Acknowledgement

　
• We owe our gratitude to Allah Almighty for His blessings and kindness that we were
able to accomplish the challenging task successfully and enthusiastically. • We
acknowledge with deep gratitude the invaluable help extended to us by our respected
teacher: Professor Sajida Nisar whose indispensable and detailed comments and untiring
guidance on various aspects combined with encouragement made us come forth holding
this article.• We would like to thank The Pepsi team for their cooperation in helping us
compose these pages.
 INTRODUCTION
PepsiCo, Inc. is currently one of the most successful consumer products company in the
world with annual revenues exceeding $30 billion and has more than 480,000 employees.
PepsiCo, Inc. began as a successor to a company incorporated in 1931, known as Loft
Inc. Once known as Pepsi-Cola, the company expanded its business and adopted its
current name, PepsiCo, after a merger with Frito-Lay in 1965. This merger dramatically
increased PepsiCo's market potential and set the foundation for the company's
tremendous growth.PepsiCo's products are recognized and are most respected all around
the globe. Currently, PepsiCo divisions operate in three major US and international
businesses: beverages, snack foods, and restaurants. In each of these businesses, PepsiCo
has attained a leadership position as being the world leader in soft drink bottling g, the
world largest snack chip producer, and the world largest franchised and company
operated restaurant system. The corporations increasing success has been based on high
standards of performance, marketing strategies, competitiveness, determination,
commitment, and the personal and professional integrity of their people, products and
business practices. PepsiCo's overall mission is to increase the value of our shareholders'
investments through sales growth, investments and financial activities. PepsiCo believes
their success depends upon the quality and value of their products by providing a safe,
whole some, economically efficient and a healthy environment for their customers; and
by providing a fair return to their investors while maintaining the highest standards of
Integrity
Beverages
　
PepsiCo's beverage business was founded in 1898 by a pharmacist named Caleb
Bradham who created a special beverage, a soft drink, in the back room of his drug store
in New Bern, North Carolina. This new soft drink called "Brad's Drink" had a unique
mixture of kola nut extract, vanilla and rare oils. Caleb began to advertise his new
creation with the theme "Exhilarating, Invigorating, Aids Digestion" and renamed it as
"Pepsi-Cola." Caleb Bradham began his cola operation in 1902. The Pepsi Cola Company
was headquartered in the back room of his drug store where he packaged the syrup for
sale to other soda fountains. The business increased, and on June 16, 1903, "Pepsi-Cola"
was officially registered with the US Patent Office. And as a result, Caleb Bradham
began to franchise Pepsi-Cola to many independent investors. By the end of 1910, Pepsi-
Cola was franchised in 24 states.Until World War I, Pepsi-Cola Company achieved 17
years of success and a new theme was introduced, "Drink Pepsi-Cola. It will satisfy you."
However, after the war years, Caleb Bradham suffered bankruptcy. As a result, Pepsi-
Cola became a subsidiary to Loft Incorporated, a large chain of candy stores and soda
fountains. Today, Pepsi-Cola Company is a major division of PepsiCo's corporate
structure. Pepsi-Cola Company now produces and markets a wide range of beverages to
retail, restaurants and food services in more than 191 countries and territories around the
world and brings in a annual revenue of $23 billion. There are 200 plants in the US and
Canada, as well as, 530 plants throughout the rest of the world, that produces Pepsi-
Cola's beverages. Since the creation of Pepsi-Cola in 1898, Pepsi-Cola Company has
introduced 13 beverages that wear the Pepsi-Cola trademark. Five of Pepsi-Cola's brand
names: Pepsi, Diet Pepsi, Mountain Dew, 7 UP, and Mirinda, each brings in annual
revenue in consumer sales of $1 billion. In 1992, a partnership between Thomas J. Lipton
and Pepsi was formed. This partnership produces, markets, and distributes Lipton Brew,
Lipton Brisk and Lipton Fountain Ice-Tea. And in 1993, Pepsi Max a low calorie cola
was created and introduced only for the international markets. Pepsi Max is now
produced in over 40 countries and is the third largest-selling cola brand outside the US.
PepsiCo is continuing to expand and introduce new alternative beverages in the market.
There are four alternative beverages that are currently being tested in our market today.
Mazagran, a cold sparkling coffee based beverage, Aquafina, bottled water, and a low fat
milk shake called Smooth Moos. The latest beverage was launched on May 22, 1996 in
Philadelphia. Pepsi-Kona, a new cola, is a combination of the Pepsi-Cola flavor and the
Kona blend of coffee.
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
PepsiCo was formed back in 1965 through a merger between Pepsi-Cola Company and
Frito Lay, Inc. PepsiCo has enjoyed success in its earlier years, but of late, profits have
been declining. Consider that net income fell from $1.990 billion in 1995 to $1.865
billion in 1996; this represents a 6% decrease. Internationally, Pepsi is facing even more
problems, with an $846 million loss in 1996. Pepsi plans to address this problem with an
aggressive marketing campaign described later.PepsiCo's stock, listed under the trading
symbol PEP, is found on the New York Stock Exchange, which is its principal market, as
well as on the Amsterdam, Midwest, Swiss, and Tokyo Stock Exchanges. Currently it has
a market capitalization of $55.2 billion, with 1.53 billion shares outstanding, and
approximately 207,000 shareholders. The stocks earning per share through the end of
1996 was $.75, which is down 25% from last year's earnings per share of $1.00 at the end
of 1995 . As of July 18, 1997 the 52 week range for the stock has been from a low of $28
to a high of $39.50. Quarterly cash dividends have been paid since PepsiCo was formed
in 1965, and the dividends per share have increased for 24 consecutive years. Last year,
1996, PepsiCo paid an annual dividend of $.50, which represents a dividend yield of
1.39%.
The History Of Pepsi-Cola
　
1893--Caleb Bradham, a young pharmacist from New Bern, North Carolina, begins
experimenting with many different soft drink concoctions; patrons and friends sample
them at his drugstore soda fountain.1898--One of Caleb's formulations, known as "Brad's
Drink," a combination of carbonated water, sugar, vanilla, rare oils and cola nuts, is
renamed "Pepsi-Cola" on August 28, 1898. Pepsi-Cola receives its frist logo.1902--The
instant popularity of this new drink leads Bradham to devote all of his energy to
developing Pepsi-Cola into a full-fledged business. He applies for a trademark with the
U.S. Patent Office, Washington D.C., and forms the first Pepsi-Cola Company.The first
Pepsi-Cola newspaper advertisements appeared in the New Bern Weekly
Journal.1903--"Doc" Bradham moves the bottling of Pepsi-Cola from his drugstore into a
rented warehouse; he sells 7,968 gallons of syrup in the first year of operation.Pepsi's
theme line is "Exhilarating, Invigorating, Aids Digestion."1904--Bradham purchases a
building in New Bern known as the "Bishop Factory" for $5,000 and moves all bottling
and syrup operations to this location. Pepsi is sold in six-ounce bottles. Sales increase to
19,848 gallons.1905--Pepsi-Cola's first bottling franchises are established in Charlotte
and Durham, North Carolina.Pepsi receives its new logo, its first change since 1898.
　
1906--Pepsi gets another logo change, the third in eight years. The modified script logo is
created with the slogan, "The Original Pure Food Drink."There are 15 U.S. Pepsi bottling
plants. The Pepsi trademard is registered in Canada. Syrup sales rise to 38,605
gallons.The federal government passes the Pure Food and Drug Act, banning substances
such as arsenic, lead, barium, and uranium, from food and beverages. This forced many
soft drink manufacturers, including Coca-Cola, to change their formulas. Pepsi-Cola,
being free of any such impurities, claimed they already met federal requirements.

907--Pepsi-Cola Company continues to expand; the company's bottling network grows to

40 franchises. Pepsi-Cola sells more than 100,000 gallons of syrup.Pepsi trademark is
registered in Mexico. Syrup sales rise to 104,026 gallons.1908--Pepsi-Cola becomes one
of the first companies to modernize delivery from horse drawn carts to motor vehicles.
Two hundred fifty bottlers in 24 states are under contract to make and sell Pepsi-
Cola.1909--Automobile race pioneer Barney Oldfield endorses Pepsi-Cola in newspaper
ads as "A bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race."1910--The
first Pepsi-Cola bottlers' convention is held in New Bern, North Carolina.1920--Pepsi
theme line speaks to the consumer with "Drink Pepsi-Cola, it will satisfy you."1923--
Pepsi-Cola Company is declared bankrupt and its assets are sold to a North Carolina
concern, Craven Holding Corporation, for $30,000.Roy C. Megargel, a Wall Street
broker, buys the Pepsi trademark, business and good will from Craven Holding
Corporation for $35,000, forming the Pepsi-Cola Corporation.1928--After five
continuous losing years, Megargel reorganizes his company as the National Pepsi-Cola
Company, becoming the fourth parent company to own the Pepsi trademark.1931--U.S.
District Court for Eastern District Virginia declares the National Pepsi-Cola Company
bankrupt, the second bankruptcy in Pepsi-Cola history.The Loft candy company acquires
the National Pepsi-Cola Company. Charles G. Guth, president of Loft, assumes
leadership of Pepsi and commands the reformulation of Pepsi-Cola syrup formula.1933--
By the end of the year, Guth's new Pepsi-Cola Company is insolvent. In a series of
moves, he acquires Megargel's interest in the company, giving himself 91% ownership of
Pepsi.1934--A landmark year for Pepsi-Cola. The drink is a hit and to attract even more
sales, the company begins selling its 12-ounce drink for five cents (the same cost as six
ounces of competitive colas). The 12-ounce bottle debuts in Baltimore, where it is an
instant success. The cost savings proves irresistible to Depression-worn Americans and
sales skyrocket nationally.Caleb Bradham, the founder of Pepsi-Cola and "Brad's Drink,"
dies at 66 (May 27th,

1935--Guth moves the entire Pepsi-Cola operation to Long Island City, New York, and
sets up national territorial boundries for the Pepsi bottler franchise system.1936--Pepsi
grants 94 new U.S. franchises and year-end profits reach $2,100,000.1938--Walter S.
Mack, Jr., V.P. of Phoenix Securities Corporation is elected President of the Pepsi-Cola
Company. Mack, who considers advertising the keystone of the soft drink business, turns
Pepsi into a modern marketing company.1939--The "Pepsi & Pete" comic strip
introduces the "Twice as much for a nickel" theme in newspapers
.
Pepsi-Cola Company names Mack as CEO.
The Board of Directors removes Guth from the Pepsi payroll after he plans to personally
acquire a competing cola.1940--Pepsi-Cola Company makes advertising history with
"Nickel, Nickel," the first advertising jingle ever broadcast nationwide on radio.1941--
The New York Stock Exchange trades Pepsi's stock for the first time.In support of the
war effort, Pepsi's bottle crown colors change to red, white, and blue.1943--Pepsi's theme
line becomes "Bigger Drink, Better Taste."1948--Corporate headquarters moves from
Long Island City, New York, to midtown Manhattan.1950--Alfred N. Steele becomes
President and CEO of Pepsi-Cola. Mr. Steele's wife, Hollywood movie star Joan
Crawford, is instrumental in promoting the company's product line.Pepsi receives its new
logo, which incorporates the "bottle cap" look. The new logo is the fifth in Pepsi
history.1953--"The Light Refreshment" campaign capitalizes on a change in the product's
formula that reduces caloric content.1955--Herbert Barnet is named President of Pepsi-
Cola.1959--Pepsi debuts at the Moscow Fair. Soviet Premier Khrushchev and U.S. Vice
President Nixon share a Pepsi.1960--Young adults become the target consumers and
Pepsi's advertising keeps pace with "Now it's Pepsi, for those who think young.
MARKETING STRATEGY
Pepsi is known in the marketing world as a convenience product, one that is purchased
without much consideration. So how is it decided which brand of soft-drink to buy?
Annually, soft-drinks are a $5 billion business that is why the techniques for marketing
and ensuring Pepsi's purchase are so important.In response to last year's success of the
Pepsi Stuff Campaign, on May 13, 1997 they unveiled "Pepsi Stuff '97." This is a
promotion in which you buy Pepsi products, receive points on the boxes and cans, and
then redeem them for items in their catalogue. Pepsi was very successful last year with
this campaign, attracting over 30 million participants. One major problem though was 21
year old John Leonard taking serious a television commercial that jokingly offered a
militaryjet as a prize for 1 billion Pepsi points. Pepsi points were also purchasable, so
Leonard rounded up five investors to purchase enough points to acquire the jet. Pepsi is
now involve in a legal battle over this matter, even though the Pentagon has stated it is
not possible to buy one of the jets. Taking into account the controversy of the jet, Pepsi
has taken consideration to offer prizes in "Pepsi Stuff '97" that are legally attainable.
They include "Fantasy Stuff" prizes, such as throwing out the first pitch at a World Series
game or feeding the ball to Shaquille O'neal for a $25,000 slam-dunk.Success in the soft-
drink market also involves forming strategic alliances with companies to capture market
share. Pepsi has secured two major deals this year, one with Warner Brother's
International Theaters, and the other with Major League Baseball. The Warner Brother's
alliance gives Pepsi exclusive pouring rights at all existing and projected Warner
Brother's International Theaters. This includes 358 movie screens at 43 theaters in 6
countries, including: Great Britain, Spain, Germany, Portugal, Italy, and Japan. The
significance of this deal according to Vince Gennaro, President of the Fountain Beverage
Division at Pepsi, "Nearly half on the world's movie fans are between the ages of 15 and
24. Together with Warner Brother's, we intent to inject a whole new dimension of
excitement into their regular trip to the multiplex."Pepsi's five year deal with Major
League Baseball gives them exclusive rights to use baseball's trademarks and team logos
in al advertising, packaging, merchandising, and promotions. Pepsi has forged a
reputation as appealing to the teenage audience, which is why Major League Baseball
believes its deal with Pepsi will attract a younger audience, which was partially lost due
to aggressive marketing campaigns by pro football and basketball, as well as the 1994
strike.
"Project Blue" is an international venture the Pepsi hopes will transform its international
marketplace presence. It represents a $500 million investment, including the system-wide
conversion of bottles and cans, coolers and vending machines, as well as trucks and other
transports. The new design features a striking blue "grid" background; bold vertical
typography; and a three dimensional globe that evokes the company's "ball" icon.
Currently Coca-Cola is associated with red, which is why Pepsi is attempting to create
brand association and awareness with the color blue. According to John Swanhaus, Pepsi-
Cola Company's Senior Vice President of International Sales and Marketing, "Blue is
modern and cool, exciting and dynamic, and most importantly it's a color that powerfully
communicates refreshment. Ultimately, we believe that owning blue will give us a
significant competitive advantage in the marketplace. Pepsi, with their aggressive
marketing, also engage in creative ventures. Three such cases include an innovative web
site, the world's first commercial in space, and buying screensaver ad space in schools.
The web site, called Pepsi World, combines breakthrough technology with powerful
content. If features movie previews, origin al interactive games, first-run articles, new
music, digital art, national Net-Promotions and more. This site allows Pepsi to
aggressively market their brand name in a revolutionary way. The site is constantly being
re-invented to remain at the forefront of the Cyberculture. Pepsi is also breaking ground
by filming the world's first commercial in space. It is part of Pepsi's partnership with the
Russian Mir Space Station. For the ad, two cosmonauts film the deployment of a large-
scale replica of Pepsi's new blue can, which was described in the "Project Blue" section.
The can itself is actually a fully orbital spacecraft built by International Space
Enterprises.

Products and brands of Pepsi

PepsiCo has hundreds of brands around the world the well known brands of Pepsi are as
follows:-1. Frito-lay brands2. Pepsi-cola brands3. Gatorade4. Tropicana Brands5. Quaker
Brands Frito-lay brands Frito-Lay offers a wide variety of fun foods and sensible snacks
to satisfy your snacking needs. From mouth-watering potato chips and corn chips, to
hardy pretzels, and savory cookies, Frito-Lay has a snack for you!Products:
BAKED! CHEETOS Crunchy 100 BAKED! CHEETOS FLAMIN' HOT BAKED!
DORITOS NACHO CHEESE BAKED! LAY’S BBQ Flavor Potato Crisps BAKED!
RUFFLES Original Potato Crisps Pepsi-cola brands
Pepsi-Cola most commonly called Pepsi, is a soft drink produced by PepsiCo which is
sold worldwide in stores, restaurants and vending machines. The brand was trademarked
on June 16, 1903, though the drink was first made on August 28, 1898, by pharmacist
Caleb Bradham. Similar to Coca-Cola, its major rival, Pepsi was originally intended to
cure stomach pains.

There are several variants of Pepsi, including Diet Pepsi (the most popular variant), Pepsi
Vanilla, and outside the United States, Pepsi Max. Products
• Pepsi-Cola • Caffeine Free Pepsi • Diet Pepsi • Mountain Dew • Diet Mountain Dew •
Pepsi Vanilla • Lipton Brisk (Partnership) • Lipton Iced Tea(Partnership) • Dole juices
and juice drinks (License) • Aquafina purified drinking water • SoBe juice drinks, dairy,
and teas
Products Available in Pakistan
Mountain Dew is a caffeinated sweet citrus-flavored soft drink produced by PepsiCo, Inc.
It was invented in Marion, VA and first marketed in Knoxville, Tennessee in 1948, and
across the United States in 1964. When removed from its characteristic green bottle,
Mountain Dew is bright green-yellow and cloudy. Unlike lemon-lime soft drinks such as
Sprite, 7 Up, or Sierra Mist, Mountain Dew contains concentrated orange juice. The
closest imitator is Coca Cola's Mello YelloIngredients Contains: Carbonated water, high
fructose corn syrup, concentrated orange juice and other natural flavors, citric acid,
sodium benzoate (preserves freshness), caffeine, sodium citrate, gum arabic, erythorbic
acid (preserves freshness), calcium disodium EDTA (to protect flavor), brominated
vegetable oil, and yellow 5.Today's marketing target is radically different. The drink is
mainly marketed to people in the 20-30 year old demographic group, and Mountain Dew
advertising creates a connection between the drink and extreme sports. The name
Mountain Dew was first trademarked by two brothers, Barney and Ally Hartman, who
ran a bottling plant in Knoxville, Tennessee.
　Aqua Fina
Aqua Fina is pure water for drinking. Pepsi uses their own water treatment facilities to
purify municipal tap water used in making soft drinks. Municipal tap water passes
through a reverse osmosis process, pushing already filtered tap water at high pressure
through fiber glass membranes to remove even the tiniest particles. Then carbon filters
removed chlorine and any other particles that might give the water any taste or smell.
However all this filtering removed even good particles that killed bacteria. So Pepsi had
to add ozone to the water to keep bacteria from growing. The result is Aqua fina water
with no taste or odor. Pepsi believes that aqua fina will compete with the spring waters
already in the market. Further Pepsi licenses its bottlers to use the Aquafina name and sell
them the filtration equipment. Because the process used tap water that is relatively
inexpensive, Pepsi’s aqua fina competes well on price with the spring waters.
　
Pepsi-Cola
Pepsi-Cola, most commonly called Pepsi, is a soft drink produced by PepsiCo which is
sold worldwide in stores, restaurants and vending machines. The brand was trademarked
on June 16, 1903, though the drink was first made on August 28, 1898, by pharmacist
Caleb Bradham.There are many variants of Pepsi, including Diet Pepsi, Pepsi Max, Pepsi
Samba, Pepsi Blue and Pepsi Gold.Pepsi-ColaType Cola Manufacturer PepsiCo, Inc.
Country of Origin USA Introduced 1903

Related products
Lays
Lay's is the brand name for a number of potato chip varieties as well as the name of the
company that founded the chip brand in 1938. Lay's chips are marketed as a division of
Frito-Lay, a company owned by PepsiCo Inc. since 1965. Other brands in the Frito-Lay
group include Fritos, Doritos, Ruffles, Cheetos and Rold Gold pretzels.As a snack food,
the Lay's brands contain very few vitamins and minerals in any variety. At ten percent of
the daily requirement per serving, vitamin C is the highest. Salt content is particularly
high, with a serving containing as much as 380 mg of salt
A one ounce (28 gram) serving of Lay's regular potato chips has 130 calories and
contains ten grams of fat, with three grams of saturated fat. Kettle cooked brands have
seven to eight grams of fat and two grams of saturated fat but are 140 calories. Lays
Natural has nine grams of fat, two grams of saturated fat and 150 calories. Stax typically
contain ten grams of fat, 2.5 grams saturated fat and are 160 calories per serving. Wavy
Lays are identical to the regular brand except for a half-gram less of saturated fat in some
combinations. The various brands do not contain any trans fats.The baked variety feature
1.5 grams of fat per one ounce serving, and have no saturated fat. Each serving has 110 to
120 calories. Lay's Light sevings are 75 calories per ounce and have no fat.
Cheetos
Cheetos are a crunchy, cheese-flavored snack made from cornmeal introduced by Frito-
Lay in 1948, and currently sell about one billion bags per year in a number of countries.
In some markets they are popular enough that the word "Cheetos" is often used as a
generic term for any similar cheese puffs snack food, but it is, in fact, trademarked by the
Frito-Lay company.Cheetos are made in many different styles. There are "Crunchy
Cheetos", which are fried. Some Cheetos are baked in ovens; for instance, Cheetos Puffs,
Cheetos Twists, Cheetos Paws, and Cheetos Whirls are all "finished dryed" in very large
throughput ovens.Crunchy Cheetos with a sandwhich
Mirinda
Mirinda is a brand of soft drink, originally produced in Spain, available in fruit varieties
including orange, grapefruit, apple, strawberry, pineapple, and grape. It is part of a
beverage area often referred to as the flavor segment, which is comprised of carbonated
or non-carbonated fruit-flavored beverages. Today, it is likely that the orange flavor of
Mirinda comprises the majority of Mirinda sales world-wide. The name "Mirinda"
originally means "admirable, wonderful"Mirinda is owned by PepsiCo and is primarily
commercialized outside of North America. It competes with Coca-Cola's Fanta brand and
with flavor brands local to individual countries. As with most soft drinks, Mirinda is
available in multiple formulations depending on the taste of individual markets.Mirinda's
primary formulation is as an artificially flavored beverage, however it has been produced
in the past with a percentage of fruit juice, usually due to local tax benefits tied to non-
artificial juice ingredients.
PROMOTIONS

Pepsi spends a huge amount on its promotions. The promotions of Pepsi include
advertisements Sponsorships of sporting events, musical shows and many more. The
Objectives of Pepsi are:1. Build strong brand equity. 2. To make sure that target
consumer relates the ads with company products 3. To make the brand exciting for the
target consumers.It was all due to Pepsi heavy advertisements that consumers related
Pepsi as an official sponsor for world cup, 85% people associated Pepsi with cricket
versus 54% for the coke. 80% consumers said that Pepsi commercials are more attractive
versus 28% for coke. 77% consumers said that Pepsi ads are more trendy then only 22%
for coke. Advertisements of Pepsi
Pepsi spends a huge budget on advertisements. It uses celebrities from all around the
world to promote its products. Some of the entertainment celebrities used by Pepsi in the
world includes:1. Shahrukh Khan2. Kareena Kapoor3. Priyanka Chopra4. Amitabh
Bachan5. Saif Ali Khan6. Britney Spears7. Ricky Martin8. Reema 9. Jackie chen10.
Steven seagalSome of the sport celebrities used by Pepsi in the world are:-1) Inzamam ul
haq2) David Beckham ) Meradona 4) Jeff Gordon 5) Ronaldenio
　
6) Roberto CarlosBritney joins the Pepsi generation
Pop icon Britney Spears, 19, has signed a sponsorship deal with Pepsi. The singer of
Oops... I Did It Again and Baby One More Time will appear in Pepsi commercials and
the company will sponsor her next tour. Michael Jackson earned a reported $5m (£3.4m)
for his Pepsi collaboration in 1984.Speaking at Pepsi headquarters in Purchase, New
York, Spears called previous Pepsi endorsers like Jackson, soul singer Aretha Franklin,
country star Faith Hill and Ray Charles "all of my heroes". "It's such an honor," she said.
"I'm a big fan of Pepsi products and Pepsi commercials. Dawn Hudson, Pepsi's senior
vice president of strategy and marketing, said: "Britney is on the cutting edge of
contemporary, popular entertainment. "She's youthful, inventive, optimistic and fun-
loving - the ultimate fit with brand Pepsi." Other sponsorship deals
Spears' deal is likely to be more in line with current star sponsorships such as golfer Tiger
Woods, who will reportedly earn $100m (£68.75m) over five years in a contract with
Nike sports clothing. Wimbledon winner Venus Williams has also just signed a contract
reportedly worth $40m (£27.5m) with Reebok. Other Pepsi promoters include British pop
stars Robbie Williams, The Spice Girls and Boy zone. Pepsi secure one of the most
lucrative sponsorships in sportPepsi Sponsors Pakistan Indian Cricket Serie
PRICE
Pricing is one of the four p's of the marketing mix. The other three aspects are product
management, promotion, and place. It is also a key variable in microeconomic price
allocation theory Pricing is the manual or automatic process of applying prices to
purchase and sales orders, based on factors such as: a fixed amount, quantity break,
promotion or sales campaign, specific vendor quote, price prevailing on entry, shipment
or invoice date, combination of multiple orders or lines, and many others. Automated
systems require more setup and maintenance but may prevent pricing errors.Price is the
amount of money and/or other items with utility needed to acquire a product. Every
marketing activity – including pricing should be directed towards a goal. Thus
management should decide on its pricing objective before determining the price
itself.PepsiCo sets the prices of its products according to the prices of its
competitorsPepsiCo always try to sell its products at reasonable prices. The products of
Pepsi are easily available and are sold at affordable prices all over the world. The main
objective of pepsi is to make its products available for all classes of people.Pepsi also
sells its products at discount prices at special occasions. For instance PepsiCo reduces the
price of its 2.5l bottle of Pepsi from forty five rupees to forty rupees during the Ramadan
and the Eid seasons. This increases the sales of Pepsi during the Ramadan and Eid
seasons. During the summer season the prices of Pepsi goes high and decreases in the
winter season. The increase in the price of Pepsi during the summer is due to its increase
in consumption.Pepsi sets the prices of its products in accordance with the prices of its
competitors mainly the coca cola company. To increase its sales Pepsi introduced a 2.5L
jumbo bottle of Pepsi at 50 R.S. Thus people get an extra 0.5 L of Pepsi for an increase in
just 5 R.S. In Pakistan the snack products introduced by PepsiCo include Kurkura, Lays
and Cheetos. The prices of these products are relatively low as compared to their rivals.
For example a box of Pringles cost about 95 R.S but a large pack of Lays is for R.S 20.
Lays has also introduced a smaller pack of R.S 10. Kurkura is a new product launched by
PepsiCo. The introductory price of Kurkura is R.S. 20 and it comes in two flavors. The
Main competitor of Aqua life pure drinking water is Nestle. The prices of nestle drinking
water bottle of volume 500 ml is R.S 10 whereas the price of Aquafina bottle of volume
500 is also R.S 10. Olpers is the milk introduced by PepsiCo. The main competitors of
Olpers milk include good milk, Haleeb, Nurpur and Nestle. All these fall in the same
price line.

