hf ug]{ af}4 k/Dk/f

(Buddhist Tradition of worshipping Dhamma)
k"l0f{df, cf};
+ Ldf xf];\ jf ci6ld, u'n + fdlxgfdf xf];,\ ljxf/ ljxf/df
a'4k"hf ug]{ qmddf wd{kh " f ug]{ rng klg af}4 k/Dk/fsf] ¿kdf :yflkt
eO;s]sf] 5 . wd{kh " f ug'{ eg]sf] s]jn 9f]Ug], u'0fufg ug]{ dfq geO{ a¿ wd{sf]
cgGt u'0fx¿ :d/0f ug'{ xf], cfbz{sf ¿kdf lnP/ cf–cfkm\gf] hLjgdf klg
kfng ug{ k|oTg ug'{ xf] .
d"VotM af}4 jfª\dox¿df zflGtgfos dxfdfgj eujfg\ a'4åf/f b]vfOPsf]
wd{sf cgGt u'0fx¿ oqtq 5l/P/ /x]sf kfOG5g\ . wd{sf oL u'0fx¿sf] :d/0f
u/]/ g} af}4x¿ ljxf/ ljxf/x¿df tyf a'4d"lt{sf] ;fd' o;/L k"hf ug]{ ul/G5–#)
:jfSvftf] eujtf wDdf], ;lGbl6\7sf], csflnsf], Plxkl:;sf],
cf]kglosf], kRrt+ j]lbtAaf], lj~`"xL‘lt .

#)= k"jf]Q
{ m kfbl6Kk0fL @!, k[= @^ .

- @!-
$=*= wd{sf k|dv
' ^ u'0fx¿
(Six Main Features of Dhamma)
eujfg\ a'4sf] d"lt{ ;fd' k"hf ul/g] ufyfdf pNn]v ePsf wd{sf ^
' u'0fx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ –#!
k|dv
$=*=!= :jfSvftf]
cflb, dWo / cGTo;Dd sNof0f x'g] eujfg\ a'4åf/f /fd|/L b]zgf
ug'e
{ Psf] wd{ x'g\ .
$=*=@= ;lGbl6\7sf]
o;} hGddf oxf“sf] oxL+ cf“vfn] b]Vg] u/L kmn lbg] wd{ x'g\ .
$=*=#= csflnsf]
;do glaTb} k|ToIf kmn lbg] wd{ x'g\ .
$=*=$= Plxkl:;sf]
cfpm, x]/ egL ;a}nfO{ b]vfpg / k/LIf0f u/fpg of]Uo wd{ x'g\ .
$=*=% cf]kglosf]
;Dk"0f{ b'Mvaf6 k"0f{tM d'Qm /x]sf] lgjf{0f;Dd k'¥ofOlbg] wd{ x'g\ .
$=*=^= kRrt+ j]lbtAaf] lj~h"lx
ljåfg\x¿n] cf–cfkm\g} cg'ejåf/f hfGg–a'em\g of]Uo wd{ x'g\ .

$=(= ;f/f+zdf (In Short)

wd{ / wd{sf] dd{nfO{ /fd|/L hfg]/ hLjg lhpg ;s]df hLjg klg
jf:tljs hLjg;l/ x'g5 ] , ;'v–zflGtn] cfgGbdo hLjg ofkg ug{ kfOg]5,
clg ofjt\ b'MvnfO{ hfg]/ To;sf] h8;d]tnfO{ pv]n/] kmfNg ;lsg]5 . hLjg
wGo x'g5
] . b'ne
{ dg'io hGd ;fy{s x'g5 ] , ;kmnLe"t x'g5
] .

#!= k"jf]Q
{ m kfbl6Kk0fL @@, k[= $@ .