COMPARISON OF PRICES
PepsiCo products Price(Rs) Competitors products Price(Rs)

Pepsi 250ml
12 Coke 250ml 12Pepsi 500ml 25 Coke 500ml 25Pepsi 1 liter 30 Coke 1 liter 30Pepsi 1.5
liter 50 Coke 1.5 liter 50Pepsi jumbo 60 Coke jumbo 60Aquafina 500 15 Nestle 500
15Aquafina 1.5 L 25 Nestle 1.5l 25Lays small pack 10 Super crisp small 10Lays large
pack 20 Super crisp large 20Olpers small pack 14 Nestle milk small 14Olpers large pack
42 Nestle milk large 42Cheetoos 20 kolson 20Kurkuray small 5 Slanty Small 5Kukuray
large 10 Slanty Large 10Mountain dew 250 12Sprite 250 12Mountain dew 500 25 Sprite
500 25Mountain dew 1.5l 50 Sprite 1.5 liter 50Marinda regular 12 Fanta regular 12

PLACEMENT

Distribution is movement and product from manufacture to end user. Distribution

objective of Pepsi is to make pepsi available at an arms length i.e whenever we need
pepsi it should be there at the stores and outlets. As 250 ml is a convenience product,
Pepsi and its bottlers are making extensive distribution. Pepsi (Riaz Bottlers) uses the
direct distribution method for distribution of its products. Products are distributed without
the help of middleman like distributors. Company owns its distribution network.Products
are distributed by company transport.

Incentives to Distributors
Pepsi gives some incentives to distributors or retailers. Most common are:1. Free bottles
for achieving target.2. Provides freezers whose sales reaches a specific limit.3. Rate
discountCredit Facilities

Usually credit facilities are not provided by the companies. Most sales are made on cash
bases. The sales man goes to retailers-outlet, take the empty bottles and replace them with
new bottles and get the payments but the credit facilities are given to few organisations
like PIA, SHELL, CALTEX and AVARI. This credit is short term.Number of outlets:In
the initial stage the number of outlets were about 1 thousand now there are 15 thousand
outlets in lahore.Target market:Pepsi targets both young and old. Pepsi claims that their
targeted customers are satisfied with the products and services they offer.Place is a term
that has a variety of meanings in a dictionary sense, but which is principally used in a
geographic sense as a noun to denote location, though in a sense of a location identified
with that which is located there. For instance, much has been written about the "sense of
place", a well-known phenomenon in human society in which people strongly identify
with a particular geographical area or location. Another instance of its use is as an
identifier of a location that is noted for a particular characteristic, such as Stonehenge
defining its location as a unique place. It may refer to something as macroscopic as, say,
New York City, or something as specific as a spot on a shelf. However, in most
Wikipedia articles that use it as a link, it is referring to location in a geographic, and not a
specific placement, sense.Since 1982, Pepsi-Cola has conducted a structured program of
purchasing quality products and services from suppliers who are designated as
Minority/Women Business Enterprises (M/WBEs).The steadily increasing business with
minority and women-owned firms has improved our company's supplier base. It has also
helped to strengthen the suppliers' firms as well as the minority community infrastructure
with regard to such benefits as employment, training, role-modeling, buying from other
minority and women-owned businesses, and supporting community organizations.We're
extremely proud of what our M/WBE program has accomplished. It has enabled us to
enter into partnerships with hundreds of firms whose contributions to our success have
been enormous.When it comes to business, minority and majority goals are more alike
than different. It's up to us to reaffirm those bonds and to act on them in ways that benefit
us all.

Swot Analysis
Strength:
1. Company Image:It also is a reputable org. and is well known all over the world.
Perception of producing a high quality product.2. Quality Conscious

production facilities and send them for lab test in Tokyo. 3. Good Relation with
Franchise:Throughout its history it has a good relation with franchisers working in
different areas of the world where they have the production facilities.4. Production
Capacity:It has the highest production capacity i.e. 60,000 cases per day is not only in
Pakistan but also in South Asia.5. Market Share:It has a highest market share i.e. 62% in
Pakistan and leading a far step head from its competitors. 6. Large No. of diversity
businesses:This is also its main strength as it ahs diversity in many businesses such as i.
Pepsi beveragesii. Pepsi foods iii. Pepsi Restaurants.7. High Tech Culture:The whole
culture and business operating environment at Pepsi-Cola-West Asia has quick access to
a centralized database an they use computers as business tools for analysis and quick
decision making.8. Sponsorships:They mainly use celebrities in their advertising
campaigning like Imran Khan, Wasim Akram, Waqar Younas etc. Also sponsor social
activates programme like music etc.
Weakness:
1. Decline in taste:
2. During the last years, it was published in Financial post that there has been big
complaints from the customers with regard to the bad taste that they experienced
during the span of six months. 2. Political Franchises: Such as in Pakistan,
Hamayum Ahkhtar is its franchisee who has a strong political support from a
political party which is in opposition. In; their era in government less taxes are
imposed on them but relation increases as they come in opposition. So the
selection is not appropriate as this thing is harmful to their image as well as the
strategies.3. Short term Approach:They have a lack of emphasis on this in their
advertising such as currently when they losses the bid for official drink in the 96
cricket world cup. They started a campaign in which they highlight the factor such
as “nothing official about it”. 4. Weak Distribution:They lack behind in catering
the rural areas and just concentrating in the urban areas.
3. Threats:
4. 1. Imitators:They also have a problem of imitatiors as receives complaints from
customers that they find take product in disguised of Pepsi’s product. 2.
Government Regulation:They face problem if government employ taxes on them
which force them to raise the price of their product. 3. Corporation’s shortage
problem:Again this is also a serious threat from it suppliers as if supplier is
unhappy with the company. He may reduce the supply and exploit the company.
This action will surely affect the production process.
 5. Opportunities:

. Increase Population:
As almost in all over the world growth rate is increasing which in turn increases the
demand of products and necessities and especially in Asia the market is growing at a
faster rate as compare to other continents. So they have to attract new entrants. 2.
Changing social trend:As in all over the world people are rushing towards fast food and
beverage because of life which ahs become much faster, it provide the company a favor
to capture this fast moving market with its take away product.3. Diversification:They
may enter in garments business in order to promote their brand mane, by making sports
cloths fro players which represent their name by wearing their clothes.
CHAPTER - 1INTRODUCTION
Market Potential
Market analysis services from Mapping Analytics helps to know the economic
opportunity available to company in any geographic market. Whether products sell to
consumers, to businesses, or both, market sizing provides intelligence. The company
need to deploy sales and marketing resources effectively.
Benefits of Market Potential Analysis
•
Understand market potential for a single store, network of stores or a new market.
•
Deploy resources effectively by ranking Pepsi slim can in priority order.
•
Forecast total opportunity in terms of number of customers and revenue potential.
•
Estimate Pepsi slim can market share.
Market Potential Analysis:
A market potential analysis from Mapping Analytics may include:
•
A customer profile to understand where to find more like them
•
Market penetration and market share reports showing performance in existing markets
and expected performance in new markets
•
Market ranking reports allowing company to prioritize resource deployment into new
markets

Strategies for Sizing Markets

2What is a geographic market worth to our business? Mapping Analytics will help us to
find the answer. Market potential can be expressed as a function of:
•
The number of customers purchasing
•
Amount purchased
•
Frequency of purchase In other words, Market potential = (how many * how much * how
often)
Bottom Up or Top Down Market Analysis
It all depends on our specific needs. Analysis report can advise company on the best
approach to sizing any market. We employ various methodologies and data sets to get the
answers we need.
•
A
bottom up
 approach to market sizing starts with our customers. How much and often do they buy?
What is their profile? How many potential customers do we have in the market based on
our customer profiles? How can we reach them?
•
A
top down
approach starts with market and industry data. It takes a close look at a geographic
market area and profiles the consumers and/or businesses to let we know their propensity
to buy our products and services. Mapping Analytics has expertise in both these
approaches to market sizing. We also have a wealth of data sources through partnerships
with the best data providers in the industry. We can match the right data for market
analysis to our business and market strategy.
Cluster Analysis for Market Sizing
We often use lifestyle clustering systems to size consumer markets. Clustering systems
operate under the premise that "birds of a feather flock together." That means people with
similar buying behaviors and demographic profiles tend to live close together. This helps
us to identify neighborhoods or markets where our potential is highest.

•
Cluster analysis identifies key segments in the population that are more likely to purchase
slim can products than the average consumer
•
Knowing in which clusters people reside provides a reasonable means of understanding
and predicting how they will behave
•
Understanding which clusters are more likely than others to purchase allows better
targeting
•
Clusters are tied to geography, allowing we to identify and prioritize neighborhoods,
trade areas and markets
Access Market Opportunity
Market analysis services from Mapping Analytics will provide the key intelligence we
need to rank and prioritize markets. We will know:
•
The top new geographic markets to target based on customer or revenue potential
•
Which markets where we currently do business have untapped potential Gaining this
market understanding is essential to growing and expanding our business. But it isn't
enough on its own.
Steps taken to gain market share, where there is market potential
We need to act upon our new found market understanding by deploying sales and
marketing resources effectively.This is where Mapping Analytics separates from other
firms that might offer we analytic services. We can help we choose higher-performing
store or business locations, align our sales force more productively, and acquire prospect
lists. All so we can tap into the market opportunity we've helped we identify.
Market Potential Example
Let's say we sell Pepsi slim can and our ideal customer is 25 years of age or older and
owns a Bike of Rs 50,000 or higher. If we don't already know this about our customers,
our customer profiling services can help we discover it.Mapping Analytics will then
perform market potential analysis using market data, demographics and/or lifestyle
clustering systems to find areas where high concentrations of our ideal customer
live.From there, it's ranking the potential markets and deploying resources by selecting
locations of branches or performing targeted direct marketing.What's the market potential
for our products and services?
Demographic Site Selection:
When we work with Mapping Analytics, we will discover that demographic site selection
leads to a sound business site selection decision. We include a series of important
analyses when helping we select new sites, including:
•
Customer profiling
•
Mapping customer locations
•
Competitive analysis
•
Trade area development and mapping
•
Demographic, Census, and market data analysis
•
Market potential analysis
•
Analysis of site impact on overall store network
Mapping Network of Sites to Optimize Market Coverage
Just as no man is an island, no store or branch sits on its own. Other stores, competitors,
traffic patterns, population density and more affect the profitability of a store location.
That's why it's critical to consider store network optimization when determining:
•
A new store location
•
How many stores or branches we can open in an existing market
•
Where we should expand our network
•
What stores should be closed or consolidated How can we account for all these factors?
It's easy when we work with Mapping Analytics. We're experts at it and ready to help.
Locations that Deliver Customers
Customer analysis and demographic analysis are essential to choosing the best retail store
locations. We don’t want to make decisions without knowing the profile of our best
customers and the demographics of the area we are considering for store network
expansion. Fortunately, Mapping Analytics is staffed with experts who can help we
understand our customers and any geographic area where we may want to open a store.
Where are there More Customers
Reality is, not all our customers are ideal.
•
Some customers purchase infrequently, don't spend much money, or have no loyalty, yet
manage to consume a lot of our selling resources.
•
Other customers are stars: frequent purchasers, fiercely loyal, open to cross-sell and up-
sell offers. These are the customers we want more of. Mapping Analytics will help we
find more of these customers with our site selection services.

Create Customer Profiles

We build customer profiles based on past purchase behavior, demographics, lifestyle

segmentation systems, and other market data to give us an accurate sense of who our best
customers are.
•
Different age group of customers
•
Customers income level
•
Customers purchasing behavior
•
Customers lifestyleOnce we know what our best customers look like, where do we find
more of them?
Analyze Market Potential
We find more ideal customers in geographic areas where the demographic profile of the
neighborhood populations closely match the profile of our best customers. A customer
profile is a key input into understanding market potential. Market potential is a numerical
answer. Mapping Analytics calculates market potential for any area using estimated
market penetration and expected volume of sales. We use both the market potential
analysis, including trade area definition, to make site selection recommendations. For the
mathematically inclined, think of it this way:
(Customer profile + market potential + trade area definition) = outstanding site selection
Rank Potential Site Locations
There may be many potential locations for opening a new store or branch. How do pick
the right one, or the top three, or however many we need to open? Mapping Analytics
will help to find the answers. Our modeling techniques result in a store trade area profile
and scores for each potential location. We’ll know how any proposed location compares
to an ideal store profile. The store location score takes into account expected sales,
market penetration, cannibalization, competitor influence, and other factors.
Key Benefits to Ranking Store Locations
•
Speed to market by knowing where to go first
•
Better allocation of our resources in the retail market
•
Faster return on investment by focusing on the most profitable retail locations first
•
Forecast demand and sales more accurately
Sales Forecasting for Store Locations
The key metric in deciding where to open a new store location is its sales potential.
Mapping Analytics uses customer profiles, demographic data, and trade area analysis to
forecast demand and sales potential of proposed locations. So we'll always be confident
in the locations we choose.
•
Where are our customers?
•
Where are our best prospects?
•
Where are our current stores and our competitors'

•
How many suitable markets exist in a given geographic area for the products/services we
offer?
•
How many locations are necessary to optimally cover a given market area?
•
Which locations offer the greatest potential? The answers to these questions provide
actionable information that can help us build a network of stores/branches to take full
advantage of market opportunity. It's the kind of information decision makers receive
when working with Mapping Analytics.

7OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:Primary objective:

A study on market potential of Pepsi slim cans with special reference to PepsiCo India
holdings Pvt Ltd at Chennai city.
Secondary objective:

To find out the market potential for the network of store or a new market.

To deploy the resource effectively by ranking the Pepsi slim can products in priority
order.

To find out the total opportunity in terms of number of customers and the preference.

To Estimate the market share of Pepsi slim can
LIMITATIONS OF STUDY:

The study is limited to particular area hence the study cannot be generalized.
LIMITATIONS OF STUDY:

The study is limited to particular area hence the study cannot be generalized.

Company Profile: PepsiCo Business Summary

: PepsiCo is one of the largest companies there is that is engaged in the food, beverage,
and snack industries. PepsiCo, Inc. is engaged in the snack food, soft drink, juice, and
fast food franchise businesses. The Company, through its subsidiaries, markets, sells and
distributes various snacks in the United States and internationally, manufactures
concentrates of Pepsi, Mountain Dew and other brands for sale to franchised bottlers in
the United States and international markets and produces, markets, sells and distributes
juices under several Tropicana trademarks in the United States and internationally.
PepsiCo’s domestic snack food business is conducted by Frito-Lay North America, and

its international snack food business is conducted through Frito-Lay International. The
Company's soft drink business operates as the Pepsi-Cola Company and is comprised of
two business units, Pepsi-Cola North America (PCNA) and Pepsi-Cola International
(PCI). In December 2000, the Company announced an agreement under which a
subsidiary of PepsiCo will merge with The Quaker Oats Company, and Quaker will
become a wholly owned subsidiary of PepsiCo. Quaker is a large worldwide marketer of
foods and beverages. It manufactures and markets Gatorade thirst quencher, along with
hot cereals, pancake syrups, grain-based snacks, cornmeal, hominy grits and value-added
rice products. The proposed merger is subject to certain closing conditions, including
approval by shareholders of both companies and regulatory approvals. The transaction is
expected to close in the first half of 2001. PepsiCo also operates several food franchises
including Pizza Hut, KFC, and Taco Bell.
Mission:
Our mission is to be the world's premier consumer Products Company focused on
convenient foods and beverages. We seek to produce financial rewards to investors as we
provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners
and the communities in which we operate. And in everything we do, we strive for
honesty, fairness and integrity.
Vision:
"PepsiCo's responsibility is to continually improve all aspects of the world in which we
operate – environment, social, economic – creating a better tomorrow than today."Our
vision is put into action through programs and a focus on environmental stewardship,
activities to benefit society, and a commitment to buiPepsiCo a truly sustainable
company.
FINDINGS

From the table we observed that 45% of consumer age group was 15-25 years and 34% of
the consumer age group was 25-35 years.

From the table we observed that 52% of the retail store had average sales above 30 c/s
per week and 24% of the retail store with 20-30 c/s per week and 14% and 10% of the
retail store with 10-20 c/s and less than 10 c/s per week respectively.

From the table we observed that 42% of outlet had 1-20 products per week and 32% of
outlet had 20-40 products per week and 18% of outlet had 40-60 products per week and
8% of outlet had above 60 products sales per week.
49
From the table we observed that 55% of the customer perfer “Pepsi my can” rather than
the mirinda,mountian dew and 7up.

From the table we observed that 40% of the customer feel the price the slim was “high”
and 39% of the customer feel the price was “Very high’.

From the table we observed that 26% of the customer are “satisifed to some extent” and
28% of the “customer are less satisified” about the distribution of the pepsi slim can.

From the table we observed that that 32% of the consumers came to knew about the Pepsi
slim can products through Hoarding & Banners and 25% through Newspapers &
Magazine and 43% through TV/radio.

From the table we observed that 41% of respondents purchase the products 1-5 times per
week and 25% of respondents purchase the products times 5-10 times per week and 34%
of respondents purchase the products rarely.

Frome the table we observed that consumer buying decision based on 36% for “Passion”
and 32% for the “Packing style”.

From the table we observed that 57% consumption of slim can on the occasion of
“Feeling thristy” and 20% on “Just like that” and 16% on “Parties and celebration”

SUGGESTIONS

The New pricing strategy should be introduced for the Pepsi slim can products in order
penetrate the new market.

The Distribution of slim can to the retail outlets should be made effectively and more
offers should give to customers.