- @@-
%= cfo{>fjs ;+3 / pxf“sf ljz]iftfx¿
(Purified Sangha and Their Features)
af}4 hut\df ;+3sf] gfd cToflws ¿kdf cfpg]dfq xf]Ogg\, clkt'
>4f / cf:yfn] k"hf ;d]t ug]{ ub{5g\ . k'0o¿kL aLh /f]Kg] clåtLo v]t;dfgsf]
¿kdf dfg]/ bfg–blIf0ff lbg of]Uo / cfb/ ;Tsf/ ug{ of]Uosf ¿kdf ;+3nfO{
lnOG5 . jf:tjdf ;+3 5, / t a'4sf] pkb]z / wd{sf] ;+/If0f ePsf] 5 .
a'4lzIffnfO{ /fd|/L hfg]/ a'em]/ hgdfg;nfO{ pkb]z lbP/ ;+/If0f ul//fVg] g}
;+3 xf] .
%=!= ;+3sf] cy{ (Meaning of Sanga)
;fdfGotM ;+3 eGgfn] ;d"x jf ;+:yf -United_ eg]/ lrlgG5 . Psn]
ug{ g;s]sf] sfd ;+3n] ;xhtfsf ;fy ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5 . oxf“ d"nt lq/Tgsf]
t];f| ] tyf clGtd /Tgsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;+3–/Tgsf] s'/f cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;+3 eGgfn]
oxf“ kl/z'4 tg, dg / jrgn] eujfg\ a'4sf z'4 cg'ofoL eO{ u[xTofuL hLjg
ofkg ul//x]sf cfo{>fjs leIf';3 + nfO{ hgfp+5 . o; ;+3leq eujfg\ a'4sf
cfo{>fjs ;fl/k'q, df}bu\ Nofogb]lv jt{dfg leIf'x¿ tyf kl5sf leIf'x¿ ;d]t
;dfj]z x'g] ub{5 . t;y{ a'4k"hf ug]{ a]nfdf o;/L k"hf ul/G5–#@
o] r a'4f clttf r, o] r a'4f cgfutf .
kRr'KkGgf r o] a'4f, cx+ jGbfld ;Aabf ..
o] r wDdf ===========
o] r ;+3f ==============
cyf{t–\ klxnf eO;s]sf a'4x¿nfO{, clxn] ePsf a'4x¿nfO{ tyf kl5
x'g] a'4x¿nfO{ klg d jGbgf ub{5' . ======== wd{x¿nfO{ klg d jGbgf ub{5' .
=========== ;+3x¿nfO{ klg d jGbgf ub{5' .
%=@= ;+3sf] :yfkgf
(Establishment of Sangha)
a'4zf;gdf eujfg\ a'4sf] klxnf] pkb]z wd{rqmk|jt{g ;'g/] % hgf
k~reb|juL{ox¿ k|jl| ht eO{ leIf' alg;s]kZrft\ ;+3sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
k~reb|juL{ox¿ tyf cGo kl5 ag]sf leIF'x¿nfO{ sf]xL leIf' OR5's JolQmn]
#@= k"jf]Q
{ m kfbl6Kk0fL *, k[= & .