The awareness about the Pepsi slim can should be increase by giving more advertisement
in TVs/radio and the other promotional activities has to be made.
51

Marketing mix

.The marketing mix is a device used by a marketer which breaks down into four separate
parts: product, price, place, and promotion, also referred to as the four P’s of
marketing. Older marketers have formed the opinion that this mentality should be based
on other factors. Experts today feel other important P’s that have been overlooked, or
intentionally ignored, such as politics and public opinion. Product is the first P in
the marketing mix. A product is any physical good, service or idea that satisfies a want or
need. Because the term “product” is somewhat vast in its definition, marketers dissect the
meaning into a smaller unit known as a commodity. A commodity is a product with
subtle differences. These differences can range from physical to geographical. One
example is Pepsi cola which has several different beverages with different flavors but
are all part of Pepsi cola. Pepsi-Cola North America is headquartered in Purchase,
N.Y. As the refreshment beverage unit of PepsiCo Beverages and Foods North
America, a division of PepsiCo, Inc. PepsiCo Beverages and Foods North America, it
also comprises PepsiCo's Tropicana, Gatorade and Quaker Foods businesses in the
United States and Canada. http://www.pepsico.com/SearchResults.html?
query=marketing+strategy Pepsi-Cola North America's carbonated soft drinks,
including: Pepsi, Diet Pepsi, Pepsi Twist, Mountain Dew, Mountain Dew Code Red,
Sierra Mist, and Mug Root Beer account for nearly one-third of total soft drink sales
in the United States. Pepsi-Cola North America's non-carbonated beverage portfolio
includes Aquafina, which is the number one brand of bottled water in the United
States, Dole single-serve juices and SoBe, which offers a wide range of drinks
with herbal ingredients. The company also makes and markets North America's best-
selling, ready-to-drink iced teas and coffees via joint ventures with Lipton and Starbucks,
respectively. PepsiCo, Inc. is one of the world's largest food and beverage companies.
The company's principal businesses include: Frito-Lay snacks, Pepsi-Cola beverages,
Gatorade sports drinks, Tropicana juices, and Quaker Foods. PepsiCo, Inc. was founded
in 1965 through the merger of Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. Tropicana was acquired in
1998. In 2001, PepsiCo merged with the Quaker Oats Company, creating the
world’s fifth-largest food and beverage company. In 1963, the Pepsi-Cola Company
introduced its first diet drink - Diet Patio Cola. At the time, Pepsi could not afford to
properly promote Diet Patio Cola. To remedy this situation, in 1964, they decided to
rename their diet drink "Diet Pepsi." This made Pepsi-Cola the first company to
name a diet drink after their flagship brand. The initial advertising of Diet Pepsi was
combined with Pepsi advertising. The slogan was "Pepsi Either Way." Over the years,
Diet Pepsi has developed into a major brand, able to stand alone.One of the
interesting aspects of Diet Pepsi is the number of changes made to the product and
packaging. There have been a number of reformulations, including the elimination of

cyclamates, the use of saccharin, and the introduction of NutraSweet. There have been
eight major packaging redesigns and many other minor redesigns. In May of this year,
Pepsi unveiled their latest redesign of Diet Pepsi packaging.
http://www.pepsicolacollectorsclub.com/news.html Price is the next ingredient in
the marketing mix. The price of a product depends on several factors including, but not
excluded to, the product being offered, competitors pricing on a like item and the
demand for the product. Companies have a variety of methods to reach the most
competitive price for their product. One example of this would be cost-based pricing.
Cost-based pricing is simply adding a markup to the cost of the item. On the other
hand, a company could also employ value-based pricing. Value-based pricing is a
hypothesis of the maximum amount of money a person will spend on a product
and then pricing the item below that figure to make the item more appealing.
Both pricing techniques take into account the supply and demand for an item. I think the
market for Pepsi is an elastic market, even though people love it. If the price rises to high
people you have some people that will switch to Coke or some other brand of cola. Pepsi
ranges in price anywhere from 89 cents to $1.59 for a 2 liter bottle. Pepsi price at this
point is comparable with its competitors. The fact that Pepsi keeps it price for 2
liter bottles most of the time to $1.69 that makes the people purchase it more. But most of
the time you can find Pepsi somewhere on sale for 99 cents. Once a product need is
uncovered and a price is determined, the next step in the marketing mix is deciding
where to market the product. This is refereed to as place or distribution. How and
where will your products be sold? Companies chose to sell a product directly to
customer or use a retailer/wholesaler to distribute their product. The best example of
direct selling would be Directv service in their early years. Before there was a Directv
retailer in every city, a person did not have the option of walking into their store and
seeing the many options available. If a person wanted to purchase one of their
programming packages, he or she had to call the company direct. Now, Directv
has expanded into Best Buy, but you are still purchasing the service directly from
Directv. A retailer would be the average department store. These stores carry a wide-
range of items from several manufacturers. When you walk into one of these stores you
can usually see “like” items made by different companies. Radios would be a good
example to illustrate this point. Department stores usually radios made by different
companies like Pioneer and Sony. You will find it in grocery stores, drug stores, office
buildings, schools, churches, gas stations, etc. Pepsi competition is anything else that a
person can drink. Pepsi has to compete against the healthier drinks
.
 Now that a need has been found, a price has been determined, and a means for
distribution has been established, the final step is to promote the product. All
other

factors considered; advertising is probably the most important aspect of the

marketing mix. A product, which no one has heard about, is not making a
company any money. Companies spend millions of dollars a year on advertising.
Advertising is a very intricate process. Contrary to popular belief, ads are directed at a
very specific audience, and have well defined goals. Some companies use advertising
to promote their product while others may advertise their products as a public
service. Pepsi markets Gatorade/PowerAde as a product that anyone can drink, but I
think Pepsi mainly promote this product to the younger crowd more so than the older
generation. I remember Pepsi Generation X commercials. I think that the Pepsi
commercials are still pushing towards the younger crowds. I also believe that this is a
good marketing strategy. Coca Cola has been around forever, and the older generation is
known to stick to what they know and like. Brand loyalty is what has hindered Pepsi
from appealing these potential customers. Pepsi realized that some people are just loyal
to what they like, so they are marketing to the younger crowd. This will enable them to
outgrow Coca Cola in the future. Once the younger crowd becomes the older crowd,
then Pepsi will be the front runner and now have brand loyalty from its customers.
So overall I think that Pepsi is doing a pretty good job selling its products. Based on
my examination of Pepsi marketing mix, Pepsi has done a good job of meeting the
needs of its customers. As I stated earlier, the product is preferred among a great
percentage of people that drink soft drinks, the price is comparable to other soft
drinks, and anyone can find the Pepsi soft drink anywhere. As stated earlier, I believe
that Pepsi targeted audience is the Generation X, from ages 16 – 35.One thing that I
would change in regards to trying to reach that older generation that are devout Coke
drinkers is my content in my TV commercials and radio announcements. Most of
the commercials that I see and hear from Pepsi are that their spokesperson is relatively a
person in that age bracket that I mention earlier. I think if they are trying to reach an
older group of people they should have an older person be the spokesperson. They
should have things like how drinking Pepsi doesn’t affect my health or they should say
something like “every now and then I need a cold Pepsi to satisfy my thirst” or show
senior sitting at a bingo table with a can of Pepsi next to them. I think that these
subliminal messages will allow them to gain more of that older generation. Now
Pepsi already has a snack line under the brand name of Frito
Lay and that’s mainly marketed toward the little kids, teenagers, and young adults. I
would try to implement some type of healthy snack food
line. It would include foods like great tasting rice cakes
, low calorie popcorn, snacks, and chips, low fat meal replacement bars, etc. I think that
if Pepsi can’t get the older crowd to purchase their soft drink then go ahead and offer
them something else that they may have more of an interest in.
hubpages.com
/hub/
Pepsi
-Brand-Review

Also, Pepsi is using sports figures and other new strategies in advertising. Pepsi is putting
a familiar twist on its core brands. "Pepsi Lemon NFL Kickoff" colas will hit
shelves on Aug. 11. The limited-time-only, lemon-flavored soda will be available in both
diet and regular until November. A Pepsi rep confirmed the details of the pending launch.
Pepsi is no stranger to lemon-flavored cola. Its Pepsi Twist colas debuted in 2000
and were discontinued two years ago. PepsiCo, as well as Coca-Cola, have shied away
from full-time line extensions in favor of a less risky in-and-out strategy. Most
recently, PepsiCo has introduced Sierra Mist Undercover Orange (in conjunction with the
movie
Get Smart
). Last year, it trotted out Pepsi Summer Mix, Mountain Dew Game Fuel (tying in with
Halo 3
) and Sierra Mist Lemon Squeeze. The new entry, which will be available nationally in
20-oz., two-liter and 12-pack cans, will be supported by TV, print and online ads. Dallas
Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo (who has been linked to pop singer Jessica Simpson)
will make his third appearance in a Pepsi spot. Marketing will tout the product as "Pepsi
with a kick of lemon." BBDO, New York, is Pepsi's agency. The new product will
endorse the current Pepsi Stuff promotion. Each cap of specially marked Pepsi NFL
Kickoff will feature a code worth double Pepsi Stuff points. Pepsi Stuff offers consumers
a way to collect codes from Pepsi products and use them to redeem prizes
including music downloads, Pepsi fashion apparel, a trip to the Super Bowl and
others. The program kicked off in January. Nearly all of Pepsi's marketing dollars
have been dedicated to promoting Pepsi Stuff. The budget behind Pepsi NFL
Kickoff was not disclosed. However, Pepsi spent $27 million on ads during the same
period last year, per Nielsen Monitor-Plu
MARKETING STRATEGIES:

Ω
For a business to be successful with its marketing activities, it will need to: undertake a
"situational analysis", including a SWOT analysis. A business must continually identify
and take advantage of opportunities if it is to retain a competitive advantage over its
rivals or competitors. This will also involve continual improvement in the organization
and operations of the business and the development of a marketing plan.
Ω
Identify the target markets that the business wants to pursue. This is where a
business distinguishes between the different groups that make up the market. This
can be done on demographic (e.g. age and sex), geographic location or
psychographics (consumer behavior) variables.
Ω
Develop a marketing mix appropriate to the target markets.
Ω
Put a marketing management system in place to collect data on items such as the
marketing strategies or product sales so that informed decisions can be made about
future marketing activities.

THE MARKETING MIX-4 P’S WITH SPECIAL

REFERENCE TO PEPSI:
Product:
A business needs to consider the products that it produces and the
stage of the product life cycle that a product is at. Marketing strategies will vary
according to the type of product and its stage in the life cycle. In case
of Pepsi, in the rural markets, the 300ml bottle and now days the new small or
commonly known as the “chota pepsi” is very much popular. The Pepsi Co. is even
thinking of introducing their new Pepsi-Aha, but presently they are concentrating more
on the normal pepsi as the rural market is a niche market. Pepsi is even successful in
introducing the big 1-1.5 liter PET bottles in the rural markets. These big bottles are very
popular during big festivals and marriages.

Price:
Most businesses use a "cost plus" method for setting the prices of
their products. This involves determining unit production costs and then adding in a profit
margin. However, many other factors are involved. Consider "perceived price" (what
you think consumers will be prepared to pay), demand elasticity (is it elastic or
inelastic?), competitors' pricing (can you afford to undercut their prices?), pricing
objectives (what do you want to achieve Ð increased market share? increased profits?
market leadership? etc.)
Example 2 Perfume

‫מ‬
How much does it cost to make?
‫מ‬
Can businesses afford a "price war"?
‫מ‬
Why is Coca Cola so successful? As far as the pricing goes, the 300
ml Pepsi bottle is priced at Rs. 10. But the company soon realized that this pricing
worked in the urban markets but not in the rural markets as in the rural markets, Pepsi is
not a necessity but a luxury. They found out that people in the rural markets
bought cold drinks only if there was some occasion. A price point of Rs 10 for a 300 ml
bottle has proved a major deterrent: it has kept away new consumers in the urban and
semi-urban pockets, and it has blanked out the far larger rural markets where annual per
capita consumption is less than a bottle. So the Rs. 10 bottle was not that successful. But
their sales increased after introducing the “chota Pepsi”. This 200ml Pepsi was
reasonably priced between Rs.5- Rs.7. This was a major weapon for the expansion of the
rural market. Pepsi expects the small-size offering to account for 30 per cent of volumes
this year compared with 18 per cent last year. But there are other areas
of concern — principally that the 200 ml offering should not cannibalize 300 ml sales. In
that case, there will be no market growth. That is why pricing could be crucial. Pepsi,
for instance, has reckoned that giving consumers 33 per cent (100 ml) less cola at 50 per
cent of the price (Rs 5) is not a sustainable option and can, at best, be used as an
introductory offer.

The conclusion is based on hard facts. Last year, the beverage giants test-marketed 200
ml bottles at a price of Rs 5. Instead of growth, Pepsi discovered that 300 ml drinkers
merely shifted to the 200 ml variant, the market remained stagnant and everyone lost
money. The conclusion was clear: cutting prices does not necessarily expand the market.
Place
This generally refers to the physical locations of product sales as well
as the methods of distribution. However, it is also considered to be the "place" or
"position" in the market of the product; refer to information below. Businesses need to
make many decisions related to "place": access, parking, competition, physical location
etc. It’s the most important P in the cola wars — Place. And nothing
evokes more passion in Pepsi and Coke than distribution. Major innovation is
underway on the distribution front at Pepsi, pre-selling being the biggest of all. It’s been
successfully test marketed in Bangalore, Baroda and Coimbatore — and may soon roll
out nationally. In case of the distribution network,

there is no involvement of wholesalers in the distribution of products. It is more like an

agent network. The companies have divided the country into various regions and
established a franchisee in each region. The franchisees have their own bottling plants
and manage all the day-to-day operations. However, of late, the soft drinks companies
have started setting up company owned bottling units have been acquiring some of its
franchise bottles. In the current system, the strike rate in the Delhi
market is about 40 per cent, which can be improved to 80 per cent in the peak
season, claims a franchise director. The result for Pepsi could be significant

savings. “Colas service just 7.5-8 lakh accounts compared to the other FMCG
players who service three times the number. Innovation in our distribution system
will take us closer to the 21 lakh figure,” says Vats, a franchise director.
Pepsi believes in direct distribution whereas Coke doesn’t. It mainly concentrates on
dealers and most importantly cutting costs. “There are plenty of innovations possible in
distribution that can cut costs”, says a Pepsi official. For Pepsi, the rural
market is a chosen thrust this year. It has targeted to reach 20 to 28 per cent of the rural
population in the first year of this operation. In the first stage, the corporation is
planning a massive roll out in villages with populations of 5000. To do this
effectively, Pepsi is focusing on establishing a cold chain. The company
has developed special freezers that allow its products to stay chilled despite power cuts
of three to four hours. It will also use traditional iceboxes to sell its product in rural India.
For the rural markets, Pepsi is looking at the wholesale route since the logistics of direct
distribution are too huge to handle in the interiors.
Promotion
This refers to the promotion of the product to the target market. This
is achieved through a combination of: advertising: use of electronic and print
media. The "reach" (how many people will see the advert), frequency (how many
times will I advertise the product?) and impact of the advertising must also be
evaluated. Personal selling: what happens in the "shop", contact
between sales people and consumers or customers

Sales promotion: use of gimmicks and incentives e.g. competitions.

Sponsorship and promotional licensing: including specific products sold under license
that promotes the business (e.g. football jumpers). Publicity or public
relations: "adversarial" in local papers or special promotional materials.
Due to the cola wars promotion, and advertising has always been an integral part for both
the cola cos: Pepsi and Coke. But for the first time perhaps in the history of cola wars,
the strategies of the two giant cos are diverging in India. Whether it’s business or
product strategies or the critical distribution game plan, the archrivals are taking roads
that do not meet. Mr. Bakshi of Pepsi Co. is bringing a change in their distribution and
marketing strategies. Now days where Coke is concentrating more on the 200ml
bottle, Mr. Bakshi of Pepsi says “The 200ml bottle gets zero demand in the rural
market.” He is concentrating on the 1.0 liter bottles of Pepsi. The Pepsi Co. had used an
excellent marketing strategy here. During the Lagaan mania they were distributing
free tickets in the rural markets along with their 1.5-liter PET bottles. Pepsi made
this 1.5-liter PET bottle very famous for their special festive occasions and marriage.
Well the popularity of the product has also increased due to their advertisements or
basically famous cricket and bollywood personalities endorsing this product. For
instance the Sachin “Aala re Aala” advertisement where even he is wearing a mask along
with those rural kids. Or you can even take the new Sachin and Amitabh Bachchan
advertisement where both of them say “ Yeh Dil Maange More!!!!!!!” Sachin has
done many advertisements for Pepsi in the span of 10 years. Pepsi’s
rural market advertisement- Pepsi has unveiled a major campaign in Andhra Pradesh,
roping in top Telugu film star, Pawan Kalyan, even as the star's elder brother,
Chiranjeevi, is into pushing Coca-Cola's Thums Up. Pawan Kalyan, however, ruled
out any rivalry between
The products produced by the Pakistan Beverage Ltd. Comprises of a range of incredibly
taste appealing drinks. This company produces drinks conjugating four flavors.•
FLAVOURS
DRINKS
• COLA PEPSI-COLA• LEMON 7-UP•
ORANGE MIRINDA• LIME TEAM

MOUNTAIN DEW is another product, which is a promotion of a mixed flavor soft drink
that typically involves the lemon and the orange flavor.

The product line extension of Pepsi also include TROPICANA which has introduced few
months before in Pakistan having a flavor of mango, it is a product called SLICE which
is innovated in a form of TROPICANA.

Pricing
•Pepsi has adopted market penetration pricing strategy at that time when it was introduce,
coca cola has covered a large market in Pakistan.•But now the prices of Pepsi is almost
same as of its competitor that is coca cola.

SIZES PRICES
•Pepsi Regular Rs12•Pepsi(Pet Bottle)5ooml Rs20•Pepsi 1Ltr
Rs25•Pepsi 1.5Ltr Rs40•Pepsi Jumbo2.25Ltr Rs55

Placing
The distribution system of Pepsi cola company is organized as follows:•Firstly there are
branches in every city of Pakistan, The branch in Karachi is headed by a sales manager
then there is a sales executive who is also known as
Territory Development Manager (TDM)
who is responsible about the trucks, then further down is the sales officer who has a wide
authority and then there is a sales supervisor who look after the trucks and finally
salesman.•Each sales manager handles
60
trucks. •There is also another form of distribution of Pepsi which is through agencies
formed in almost every large area of Karachi.•The trucks from the company supplies
products to these agencies and then further the agents supplies it to every possible
retailer.

Promotion

•Pepsi cola company has promoted its product by every means of promotion. Like for
example through electronic media (television, radio, internet), through print media,
through bill boards etc•The Pepsi have also signed some agreements with some very
strong and expanded retailers. •These exclusive agreements are signed with Pizza Hut
and KFC, So whichever outlet of Pizza Hut or KFC you approach you will only find
pepsi products (and not its competitors). •Pepsi cola has also signed this agreement with
the cafeteria retailer of IoBM (Institute Of Buisness Management).•These agreements are
usually based on the incentives that Pepsi offers to these retailers, for instance fast and
efficient service or by providing Just-In-Time stock ordering facilities.
• Pepsi has continued using product endorsement by using TV actors/models and
cricketers, and other famous celebrities in order to promote their products.
Competitors
•Pepsi the largest beverage company in Pakistan with 72% market share. It has not been
an easier pathway for Pepsi to gain nearly 3/4
th
of our country’s market share in less time compare to its biggest competitors Coca Cola
Limited.•They have tried to harm Pepsi in some ways or the other.•In 1994, Coke
reduced the prices to Rs5 and Pepsi has to reduce their prices in order to compete
MARKETING STRATEGIES:

Ω
For a business to be successful with its marketing activities, it will need to: undertake a
"situational analysis", including a SWOT analysis. A business must continually identify
and take advantage of opportunities if it is to retain a competitive advantage over its
rivals or competitors. This will also involve continual improvement in the organization
and operations of the business and the development of a marketing plan.
Ω
Identify the target markets that the business wants to pursue. This is where a
business distinguishes between the different groups that make up the market. This
can be done on demographic (e.g. age and sex), geographic location or
psychographics (consumer behavior) variables.
Ω
Develop a marketing mix appropriate to the target markets.
Ω
Put a marketing management system in place to collect data on items such as the
marketing strategies or product sales so that informed decisions can be made about
future marketing activities.

THE MARKETING MIX-4 P’S WITH SPECIAL

REFERENCE TO PEPSI:
Product:
A business needs to consider the products that it produces and the
stage of the product life cycle that a product is at. Marketing strategies will vary
according to the type of product and its stage in the life cycle. In case
of Pepsi, in the rural markets, the 300ml bottle and now days the new small or
commonly known as the “chota pepsi” is very much popular. The Pepsi Co. is even
thinking of introducing their new Pepsi-Aha, but presently they are concentrating more
on the normal pepsi as the rural market is a niche market. Pepsi is even successful in
introducing the big 1-1.5 liter PET bottles in the rural markets. These big bottles are very
popular during big festivals and marriages.

Price:
Most businesses use a "cost plus" method for setting the prices of
their products. This involves determining unit production costs and then adding in a profit
margin. However, many other factors are involved. Consider "perceived price" (what
you think consumers will be prepared to pay), demand elasticity (is it elastic or
inelastic?), competitors' pricing (can you afford to undercut their prices?), pricing
objectives (what do you want to achieve Ð increased market share? increased profits?
market leadership? etc.)
Example 2 Perfume

‫מ‬
How much does it cost to make?
‫מ‬
Can businesses afford a "price war"?
‫מ‬
Why is Coca Cola so successful? As far as the pricing goes, the 300
ml Pepsi bottle is priced at Rs. 10. But the company soon realized that this pricing
worked in the urban markets but not in the rural markets as in the rural markets, Pepsi is
not a necessity but a luxury. They found out that people in the rural markets
bought cold drinks only if there was some occasion. A price point of Rs 10 for a 300 ml
bottle has proved a major deterrent: it has kept away new consumers in the urban and
semi-urban pockets, and it has blanked out the far larger rural markets where annual per
capita consumption is less than a bottle. So the Rs. 10 bottle was not that successful. But
their sales increased after introducing the “chota Pepsi”. This 200ml Pepsi was
reasonably priced between Rs.5- Rs.7. This was a major weapon for the expansion of the
rural market. Pepsi expects the small-size offering to account for 30 per cent of volumes
this year compared with 18 per cent last year. But there are other areas
of concern — principally that the 200 ml offering should not cannibalize 300 ml sales. In
that case, there will be no market growth. That is why pricing could be crucial. Pepsi,
for instance, has reckoned that giving consumers 33 per cent (100 ml) less cola at 50 per
cent of the price (Rs 5) is not a sustainable option and can, at best, be used as an
introductory offer.

The conclusion is based on hard facts. Last year, the beverage giants test-marketed 200
ml bottles at a price of Rs 5. Instead of growth, Pepsi discovered that 300 ml drinkers
merely shifted to the 200 ml variant, the market remained stagnant and everyone lost
money. The conclusion was clear: cutting prices does not necessarily expand the market.
Place
This generally refers to the physical locations of product sales as well
as the methods of distribution. However, it is also considered to be the "place" or
"position" in the market of the product; refer to information below. Businesses need to
make many decisions related to "place": access, parking, competition, physical location
etc. It’s the most important P in the cola wars — Place. And nothing
evokes more passion in Pepsi and Coke than distribution. Major innovation is
underway on the distribution front at Pepsi, pre-selling being the biggest of all. It’s been
successfully test marketed in Bangalore, Baroda and Coimbatore — and may soon roll
out nationally. In case of the distribution network,

there is no involvement of wholesalers in the distribution of products. It is more like an

agent network. The companies have divided the country into various regions and
established a franchisee in each region. The franchisees have their own bottling plants
and manage all the day-to-day operations. However, of late, the soft drinks companies
have started setting up company owned bottling units have been acquiring some of its
franchise bottles. In the current system, the strike rate in the Delhi
market is about 40 per cent, which can be improved to 80 per cent in the peak
season, claims a franchise director. The result for Pepsi could be significant

savings. “Colas service just 7.5-8 lakh accounts compared to the other FMCG
players who service three times the number. Innovation in our distribution system
will take us closer to the 21 lakh figure,” says Vats, a franchise director.
Pepsi believes in direct distribution whereas Coke doesn’t. It mainly concentrates on
dealers and most importantly cutting costs. “There are plenty of innovations possible in
distribution that can cut costs”, says a Pepsi official. For Pepsi, the rural
market is a chosen thrust this year. It has targeted to reach 20 to 28 per cent of the rural
population in the first year of this operation. In the first stage, the corporation is
planning a massive roll out in villages with populations of 5000. To do this
effectively, Pepsi is focusing on establishing a cold chain. The company
has developed special freezers that allow its products to stay chilled despite power cuts
of three to four hours. It will also use traditional iceboxes to sell its product in rural India.
For the rural markets, Pepsi is looking at the wholesale route since the logistics of direct
distribution are too huge to handle in the interiors.
Promotion
This refers to the promotion of the product to the target market. This
is achieved through a combination of: advertising: use of electronic and print
media. The "reach" (how many people will see the advert), frequency (how many
times will I advertise the product?) and impact of the advertising must also be
evaluated. Personal selling: what happens in the "shop", contact
between sales people and consumers or customers

Sales promotion: use of gimmicks and incentives e.g. competitions.

Sponsorship and promotional licensing: including specific products sold under license
that promotes the business (e.g. football jumpers). Publicity or public
relations: "adversarial" in local papers or special promotional materials.
Due to the cola wars promotion, and advertising has always been an integral part for both
the cola cos: Pepsi and Coke. But for the first time perhaps in the history of cola wars,
the strategies of the two giant cos are diverging in India. Whether it’s business or
product strategies or the critical distribution game plan, the archrivals are taking roads
that do not meet. Mr. Bakshi of Pepsi Co. is bringing a change in their distribution and
marketing strategies. Now days where Coke is concentrating more on the 200ml
bottle, Mr. Bakshi of Pepsi says “The 200ml bottle gets zero demand in the rural
market.” He is concentrating on the 1.0 liter bottles of Pepsi. The Pepsi Co. had used an
excellent marketing strategy here. During the Lagaan mania they were distributing
free tickets in the rural markets along with their 1.5-liter PET bottles. Pepsi made
this 1.5-liter PET bottle very famous for their special festive occasions and marriage.
Well the popularity of the product has also increased due to their advertisements or
basically famous cricket and bollywood personalities endorsing this product. For
instance the Sachin “Aala re Aala” advertisement where even he is wearing a mask along
with those rural kids. Or you can even take the new Sachin and Amitabh Bachchan
advertisement where both of them say “ Yeh Dil Maange More!!!!!!!” Sachin has
done many advertisements for Pepsi in the span of 10 years. Pepsi’s
rural market advertisement- Pepsi has unveiled a major campaign in Andhra Pradesh,
roping in top Telugu film star, Pawan Kalyan, even as the star's elder brother,
Chiranjeevi, is into pushing Coca-Cola's Thums Up. Pawan Kalyan, however, ruled
out any rivalry between
The products produced by the Pakistan Beverage Ltd. Comprises of a range of incredibly
taste appealing drinks. This company produces drinks conjugating four flavors.•
FLAVOURS
DRINKS
• COLA PEPSI-COLA• LEMON 7-UP•
ORANGE MIRINDA• LIME TEAM

MOUNTAIN DEW is another product, which is a promotion of a mixed flavor soft drink
that typically involves the lemon and the orange flavor.

The product line extension of Pepsi also include TROPICANA which has introduced few
months before in Pakistan having a flavor of mango, it is a product called SLICE which
is innovated in a form of TROPICANA.

Pricing
•Pepsi has adopted market penetration pricing strategy at that time when it was introduce,
coca cola has covered a large market in Pakistan.•But now the prices of Pepsi is almost
same as of its competitor that is coca cola.

SIZES PRICES
•Pepsi Regular Rs12•Pepsi(Pet Bottle)5ooml Rs20•Pepsi 1Ltr
Rs25•Pepsi 1.5Ltr Rs40•Pepsi Jumbo2.25Ltr Rs55

Placing
The distribution system of Pepsi cola company is organized as follows:•Firstly there are
branches in every city of Pakistan, The branch in Karachi is headed by a sales manager
then there is a sales executive who is also known as
Territory Development Manager (TDM)
who is responsible about the trucks, then further down is the sales officer who has a wide
authority and then there is a sales supervisor who look after the trucks and finally
salesman.•Each sales manager handles
60
trucks. •There is also another form of distribution of Pepsi which is through agencies
formed in almost every large area of Karachi.•The trucks from the company supplies
products to these agencies and then further the agents supplies it to every possible
retailer.

Promotion

•Pepsi cola company has promoted its product by every means of promotion. Like for
example through electronic media (television, radio, internet), through print media,
through bill boards etc•The Pepsi have also signed some agreements with some very
strong and expanded retailers. •These exclusive agreements are signed with Pizza Hut
and KFC, So whichever outlet of Pizza Hut or KFC you approach you will only find
pepsi products (and not its competitors). •Pepsi cola has also signed this agreement with
the cafeteria retailer of IoBM (Institute Of Buisness Management).•These agreements are
usually based on the incentives that Pepsi offers to these retailers, for instance fast and
efficient service or by providing Just-In-Time stock ordering facilities.
• Pepsi has continued using product endorsement by using TV actors/models and
cricketers, and other famous celebrities in order to promote their products.
Competitors
•Pepsi the largest beverage company in Pakistan with 72% market share. It has not been
an easier pathway for Pepsi to gain nearly 3/4
th
of our country’s market share in less time compare to its biggest competitors Coca Cola
Limited.•They have tried to harm Pepsi in some ways or the other.•In 1994, Coke
reduced the prices to Rs5 and Pepsi has to reduce their prices in order to compete

About PepsiCo

PepsiCo offers the world's largest portfolio of billion-dollar food and beverage brands,
including 18 different product lines that each generate more than $1 billion in annual
retail sales. Our main businesses - Frito-Lay, Quaker, Pepsi-Cola, Tropicana and
Gatorade - also make hundreds of other nourishing, tasty foods and drinks that bring joy
to our consumers in over 200 countries. With more than $43 billion in 2008 revenues,
PepsiCo employs 198,000 people who are united by our unique commitment to
sustainable growth, called Performance with Purpose. By dedicating ourselves to offering
a broad array of choices for healthy, convenient and fun nourishment, reducing our
environmental impact, and fostering a diverse and inclusive workplace culture, PepsiCo
balances strong financial returns with giving back to our communities worldwide. For
more information, please visit www.pepsico.com.

A unique Pricing Strategy – “Chota Pepsi and Coke”

mer of Chennai which made me realize of this unique pricing strategy of Cola
Companies. Few days back while quenching my thirst in a local cola shop in Chennai, I
discovered how these Cola companies have strategically shift there pricing by selling
200ml of soft-drink at the cost of 300ml. I had to quench my thirst by consuming 2
bottles huhhh!!

It was few years back when these companies come up with the concept of “Chota Pepsi”
or “Coke” for that matter. They offered consumers 150 ml of soft-drink for Rs.5. It was
well accepted by consumers who were use to drink 300 ml. At this point of time both 150
ml and 300 ml (for Rs. 9) were available in the market.

Then after some time they increased the volume and price of small bottles to 200 ml and
Rs. 7, though 300 ml was at same price. These companies discovered a new trend in
consumers. They realized that still consumers prefer small bottles. This appeared as a
great opportunity for them. Bingo!! The result of this we are seeing now.

Finally, these companies are now selling same “Chota Pepsi” or “Small Coke” at the
price of “Bada” i.e. Rs. 9. And we without realizing this have happily accepted this. And
the price of pet jar i.e. 500 ml has just increased from Rs. 18 to Rs. 20, where as the
prices of 1.5 liters and 2 liters have been decreasing or is mostly with some offer like free
my can or something. 300 ml bottles have almost vanished from the market now.

Hats Off to the pricing strategy of the Cola Companies who have been successfully able
to sell 66% of the product at the cost of 100% almost in a phased manner and making
consumer habitual and unaware of the increased price.

Project 3 System Definition

Instructor: Jim Danenberg Leanne Otzelberger, Eric Volann, Kevin Bussema,

Manvinder Kaur Western Michigan University BUS 270 11:00 AM Team 4

Table of Contents
Page Number Executive Summary
………………………………………………………… 1
 Pepsi Input
–
Processing
–
Output Model
…………..……………………… 2

Pepsi’s Mission

………………………………………………………… 3
Business Views
…………………………………………………………
5 Interrelating Dimensions
…………….…………………………………
7 Self Evaluations
………………………………………………………...
9
Page 1
Executive Summary Page 2
Pepsi Input
–
Processing
–
Output Model

Input Supply 1. Manage supply ingredients to ensure availability to produce products. 2.

Maintain purified water supply for quality and availability to produce products.
Manufacturing 1. Ensure best technology is available to produce products and mix
ingredients. 2. Ensure quick storage and inventory processes to maintain freshness and
quality. Sales 1. Determine demand by past sales and future marketing. 2. Adjust
quantities produced in real time to meet appropriate demand. Page 3 Output Supply 1.
Determine inventory of ingredients to order new supplies. 2. Maintain purified water
supply so ensure continuance of production. Manufacturing 1. Ensure proper packaging
to ensure quality and freshness in products. 2. Maintain quick local distribution to ensure
freshness and quality products. Sales 1. Keep positive distribution levels to all sales
outlets to maintain positive sales. 2. Meet any new demand or competition with products
and consumer needs.

Pepsi’s Mission

The mission of Pepsi is to be the world's premier consumer products company focused on
convenient foods and beverages. We seek to produce healthy financial rewards to
investors as we provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our
business partners and the communities in which we operate. And in everything we do,
we strive for honesty, fairness and integrity. Pepsi has grown faster than both the S&P
500 and their industry group over the past four years. 2003 alone was a strong year.
Their overall volume grew by 5%. Division net revenue grew by 8%. Division operating
profit grew by 10%. Total return to shareholders was 12%. Earnings per share grew by
22%. They have six of the fifteen largest-selling brands in U.S. Page 4 supermarkets.
And, around the world, sixteen of their brands sell more than one billion dollars each at
retail. Pepsi is also very concerned about the environment and has a separate set of
goals. Our goal is to have the least possible impact on the environment, and so far we
have been very successful. For example, in 1992 Pepsi-Cola replaced its can holders
with plastic ring connectors. Using a break-apart concept, these rings snap when cans are
removed from the connectors, greatly reducing the risk of entanglement for wildlife. In
addition, photo-degradable additives break down these connectors into small particles
when they are exposed to sunlight, further reducing the likelihood of any negative
environmental impact. In 1995, Pepsi was one of only 20 companies honored by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). EPA Administrator Carol Browner called the
efforts of Pepsi to reduce solid waste "a notable achievement." A third goal of Pepsi is to
achieve a diverse workforce. Pepsi knows that understanding different cultures is a major
advantage. They view diversity as a key to their future. They see that offering a
workplace where diversity is valued helps them build the top-quality workforce so crucial
to their success by enabling them to attract and retain great people from a wide spectrum
of backgrounds. Their CEO offers this quote,
“PepsiCo has long been
dedicated to instilling the broadest possible base of diversity within our own company
and among the companies who serve us, and is a strong
advocate of diversity within our communities.”
This intense dedication to diversity has led to many awards that include being named a
top 50 company for diversity by Page 5 DiversityInc. Fortune magazine ranked Pepsi
number nine for best companies for minorities.
Business Views
These are the three different views to explain Pepsi in terms of relevance, accuracy,
timeliness, exclusiveness, and accessibility. MARKETING VIEW-: The marketing view
is the backbone of business dimension in case study of Pepsi. In order to make a firm
successful in the marketplace this view must penetrate all the other views together.
Introducing new ways to approach the market or launching a new product needs good
understanding of the target population, which is done through the marketing view. It
forecasts and plans the different components in the business dimension that are going to
affect the future of the company. Through the marketing view Pepsi tries to reach to its
existing as well as future
customers. A competent market strategy is very important in today’s competitive market;
especially for a multinational company like, Pepsi. Narrowing down its different
products towards different type of population, for example, Sprite among buyers for
various products within the company. Advertising is a very vital part in the marketing
view because it brings the consumers and Pepsi together which determines the demand.
PRODUCT VIEW-: The product view of Pepsi reflects the launch of new products every
six months. As seen among these globally operating beverage companies, Pepsi and
Coke, in order to stay competent in the market they invent new products to Page 6
attract more customers and please the existing ones. If Pepsi does not try hard in
experimenting new products they know someone else could steal the market with similar
ideas. If there is no product, there is no business. Therefore, in order to dominant the
market globally as well as in the U.S., Pepsi comes with different flavors or even changes
the looks of bottles. Pepsi has wide variety of beverages like soft drinks, juices, water,
and energy drinks. This company started with just plain soda and since than has been
trying to add more products to its existing line. If you look according to the accessibility
view you can also see those vending machines everywhere for your conveniences.
LOGISTIC VIEW-: The logistic view is a very important part of the globally operating
companies. For Pepsi, to have bottling plants in all the countries they sell the products is
necessary. By doing this, there exists a well-established connection between the
suppliers, producers, distributors and consumers
. Pepsi Company’s organization
is divided into four areas covering Asia, Africa, Europe and America. These four
subdivisions are further narrowed among the countries in these continents. The inter-
organization structure of the company has different divisions. The manufacturing plant
makes and bottles the product, the distributors deliver to the suppliers, and the suppliers
sell it to the retailers and finally to the consumers. These supply
–
chains in different countries are controlled by one main headquarter.
Page 7
Interrelating Dimensions
Whenever views from different dimensions are intermingled, there are always
constraints and limitations that occur. As business deal with these issues, that is called
views integration. Every view from the business dimension interacts somehow with
every view from both the world and behavioral dimension. One example of this would
be relating the marketing view from the business dimension to the communication view
from the behavior dimension. The marketing view
“penetrates” all other views to make a firm successful in the marketplace. It’s forecasts
and plans are multi-factor calculations and predictions, where holistic approaches are
needed. The communication view reflects a firm’s nervous system and it’s abili
ty to communicate goals, objectives, strategies, policies and feedback that determine
positive or negative performance. Companies may us many methods of communication
such as interpersonal, business, professional, managerial, cross-cultural, and
organizational communication. Effective communication is a major challenge for any
business.
Like previously mentioned, PepsiCo’s mission is to be the world’s premier
consumer products company focused on convenient foods and beverages. They seek to
produce healthy financial rewards to investors as they provide opportunities for growth
and enrichment to their employees, their business partners and the communities in which
we operate. And in everything they do, they strive for honesty, fairness and integrity.
The communication view focuses on this and every other goal that the company declares.
It uses many different aspects, or as we’re looking at it, views to communicate with all
others in the company to reach these goals, and continue achieving its mission. Page 8
Marketing looks at what the company’s goals to predict what would be best to
reach their target markets, to get them to buy their products, and possibly reach new
markets. To do this, the marketing department is going to have to communicate successf
ully between themselves. They’re also going to have to communicate effectively
with all other departments of the company. For example, finding out past information
about sales, products, pricing, etc. would be essential. Marketing also may have restrict
ions set on what they’re able to do and need to communicate to the appropriate
people as to what they may or may not be able to put across to the public. There are so
many ways that communication works together with marketing as well as all other views
of the business dimension. This is just a small portion of the complexity of the
interaction between the six behavioral views, four world views, and thirteen business
views.
Page 9
Self Evaluations Kevin Bussema
I learned many things from this exercise. I learned about the input, process,
output strategy that company’s use and the importance it holds within their respective
companies. I will take these skills with me into whatever career I hold in the future and
apply them according to how my company does business. In my personal life I will
continue to strive to be efficient and organized much like these companies structure them
as a whole. Our team functioned highly efficiently. We spent time researching,
discussing and dividing up tasks acc
ording to team member’s strengths and weaknesses.
I think this project was designed very well from time management to importance of the
project.
Manvinder Kaur
I learned how to look at websites from different ways. I learned many new things about
Pepsi
Company’s, which might help me in future projects and this information is
useful in other creative thinking in businesses. About my team, we worked together in
this project. So, I think it’s not hard to do those kinds of projects because we divided
work into parts, we shared information about project with each other and also we create a
culture that encouraged us to work together, share ideas and remain motivated. Every one
in a group did very well. We planned for project, before two or three days from due date.
All of are really a helpful person’s in my group. So, I think if we are working together
like this we definitely do well in our coming projects. Page 10
Leanne Otzelberger
This project seemed simple at first but ended up being more challenging. It caused us all
to work together even more which was good. We were able to help each other when we
had questions. It was cool because it directly applied more to what we were doing in the
class at the time. I think that it would have been beneficial to go over some of it in class
more, but it worked out fine and we all knew that we were able to get personal help from
the professor if needed.
Eric Volann
I also thought this project was relatively simple, but I enjoyed it because I am unfamiliar
with system definition and this project provided a nice introduction into this field. This
has generated interest and I am looking forward to future projects using systems. The
group divided the work pretty evenly, but communicated well on organizing and
synchronizing our parts. I think this project was easier to execute than the previous one
because the directions were clearer and the information was readily available

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Coca-Cola

Modern Design Dictionary: Coca-Cola

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(established 1886)

Coca-Cola is the most recognized brand in the world and has been closely identified with
notions of consumption and democracy in the United States. Following the invention of
the drink in 1886, the Coca-Cola company was put on firmer foundations by Asa G.
Chandler six years later. By the turn of the century he had evolved a prolific advertising
campaign, the budget for which was $100,000 in 1901. Alexander Samuelson developed
the Coca-Cola bottle in 1913. Put into mass production two years later by the Root Glass
Company in Terre Haute, Indiana, the new design was a response to the company's
perceived need to develop an instantly recognizable product identity capable of
protection by trademark and patent laws. In fact, the company's design brief was to ‘find
a Coca-Cola bottle which a person will recognize as a Coca-Cola bottle even if he feels it
in the dark. The Coca-Cola bottle should be shaped that, even if broken, one could tell at
a glance what it was.’ The distinctive Coca-Cola script (as well as the name and slogan
‘Delicious and Refreshing’) had been designed earlier by company bookkeeper and
amateur calligrapher, Frank Robinson. So commercially successful was Coca-Cola over
the following decades that by the time of the Second World War it was seen as such an
evocative symbol of the American way of life that the company undertook to supply
American troops with the drink wherever they were, thus maintaining morale. A similar
strategy was repeated in the Korean and Vietnam Wars. After the war the American
industrial designer Raymond Loewy designed the distinctive streamlined red Dole
Deluxe Coca-Cola dispenser in 1947, the Dole Super dispenser in 1951, and a Coca-Cola
bottle opener in 1956. In 1954 Loewy also turned his attention to a redesign of the
distinctive bottle (redesigned several times in its long history), although he acknowledged
that the original was ‘the most perfectly designed package in the world’. Loewy's brief
was to give the bottle ‘a more refined silhouette’. Other ideas that Raymond Loewy
Associates worked on for Coca-Cola included a drinks cooler (1945) and a truck design
(1946). Coca-Cola has continued to develop globally whilst largely maintaining the
visual characteristics of its brand identity and by the early 21st century was sold in more
than 200 countries.
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US History Encyclopedia: Coca-Cola

Home > Library > History, Politics & Society > US History Encyclopedia

The soft drink Coca-Cola was invented by the Atlanta pharmacist and patent medicine
maker John S. Pemberton in 1886. Its name, suggested by an employee, Frank Robinson,
derived from its two principal drug ingredients, the Peruvian coca leaf (cocaine) and the
West African kola nut (caffeine). Coca-Cola was originally sold as a "nerve tonic" to cure
the then-popular supposed disease of neurasthenia, and its promoters claimed it treated
headaches and hangovers as well. The sugary syrup, mixed with carbonated water, was
also sold as a "delicious and refreshing" soda fountain drink.
Pemberton died penniless in 1888, but a fellow Atlanta pharmacist, As a G. Candler, with
the assistance of Frank Robinson, made Coca-Cola a national soda fountain success by
the end of the century, gradually abandoning patent medicine claims. The current Coca-
Cola

Company was incorporated in 1892. Candler saw no future in bottling the drink and gave
the bottling rights to Benjamin Thomas and Joseph Whitehead, two Chattanooga lawyers,
in 1899. Thomas and Whitehead parlayed the contract into a successful bottling franchise
system that truly democratized the drink. In 1903, under considerable social pressure,
Candler removed the cocaine from Coca-Cola. In 1919 his children sold the business for
$25 million to a syndicate of bankers headed by the Atlanta businessman Ernest
Woodruff. Plagued by high sugar prices, Woodruff unsuccessfully attempted to abrogate
the perpetual bottling contract. In 1923, his son Robert W. Woodruff took over the
presidency of the troubled company and made Coca-Cola, popularly called "Coke," a
symbol of the American way of life through ubiquitous, effective advertising. The
patriarchal Woodruff passed on every major company decision until his death in 1985 at
the age of ninety-five.

During World War II, Coca-Cola was deemed an essential morale booster for American
troops overseas, and Coke employees established bottling plants behind the lines, thus
positioning the company for swift global expansion in the postwar world. In France and
elsewhere during the early 1950s, communists spread rumors that Coke destroyed health
and virility, but efforts to halt the soft drink's international expansion failed.

Beginning in the depression era, Pepsi-Cola arose as a fierce competitor, offering more
drink for a nickel. Coke finally matched Pepsi ounce for ounce and offered Sprite, Fanta,
and other drinks from the 1960s on ward. In the 1980s and 1990s, the aggressive chief
executive officer Rober to Goizueta revolutionized the company, giving the revered Coke
name to Diet Coke and in 1985 changing the flavor of Coca-Cola in the New Coke
disaster. Ironically, this marketing blunder reinvigorated sales of Classic Coca-Cola when
the company brought it back after a three-month hiatus. Following brief forays into
diversification, notably in Columbia Pictures, Goizueta refocused the company solely on
soft drinks. Under his leadership the share price shot up. Following Goizueta's death in
1997, the company entered a difficult period during which its stock declined.

Although the "cola wars" continued into the twenty-first century, Coca-Cola remained the
world's preeminent soft drink. The world's most widely distributed product at that time,
"Coca-Cola" was reputedly the second best-known word on Earth after "okay." The
history of Coca-Cola provides a case study in modern image marketing, in which a fizzy
soft drink, mostly sugar water, assumed massive symbolic weight for both critics and
advocates.

Bibliography

Allen, Frederick. Secret Formula. New York: Harper Business, 1994.

Greising, David. I'd Like the World to Buy a Coke: The Life and Leadership of Roberto
Goizueta. New York: Wiley, 1998.

Oliver, Thomas. The Real Coke, the Real Story. New York: Random House, 1986.

Pendergrast, Mark. For God, Country, and Coca-Cola. 2ded. New York: Basic Books,
2000.

—Mark Pendergrast

Wikipedia: Coca-Cola
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Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Wikipedia
This article is about the beverage. For its manufacturer, see The Coca-Cola Company.
"Coca-Cola Classic" redirects here. For the NCAA football game, see Coca-Cola Classic
(college football).
Coca-Cola

Type Soft drink (Cola)

Manufacturer The Coca-Cola Company
Country of
United States
origin
Introduced 1886
Color Caramel E-150d
Cola, Cola Green Tea, Cola Lemon, Cola
Flavor Lemon Lime, Cola Lime, Cola Orange and
Cola Raspberry.
Variants See Brand portfolio section below
Related Pepsi
products Irn Bru
RC Cola
 Cola Turka
Zam Zam Cola
Mecca Cola
Virgin Cola
Parsi Cola
Qibla Cola
Evoca Cola
Corsica Cola
Breizh Cola
Afri Cola

The Las Vegas Strip World of Coca-Cola museum in 2000

Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants and vending machines
internationally. The Coca-Cola Company claims that the beverage is sold in more than
200 countries.[1] It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta, Georgia, and is
often referred to simply as Coke (a now genericized trademark) or (in European and
American countries) as cola, pop, or in some parts of the U.S., soda. Originally intended
as a patent medicine when it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton,
Coca-Cola was bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose marketing tactics
led Coke to its dominance of the world soft-drink market throughout the 20th century.

The company produces concentrate, which is then sold to licensed Coca-Cola bottlers
throughout the world. The bottlers, who hold territorially exclusive contracts with the
company, produce finished product in cans and bottles from the concentrate in
combination with filtered water and sweeteners. The bottlers then sell, distribute and
merchandise Coca-Cola to retail stores and vending machines. Such bottlers include
Coca-Cola Enterprises, which is the largest single Coca-Cola bottler in North America
and western Europe. The Coca-Cola Company also sells concentrate for soda fountains to
major restaurants and food service distributors.

The Coca-Cola Company has, on occasion, introduced other cola drinks under the Coke
brand name. The most common of these is Diet Coke, with others including Caffeine-
Free Coca-Cola, Diet Coke Caffeine-Free, Coca-Cola Cherry, Coca-Cola Zero, Coca-
Cola Vanilla, and special editions with lemon, lime or coffee.