- @#-
k|jl| ht x'g rfx]df lq/Tgsf] z/0f uP/ k|jH| of tyf pk;Dkbf lbg] cg'dlt
lbg'ePsf] lyof] .
%=#= a'4åf/f ;+3df hf]8
(Emphasis on Sangha by Buddha)
eujfg\ a'4n] JolQm ljz]ifnfO{ eGbf ;+3nfO{ clt dxTj lbg'ePsf] 5 .
a'4n] eGg'ePsf] lyof]– ;+3] lbGg dxKkmn+ cyf{t\ ;+3df lbg' dxfkmnbfoL x'G5 .
;+3df :jo+ eujfg\ a'4;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] x'G5 .
To; ;dodf eujfg\ a'4 slknj:t'sf] Go'uf| w] f/fddf al;/xg'ePsf]
##
lyof] . pxf“nfO{ cfdfkl5sf] cfdf eP/ nfngkfng ug'e { PsL ddtfdoL
dxfk|hfklt uf}tdL cfP/ lalGt u/]– æeGt], of] d]/f] Ps hf]/ gof“ sk8f eujfg\sf]
lglDt d}n
+ ] cfkm}n
+ ] wfuf] a]//] , agfP/ NofPsf] x',+} eGt] cg'sDkfk"js
{ of] d]/f] sk8f
eujfgn] :jLsf/ ug'x{ f];\ .Æ
To;a]nf eujfg\ a'4n] cfdfnfO{ a9L k'0o k|fKt xf];\ eGg] OR5fn]
eGg'xG' 5– æuf}tdL, ;+3df b]pm, ;+3df lbgfn] d klg k"lht -;Ddflgt_ x'g5
] ,'
;+3 klg k"lht x'g5 ] .Æ
k|hfklt uf}tdLn] tLgkN6 a'4nfO{ g} ck{0f ug]{ OR5f ul/+bf klg a'4n]
tLg}kN6 ;+3nfO{ g} bfg lbg] cf1f ug'e{ of] . o;/L a'4n] ;+3nfO{ hf]8 lbg'ePsf] :ki6
b]lvG5 .
eujfg\ a'4n] cfgGbnfO{ ;ft k|sf/sf ;+3bfg /x]sf] s'/f atfpg'ePsf]
5 . tL x'g–\
!= a'4 k|dv' leIf'–leIf'0fL ;+3nfO{ bfg lbg',
@= tyfut kl/lgjf{0f eO;s]kl5 leIf'–leIf'0fL ;+3nfO{ bfg lbg',
#= leIf' ;+3nfO{ bfg lbg',
$= leIf'0fL ;+3nfO{ bfg lbg',
%= ;+3af6 olt leIf'x¿, olt leIf'0fLx¿ dnfO{ rflxof] eg]/ ;+3sf] p2]io
u/L bfg lbg',
^= ;+3af6 olt leIf'x¿ dnfO{ rflxof] eg]/ ;+3sf] p2]io u/L bfg lbg',
&= ;+3af6 olt leIf'0fLx¿ rflxof] eg]/ ;+3sf] p2]io u/L bfg lbg' .

##= k"jf]Q
{ m kfbl6Kk0fL !(, k[= &$$M blSv0ff lje¨–;'Q .

- @$-
 eujfg\ a'4 eGg'xG' 5– æcfgGb, eljio sfndf uf]qe" -tyfslyt gfd
dfq leIf'_ sfiffo s07wf/L –sfiffoj:qsf] Ps 6'qmf wfuf]h:t} 3f“6Ldf
em'08\ofO/fVg]_ x'g5] . o:tf b'MzLnx¿nfO{ ;+3sf] p2]io u/L bfg lbg]5 . cfgGb,
To; ;dodf klg ;+3bfgsf] kmn c;+Vo]o / ck|do] x'G5 egL d eGb5' .
cfgGb, h:tf];s ' } k|sf/sf] ;+3bfgsf] cufl8 k|lt–k'bu\ n –JolQmut_ bfgnfO{ d
7"nf] kmnbfoL 5 eg]sf] 5}g .Æ