In response to consumer insistence on a more natural product, the company is in the

process of phasing out E211, or sodium benzoate, the controversial additive used in Diet
Coke and linked to DNA damage to yeast cells and hyperactivity in children. The
company has stated that it plans to remove E211 from its other products, including Sprite
and Oasis, as soon as a satisfactory alternative is found.[2]

According to Coca-Cola authorities, the best Coca-Cola is made in Skopje, Macedonia,

where the company has granted the Skopje Brewery its "Best Bottling Company" award.
[3][4][5]

Contents
[hide]

• 1 History
o 1.1 New Coke
o 1.2 21st Century
• 2 Use of stimulants in formula
o 2.1 Coca — cocaine
o 2.2 Kola nuts — caffeine
• 3 Production
o 3.1 Ingredients
o 3.2 Formula of natural flavorings
o 3.3 Franchised production model
• 4 Brand portfolio
o 4.1 Logo design
o 4.2 Contour bottle design
• 5 Local competitors
• 6 Advertising
o 6.1 Holiday campaigns
o 6.2 Sports sponsorship
o 6.3 In mass media
• 7 Health effects
• 8 Criticism
 • 9 In popular culture
o 9.1 Use as a spermicide
o 9.2 Use as a political and corporate symbol
• 10 See also
o 10.1 Coca-Cola variations
• 11 Notes

• 12 External links

History
The first Coca-Cola recipe was invented in a drugstore in Columbus, Georgia by John
Pemberton, originally as a cocawine called Pemberton's French Wine Coca in 1885.[6] He
may have been inspired by the formidable success of Vin Mariani, a European cocawine.

In 1886, when Atlanta and Fulton County passed prohibition legislation, Pemberton
responded by developing Coca-Cola, essentially a non-alcoholic version of French Wine
Cola.[7] The first sales were at Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia, on May 8, 1886.[8] It
was initially sold as a patent medicine for five cents[9] a glass at soda fountains, which
were popular in the United States at the time due to the belief that carbonated water was
good for the health.[10] Pemberton claimed Coca-Cola cured many diseases, including
morphine addiction, dyspepsia, neurasthenia, headache, and impotence. Pemberton ran
the first advertisement for the beverage on May 29 of the same year in the Atlanta
Journal.[11]

By 1888, three versions of Coca-Cola—sold by three separate businesses—were on the

market. Asa Griggs Candler acquired a stake in Pemberton's company in 1887 and
incorporated it as the Coca Cola Company in 1888.[12] The same year, while suffering
from an ongoing addiction to morphine,[citation needed] Pemberton sold the rights a second
time to four more businessmen: J.C. Mayfield, A.O. Murphey, C.O. Mullahy and E.H.
Bloodworth. Meanwhile, Pemberton's alcoholic[citation needed] son Charley Pemberton began
selling his own version of the product.[13]

John Pemberton declared that the name "Coca-Cola" belonged to Charley, but the other
two manufacturers could continue to use the formula. So, in the summer of 1888, Candler
sold his beverage under the names Yum Yum and Koke. After both failed to catch on,
Candler set out to establish a legal claim to Coca-Cola in late 1888, in order to force his
two competitors out of the business. Candler purchased exclusive rights to the formula
from John Pemberton, Margaret Dozier and Woolfolk Walker. However, in 1914, Dozier
came forward to claim her signature on the bill of sale had been forged, and subsequent
analysis has indicated John Pemberton's signature was most likely a forgery as well.[14]

Old German Coca-Cola bottle opener

In 1892 Candler incorporated a second company, The Coca-Cola Company (the current
corporation), and in 1910 Candler had the earliest records of the company burned, further
obscuring its legal origins. By the time of its 50th anniversary, the drink had reached the
status of a national icon in the USA. In 1935, it was certified kosher by Rabbi Tobias
Geffen, after the company made minor changes in the sourcing of some ingredients.[15]

Coca-Cola was sold in bottles for the first time on March 12, 1894. The first outdoor wall
advertisement was painted in the same year as well in Cartersville, Georgia.[16] Cans of
Coke first appeared in 1955.[17] The first bottling of Coca-Cola occurred in Vicksburg,
Mississippi, at the Biedenharn Candy Company in 1891. Its proprietor was Joseph A.
Biedenharn. The original bottles were Biedenharn bottles, very different from the much
later hobble-skirt design that is now so familiar. Asa Candler was tentative about bottling
the drink, but two entrepreneurs from Chattanooga, Tennessee, Benjamin F. Thomas and
Joseph B. Whitehead, proposed the idea and were so persuasive that Candler signed a
contract giving them control of the procedure for only one dollar. Candler never collected
his dollar, but in 1899 Chattanooga became the site of the first Coca-Cola bottling
company.[18] The loosely termed contract proved to be problematic for the company for
decades to come. Legal matters were not helped by the decision of the bottlers to
subcontract to other companies, effectively becoming parent bottlers.[19]

Coke concentrate, or Coke syrup, was and is sold separately at pharmacies in small
quantities, as an over-the-counter remedy for nausea or mildly upset stomach.

New Coke

Main article: New Coke

On April 23, 1985, Coca-Cola, amid much publicity, attempted to change the formula of
the drink with "New Coke". Follow-up taste tests revealed that most consumers preferred
the taste of New Coke to both Coke and Pepsi, but Coca-Cola management was
unprepared for the public's nostalgia for the old drink, leading to a backlash. The
company gave in to protests and returned to the old formula under the name Coca-Cola
Classic on July 10, 1985.

21st Century

On February 7, 2005, the Coca-Cola Company announced that in the second quarter of
2005 they planned to launch a Diet Coke product sweetened with the artificial sweetener
sucralose ("Splenda"), the same sweetener currently used in Pepsi One.[20][21] On March
21, 2005, it announced another diet product, Coca-Cola Zero, sweetened partly with a
blend of aspartame and acesulfame potassium.[22] In 2007, Coca-Cola began to sell a new
"healthy soda": Diet Coke with vitamins B6, B12, magnesium, niacin, and zinc, marketed
as "Diet Coke Plus."

On July 5, 2005, it was revealed that Coca-Cola would resume operations in Iraq for the
first time since the Arab League boycotted the company in 1968.[23]
In April 2007, in Canada, the name "Coca-Cola Classic" was changed back to "Coca-
Cola." The word "Classic" was truncated because "New Coke" was no longer in
production, eliminating the need to differentiate between the two.[24] The formula
remained unchanged.

In January 2009, Coca-Cola stopped printing the word "Classic" on the labels of 16-
ounce bottles sold in parts of the southeastern United States.[25] The change is part of a
larger strategy to rejuvenate the product's image.[25]

Use of stimulants in formula

When launched Coca-Cola's two key ingredients were cocaine (benzoylmethyl ecgonine)
and caffeine. The cocaine was derived from the coca leaf and the caffeine from kola nut,
leading to the name Coca-Cola (the "K" in Kola was replaced with a "C" for marketing
purposes).[26][27]

Coca — cocaine

Pemberton called for five ounces of coca leaf per gallon of syrup, a significant dose; in
1891, Candler claimed his formula (altered extensively from Pemberton's original)
contained only a tenth of this amount. Coca-Cola did once contain an estimated nine
milligrams of cocaine per glass, but in 1903 it was removed.[28] Coca-Cola still contains
coca flavoring.

After 1904, instead of using fresh leaves, Coca-Cola started using "spent" leaves—the
leftovers of the cocaine-extraction process with cocaine trace levels left over at a
molecular level.[29] To this day, Coca-Cola uses as an ingredient a cocaine-free coca leaf
extract prepared at a Stepan Company plant in Maywood, New Jersey.

In the United States, Stepan Company is the only manufacturing plant authorized by the
Federal Government to import and process the coca plant,[30] which it obtains mainly
from Peru and, to a lesser extent, Bolivia. Besides producing the coca flavoring agent for
Coca-Cola, Stepan Company extracts cocaine from the coca leaves, which it sells to
Mallinckrodt, a St. Louis, Missouri pharmaceutical manufacturer that is the only
company in the United States licensed to purify cocaine for medicinal use.[31] Stepan
Company buys about 100 metric tons of dried Peruvian coca leaves each year, according
to Marco Castillo, spokesman for Peru's state-owned National Coca Co.[32]

Kola nuts — caffeine

Kola nuts act as a flavoring and the source of caffeine in Coca-Cola. In Britain, for
example, the ingredient label states "Flavourings (Including Caffeine)."[33] Kola nuts
contain about 2 percent to 3.5 percent caffeine, are of bitter flavor and are commonly
used in cola soft drinks. In 1911, the U.S. government initiated United States v. Forty
Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, hoping to force Coca-Cola to remove caffeine
from its formula. The case was decided in favor of Coca-Cola. Subsequently, in 1912 the
U.S. Pure Food and Drug Act was amended, adding caffeine to the list of "habit-forming"
and "deleterious" substances which must be listed on a product's label.

Coca-Cola contains 34 mg of caffeine per 12 fluid ounces, while Diet Coke Caffeine-Free
contains 0 mg.[34] Caffeine is an ergogenic aid used to increase the capacity for mental or
physical labor. The ergogenic qualities of caffeine are contested, although there is strong
evidence that it may significantly enhance endurance. For this reason, caffeine is listed as
a restricted substance by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).[35]

Production
Ingredients

• Carbonated water
• Sugar (sucrose or fructose depending on country of origin)
• Caffeine
• Phosphoric acid v. Caramel (E150d)
• Natural flavourings[36]

A can of Coca-Cola (330 millilitres (12 imp fl oz; 11 US fl oz)) contains 35 grams
(1.2 oz), or 7-8 teaspoons, of sugar.[37]

Bottles of Coca-Cola Zero and Coca-Cola Light

Formula of natural flavorings

Main article: Coca-Cola formula

The exact formula of Coca-Cola's natural flavourings (but not its other ingredients which
are listed on the side of the bottle or can) is a famous trade secret. The original copy of
the formula is held in SunTrust Bank's main vault in Atlanta. Its predecessor, the Trust
Company, was the underwriter for the Coca-Cola Company's initial public offering in
1919. A popular myth states that only two executives have access to the formula, with
each executive having only half the formula.[38] The truth is that while Coca-Cola does
have a rule restricting access to only two executives, each knows the entire formula and
others, in addition to the prescribed duo, have known the formulation process.[39]

Franchised production model

The actual production and distribution of Coca-Cola follows a franchising model. The
Coca-Cola Company only produces a syrup concentrate, which it sells to bottlers
throughout the world, who hold Coca-Cola franchises for one or more geographical areas.
The bottlers produce the final drink by mixing the syrup with filtered water and
sweeteners, and then carbonate it before putting it in cans and bottles, which the bottlers
then sell and distribute to retail stores, vending machines, restaurants and food service
distributors.[40]

The Coca-Cola Company owns minority shares in some of its largest franchises, like
Coca-Cola Enterprises, Coca-Cola Amatil, Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company
(CCHBC) and Coca-Cola FEMSA, but fully independent bottlers produce almost half of
the volume sold in the world. Independent bottlers are allowed to sweeten the drink
according to local tastes.[41]

Brand portfolio
Name Launched Discontinued Notes Picture

Coca-Cola 1886 The original version of Coca-Cola.

Caffeine-Free
1983
Coca-Cola

Was available in Canada starting in

1996. Called "Cherry Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola
1985 (Cherry Coke)" in North America until
Cherry
2006. Zero-calorie variant (Coca-Cola
Cherry Zero) also currently available.
New
Still available in Yap and American
Coke/"Coca- 1985 2002
Samoa
Cola II"

Still available in:

American Samoa, Austria, Belgium,

Brazil, China, Denmark, Federation of
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Finland,
Coca-Cola France, Germany, Hong Kong, Iceland,
2001 2005
with Lemon Korea, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia,
Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway,
Réunion, Singapore, Spain,
Switzerland, Taiwan, Tunisia, United
Kingdom, United States, and West
Bank-Gaza
Still available in:

Austria, Australia, China, Germany,

Hong Kong, New Zealand (600ml
2002 2005
Coca-Cola only) Malaysia, Sweden (Imported)
Vanilla and Russia. Was called "Vanilla Coca-
Cola (Vanilla Coke)" during initial
U.S. availability.
It was reintroduced in June 2007 by
2007
popular demand

Was only available in Japan, Canada,

Coca-Cola C2 2003 2007
and the United States.

Available in Belgium, Netherlands,

Coca-Cola
2005 Singapore,Canada, and the United
with Lime
States.

Coca-Cola
June 2005 End of 2005 Was only available in New Zealand.
Raspberry

Coca-Cola
2005
Zero

Coca-Cola 2005 Only available in Federation of Bosnia

M5 and Herzegovina, Germany, Italy,
 Spain, Mexico and Brazil
Coca-Cola
Middle of Was replaced by Vanilla Coke in June
Black Cherry 2006
2007 2007
Vanilla
Only available in the United States,
France, Canada, Czech Republic,
Coca-Cola Beginning of
2006 Slovak Republic, Federation of Bosnia
Blāk 2008
and Herzegovina, Bulgaria and
Lithuania
Only available in Federation of Bosnia
Coca-Cola
2006 and Herzegovina, New Zealand and
Citra
Japan.
Coca-Cola
2006 Only available in France and Belgium.
Light Sango
Coca-Cola Only available in the United Kingdom
2007
Orange and Gibraltar
Introduced in bottle form after Coke
Coca-Cola
2008 Classic in cans was made. Available in
Classic
Australia and the United States.

Logo design

U.S. containers as of 2008. Sizes vary from 8 US fl oz (240 mL) to 2 L (68 US fl oz),
shown in cans and glass and plastic bottles.

The famous Coca-Cola logo was created by John Pemberton's bookkeeper, Frank Mason
Robinson, in 1885.[42] Robinson came up with the name and chose the logo's distinctive
cursive script. The typeface used, known as Spencerian script, was developed in the mid
19th century and was the dominant form of formal handwriting in the United States
during that period.

Robinson also played a significant role in early Coca-Cola advertising. His promotional
suggestions to Pemberton included giving away thousands of free drink coupons and
plastering the city of Atlanta with publicity banners and streetcar signs.[43]
Contour bottle design

The equally famous Coca-Cola bottle, called the "contour bottle" within the company, but
known to some as the "hobble skirt" bottle, was created in 1915 by bottle designer Earl R.
Dean. In 1915, the Coca-Cola Company launched a competition among its bottle
suppliers to create a new bottle for the beverage that would distinguish it from other
beverage bottles, "a bottle which a person could recognize even if they felt it in the dark,
and so shaped that, even if broken, a person could tell at a glance what it was."[44]

Earl R. Dean's original 1915 concept drawing of the contour Coca-Cola bottle

Chapman J. Root, president of the Root Glass Company, turned the project over to
members of his supervisory staff, including company auditor T. Clyde Edwards, plant
superintendent Alexander Samuelsson, and Earl R. Dean, bottle designer and supervisor
of the bottle molding room. Root and his subordinates decided to base the bottle's design
on one of the soda's two ingredients, the coca leaf or the kola nut, but were unaware of
what either ingredient looked like. Dean and Edwards went to the Emeline Fairbanks
Memorial Library and were unable to find any information about coca or kola. Instead,
Dean was inspired by a picture of the gourd-shaped cocoa pod in the Encyclopedia
Britannica. Dean made a rough sketch of the pod and returned back to the plant to show
Mr. Root. He explained to Root how he could transform the shape of the pod into a
bottle. Chapman Root gave Dean his approval.[44]
The prototype never made it to production since its middle diameter was larger than its
base, making it unstable on conveyor belts.

Faced with the upcoming scheduled maintenance of the mold-making machinery, over
the next 24 hours Dean sketched out a concept drawing which was approved by Root the
next morning. Dean then proceeded to create a bottle mold and produced a small number
of bottles before the glass-molding machinery was turned off.[45]

Chapman Root approved the prototype bottle and a design patent was issued on the bottle
in November, 1915. The prototype never made it to production since its middle diameter
was larger than its base, making it unstable on conveyor belts. Dean resolved this issue
by decreasing the bottle's middle diameter. During the 1916 bottler's convention, Dean's
contour bottle was chosen over other entries and was on the market the same year. By
1920, the contour bottle became the standard for the Coca-Cola Company. Today, the
contour Coca-Cola bottle is one of the most recognized packages on the planet..."even in
the dark!".[46]

Dean reduced the middle diameter, creating the famed Contour Coca-Cola bottle.
As a reward for his efforts, Dean was offered a choice between a $500 bonus or a lifetime
job at the Root Glass Company. He chose the lifetime job and kept it until the Owens-
Illinois Glass Company bought out the Root Glass Company in the mid-1930s. Dean
went on to work in other Midwestern glass factories.

Although endorsed by some[who?], this version of events is not considered authoritative by

many[who?] who consider it implausible. One alternative depiction has Raymond Loewy as
the inventor of the unique design, but, while Loewy did serve as a designer of Coke cans
and bottles in later years, he was in the French Army the year the bottle was invented and
did not emigrate to the United States until 1919. Others have attributed inspiration for the
design not to the cocoa pod, but to a Victorian hooped dress.[47]

In 1944, Associate Justice Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California took
advantage of a case involving a waitress injured by an exploding Coca-Cola bottle to
articulate the doctrine of strict liability for defective products. Traynor's concurring
opinion in Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. is widely recognized as a landmark case in
U.S. law today.[48]

In 1997, Coca-Cola also introduced a "contour can," similar in shape to its famous bottle,
on a few test markets, including Terre Haute, Indiana.[49] The new can has never been
widely released.

A new slim and tall can began to appear in Australia as of December 20, 2006, it cost
AU$1.95. The cans have a distinct resemblance to energy drinks that are popular with
teenagers. The cans were commissioned by Domino's Pizza and are available exclusively
at their restaurants.

In January 2007, Coca-Cola Canada changed "Coca-Cola Classic" labeling, removing the
"Classic" designation, leaving only "Coca-Cola." Coca-Cola stated this is merely a name
change and the product remains the same. The cans still bear the "Classic" logo in the
United States.
Coca-Cola in the new aluminum bottle.

Coca-Cola is a registered trademark in most countries. The U.S. trademark was registered
in the United States Patent Office on January 31, 1893. In the UK, Coca-Cola was
registered with the UK Patent Office on July 11, 1922, under registration number 427817.

In 2007, Coca-Cola introduced an aluminum can designed to look like the original glass
Coca-Cola bottles.

In 2007, the company's logo on cans and bottles changed. The cans and bottles retained
the red color and familiar typeface, but the design was simplified, leaving only the logo
and a plain white swirl (the "dynamic ribbon").

In 2008, in some parts of the world, the plastic bottles for all Coke varieties (including
the larger 1.25- and 2-liter bottles) was changed to include a new plastic screw cap and a
contoured bottle shape designed to evoke the old glass bottles.

Local competitors
Pepsi is usually second to Coke in sales, but outsells Coca-Cola in some markets. Around
the world, some local brands compete with Coke. In South and Central America Kola
Real, known as Big Cola in Mexico, is a fast-growing competitor to Coca-Cola.[50] On the
French island of Corsica, Corsica Cola, made by brewers of the local Pietra beer, is a
growing competitor to Coca-Cola. In the French region of Bretagne, Breizh Cola is
available. In Peru, Inca Kola outsells Coca-Cola, which lead The Coca-Cola Company to
purchase the brand in 1999. In Sweden, Julmust outsells Coca-Cola during the Christmas
season.[51] In Scotland, the locally-produced Irn-Bru was more popular than Coca-Cola
until 2005, when Coca-Cola and Diet Coke began to outpace its sales.[52] In India, Coca-
Cola ranked third behind the leader, Pepsi-Cola, and local drink Thums Up. The Coca-
Cola Company purchased Thums Up in 1993.[53] As of 2004, Coca-Cola held a 60.9%
market-share in India.[54] Tropicola, a domestic drink, is served in Cuba instead of Coca-
Cola, due to a United States embargo. French brand Mecca Cola and British brand Qibla
Cola, popular in the Middle East, are competitors to Coca-Cola. In Turkey, Cola Turka is
a major competitor to Coca-Cola. In Iran and many countries of Middle East, Zam Zam
Cola and Parsi Cola are major competitors to Coca-Cola. In some parts of China Future
cola is a competitor. In Slovenia, the locally-produced Cockta is a major competitor to
Coca-Cola, as is the inexpensive Mercator Cola, which is sold only in the country's
biggest supermarket chain, Mercator. In Israel, RC Cola is an inexpensive competitor.
Classiko Cola, made by Tiko Group, the largest manufacturing company in Madagascar ,
is a serious competitor to Coca-Cola in many regions. Laranjada is the top-selling soft
drink on the Portuguese island of Madeira. Coca-Cola has stated that Pepsi was not its
main rival in the UK, but rather Robinsons drinks.[citation needed]

Advertising

An 1890s advertisement showing model Hilda Clark in formal 19th century attire. The ad
is titled Drink Coca-Cola 5¢.
Coca-Cola ghost sign in Fort Dodge, Iowa. Note older Coca-Cola ghosts behind Borax
and telephone ads.

Coca-Cola's advertising has significantly affected American culture, and it is frequently

credited with inventing the modern image of Santa Claus as an old man in a red-and-
white suit. Although the company did start using the red-and-white Santa image in the
1930s, with its winter advertising campaigns illustrated by Haddon Sundblom, the motif
was already common.[55] Coca-Cola was not even the first soft drink company to use the
modern image of Santa Claus in its advertising: White Rock Beverages used Santa in
advertisements for its ginger ale in 1923, after first using him to sell mineral water in
1915.[56][57]

Before Santa Claus, Coca-Cola relied on images of smartly-dressed young women to sell
its beverages. Coca-Cola's first such advertisement appeared in 1895, featuring the young
Bostonian actress Hilda Clark as its spokeswoman.

1941 saw the first use of the nickname "Coke" as an official trademark for the product,
with a series of advertisements informing consumers that "Coke means Coca-Cola".[58]

In 1971, a song from a Coca-Cola commercial called "I'd Like to Teach the World to
Sing," produced by Billy Davis, became a hit single.

Coke's advertising is pervasive, as one of Woodruff's stated goals was to ensure that
everyone on Earth drank Coca-Cola as their preferred beverage. This is especially true in
southern areas of the United States, such as Atlanta, where Coke was born.

Some of the memorable Coca-Cola television commercials between 1960 through 1986
were written and produced by former Atlanta radio veteran Don Naylor (WGST 1936–
1950, WAGA 1951–1959) during his career as a producer for the McCann Erickson
advertising agency. Many of these early television commercials for Coca-Cola featured
movie stars, sports heroes and popular singers.

During the 1980s, Pepsi-Cola ran a series of television advertisements showing people
participating in taste tests demonstrating that, according to the commercials, "fifty
percent of the participants who said they preferred Coke actually chose the Pepsi."
Statisticians were quick to point out the problematic nature of a 50/50 result: most likely,
all the taste tests really showed was that in blind tests, most people simply cannot tell the
difference between Pepsi and Coke. Coca-Cola ran ads to combat Pepsi's ads in an
incident sometimes referred to as the cola wars; one of Coke's ads compared the so-
called Pepsi challenge to two chimpanzees deciding which tennis ball was furrier.
Thereafter, Coca-Cola regained its leadership in the market.

Selena was a spokesperson for Coca-Cola from 1989 till the time of her death. She filmed
three commercials for the company. In 1994, to commemorate her five years with the
company, Coca-Cola issued special Selena coke bottles.[59]

The Coca-Cola Company purchased Columbia Pictures in 1982, and began inserting
Coke-product images in many of its films. After a few early successes during Coca-
Cola's ownership, Columbia began to under-perform, and the studio was sold to Sony in
1989.

Coca-Cola has gone through a number of different advertising slogans in its long history,
including "The pause that refreshes," "I'd like to buy the world a Coke," and "Coke is it"
(see Coca-Cola slogans).

In 2006, Coca-Cola introduced My Coke Rewards, a customer loyalty campaign where

consumers earn points by entering codes from specially-marked packages of Coca-Cola
products into a website. These points can be redeemed for various prizes or sweepstakes
entries.[60]

Holiday campaigns
Coca-Cola Christmas truck in Germany

The "Holidays are coming!" advertisement features a train of red delivery trucks,
emblazoned with the Coca-Cola name and decorated with electric lights, driving through
a snowy landscape and causing everything that they pass to light up and people to watch
as they pass through.[61]

The advertisement fell into disuse in 2001, as the Coca-Cola company restructured its
advertising campaigns so that advertising around the world was produced locally in each
country, rather than centrally in the company's headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia.[62]
However, in 2007, the company brought back the campaign after, according to the
company, many consumers telephoned its information center saying that they considered
it to mark the beginning of Christmas.[61] The advertisement was created by U.S.
advertising agency Doner, and has been part of the company's global advertising
campaign for many years.[63]

Keith Law, a producer and writer of commercials for Belfast CityBeat, was not
convinced by Coca-Cola's reintroduction of the advertisement in 2007, saying that "I
don't think there's anything Christmassy about HGVs and the commercial is too
generic."[64]

In 2001, singer Melanie Thornton recorded the campaign's advertising jingle as a single,
Wonderful Dream (Holidays are Coming), which entered the pop-music charts in
Germany at no. 9.[65][66] In 2005, Coca-Cola expanded the advertising campaign to radio,
employing several variations of the jingle.[67]

Sports sponsorship

Coca-Cola was the first commercial sponsor of the Olympic games, at the 1928 games in
Amsterdam, and has been an Olympics sponsor ever since.[68] This corporate sponsorship
included the 1996 Summer Olympics hosted in Atlanta, which allowed Coca-Cola to
spotlight its hometown. Since 1978, Coca-Cola has sponsored each FIFA World Cup, and
other competitions organised by FIFA. In fact, one FIFA tournament trophy, the FIFA
World Youth Championship from Tunisia in 1977 to Malaysia in 1997, was called
"FIFA — Coca Cola Cup".[69] In addition, Coca-Cola sponsors the annual Coca-Cola 600
and Coke Zero 400 for the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series at Lowe's Motor Speedway in
Charlotte, North Carolina and Daytona International Speedway in Daytona, Florida.
Coca-Cola has a long history of sports marketing relationships, which over the years have
included Major League Baseball, the National Football League, National Basketball
Association and the National Hockey League, as well as with many teams within those
leagues. Coca-Cola is the official soft drink of many collegiate football teams throughout
the nation.

Coca-Cola was one of the official sponsors of the 1996 Cricket World Cup held on the
Indian subcontinent. Coca Cola is also one of the associate sponsor of Delhi Daredevils
in Indian Premier League.
In England, Coca-Cola is the main sponsor of The Football League, a name given to the
three professional divisions below the Premier League in football (soccer). It is also
responsible for the renaming of these divisions — until the advent of Coca-Cola
sponsorship, they were referred to as Divisions One, Two and Three. Since 2004, the
divisions have been known as The Championship (equiv. of Division 1), League One
(equiv. of Div. 2) and League 2 (equiv. of Division 3). This renaming has caused unrest
amongst some fans, who see it as farcical that the third tier of English Football is now
called "League One." In 2005, Coca-Cola launched a competition for the 72 clubs of the
football league — it was called "Win a Player". This allowed fans to place 1 vote per day
for their beloved club, with 1 entry being chosen at random earning £250,000 for the
club; this was repeated in 2006. The "Win A Player" competition was very controversial,
as at the end of the 2 competitions, Leeds United AFC had the most votes by more than
double, yet they did not win any money to spend on a new player for the club. In 2007,
the competition changed to "Buy a Player". This competition allowed fans to buy a bottle
of Coca-Cola Zero or Coca-Cola and submit the code on the wrapper on the Coca-Cola
website {www.coca-colafootball.co.uk}. This code could then earn anything from 50p to
£100,000 for a club of their choice. This competition was favored over the old "Win A
Player" competition, as it allowed all clubs to win some money.

In mass media

Coca-Cola has been prominently featured in countless films and television programs. It
was a major plot element in films such as One, Two, Three, The Coca-Cola Kid, and The
Gods Must Be Crazy. It provides a setting for comical corporate shenanigans in the novel
Syrup by Maxx Barry. And in music, in the Beatles' song, "Come Together", the lyrics
said, "Coca-Cola, he say...".

Health effects
Since studies indicate "soda and sweetened drinks are the main source of calories in [the]
American diet,"[70] most nutritionists advise that Coca-Cola and other soft drinks can be
harmful if consumed excessively, particularly to young children whose soft drink
consumption competes with, rather than complements, a balanced diet. Studies have
shown that regular soft drink users have a lower intake of calcium, magnesium, ascorbic
acid, riboflavin and vitamin A.[71] The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of
caffeine, which can cause physical dependence.[72] A link has been shown between long-
term regular cola intake, of which Coca-Cola is the most consumed brand worldwide, and
osteoporosis in older women (but not men).[73] This was thought to be due to the presence
of phosphoric acid, and the risk was found to be same for caffeinated and noncaffeinated
colas, as well as the same for diet and sugared colas.

The use of Coca-Cola has also been associated with an increase of tumors as found by the
Ramazzini Foundation[74] in 2006.

A common criticism of Coke based on its allegedly toxic acidity levels has been found to
be baseless by researchers; lawsuits based on these notions have been dismissed by
several American courts for this reason. Although numerous court cases have been filed
against The Coca-Cola Company since the 1920s, alleging that the acidity of the drink is
dangerous, no evidence corroborating this claim has been found. Under normal
conditions, scientific evidence indicates Coca-Cola's acidity causes no immediate harm.
[75]

Since 1985 in the U.S., Coke has been made with high fructose corn syrup instead of the
more expensive cane-sugar glucose or fructose. Some nutritionists also caution against
consumption of high fructose corn syrup because it may aggravate obesity and type-2
diabetes more than cane sugar.[76] Also, a 2009 study found that almost half of tested
samples of commercial high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) contained mercury, a toxic
substance.[77]

In India there is a major controversy whether there are pesticides and other harmful
chemicals in bottled products, including Coca-Cola. In 2003 the Centre for Science and
Environment (CSE), a non-governmental organization in New Delhi, said aerated waters
produced by soft drinks manufacturers in India, including multinational giants PepsiCo
and Coca-Cola, contained toxins including lindane, DDT, malathion and chlorpyrifos —
pesticides that can contribute to cancer and a breakdown of the immune system. CSE
found that the Indian produced Pepsi's soft drink products had 36 times the level of
pesticide residues permitted under European Union regulations; Coca-Cola's soft drink
was found to have 30 times the permitted amount. CSE said it had tested the same
products sold in the U.S. and found no such residues.[78] After the pesticide allegations
were made in 2003, Coca-Cola sales in India declined by 15 percent. In 2004 an Indian
parliamentary committee backed up CSE's findings and a government-appointed
committee was tasked with developing the world's first pesticide standards for soft
drinks. The Coca-Cola Company has responded that its plants filter water to remove
potential contaminants and that its products are tested for pesticides and must meet
minimum health standards before they are distributed.[79] In the Indian state of Kerala sale
and production of Coca-Cola, along with other soft drinks, was initially banned after the
allegations, until the High Court in Kerala overturned ruled that only the federal
government can ban food products. Coca-Cola has also been accused of excessive water
usage in India.[80]

Criticism
Main article: Criticism of Coca-Cola

The Coca-Cola Company has been criticized for its business practices, such as high levels
of pesticides in the developing world and alleged use of paramilitary squads in South
America; critics also claim its flagship product has adverse health effects and is
aggressively marketed to children.

In popular culture
Use as a spermicide

The 2008 Ig Nobel Prize (a parody of the Nobel Prizes) in Chemistry was awarded to
Sheree Umpierre, Joseph Hill, and Deborah Anderson, for discovering that Coca-Cola is
an effective spermicide,[81] and to C.Y. Hong, C.C. Shieh, P. Wu, and B.N. Chiang for
proving it is not.[82][83]

Use as a political and corporate symbol

Coke dispenser flown aboard the Space Shuttle in 1996

Coca-Cola advertising in the High Atlas mountains (Morocco).

The Coca-Cola drink has a high degree of identification with the United States, being
considered by some an "American Brand" or as an item representing America. The
identification with the spread of American culture has led to the pun "Coca-
Colanization".[84] The drink is also often a metonym for the Coca-Cola Company.

There are some consumer boycotts of Coca-Cola in Arab countries due to Coke's early
investment in Israel during the Arab League boycott of Israel (its competitor Pepsi stayed
out of Israel).[85] Mecca Cola and Pepsi have been successful alternatives in the Middle
East.

A Coca-Cola fountain dispenser (officially a Fluids Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus-2

or FGBA-2) was developed for use on the Space Shuttle as a "a test bed to determine if
carbonated beverages can be produced from separately stored carbon dioxide, water and
flavored syrups and determine if the resulting fluids can be made available for
consumption without bubble nucleation and resulting foam formation." The unit flew in
1996 aboard STS-77 and held 1.65 liters each of Coca-Cola and Diet Coke.[86]

See also
• Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company (CCHBC)
• Fanta
• I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing
• List of Coca-Cola brands
• OpenCola
• The World of Coca-Cola
• Premix and postmix

Coca-Cola variations

• Coca-Cola
• New Coke (renamed Coke II)
• Diet Coke (also known as Coca-Cola Light)
• Diet Coke Plus
• Coca-Cola C2
• Coca-Cola Zero
• Coca-Cola Cherry Zero
• Coca-Cola Cherry
• Diet Coke Cherry
• Coca-Cola with Lemon
• Diet Coke with Lemon
• Coca-Cola Vanilla Zero
• Coca-Cola Vanilla
• Diet Coca-Cola Vanilla
• Coca-Cola with Lime
• Diet Coke with Lime
• Coca-Cola Raspberry
• Diet Coke Raspberry
• Coca-Cola Black Cherry Vanilla
• Diet Coke Cherry Vanilla
• Coca-Cola Blāk
• Diet Coca-Cola with Citrus (Lemon and Lime)
• Coca-Cola with Orange (Out June 2007 in the UK)[87]
• TaB (original Diet Coke, still available in some countries)
• Passover Coca-Cola — a Kosher for Passover Coke made with pure cane sugar
instead of corn syrup.[88]

Notes
1. ^ "Brand Fact Sheet". Coca-Cola official website. 2008-12-01.
http://www.virtualvender.coca-cola.com/ft/index.jsp.
2. ^ "DNA Damage Fear". The Daily Mail. 2008-05-24.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1021820/Diet-Coke-drop-additive-DNA-
damage-fear.html.
3. ^ Coca Cola: Macedonia makes the best Coke
4. ^ Macedonia makes the best Coke
5. ^ Skopje makes the best Coca Cola
6. ^ "Coca-Cola — Our Brands". http://www.coca-
cola.co.uk/ourbrands/default.aspx?id=9. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
7. ^ Hayes, Jack. "Coca-Cola Television Advertisements: Dr. John S. Pemberton".
Nation's Restaurant News.
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ccmphtml/colainvnt.html. Retrieved 2007-01-21.
8. ^ "The Chronicle Of Coca-Cola". http://www.thecoca-
colacompany.com/heritage/chronicle_birth_refreshing_idea.html. Retrieved 2007-
11-28.
9. ^ Harford, Tim (2007-05-11). "The Mystery of the 5-Cent Coca-Cola: Why it's so
hard for companies to raise prices". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2165787/.
10. ^ "Themes for Coca-Cola Advertising (1886-1999)".
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ccmphtml/colatime1.html. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
11. ^ "Coca-Cola at Home". http://xroads.virginia.edu/~class/coke/coke1.html.
Retrieved 2007-01-21.
12. ^ Mark" Pendergrast (2000). For God, Country and Coca-Cola. Basic Books.
ISBN 0-465-05468-4.
13. ^ Mark Pendergrast (2000). For God, Country and Coca-Cola. Basic Books.
pp. 41 – 45. ISBN 0-465-05468-4.
14. ^ Mark Pendergrast (2000). For God, Country and Coca-Cola. Basic Books.
pp. 45 – 47. ISBN 0-465-05468-4.
15. ^ "Beyond Seltzer Water: The Kashering of Coca-Cola". American Jewish
Historical Society. http://www.ajhs.org/publications/chapters/chapter.cfm?
documentID=270. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
16. ^ First painted wall sign to advertise Coca-Cola : Cartersville, GA - Waymarking
17. ^ "Coke Can History".
http://home.comcast.net/~collectiblesodacans/Cokepg1.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-
21.
18. ^ "Chattanooga Coca-Cola History".
http://www.chattanoogacocacola.com/history.asp. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
19. ^ "History Of Bottling". http://www.thecoca-
colacompany.com/ourcompany/historybottling.html. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
20. ^ "Diet Coke Sweetened with Splenda". http://www2.coca-
cola.com/presscenter/newproducts_dietcoke_splenda.html. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
21. ^ "Pepsi Brands — Pepsi One". http://www.pepsi.com/help/faqs/faq.php?
category=pepsi_brands&page=pepsi_one. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
22. ^ "Coke to launch new no-calorie soda".
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7257920/. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
23. ^ Cola wars as Coke moves on Baghdad - The Guardian
24. ^ According to a Coca-Cola customer-service representative.
25. ^ a b McKay, Betsy (January 30, 2009). "Coke to Omit 'Classic'". The Wall Street
Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123332768434033495.html?
mod=googlenews_wsj.
26. ^ Coca-cola
27. ^ "The History of Coca Cola".
http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/coca_cola.htm. Retrieved 2007-
01-23.
28. ^ Liebowitz, Michael, R. (1983). The Chemistry of Love. Boston: Little, Brown,
& Co.
29. ^ "Is it true Coca Cola once contained cocaine?".
http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_033.html. Retrieved 2007-02-27.
30. ^ May, Clifford D. "How Coca-Cola Obtains Its Coca", The New York Times,
July 1, 1998. Accessed December 4, 2007
31. ^ Benson, Drew. "Coca kick in drinks spurs export fears".
http://www.mindfully.org/Food/2004/Kdrink-Coca-Drink19apr04.htm.
32. ^ "The Legal Importation of Coca Leaf".
http://www.uic.edu/classes/osci/osci590/9_3%20The%20Legal%20Importation
%20of%20Coca%20Leaf.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
33. ^ Coca-Cola Your Health - You and Your Family's GDA Questions Answered
34. ^ "Caffeine Content of Some Cola Beverages". Google Books.
http://books.google.co.uk/books?
id=WxmBmvhsoZ8C&pg=PA363&lpg=PA363&dq=caffeine+coca+cola&source
=web&ots=W6fAOUX04Z&sig=qz-
hOHFVuOBx94EcFpvPF6x_sAc&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct
=result.
35. ^ Gene A. Spiller, "Caffeine" CRC Press, 1997, pg.234 and 363
36. ^ http://www.letsgettogether.co.uk/DetailQuestionAnswer/QuestionID=2-
color=df0f0b
37. ^ http://www.letsgettogether.co.uk/DetailQuestionAnswer/QuestionID=3025-
color=df0f0b
38. ^ "Urban Legends Reference Pages: Cokelore".
http://www.snopes.com/cokelore/. Retrieved 2007-02-10.
39. ^ "Urban Legends Reference Pages: Cokelore (Have a Cloak and a Smile)".
http://www.snopes.com/cokelore/formula.asp. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
40. ^ "Coca-Cola — Our Company — About Bottling". http://www.thecoca-
colacompany.com/ourcompany/aboutbottling.html. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
41. ^ "What Is the Difference Between Coca-Cola Enterprises and the Coca-Cola
Company". http://www.cokecce.com/pages/allContent.asp?page_id=84#q1.
Retrieved 2007-02-22.
42. ^ "Coca Cola Company — Red Spencerian Script".
http://inventors.about.com/od/advertisingmedia/ss/Coca_Cola_Comp_2.htm.
Retrieved 2007-01-11.
43. ^ "Frank Robinson, creator of the Coca-Cola logo". http://coca-cola-
art.com/2008/06/05/frank-robinson/. Retrieved 2008-12-15.
44. ^ a b "Inventory: Earl R. Dean Collection". Vigo County Public Library.
http://www.vigo.lib.in.us/vcplarchive/inventories/business/dean.asp. Retrieved
2008-12-14.
45. ^ Lundy, Betty (1986). The Bottle. American Heritage Inc.. pp. 98-101.
http://contourbottle.angelfire.com/The_Bottle.pdf.
46. ^ "1916 ... Birth of the Contour Bottle". The Coca-Cola Company.
http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/historybottling.html.
Retrieved 2007-04-19.
47. ^ Snopes urban legend of the Coca-Cola bottle shape.
48. ^ See, e.g., Lawrence M. Friedman, American Law in the 20th Century (New
Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 356-357, and Jay M. Feinman, Law 101:
Everything You Need to Know About the American Legal System, rev. ed. (New
York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 165-168.
49. ^ "Coke Debuts Contour Can". http://www.beverage-
digest.com/editorial/970221.html.
50. ^ Mireles, Ricardo. "In Mexico, Big Cola is the real thing". Logistics Today.
http://www.logisticstoday.com/sNO/6366/iID/20876/LT/displayStory.asp.
Retrieved 2007-01-15.
51. ^ "About Kristall Beverage". Retrieved June 14, 2006.
52. ^ Murden, Terry (January 30, 2005). Coke adds life to health drinks sector.
Scotland on Sunday. Retrieved February 14, 2006.
53. ^ Kripalani, Manjeet and Mark L. Clifford (February 10, 2003) "Finally, Coke
Gets It Right in India". BusinessWeek. Retrieved August 9, 2006.
54. ^ "Fizzical Facts: Coke claims 60% mkt share in India", Times News Network,
August 5, 2005
55. ^ Barbara Mikkelson and David P. Mikkelson, "The Claus That Refreshes,"
snopes.com, February 27, 2001 (accessed June 10, 2005).
56. ^ The White Rock Collectors Association, "Did White Rock or The Coca-Cola
Company create the modern Santa Claus Advertisement?," whiterocking.org,
2001 (accessed January 19, 2007).
57. ^ White Rock Beverages, "Coca-Cola's Santa Claus: Not The Real Thing!,"
BevNET.com, December 18, 2006 (accessed January 19, 2007).
58. ^ Coca-Cola Conversations: Coke means Coca-Cola
59. ^ Orozco, Cynthia E. Quintanilla Perez, Selena. The Handbook of Texas online.
Retrieved on June 5, 2006
60. ^ My Coke Rewards (Official Site)
61. ^ a b Nikki Sandison (2007-11-16). "Coca-Cola revives popular 'holidays are
coming' ad". Brand Republic. http://brandrepublic.com./News/767575/Coca-Cola-
revives-popular-holidays-coming-ad/.
62. ^ Stephen Armstrong (2001-05-14). "Coke goes for broke". The Guardian
(Guardian News and Media Limited).
http://guardian.co.uk./media/2001/may/14/mondaymediasection6.
63. ^ "The Coca-Cola Challenge". Campaign. 2004-10-22.
http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-7140327_ITM.
64. ^ Jane Hardy (2007-12-27). "Do TV campaigns ad up?". The Belfast Telegraph.
http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk./lifestyle/do-tv-campaigns-ad-up-
13505247.html.
65. ^ "Melanie Thornton: "Ich wollte immer Musik"" (in German). Der Spiegel
(SPIEGELnet GmbH). 2001-11-25.
http://spiegel.de./panorama/0,1518,169615,00.html.
66. ^ Prentiss Findlay (2001-12-07). "Charleston native Thornton to be buried on
Saturday.". The Post and Courier (Charleston, SC).
http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-2079594_ITM.
67. ^ Nicola Clark (2005-11-29). "Coca-Cola restructures in healthy drinks focus".
Brand Republic. http://brandrepublic.com./News/530102/Coca-Cola-restructures-
healthy-drinks-focus/.
68. ^ "International Olympic Committee — Organisation — Facts and Figures".
http://www.olympic.org/uk/organisation/facts/programme/profiles_uk.asp?
sponsor=1. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
69. ^ "Marketing & TV > FIFA Partners > Coca Cola".
http://www.fifa.com/en/marketing/partners/index/0,3517,13,00.html. Retrieved
2007-01-13.
70. ^ www.sciencedaily.com
71. ^ Jacobson, Michael F. (2005). "Liquid Candy: How Soft Drinks are Harming
Americans' Health". Retrieved June 10, 2005.
72. ^ Center for Science in the Public Interest (1997). "Label Caffeine Content of
Foods, Scientists Tell FDA." Retrieved June 10, 2005.
73. ^ Tucker KL, Morita K, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, and Kiel DP (01
October 2006). "Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with
low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study"
(PDF). American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84 (4): 336–342.
http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/84/4/936. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
74. ^ Belpoggi F, Soffritti M, Tibaldi E, Falcioni L, Bua L, Trabucco F. (2006).
"Results of long-term carcinogenicity bioassays on Coca-Cola administered to
Sprague-Dawley rats." (pdf). Ann NY Acad Sci 1076: 736–752.
doi:10.1196/annals.1371.078. http://www.ramazzini.it/fondazione/pdfUpload/Ann
%20NY%20Acad%20Sci%201076%20736-752_2006.pdf.
75. ^ Mikkelson, Barbara & Mikkelson, David P. (2004). "Acid Slip". Retrieved June
10, 2005.
76. ^ "Single food ingredient the cause of obesity ? New study has industry up in
arms". (April 26, 2004). FoodNavigator.com. Retrieved February 27, 2007.
77. ^ Washington Post (2009)"Study finds high-fructose corn syrup contains
mercury".Retrieved August 16, 2009.
78. ^ PTF (2003). "Pepsi, Coke contain pesticides: CSE". Retrieved June 12, 2006.
79. ^ Coca-Cola website (2006). "The Coca-Cola Company addresses allegations
made about our business in India". Retrieved June 12, 2006.
80. ^ Coca-Cola and Water - An Unsustainable Relationship
81. ^ Umpierre, Sheree; Hill, Joseph; Anderson, Deborah (21 November 1985).
"Correspondence: Effect of 'Coke' on sperm motility". NEJM (Massachusetts
 Medical Society) 313 (21): pp. 1351.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/citation/313/21/1351. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
82. ^ Hong, C.Y.; Shieh, C.C.; Wu, P.; Chiang, B.N. (September 1987). "The
spermicidal potency of Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola.". Human Toxicology
(Macmillan Publishers, Scientific and Medical Division) 6 (5): pp. 395–6.
doi:10.1177/096032718700600508.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3679247. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
83. ^ Mikkelson, Barbara (16 March 2007). "Killer Sperm: Coca-Cola Spermicide".
http://www.snopes.com/cokelore/sperm.asp. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
84. ^ "Word Spy — Coca-Colanization". http://www.wordspy.com/words/Coca-
Colanization.asp. Retrieved 2007-01-03.
85. ^ "Boycott Israel Campaign page on Coca-Cola".
http://www.inminds.co.uk/boycott-coca-cola.html. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
86. ^ National Aeronautics and Space Administration accessdate 2009-06-13
87. ^ "Coca-Cola Orange set to brighten up the summer".
http://www.cokecce.co.uk/cce/news_art.jsp?aid=448. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
88. ^ Kleeman, Jenny (2007-03-19). "Sugar rush — the craze for kosher Coke". The
Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,2037084,00.html. Retrieved
2007-07-18.. The ingredients label will still read "high fructose corn syrup or
sucrose" Passover Coke is identifiable because it is bottled with a yellow cap.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Coca-Cola

• CocaCola.com Coca-Cola website

• Coke.mobi Coca-Cola mobile website
• theContourBottle.com A tribute to Earl R. Dean - Facts about the creation of
Coca-Cola's Contour bottle
• The Contour Bottle - MySpace
• Chapman J. Root Biography
• Urban Legends Reference Pages: Cokelore
• Ronen Liwski's Coca-Cola cans collection
• Kinescope of a live 1954 TV commercial for Coca-Cola (Internet Archive)
• Coca-Cola Advertising History

v•d•e
Varieties of Coca-Cola

Coca-Cola · New Coke · Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola · Coca-Cola Cherry · Coca-

Regular Cola with Lime · Coca-Cola Vanilla · Coca-Cola Citra · Coca-Cola Black Cherry
Vanilla · Coca-Cola Blāk · Coca-Cola with Lemon · Coca-Cola Raspberry

Diet Diet Coke/Coke Light · Coca-Cola C2 · Coca-Cola Zero · Coca-Cola Cherry

 Zero · Coca-Cola Light Sango · Diet Coke Plus · Coca-Cola Orange
v•d•e
Coca-Cola brands

Ambasa • Ameyal • Barq's • Beat • Cheers • Chinotto • Chivalry • Citra • Coca-

Cola • Fanta • Fioravanti • Fresca • Fruktime • Frutonic • Hit • Inca Kola • Jaz
Cola • Joya • Kinley • Kola Inglesa • Krest • Kvas • Kuat • Leed • Lemon &
Paeroa • Lift • Lilt • Limca • Mare Rosso • Mello Yello • Mezzo Mix • Mr. Pibb •
Sodas
Nalu • Nordic Mist • Northern Neck • OK Soda • Poms • Portello • Quatro •
Quwat Jabal • Real Gold • Red Flash • Santiba • Sarsi • Seagram's • Senzao •
Smart • Sparkle • Sparletta • Sprite • Stoney • Surge • Tab • Tanora • Thums Up •
Tiky • Urge • Vault • VegitaBeta • Victoria • Yoli

Andifrut • Ayataka • Cappy • Capri Sun • Cepita • Delaware Punch • Earth &
Juices Sky • Eight O'Clock • Enviga • Far Coast • Five Alive • Fruitopia • Frutonic •
& teas Fuze • Glaceau • Gold Peak • Hajime • Hi-C • Huang • Maaza • Minute Maid •
Nestea • Oasis • Odwalla • Qoo • Royal Tru • Simply • Ten Ren • Vitamin Water

Energy
Aquarius • BPM Energy • Burn • Full Throttle • KMX • Monster Energy •
&
Mother • NOS • Powerade • Powerplay • Rehab • Relentless • Rockstar • Von
sports
Dutch • Gladiator
drinks

Bottled AdeS • Arwa • Avra • Bankia • Chaudfontaine • Ciel • Dasani • Deep River
water Rock • Nature's Own • San Luis • Spring! • Valpre • Viva!