%=$= ;+3–k|jz
] df ;/ntf
(Easiness to Entrance in Sangha)
eujfg\ a'4n] :yfkgf ug'e { Psf] ;+3leq k|jz
] ug{df ;lhnf] lyof],
;a}sf] lglDt plQs} v'Nnf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;+3leq s'g} hftkftsf] e]befj 5}g .
7"nf], ;fgf]sf] jf:tf ul/+bg} . ;+3leq ;fdflhs :t/ / l:yltsf] s'g} :yfg 5}g .
;a} ;b:ox¿ ;+3leq ;dfg x'G5 . sf]xL ;fgf] 7"nf] x'G5 eg] ;b:ox¿sf]
u'0faf6 x'G5, hGd / hftaf6 x'b+ g} .#$
a'4n] ;+3nfO{ ;d'b;
| u+ t'ngf u/]/ atfpg'ePsf] 5 . h;/L gbLx¿sf]
cf–cfkm\g} gfd / cl:tTj /x] klg ;d'bd | f ldl;Pkl5 ;a} x/fp+5, s]jn ;d'b|
dfq /xG5, To;/L g} JolQmx¿sf] cf–cfkm\g} hft, :t/ h]–h:tf] /x] klg ;+3df
k|jz] ePkl5 Toxf“ ;a} Ps x'G5 . olb s]xL juL{s/0f x'G5 eg] k'¿if / :qLsf]
b[li6sf]0fn] x'G5, lsgeg] leIF'sf] ;+3 a]Un} / leIf'0fLsf] ;+3 a]Un} x'g] ub{5 .
;+3df k|jz] ug{sf] nflu 3/df cfdf–a'af cyjf cleefjsx¿sf] :jLs[lt
clgjfo{ rflxG5 . k|f/Dedf bzj6f zLn u|x0f u/]/ k|jl| ht x'gn ] fO{ >fd0f]/
elgG5 . pd]/cg';f/ slDtdf @) jif{ k'us ] f] >fd0f]/n] pk;Dkbf bLIff lnP/ leIf'
x'g kfp+5 . leIf' ePsf] !) jif{kl5 :ylj/ / @) jif{kl5 dxf:ylj/ sxnfOG5 .
%=%= ;Ifd ;+3 / kl/ifb
(Capable Sangha and Council)
a'4zf;gnfO{ bL3{sfn;Dd hLljt agfO/fVg] g} a'4sf ;Ifd >fjs
leIf'x¿sf] ;+3n] x'g\ . eujfg\ a'4n] ta;Dd cfkm\gf] cfo';:+ sf/nfO{ Tofu
ug'e{ Pg, ha;Dd cfkm\gf] zf;gdf ;Ifd leIf', leIf'0fL tyf pkf;s pkfl;sfx¿
#$= 8f= eLd/fj /fdhL cf+j8] s/, nlnt/Tg zfSo -cg'=_, eujfg\ a'4 / pxf“sf] wd{ -
kf]v/f, wd{zLn a'4 ljxf/ bfos ;ef, lj=;+= @)%#_, k[=#)( .

- @%-
ePg . a'4zf;gsf jfxs ;Ifd ;fl/k'q, dxfdf}bu\ Nofog, dxfsfZok, pkfln,
cfgGb h:tf leIf'x¿sf ;d"x¿kL ;+3, k6frf/f, pTknj0ff{, v]df h:tf ;Ifd
leIf'0fLx¿sf] ;+3, cgfylkl08s dxfhg, hLjg a}B, lalDa;f/ /fhf, k|;g] hLt
/fhf h:tf ;Ifd pkf;sx¿ tyf ljzfvf dxfpkl;sf, dlNnsfb]jL dxf/fgL,
v'Hh'Q/f h:tf ;Ifd pkfl;sfx¿nfO{ b]Vg'eP/ pxf“ clt k|;Gg x'gx' G' Yof] .
c+uQ' / lgsfo u|Gydf a'4sfndf a'4af6} cu|:yfg jf PtbUu k|fKt leIf'x¿,
leIf'0fLx¿, pkf;sx¿, pkfl;sfx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . To;dWo] oxf“ s]xL
pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ug'{ ;fGble{s xf]nf .
%=^= ;Ifd leIf'x¿ (Capable Monks)#%

æleIf' xf] ! ;j{ky
| d 1fgnfO{ a'em\g ;Sg] d]/f >fjs leIf'x¿dWo]
sf]08~` cu| 5g\ .Æ