Coffee Caribou Coffee • Georgia

Milk Swerve
v•d•e
Brands of cola

Coca-Cola · Pepsi · RC Cola

Afri-Cola · Amrat Cola · Apotekarnes Cola · A-Treat · Baikal · Barr Cola · Beed Cola ·
Big 8 Cola · Big Cola · Big K Cola · Boylan Cane Cola · Breizh Cola · Bubba Cola ·
Campa Cola · Cassinelli · Cavan Cola · Celeste Cola · Chek Cola · China Cola · Classic
Cola (UK) · Olvi Cola · Club Cola · Cockta · Cola Turka · Cole Cold · Corsica Cola ·
Count Cola · Cricket Cola · Cuba Cola · Diet Coke · Diet Rite · Double Cola · Euro
Shopper Cola · Evoca Cola · El Ché-Cola · Export Cola · Fada Cola · Faygo Cola ·
Fentiman's Curiosity Cola · Frescolita · fritz-kola · Fruti Kola · Fuji-Cola · Future Cola ·
Inca Kola · Isaac Kola · Jolly Cola · Jolt Cola · Jones · Kiri · Kitty Kola · Kofola · Kola
Inglesa · Kola Real · Kola Román · Kristal Kola · LA Ice Cola · Like Cola · Mecca-Cola ·
Mr. Cola · OK Cola · OpenCola · Parsi Cola · Perú Cola · Polo-Cockta · Premium-cola ·
Qibla Cola · Red Bull Cola · Red Kola · Rola Cola · Sam's Cola · Schin Cola · Schweppes
Cola · Shasta Cola · Sinalco · Tab · Thums Up · Triple Kola · tuKola · Ubuntu Cola ·
Virgin Cola · Vita-Cola · White Rock Cola · XL Cola · Zam Zam Cola · Zelal Cola

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RC Cola

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Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Wikipedia
RC Cola

Type Cola
Cott Beverages/
Manufacturer
Dr Pepper Snapple Group
Country of origin United States
Introduced 1905
Related products Coca-Cola, Pepsi
RC Cola logo used by Cott Beverages in its international territories

RC Cola (or Royal Crown Cola) is a soft drink developed in 1905 by Claude A.
Hatcher, a pharmacist in Columbus, Georgia.

Contents
[hide]

• 1 History
• 2 Brand portfolio
• 3 Advertising campaigns
• 4 See also
• 5 References

• 6 External links

History
The first product in the Royal Crown line was "Chero-Cola" in 1904, followed by Royal
Crown Ginger Ale, Royal Crown Strawberry and Royal Crown Root Beer. The company
was renamed Chero-Cola, and in 1925 called Nehi Corporation after its colored and
flavored drinks. In 1934, Chero-Cola was reformulated by Rufus Kamm, a chemist, and
re-released as Royal Crown Cola.

In the 1950s, the combination of Royal Crown Cola and Moonpies became popular as the
"working man's lunch" in the American South.[1]

In 1958, the company introduced the first diet cola, Diet Rite, and in 1980, a caffeine-free
cola, "RC 100.". (RC 100 was not, as some believe, the first caffeine-free cola; that
distinction belongs to Canada Dry's unsuccessful Sport Cola of 1968.) In the mid-1990s,
RC released Royal Crown Draft Cola, billed as a "premium" cola and using pure cane
sugar as a sweetener, rather than the high fructose corn syrup more commonly used in the
United States. Offered only in 12-ounce bottles, the cola's sales were disappointing due
largely to the inability of the RC bottling network to get distribution for the product in
single-drink channels and it was quickly discontinued with the exceptions of Australia,
New Zealand and France. The company has also released Cherry RC—a cherry flavored
version of the RC soft drink—to compete with Coca-Cola Cherry and Wild Cherry Pepsi.

In October 2000, Royal Crown was acquired by Cadbury Schweppes plc through its
acquisition of Snapple. Royal Crown operations were folded into Dr Pepper/Seven Up,
Inc., a former subsidiary of Cadbury Schweppes. In 2001, all international RC-branded
business were sold to Cott Beverages of Mississauga, Ontario and is operated as Royal
Crown Cola International. Operations in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico
and other U.S. territories are now handled by Dr Pepper Snapple Group.

Brand portfolio
• Royal Crown Cola (RC Cola)
• Diet RC
• Diet Rite
• Royal Crown Draft Cola (Limited in U.S.)
• Cherry R.C. (available in limited markets)
• RC Edge (available in limited markets)
• RC 100 (discontinued)
• Caffeine Free RC (available in limited markets)
• RC Free (available in Israel)

Advertising campaigns
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed. (April 2008)
Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any
relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (April 2008)

• In the 1930s, Alex Osborn, with BBDO, made them an ad campaign, in which
was included the following slogan: "The season's best."
• The 1940s featured a magazine advertising campaign with actress Lizabeth Scott
as the face, next to the slogan "RC tastes best, says Lizabeth Scott".
• In the 1960s, Royal Crown Cola did an ad campaign featuring two birds, made by
Jim Henson
• Nancy Sinatra was featured in two Royal Crown Cola commercials in her one
hour special called "Movin' with Nancy" featuring various singers in November
1967. She sang "it's a mad, mad, mad Cola... RC the one with the mad, mad
taste!...RC! "
• Royal Crown was the official sponsor of New York Mets during the 1960s, 70s
and 80s. A television commercial in the New York area featured Tom Seaver,
New York Mets pitcher, and his wife, Nancy, dancing on top of a dugout at Shea
 Stadium and singing about RC Cola... "the mad, mad, mad, mad Cola! RC, the
one with the mad, mad taste! RC, RC, RC, RC...." (Commercial fades out).
• In the mid 1970s, Royal Crown ran an advertising campaign called "Me & My
RC", the most famous of which featured actress Sharon Stone delivering pizza on
a skateboard. Others featured people in a variety of scenic outdoor locations. The
jingle, sung by Louise Mandrell, went "Me and my RC! Me and my RC!..What's
good enough for anyone else, ain't good enough for me."
• RC was introduced to Israel in 1995 with the slogan "RC: Just like in America!"
• Bell Buckle, Tennessee hosts the annual RC Cola and Moon Pie Festival.

See also
• Pepsi
• Coca-Cola
• Cola wars
• Dr Pepper

References
1. ^ Jan Duke. "The Souths Fascination with RC Colas and Moonpies". About.
http://nashville.about.com/cs/historynsites/a/rcnmoonpie.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-
12.

External links
• Official RC Cola International site

• RC Cola's page on DrPepper-Snapple Group's website

• RC Cola and Moon Pie Festival

[show]
v•d•e
Dr Pepper Snapple brands

[show]
v•d•e
Brands of cola
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have
been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

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Mentioned in

• Scraps/Workshop (1976 Album by NRBQ)

 • Workshop (1973 Album by NRBQ)
• Royal Crown Company, Inc.
• Movin' with Nancy [DVD] (2000 Album by Nancy Sinatra)

• Blue Ridge Beverage Company Inc.

• Cott Corporation
• Year 1965 (in Science & Technology)
• VASCO Data Security International, Inc.
• Arby's Inc.
• Upper 10
• Schweppes Cola
• Cherry RC
• Brownie Chocolate Drink
• Complementary assets

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PepsiCo, Inc.

Hoover's Profile: PepsiCo, Inc.

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Home > Library > Business & Finance > Hoover's Profiles Company Financials
(NYSE:PEP) Income Statement
Balance Sheet
Cash Flow Statement
Type: Public
On the web: http://www.pepsico.com Contact Information
Employees: 198,000 PepsiCo, Inc.
700 Anderson Hill Rd.
Employee growth: 7.0% Purchase, NY 10577-1444
NY Tel. 914-253-2000
The PepsiCo challenge (to keep up with archrival The Coca-Cola Fax 914-253-2070
Company) never ends for the world's #2 carbonated soft-drink maker. Its soft drinks
include Pepsi, Mountain Dew, and Slice. Cola is not the company's only beverage: Pepsi
sells Tropicana orange juice brands, Gatorade sports drink, and Aquafina water. The
company also owns Frito-Lay, the world's #1 snack maker with offerings such as corn
chips (Doritos, Fritos) and potato chips (Lay's, Ruffles). Its Quaker Foods division offers
breakfast cereals (Life), pasta (Pasta Roni), rice (Rice-A-Roni), and side dishes (Near
East). Pepsi's products are available in some 200 countries. In 2009 it agreed to take over
The Pepsi Bottling Group and PepsiAmericas.

Key numbers for fiscal year ending December, 2008:

Sales: $43,251.0M
One year growth: 9.6%
Net income: $5,142.0M
Income growth: (9.1%)

Officers:
Chairman and CEO: Indra K. Nooyi
CFO: Richard A. Goodman
CIO: Robert Dixon
Competitors:
Coca-Cola
Dr Pepper Snapple Group
Kraft Foods

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• PepsiCo Canada Leads With First Nationally Available Beverage
Innovation Containing Pure Stevia Extract
10/14/2009 11:00:42 AM
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Containing Pure Stevia Extract
10/14/2009 11:00:01 AM
• Yale University: Business Leaders to Convene for Yale Leadership Summit in
India
10/14/2009 9:28:11 AM
• * Anheuser-Busch And PepsiCo Agree To Selected Joint Purchasing In The
United States
10/13/2009 5:06:56 PM
• Anheuser-Busch and PepsiCo Agree to Selected Joint Purchasing in the United
States
10/13/2009 5:06:00 PM
• PepsiCo announces refiling of Hart-Scott-Rodino premerger notification
10/12/2009 4:48:11 AM
• * PepsiCo, Inc. To Refile Hart-Scott-Rodino Premerger Notification
10/9/2009 4:13:27 PM
• PepsiCo, Inc. to Refile Hart-Scott-Rodino Premerger Notification
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10/9/2009 6:46:29 AM
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U.S. conglomerate. The soft drink Pepsi-Cola was created by a pharmacist, Caleb D.
Bradham, who gave his tonic its name (from Greek pepsis, "digestion") in 1898 and
incorporated the Pepsi-Cola Co. in 1902. After two bankruptcies and several
reincorporations, the Pepsi-Cola trademark and assets were bought in 1931 by Charles G.
Guth, who improved the formula and marketed a 12-ounce bottle for five cents with huge
success. Pepsi-Cola merged with the soda-fountain chain Loft, Inc., in 1941, and in 1965
it merged with Frito-Lay, Inc., adopting its current name, PepsiCo, Inc. In the 1970s and
'80s PepsiCo bought restaurant chains such as Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, and Kentucky Fried
Chicken, but in 1997 it spun off its restaurant business into a separate company, Tricon
Global Restaurants. In 2001 the Quaker Oats Co. merged with PepsiCo.

For more information on PepsiCo, visit Britannica.com.

Wikipedia: PepsiCo
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Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Wikipedia
Pepsico, Inc.

Type Public (NYSE: PEP)

Founded Chicago, Illinois, U.S. (1965)
Founder(s) Caleb Bradham
Headquarters Purchase, New York, U.S.
Area served Worldwide
Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi (Chairwoman),
Key people
(President) & (CEO)

Food
Industry
Non-alcoholic beverage
Products Pepsi
Diet Pepsi
 Mountain Dew
AMP Energy
Aquafina
Sierra Mist
SoBe LifeWater
Starbucks Frappuccino
Lipton Iced Tea
7up
Izze
Tropicana Products
Copella
Naked Juice
Gatorade
Propel Fitness Water
Quaker Oats
Lay's
Doritos
Cheetos
Fritos
Rold Gold
Ruffles
Tostitos
Slice
Revenue ▲ USD 43.251 Billion (2008)
Operating
▲ USD 6.935 Billion (2008)
income
Net income ▲ USD 5.142 Billion (2008)
Total assets ▲ USD 35.994 Billion (2008)
Total equity ▲ USD 12.106 Billion (2008)
Employees 185,000(2008)
PepsiCo Americas (PepsiCo Americas
Divisions Food, PepsiCo Americas Beverages),
PepsiCo International
Website PepsiCo.com
PepsiCo, Incorporated (NYSE: PEP) is a Fortune 500, American multinational
corporation headquartered in Purchase, NY with interests in manufacturing and
marketing a wide variety of carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, as well as salty,
sweet and grain-based snacks, and other foods. Besides the Pepsi-Cola brands, the
company owns the brands Quaker Oats, Gatorade, Frito-Lay, SoBe, Naked, Tropicana,
Copella, Mountain Dew, Mirinda and 7-Up (outside the USA).

Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi has been the chief executive of PepsiCo since 2006. During
her time, healthier snacks have been marketed and the company is striving for a net-zero
impact on the environment.[1] This focus on healthier foods and lifestyles is part of
Nooyi's "Performance With Purpose" philosophy.

Today, beverage distribution and bottling is undertaken primarily by associated

companies such as The Pepsi Bottling Group (NYSE: PBG) and Pepsi
Americas(NYSE: PAS). PepsiCo is a SIC 2080 (beverage) company.

Contents
[hide]

• 1 History
• 2 Corporate governance
o 2.1 Former top executives at PepsiCo
• 3 PepsiCo brands
o 3.1 Partnerships
o 3.2 Discontinued lines
o 3.3 Former brands
o 3.4 Diversity
o 3.5 Tampering
• 4 Criticisms
o 4.1 AFA Boycott
o 4.2 PepsiCo in India
o 4.3 Pesticide residuals controversy
 4.3.1 Timeline
 4.3.2 Matter of contention
 4.3.3 Soft drinks market in India
o 4.4 Consumption patterns in India
 4.4.1 Social implications
 4.4.2 Political implications
 4.4.3 Economic implications
o 4.5 PepsiCo in Burma
o 4.6 PepsiCo in Israel
• 5 See also
• 6 Notes and references
 • 7 External links

History
Headquartered in Purchase, New York, with Research and Development Headquarters in
Valhalla, The Pepsi Cola Company began in 1898 by a Pharmacist and Industrialist Caleb
Bradham, but it only became known as PepsiCo when it merged with Frito Lay in 1965.
Until 1997, it also owned KFC, Pizza Hut, and Taco Bell, but these fast-food restaurants
were spun off into Tricon Global Restaurants, now Yum! Brands, Inc. PepsiCo purchased
Tropicana in 1998, and Quaker Oats in 2001. In December 2005, PepsiCo surpassed
Coca-Cola Company in market value for the first time in 112 years since both companies
began to compete.[2]

Corporate governance

Pepsi-Cola Venezuela

Current members of the board of directors of PepsiCo are Indra Nooyi C.E.O., Robert E.
Allen, Dina Dublon, Victor Dzau, Ray Lee Hunt, Alberto Ibargüen, Arthur Martinez,
Steven Reinemund, Sharon Rockefeller, James Schiro, Franklin Thomas, Cynthia
Trudell, and River King.

On October 1, 2006, former Chief Financial Officer and President Indra Nooyi replaced
Steve Reinemund as chief executive officer. Nooyi remains the corporation's president,
and became Chairman of the Board in May 2007.

Mike White is the President of Pepsi-Co International Division.

Former top executives at PepsiCo

• Steven Reinemund
 • Roger Enrico
• D. Wayne Calloway
• John Sculley
• Donald M. Kendall
• Christopher A. Sinclair
• Alfred Steele

KJ Randhawa

PepsiCo brands
PepsiCo owns 5 different billion-dollar brands. These are Pepsi, Tropicana, Frito-Lay,
Quaker, and Gatorade. The company owns many other brands as well.

• Pepsi, Caffeine-Free Pepsi, Diet Pepsi/Pepsi Light, Caffeine-Free Diet Pepsi,

Caffeine-Free Pepsi Light, Wild Cherry Pepsi, Pepsi Lime, Pepsi Max, Pepsi
Twist and Pepsi ONE.
• Other U.S. carbonated soft drinks, including Mountain Dew, Slice, Mug Root
Beer, Sierra Mist, Tropicana Twister Soda and Frawg,
• 7 Up (Globally, outside the USA)
• Other U.S. beverages, including Aquafina (Flavor Splash, Alive, and
Twist/Burst), Tava, Dole, Gatorade, Izze, Mountain Dew AMP, Propel Fitness
Water, SoBe, Quaker Milk Chillers, Ben & Jerry's MilkShakes, and Tropicana
• Beverages marketed outside the U.S.: Alvalle, Concordia, Copella, Evervess,
Fiesta, Frui'Vita, Fruko, H2OH!, Junkanoo, Kas, Loóza, Manzana Corona,
Manzanita Sol, Mirinda, Paso de los Toros (drink), Radical Fruit, San Carlos,
Schwip Schwap, Shani, Teem, Triple Kola, and Yedigun
• Frito-Lay brands: Baken-ets, Barcel, Bocabits, Cheese Tris, Cheetos, Chester's,
Chizitos, Churrumais, Cracker Jack, Crujitos, Doritos, Fandangos, Fritos,
Funyuns, Gamesa, Go Snacks, James' Grandma's Cookies, Hamka's, Lay's, Miss
Vickie's, Munchies, Munchos, Nik Naks, Ollie's Meat Snacks, Quavers, Rold
Gold, Ruffles, Rustler's Meat Sticks, Sabritas, Sabritones, Sandora, Santitas,
Smartfood, The Smith's Snackfood Company, Sonric's, Stacy's Pita Chips, Sun
Chips, Tor-tees, Kurkure, Tostitos, Walkers, and Wotsits
• Quaker Oats brands: Aunt Jemima, Cap'n Crunch, Chewy Granola bars,
Coqueiro, Crisp'ums, Cruesli, FrescAvena, King Vitaman, Life, Oatso
Simple,Quake, Quisp, Rice-A-Roni, and Spudz

In 2007, Nooyi spent $1.3 billion on healthier-alternative brands like Naked Juice, a
California maker of soy drinks and organic juice.

Pepsico has also recently acquired a 50% stake in U.S.-based Sabra Dipping Company.[2]

Partnerships
PepsiCo also has formed partnerships with several brands it does not own, in order to
distribute these or market them with its own brands.

• Frappuccino
• Starbucks DoubleShot
• Starbucks Iced Coffee
• Mandarin (license)
• D&G (license)
• Lipton Brisk
• Lipton Original Iced Tea
• Lipton Iced Tea
• Ben & Jerry's Milkshakes
• Dole juices & juice drinks (license)
• Sunny Delight (produced by PepsiCo for Procter & Gamble)

Discontinued lines

• All Sport, a line of sports drinks. All-Sport was lightly carbonated; in contrast,
rivals Gatorade and Coke-owned POWERade were non-carbonated. The 2001
purchase of Quaker Oats (in effect acquiring Gatorade) made All Sport
expendable, and the brand was sold to another company.
• Aspen Soda, an apple-flavored soft drink (late 1970s-early 80's)
• Crystal Pepsi, a clear version of Pepsi-Cola.
• FruitWorks: Flavors were Strawberry Melon, Peach Papaya, Tangerine Citrus,
Apple Raspberry, and Pink Lemonade. Two other flavors, Passion Orange and
Guava Berry, were available in Hawaii only.
• Josta: launched 1995, "with Guarana," the first energy drink launched by a major
soft drink company in the US.
• Matika: Run in August 2001, it was a tea/juice alternative beverage, sweetened
with cane sugar & containing Ginseng. Dragonfruit Potion, Magic Mombin,
Mythical Mango, Rising Starfruit, Skyhigh Berry
• Mazagran: launched 1995
• Mr. Green (SoBe)
• Patio (soda): line of flavored drinks (1960-late '70s)
• Pepsi Edge, a mid-calorie version of Pepsi-Cola.
• Pepsi Blue, a berry-flavored, blue version of Pepsi-Cola.
• Pepsi Kona: launched 1997, a coffee-flavored version of Pepsi-Cola.
• Smooth Moos: launched 1995, a flavored milk-based drink.
• Storm: launched March 15, 1998, replaced by Sierra Mist.