æleIf' xf] ! d]/f >fjs leIf'x¿dWo] dxfk|1fjfgdf ;fl/k'Q cu| 5g\ .Æ

æ ===== Cl4jfg\df dxfdf]UuNnfg cu| 5g\ .Æ

æ===== w'tu+ wfl/df dxfs:;k cu| 5g\ .Æ

æ leIf' xf] ! d]/f >fjs leIf'x¿dWo] lbAorIf'df cg'¿4 cu| 5g\ .Æ

æ===== z/L/ clelgld{t ug]d
{ f r'nkGy cu| 5g\ .Æ

æ ===== nfeLdf ;LjnL cu| 5g\ .Æ

æ===== >4flwd'Qmdf jSsnL cu| 5g\ .Æ

æ===== lzIffsfld x'gd
] f /fx'n cu| 5g\ .Æ

æ===== ax'>t' df cfgGb cu| 5g\ .Æ

æ===== :d[ltjfgdf cfgGb cu| 5g\ .Æ

æ ===== ultdfgdf cfgGb cu| 5g\ .Æ

æ ===== w[ltdfgdf cfgGb cu| 5g\ .Æ

æ ===== ;]jsdf cfgGb cu| 5g\ .Æ

æ ===== ljgow/df pkfln cu| 5g\ .Æ
#%= leIF' af]lw;]g -cg'=_, c+uQ
' /lgsfo –k|yd efu -sf7df8f},+ 1fgHof]lt s+;fsf/, nIdLk|ef
s+;fsf/, lj=;+=@)%*_, k[= @$M PtbUujUuf] .

- @^-
%=&= ;Ifd leIF'0fLx¿#^ (Capable Nuns)

æleIf' xf], ;j{ky
| d 1fgnfO{ a'em\g;Sg] d]/f >fljsf leIf'0fLx¿dWo]df
dxfk|hfklt uf}tdL cu| l5g\ .Æ

æ leIf' xf], d]/f >fljsf leIf'0fLx¿dWo]df dxfk|1fdf v]df cu| l5g\ .Æ

æ ===== Cl4jtLdf pKknj00ff cu| l5g\ .Æ

æ===== ljgow/Ldf k6frf/f cu| l5g\ .Æ

æ ===== wd{slysdf wDdlbGgf cu| l5g\ .Æ

æ ===== WofgLdf gGbf cu| l5g\ .Æ

æ===== ¿If lrj/wf/Ldf ls;fuf]tdL cu| l5g\ .Æ

%=*= ;Ifd pkf;sx¿#& (Capable Upasakas)

æleIf' xf], d]/f >fjs pkf;sx¿dWo] k|yd z/0fdf hfg] tk:;' /
elNns Jofkf/L cu| 5g\ .Æ

æleIf' xf], d]/f >fjs pkf;sx¿dWo] bfosdf cgfylkl08s cu| 5g\ .Æ

æ====wd{slysdf dlR5sf;08sf] lrQu[xklt cu| 5g\ .Æ

æ=====JolQm k|;Ggdf hLjs sf]df/eRr cu| 5g\ .Æ

æ=====ljZjf;sdf gs'nlktf u[xklt cu| 5g\ .Æ

%=(= ;Ifd pkfl;sfx¿#* (Capable Upasikas)

æleIf' xf], d]/f >fljsf pkfl;sfx¿dWo]df k|yd z/0fdf hfg] ;]gLo k'qL
;'hftf cu| l5g\ .Æ

æ leIf' xf], d]/f >fljsf pkfl;sfx¿dWo]df bflosfdf ljzfvflduf/dftf
cu| l5g\ .Æ

æ===== ax'>t
' df v'Hh'Q/f cu| l5g\ .Æ

#^= k"jf]Q
{ m kfbl6Kk0fL #%, k[= #^ .
#&= P]hg, k[= #& .
#*= P]hg .

- @&-

æ===== d}qL ljxf/Ldf ;fdfjtL cu| l5g\ .Æ

æ====la/fdL ;]ljsfdf ;'lKkof pkfl;sf cu| l5g\ .Æ

æ=====cg'>j0f k|;Ggdf s'nn 3/sL sfnL pkfl;sf cu| l5g\ .Æ

%=!)= af}4 k/Dk/fdf ;+3–k"hf

(Buddhist Tradition of worshipping Sangha)
lgjf{0fdfu{df nfu]sf, k|1fjfg\ ePsf jf x'g k|oTg/g a'4sf >fjslzio
;+3x¿nfO{ klg nf]ssf] >]i7 /Tgsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . oxL ;+3–/TgnfO{
;>4fn] leIf' leIf'0fLx¿, pkf;s pkfl;sfx¿ a'4k"hfs} qmddf ufyfåf/f jGbgf
ug]{ k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 . h:tf]M—#(
;'kl6kGgf] eujtf] ;fjs;+3f], ph'kl6kGgf] eujftf] ;fjs;+3f],
`fokl6kGgf] eujftf] ;fjs;+3f], ;fdLlrkl6kGgf] eujftf] ;fjs;+3f], olbb+
rQfl/ k'l/;o'uflg c6\7k'l/;k'Uunf, P; eujtf] ;fjs;+3f], cfx'go] o\ f],
kfx'go] o\ f], blSvg]oo\ f], c~hlns/0fLof], cg'Q/+ k'~`Sv]t+ nf]s:;f‘lt .

%=!!= ;+3sf k|dv

' ( u'0fx¿
(Nine Main Features of Sangha)
af}4 k/Dk/f cg'¿k ;+3–jGbgf ul/g] pk/f]Qm ufyfdf a'4sf cfo{>fjs
;+3x¿sf cTolws u'0fx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . o;nfO{ o;/L b]vfpg ;lsG5–$)
%=!!=!= ;'kl6kGgf] u'0f
h;/L pkb]z ug'e{ Psf] xf], To;/L g} /fd|/L wd{ ljgodf k|ltli7t eujfg\
a'4sf >fjs leIF';3+ x'gx' G' 5 .
%=!!=@= ph'kl6kGgf] u'0f
ci6f+lus dfu{df k|ltli7t ;f]emf] cfr/0f ug'x{ g' ] eujfg\ a'4sf >fjs;+3
x'gx' G' 5 .

#(= k"jf]Q
{ m kfbl6Kk0fL @!, k[= @& .

- @*-
%=!!=#= `fokl6kGgf] u'0f
lgjf{0fkb k|fKt x'g] dfu{df ;f]emf] hfg'xg' ] cfo{>fjs ;+3 x'gx' G' 5 .
%=!!=$= ;fdLlrkl6kGgf] u'0f
cfb/ ;Tsf/ ug{ of]Uo wd{df k|ltli7t x'gx' G' 5 .
;|ft] fkGg, ;s[bfufdL, cgfufdL, c/xGt rf/ hf]8L k'¿ifx¿ dfu{ /
kmn k|FKt u/]sf ci6 k'¿ifk'bu\ nx¿ a'4sf >fjs;+3 o:tf 5g\–
%=!!=%= cfx'go
] o
\ f] u'0f
eujfg\ a'4sf >fjs leIF';3
+ cfJxfg ug{ of]Uo x'gx' G' 5,
%=!!=^= kfx'go
] o
\ f] u'0f
kfx'gfsf] ¿kdf ;Tsf/ ug{ of]Uo x'gx' G' 5,
%=!!=&= blSv0f]oo
\ f] u'0f
>4f /fvL vfBflb gfgf kbfy{ bfg–blIf0ff lbg of]Uo x'gx' G' 5,
%=!!=*= c~`lns/0fLof] u'0f
c;n kmn lbg] cfzfn] b'a} xft hf]8L lalGt -jGbgf, gd:sf/_ ug{
of]Uo x'gx' G' 5,
%=!!=(= cg'Q/+ k'~`Sv]Q+ nf]s:; u'0f
a|xd
\ f, b]j, dg'io tLg} nf]sdf lgjf{0f;Dd kfpg] cfzfn] ul/g] k'0o¿kL
aLh /f]Kg of]Uo ;+;f/sf clåtLo k'0osf] v]t ;dfg x'gx' G' 5 .

%=!@= ;f/f+zdf (In Short)

;f/f+zdf eGg'kbf{, cfkm\gf] 3/–kl/jf/ ;a} Tofu]/ a'4sf z'4 cg'ofoL
ePsf leIf'x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ ;+3 elgG5 . lgjf{0fsf] ;f]emf] af6f]df lx+l8/xg'ePsf
leIf';3 + n] pkf;s pkfl;sfx¿nfO{ Oxnf]s / k/nf]s hLjgnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg],
b'Mvd'Qm x'g] dfu{nfO{ :ki6 b]vfOlbg] clg hLjg lhpg] pkfo l;sfOlbg]
ug'x{ G' 5 . ;fy}, a'4sf cfo{>fjs ;+3 nf]ss} cTo'Qd k'0o¿kL v]t;dfg x'gx' G' 5 .

- @(-
^= lgisif{
(Conclusion)
a'4zf;gdf a'4, wd{ / ;+3nfO{ lq/Tgsf] ¿kdf lng], k"hf ug]{ /
>4f–cf:yf /fVg] ul/G5 . nf]sdf k|1fn] k"0f{, jf:tljs d+un u/fpg] clg
jt{dfgb]lv hLjgsf] cgGt;Dd sNof0f ug{;Sg] cy{df oxf“ a'4, wd{ /
;+3nfO{ /Tgsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] xf] .
zflGtsf cu|gfos dxfdfgj a'4nfO{ af}4 ;d'bfodf b}lgs k"hf
ug]{ rng t 5+b5 } , a'4k|lt cf:yf /fVg], zflGtsfdL k|To]s JolQmx¿n] klg
a'4nfO{ ;Ddfg / cfb/sf b[li6n] x]g{] ul/G5 . a'4sf cgGt JolQmTj,
ljz]iftf / u'0fwd{ /x]sf 5g\, h'gnfO{ :d/0f u/]/ cf–cfkm\gf] hLjg ;xL
dfu{df nufpg] k|/] 0ff:j¿k g} af}4x¿n] pxf“nfO{ k"hf ug]{ ul/G5 .
To;/L g}, ;Dk"0f{ ljBdfg b'MvnfO{ gfz u/]/ b'Mvd'Qm lgjf{0f;Dd
k'¥ofpg] ;Sg] wd{–/Tg nf]sdf pQd 5, >]i7 5 . wd{sf] jf:tljstf /
o;sf] cflgz+;–kmn hfg]/ cyjf hfGgsf] nflu clg hLjgnfO{ ;xL lbzflgb]z{
lbgsf] nflu g} wd{kl| t ;Ddfg u/]/ wd{–k"hf ug]{ ul/G5 .
a'4sf cg'ofoL ;fl/k'q, dxfdf}bu\ Nofogb]lv xfn ePsf / kl5 x'g]
;a} leIf'x¿ ;dfj]z ePsf] ;d"xnfO{ ;+3 elgG5 . ;+3, hf] b'Mvd'Qm
lgjf{0fsf] af6f]df nfu]/ c¿nfO{ klg hLjg ;fy{s / ;kmn x'g] pkb]z
lbG5 . o:tf ;+3sf cgGt u'0f–ljz]iftfx¿ 5g\, h'g sf/0fn] af}4x¿ ljxf/
ljxf/df tyf ljleGg 7fp“df a'4k"hfs} qmddf ;+3–k"hf klg ug]{ ul/G5 .
jf:tjdf, af}4 hut\df lq/Tg cleGg kf6f]sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5,
h'gnfO{ nf]sn] >4f / cf:yfsf ;fy x]g{] dfq xf]Ogg\, clkt' o;sf] alnof]
cfwf/n] lgjf{0f;Dd klg ;xh} k'¥ofp“5g\ . c:t' .

- #)-
 kl/lzi6 !
-eujfg\ a'4df /x]sf] #@ dxfk'?if nIf0fx?_
lqlk6ssf] dlHemdlgsfodf pNn]v ePcg';f/ eujfg\ a'4df ljBdfg
#@ dxfk'¿if nIf0fx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\—
-!_ kfOnf ;'kl| tli7t,
-@_ kfOtnfdf ;Dk"0f{ lrGxx¿,
-#_ s'sR{' rf nfdf,
-$_ cf+n} f nfdf,
-%_ g/d xft v'§f,
-^_ cf}n
+ fx¿ a/fa/,
-&_ uf]nLuf“7f dfly ;/]sf],
-*_ sDd/ d[usf] h:tf],
-(_ xft 3'8“ f;Dd k'us ] f],
-!)_ k'¿if]lGb|o k|lt5Gg x'g,]
-!!_ ;'j0f{do 5fnf,
-!@_ 5fnfdf w"nf] ghDg],
-!#_ x/]s /f}s+ f] Kjfnaf6 Ps /f}+ pd|g,]
-!$_ /f]d gLnf, bflxg]lt/af6 3'ds ] f]
-!%_ z/L/ ;Lwf,
-!^_ xft, v'§f, sf“w, ub{g k'i6,
-!&_ sDd/dfly l;+xsf] h:tf],
-!*_ b'j} sf“w ;'ul7t,
-!(_ cFһsf] prfO / rf}8fO a/fa/L,
-@)_ ub{g uf]nf],
-@!_ lha|f] t'¿Gt} :jfb lng],
-@@_ aËf/f l;+xsf] h:tf],
-@#_ bf“tsf] ;ª\Vof rfnL;,
-@$_ bf“t ;dfg cfsf/sf],
-@%_ bf“t 6Dd ldn]sf],
-@^_ bf“t ;]tf,
-@&_ lha|f] nfdf],
-@*_ :j/ dw'/,
-@(_ g]q -cf“vf_ gLnf]
-#)_ k/]nf af5fsf] h:tf],
-#!_ Gxfltsf -lgwf/_ df dl;gf /f},+
-#@_ 6fpsf] d's6' h:tf] .

- #!-
;Gbe{–u|Gyx? (Bibliography)
!= cf+j8] s/, 8f= eLd/fj /fdhL, zfSo, nlnt/Tg -cg'=_, eujfg\ a'4 / pxf“sf] wd{,
kf]v/f, wd{zLn a'4 ljxf/ bfos ;ef, lj=;+= @)%# .
@= leIF', cd[tfgGb -cg'=_, wDdkb6\7 syf– !, sf7df8f},+ cfgGbs'6L ljxf/ u'7L,
lj=;+= @)#( .
#= leIF', cd[tfgGb, wDdkb6\7 syf–#, sf7df8f},+ cf=lj=u'=, lj=;+= @)$@ .
$= leIF', af]lw;]g -cg'=_, c+uQ
' /lgsfo, sf7df8f},+ 1fgHof]lt s+;fsf/, nIdLk|ef
s+;fsf/, lj=;+=@)%* .
%= leIF', zLneb|, kl/olQlzIff–#, kf6g, g]kfn af}4 kl/olQ ;ldlt, lj=;+= @)%^ .
^= leIF', zf]eg -cg'=_, ldlnGb–k|Zg, nlntk'/, jL/–k"0f{ k':ts ;+ux| fno, lj=;+= @)^! .
&= leIf', ;+3/lIft, kyk|bz{s, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, lj=;+= @)%& .
*= leIf', ;+3/lIft, æa'4f]kb]zÆ, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, lj=;+= @)%^ .
(= leIf', ;+3/lIft, af}4 ;+ufnf], sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, lj=;+= @)%* .
!)= leIF', ;+3/lIft, dxfdfgj a'4, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, lj=;+= @)^@ .
!!= leIf', ;+3/lIft, j}zfvk"l0f{df a'4k"l0f{df, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg,
lj=;+= @)%* .
!@= leIF', ;'bz{g -;+=_, dxfkl/qf0f, sf7df8f},+ ;fg'gfgL s+;fsf/, lj=;+= @)^@ .
!#= leIf', 1fgk"l0f{s -cg'=_, Gx"u' kl/qf0f lg>o, kf6g, ;lGt ;'vfjf;, lj=;+= @)%) .
!$= jh|frfo{, b'08axfb'/ -cg'=_, dlHemdlgsfo, nlntk'/, jL/–k"0f{ k':ts ;+ux| fno,
lj=;+= @)%$ .
!%= zfSo, bf] n ] G b| /Tg -cg' = _, wd{ – /;, af/f, 7fs' / Jof; vqL cflb,
lj=;+= @)^) .
!^= ;'Qlk6s] v'2slgsfo] v'2skf7kfln, Outk'/L, ljkZogf ljzf]wg ljGof;,
O{=;+= !((* .

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