Former brands

PepsiCo owned a number of restaurant chains until it exited that business in 1997, selling
some, and spinning off others into a new company Tricon Global Restaurants, now
known as Yum! Brands, Inc.. PepsiCo also previously owned several other brands that it
later sold.
 • California Pizza Kitchen (bought 1992, sold back to original founders in 1997)
• Chevys Fresh Mex (bought August 1993, sold May 1997 to J. W. Childs Equity
Partners)
• D'Angelo Sandwich Shops (sold August 1997 to Papa Gino's)
• East Side Mario's (United States franchises – bought December 1993, sold early
1997 )
• Hot 'n Now (bought in 1990, sold in 1997)
• KFC (bought October 1986 from RJR Nabisco, spun off October 1997 to form
TriCon, later Yum! Brands)
• North American Van Lines
• Pizza Hut (bought in 1977, spun off October 1997 to form TriCon, later Yum!
Brands)
• Stolichnaya
• Taco Bell (bought in 1978, spun off October 1997 to form TriCon, later Yum!
Brands)
• Wilson Sporting Goods

Diversity

PepsiCo received a 100 percent rating on the Corporate Equality Index released by the
LGBT-advocate group Human Rights Campaign starting in 2004, the third year of the
report. [3]

Tampering

During the summer of 1993, PepsiCo managed to stave off a runaway hoax pertaining to
alleged product tampering. Syringes were claimed to have been found in cans of Diet
Pepsi—first in Seattle, then throughout the U.S. over the next few days. With the arrests
of several of the fraudulent claimants, reports of found hypodermic needles ceased.
PepsiCo's subsequent handling of the situation via carefully-worded press releases and
VNRs is frequently cited as a textbook example of how exactly to handle falsely spread
rumors about a company.[4]

Criticisms
AFA Boycott

The American Family Association is leading a boycott against PepsiCo for its support of
charged issues such as gay rights, and marriage. [5]

PepsiCo in India

PepsiCo gained entry to India in 1988 by creating a joint venture with the Punjab
government-owned Punjab Agro Industrial Corporation (PAIC) and Voltas India Limited.
This joint venture marketed and sold Lehar Pepsi until 1991, when the use of foreign
brands was allowed; PepsiCo bought out its partners and ended the joint venture in 1994.
[6]
Others claim that firstly Pepsi was banned from import in India, in 1970, for having
refused to release the list of its ingredients and in 1993, the ban was lifted, with Pepsi
arriving on the market shortly afterwards. These controversies are a reminder of "India's
sometimes acrimonious relationship with huge multinational companies." Indeed, some
argue that PepsiCo and The Coca-Cola Company have "been major targets in part
because they are well-known foreign companies that draw plenty of attention." [7]

In 2003, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), a non-governmental

organization in New Delhi, said aerated waters produced by soft drinks manufacturers in
India, including multinational giants PepsiCo and The Coca-Cola Company, contained
toxins, including lindane, DDT, malathion and chlorpyrifos — pesticides that can
contribute to cancer, a breakdown of the immune system and cause birth defects. Tested
products included Coke, Pepsi, 7 Up, Mirinda, Fanta, Thums Up, Limca, and Sprite. CSE
found that the Indian-produced Pepsi's soft drink products had 36 times the level of
pesticide residues permitted under European Union regulations; Coca Cola's 30 times. [8]
CSE said it had tested the same products in the US and found no such residues. However,
this was the European standard for water, not for other drinks. No law bans the presence
of pesticides in drinks in India.

The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo angrily denied allegations that their products
manufactured in India contained toxin levels far above the norms permitted in the
developed world. But an Indian parliamentary committee, in 2004, backed up CSE's
findings and a government-appointed committee, is now trying to develop the world's
first pesticides standards for soft drinks. Coke and PepsiCo opposed the move, arguing
that lab tests aren't reliable enough to detect minute traces of pesticides in complex
drinks.

As of 2005, The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo together hold 95% market share of
soft-drink sales in India. [9] PepsiCo has also been accused by the Puthussery panchayat in
the Palakkad district in Kerala, India, of practicing "water piracy" due to its role in
exploitation of ground water resources resulting in scarcity of drinking water for the
panchayat's residents, who have been pressuring the government to close down the
PepsiCo unit in the village.[10]

In 2006, the CSE again found that soda drinks, including both Pepsi and Coca-Cola, had
high levels of pesticides in their drinks. Both PepsiCo and The Coca-Cola Company
maintain that their drinks are safe for consumption and have published newspaper
advertisements that say pesticide levels in their products are less than those in other foods
such as tea, fruit and dairy products.[11] In the Indian state of Kerala, sale and production
of Pepsi-Cola, along with other soft drinks, was banned by the state government in
2006[12], but this was reversed by the Kerala High Court merely a month later.[13] Five
other Indian states have announced partial bans on the drinks in schools, colleges and
hospitals.[14]

Pesticide residuals controversy

Timeline

• 6 August 2003 – The Delhi based Center for Science and Environment (CSE) reveals
that it has conducted a study on samples of 12 major soft drink brands sold in the country
for the residual levels of pesticides and found the levels to be far too high when compared
with the same in the samples from developed countries.

• 6 August 2003 – Both the Cola giants join hands when faced with adversity. The
PepsiCo India holding chairman Rajiv Bakshi assures that the company’s products are of
highest quality and conform to very stringent standards set by “independent accredited
laboratories”. He expresses the opinion that the company is open for inspection by “an
independent accredited authority comprising experienced people”

• 7 August 2003 – Pepsi India comes up with a press release stating that all Pepsi
products conform to the most stringent of quality standards world over. The regular
testing and stringency norms at Pepsi, it seems, require the most sophisticated and
specialized tests and equipment to be able to detect the pesticide residue at 0.1 parts per
billion levels. Moreover, CSE is not a government accredited body certified for the
capability of carrying any such tests, says the press release. The press release also cites
the name of “an independent world-class laboratory” – VIMTA, which was accredited by
the National Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration for Laboratories (NABL), as
having tested the Pepsi products against several stringent norms. Mutual mudslinging
begins as the company openly questions the credibility of the tests done by CSE and its
capability in conducting such tests.

• 10 August 2003 – While the Cola giants stick to their story of CSE’s claims to be
incorrect, CSE reiterates that the soft drink majors follow double standards with the
samples from US containing no pesticides, whereas the samples from Indian plants
contain 30 to 35 times more than the acceptable levels of pesticide residues stipulated by
European Economic Community (EEC). The Cola giants start contemplating legal action
in the wake of steep fall in sales.

• 22 August 2003 – Union Health minister Sushma Swaraj issues statement that only
three samples out of the 12 in the contention meet the EEC norms; while the other
samples have residue levels above the acceptable limits, they are only 2 to 6 times more
than the acceptable level unlike 30 to 35 times as claimed by the CSE; This has been the
result of tests conducted by two laboratories, the Mysore-based Central Food
Technological Research Institute (CFTRI) and the Kolkata-based Central Food
Laboratory (CFL).

• 23 August 2003 – The government appoints a 15-member all party Joint Parliamentary
Committee under the leadership of Sharad Pawar to delve into the issue and submit a
report on the same in the next session. The committee is also expected to suggest the
safety standards for pesticide residue levels in soft drinks, fruit juices and other beverages
that have water as the main ingredient.
• February 2004 – The JPC submits its report to the parliament, saying that the tests
conducted by CSE are accurate and India needs to come up with a set of standards for
carbonated beverages. Central Committee on Food Standards (CCFS) endorses the JPC
report and says it will set final standards. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) also starts
revising its standards.

• June 2004 – Pesticide Residue Sub-Committee of CCFS meets and decides to do year-
long monitoring.

• November 2004 – CCFS meets and decides to set up National Expert Committee to
study the matter.

• 8 August 2006 – Four states – Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chattisgarh ban
the sale of Coke and Pepsi in the educational and governmental institutions. The ban is a
consequence of CSE’s report stating that even now, the pesticide levels in these drinks
are more than 24 times above the limits set by BIS. While the top management of both
the companies insists that their products adhere to the most stringent norms and are safe
for consumption, CSE toughens its stand that the Cola companies are misleading the
general public and have a long way to go before actually meeting those safety norms.

• 10 August 2006 – Kerala announces a complete ban on production and sale of

carbonated soft drinks, including Coca-Cola and Pepsi, while Karnataka announces a ban
on sale of colas in schools and state-run hospitals.

• 14 August 2006 – PepsiCo India Chairman Rajeev Bakshi reiterates that the company’s
products in India are as safe as anywhere else in the world. He expresses the company’s
willingness to support the government in setting up criteria for pesticide residues in soft
drinks, but insists that a protocol for testing has to be developed, which is not to stall
notification of BIS norms, but a measure to ensure that the testing procedure is validated
by series of labs in India and the world over.

• 22 August 2006 – The expert committee constituted by union health minister

Anubumani Ramadoss quashes the CSE’s report on pesticide residue levels stating that
the experiment methodology has lot of flaws in it right from sampling to reporting the
residue levels.

• 22 September 2006 – The Kerala High Court quashes the government’s ban on
production and sale of the Colas in the state. The state government is exploring other
alternatives.

• 10 January 2007 – Pepsi India Holding chairman Rajeev Bakshi exits Indian operations.

• 16 February 2007 – The apex court accepts the appeal of Kerala state government
against the High Court judgment quashing the ban on production and sale of Coca-Cola
and Pepsi in the state.
 The remainder of this article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality
standards. Please improve this article if you can. (January 2009)

Matter of contention

The presence of pesticide residues in the samples of soft drinks manufactured and
distributed in India by the Pepsi India holding company are at levels greater than those
present in the samples of similar products in US and Europe. Each of the three major
parties involved, i.e., The Cola companies, CSE and the government, differ on what is
acceptable standard for the pesticide residue levels in the soft drinks. While the Cola
companies contend that their products in India are as safe as they are elsewhere, CSE is
particular about the fact that the pesticides present in the soft drinks are carcinogenic in
nature and the Cola companies are apathetic about this fact. The government neither
cracked the whip on the Cola companies, nor did it play dumb spectator. The government
says that while it is true that the residue levels of pesticides in soft drinks are above the
EEC norms, they are not as high as those values reported by CSE. The matter has led to
contemplation of setting criteria for the standard levels of pesticide residues in non-
alcoholic beverages in India. The issue is alive for the past three years and no specific
measures have come out till now in this regard.

Soft drinks market in India

India is one of the top five markets in terms of growth of the soft drinks market. The per
capita consumption of soft drinks in the country is estimated to be around 6 bottles per
annum in the year 2003. It is very low compared to the corresponding figures in US
(600+ bottles per annum). But being one of the fastest growing markets and by the sheer
volumes, India is a promising market for soft drinks.

The major players in the soft drinks market in India are PepsiCo and Coca-Cola Co, like
elsewhere in the world. Coca-Cola acquired a number of local brands like Limca, Gold
Spot and Thums Up when it entered Indian market for the second time. Pepsi Co’s soft
drink portfolio also consists of Miranda and 7Up along with Pepsi. The market share of
each of the company is more or less the same, though there is a conflict in the estimates
quoted by different sources [15]

The major ingredient in a soft drink is water. It constitutes close to 90% of the soft drink
content. Added to this, the drink also contains sweeteners, Carbon dioxide, Citric
Acid/Malic acid, Colors, Preservatives, Anti Oxidants and other emulsifying agents, etc.
[15]

Consumption patterns in India

In Tier 1, 2 and 3 cities in India, 29% of Indian consumers report consuming carbonated
beverages/soft drinks during a fixed time of the day suggesting consumption has become
a routine part of their day, with most consumption taking place during the 'afternoon to
evening' time period. Not surprisingly, consumption is highest in Tier I cities such as
Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bengaluru. The level of consumption
is seen to increase with rising household incomes (with the exception of the highest
income level) while decreasing with age. [16]

This section may contain original research or unverified claims. Please improve
the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (September 2009)

Social implications

The first time CSE conducted tests on samples of 12 soft drinks, it found out that the
pesticide residue levels in these samples are as high as 30 to 35 times that of the levels
acceptable by EEC norms.

The Indian soft drinks market is not under any regulation. Prevention of Food
adulteration act 1954 does not include soft drinks. None of the BIS standards that existed
before August 2003 had any guidelines or set criteria for the residue levels of pesticides
in the soft drinks. But different lie agencies have set standards for the residue levels of
pesticides. The European Economic Community (EEC) sets the maximum admissible
concentration of individual pesticides and related products in drinking water at 0.1 parts
per billion to ensure that the toxicity is not dangerous to human beings. For a few
pesticides like aldrin, dieldin and heptachlor epoxide the admissible limit is even more
stringent, i.e., 0.03 parts per billion.[15]

The samples tested were found to contain four pesticides more often than others –
Lindane, DDT and its metabolites, Malathion and Chlorpyrifos. Each of these can have
detrimental effects on the general well-being of human beings. Lindane accumulates in
the fat tissues and can cause damage to liver, kidney and is suspected to be carcinogenic
in nature. DDT and its metabolites are found in almost 80% of the samples tested. DDT
and its metabolites have negative impact on the potency levels of human beings and can
increase the incidence risk of breast cancer among the female population. Chlorpyrifos is
suspected to affect the functioning of the brain. It also affects the immunological system
of the body. Malathion is also carcinogenic in nature.

Some of those who sympathize with PepsiCo in this whole pesticide saga[who?] say that the
per capita consumption of soft drinks in India is too small for any of these pesticide
residues in the soft drinks to have any appreciable effect if at all on the consumers.
Though this may be true to a certain extent, it has been scientifically proven that the
excretion of some of the aforementioned pesticides from the human body is extremely
slow even after the intake ceases. Moreover, all the aforementioned pesticides are proven
to be highly carcinogenic in nature.

The main reason cited for the highly unacceptable levels of pesticide residue levels in the
soft drinks is the negligence on the part of the companies to process the ground water
before using it in the manufacturing process. The ground water in general is contaminated
because of unregulated and indiscriminate use of pesticides in India.
The public response to CSE's findings has been very sharp as reflected by a steep drop in
sales of the soft drinks immediately following the release of CSE's findings. [17] Though
there was no hue and cry all over, the general public seems to have taken strong notice of
the fact that all is not well with the soft drinks produced and marketed by the Cola
companies. The blatant denials by the head honchos[who?] did not allay the fears of the
general public.[citation needed]

Political implications

The government's response initially was guarded in nature. The government conducted its
own investigation into the matter and came out with the verdict that though the samples
did contain pesticide residues, the levels were not as high as those stated by CSE. Lack of
any specific guidelines or set criteria in this case has meant that the Cola companies have
not flouted any legality and could not be wronged for what they were doing. One positive
that came out was that the government started tinkering with the idea of coming up with
standards for acceptable levels of pesticide residues in the soft drinks and other
beverages.

The political ramifications of the issue are there for all to see. The new UPA government
that came into power in May 2004 could not force the issue and this saw the pesticide
issue taking back burner. Three years after the issue first saw the light, there was not
much progress from the side of Pesticide Residue Sub-Committee of CCFS – the
government-supported body. CSE came up with fresh tests and still highly unacceptable
levels of pesticide residues, this time taking the new BIS standards and guidelines for
acceptable limits. Four states ruled by the opposition at the center, NDA, i.e., Gujarat,
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chattisgarh banned the sale of Coke and Pepsi in
educational and government institutions. Karnataka and Kerala followed the suit, with the
later even banning production of the soft drinks in the state.

Overall, the government did not play a proactive role in this issue as can be seen from the
fact that three years after the issue first cropped up, the government is yet to come up
with the standards for pesticide residue levels in the soft drinks. The fact that the ministry
of health and CSE do not see eye to eye on the matter did not help the cause. Somehow,
the matter has deviated substantially from the core issue, i.e., carcinogenic pesticide
residue levels in the primary ingredient water. The CCFS is known to have been
expending resources and time on the obesity inducing sugar, which anyway is not the
major constituent of the soft drink composition. Moreover, the expert committee
constituted by the ministry of health faulted the CSE’s methodology of conducting tests
and hence the credibility of its tests.

Economic implications

Despite of the initial knee-jerk reaction, the general public by and large has not been
paying much attention to the Pepsi pesticides issue.[citation needed] The ban imposed by some
of the states will hit the profitability of the company's operations.[citation needed] The thing
really worth mentioning[citation needed] is the reluctance of both the Cola companies in
accepting the fact that they have been following different safety standards at different
places. All through the issue, the chairman of Pepsi India Holding, Rajeev Bakshi, was
adamant that Pepsi's products in India are as safe as anywhere else. While it may be true
that extremely low levels of per capita consumption render any fears of toxic effects of
pesticides unreasonable, the reluctance of the Cola companies in accepting the fact that
the ground water used in the manufacturing process is not sufficiently treated, is an
ominous sign to the consumer.[citation needed]

The cost involved with such processing and subsequent testing of the water samples for
residue levels might not be exorbitant in comparison to the amount of damage from not
taking any such initiative might cause in the long run. In the age of triple bottom line, the
overall behavior of Pepsi India in the pesticides issue leaves a lot desired.[by whom?]

PepsiCo in Burma

From 1991 until 1997, PepsiCo was one of the most notable companies to do business in
Burma. PepsiCo's business partner, Thein Tun, was a noted business partner of the ruling
Burmese military junta, which has been alleged to be responsible for some of the worst
human rights violations in the world.

PepsiCo's involvement prompted one of the biggest Burma-related boycotts in history.

The campaign was on a par with those against Texaco and Unocal, running around the
same time, and currently against Total Oil.

PepsiCo formally began their investment in Burma in November 1991 when they opened
a bottling plant in the then-capital Rangoon, despite the call by Aung San Suu Kyi and
the National League for Democracy for companies to avoid doing business in Burma
until it returned to democracy. The campaign against Pepsi was initiated by the Asian-
based Burma Rights Movement for Action. The campaign later gained growing strength
in the West as Burmese human rights groups focused on campaigns against companies in
Burma, including the oil giants Texaco, Unocal, Amoco, and Petro-Canada. [18]

When Petro-Canada left Burma, Canadian and U.S. based Burmese democracy groups
sharpened their focus on PepsiCo. The campaign received a massive boost when, in 1996,
the Free Burma Coalition took the lead in forcing Pepsi out of American universities.
This included the scrapping of a multi-million dollar deal at Harvard.

The campaign also spread to Europe, where the UK-based organization, Third World
First, adopted the boycott. In response, in 1996, PepsiCo attempted to step out of the
spotlight by selling its share of its Burmese joint venture to its partner but retaining its
Burmese franchise agreement. Aung San Suu Kyi responded, "As far as we are
concerned, Pepsi[Co] has not divested from Burma" and both human rights and
environmental groups continued the pressure on Pepsi. Eventually, with the Burmese
regime holding violent anti-democracy rallies and pressure from around the world
mounting, PepsiCo announced in January 1997 that it would cut all ties with Burma.
However, to this day, PepsiCo has not admitted that it was morally wrong to invest in
Burma as some other companies have upon leaving the country.

PepsiCo in Israel

Until 1991 PepsiCo was not sold in Israel, for which it was criticised by many in the
United States who believed it was supporting the Arab boycott of Israel. PepsiCo always
denied this allegation, saying Israel was simply too small to support a franchise. As a
result, the Israeli market was taken over by Pepsi's rival Coca Cola, and to this day Pepsi
has a very small market share in Israel.[19][20]

See also
• Pepsi Stuff
• Cola wars
• Pepsi Challenge
• List of Pepsi types
• Indra Nooyi

Notes and references

1. ^ "The Pepsi Challenge". IUCN. 2008 - 2009.
http://money.cnn.com/2008/02/18/news/companies/morris_nooyi.fortune/index.ht
m?postversion=2008021904. Retrieved 25 March 2008..
2. ^ PepsiCo Buys 50% Stake in Sabra
3. ^ Corporate Equality Index 2006
4. ^ The Pepsi Product Tampering Scandal of 1993
5. ^ http://www.boycottpepsico.com/
6. ^ "Coca-Cola India", Jennifer Kaye, Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth, 2004
(PDF)
7. ^ "Coke, Pepsi lose fight over labels", Knight Ridder News, 9 December 2004
8. ^ "Indian Coke, Pepsi Laced with Pesticides, Says NGO", Inter Press Service,
August 5, 2003
9. ^ "How a Global Web of Activists Gives Coke Problems in India", Wall Street
Journal, July 7, 2005
10. ^ "Pepsi gets reprieve in Kerala case", Rediff India Abroad, April 11, 2007
11. ^ Cola sales down 10% on state bans
12. ^ Sanjoy Majumder (2006-08-09). "Kerala bans Coke and Pepsi". BBC News.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4776623.stm. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
13. ^ K.C. Gopakumar (2006-09-23). "Kerala HC quashes ban on Coke and Pepsi".
The Hindu BusinessLine.
http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/09/23/stories/2006092305340100.htm
. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
14. ^ Indian state bans Pepsi and Coke
15. ^ a b c CSE Report: Analysis of pesticide residues in soft drinks, August 2006
 16. ^ Store-Bought Non Alcoholic Beverages in India, June 2009
17. ^ News snippets from www.domain-b.com
18. ^ "A Historical Look at the Pepsico/Burma Boycott " in Boycott Quarterly
(Summer 1997), online at
http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Boycotts/Hx_PepsiBurmaBoy.html[1]
19. ^ GETTING IN TEMPO WITH PEPSI COLA (Jerusalem Post, 1991)
20. ^ Snopes.com: Coca-Cola and Israel, 13 March 2007

External links
• PepsiCo official page
• PepsiCo India
• PepsiCo UK
• PepsiCo Benelux (Belgium/Netherlands/Luxembourg)
• PepsiCo France
• PepsiCo Germany
• PepsiCo Spain
• Yahoo! – PepsiCo, Inc. Company Profile
• ‘349’ consumer activist cleared in libel case filed by Pepsi
• Coalition 349 Website - Philippines
• http://www.sirpepsi.com/pepsi11.htm
• Animation TV commercial - 15 sec campaign (Hungary)

Companies portal
v•d•e
PepsiCo, Incorporated

Indra Nooyi (Chairwoman and CEO) · Robert Allen · Dina Dublon · Victor
Corporate Dzau · Ray Hunt · Alberto Ibargüen · Arthur Martinez · Steven Reinemund ·
Directors: Sharon Rockefeller · James Schiro · Franklin Thomas · Cynthia Trudell ·
River King

Brands: Pepsi · 7-Up · Tropicana · Frito-Lay · Quaker Oats · Gatorade

Annual Revenue: $35.1 billion USD (▲16% FY 2006) · Employees: 168,000 · Stock
Symbol: NYSE: PEP · Website: www.pepsico.com

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Types of Pepsi
PepsiCo has produced a number of variations on its primary cola, Pepsi, over the years,
including the following:

Contents
[hide]

• 1 Colas
• 2 Diet-related
• 3 Fictional varieties
• 4 References and notes
o 4.1 General

o 4.2 Inline

Colas
This article may contain too much repetition or redundant language. Please
help improve it to fix this issue. (August 2008)

Pepsi Fresh

Pepsi Summer Chill

Pepsi X

Pepsi Ice Cucumber

• Pepsi: PepsiCo's signature cola flavor and its namesake cola.
o Diet Pepsi: The sugarfree equivalent.
• Pepsi Free: Introduced in 1982 by PepsiCo as the first major-brand caffeine-free
cola and is today sold as Caffeine-Free Pepsi and Caffeine-Free Diet Pepsi.
• Crystal Pepsi: Discontinued; clear version of cola; introduced in 1992 and sold
until 1993.
o Crystal from Pepsi: Discontinued (non-cola) citrus flavored
reformulation of Crystal Pepsi.
o Pepsi Clear: Clear soda released in Mexico as a limited edition during
Christmas 2005, the Mexican equivalent of Crystal Pepsi
• Pepsi AM: Contains more caffeine than a regular Pepsi and marketed as a
morning drink. Introduced in 1989 and discontinued in 1990.
• Pepsi Azuki: An Azuki bean flavored limited Edition Pepsi to release in Japan in
Autumn 2009 [1]
• Pepsi Boom: A caffeine, sugar and artificial sweetener-free Pepsi only sold in
Germany, Italy and Spain
• Pepsi Fresh: More fresh Pepsi. Designed for summer 2007.
• Pepsi Natural: "a new cola made with only natural ingredients", released in
select markets in 2009.
• Pepsi Blue: A blue colored fruity soda (non-cola). Given a huge marketing push,
often considered a major flop on the order of New Coke. No longer produced. In
Iceland, Pepsi Blue was sold for a brief period of time during the winter of
2003/2004, and in India during the 2003 Cricket World Cup. It was sold for a
longer period in Austria, and is still available in some parts of Mexico. It was also
sold in the Philippines for a limited time only, usually it appears during Christmas
season. Likewise, it was sold for a limited time in Australia and Finland.[citation needed]
• Pepsi Blue Hawaii: A Limited Edition Pepsi released in Japan. A pineapple and
lemon flavored soda, blue in color.
• Pepsi Carnival: A tropical fruit flavored Pepsi available in Japan for a limited
time that debuted in summer 2006. Later Released as Pepsi Summer Mix in 2007
in the US, However the formula was most likely different.
• Pepsi Fire: a limited edition, cinnamon flavored variety that is sold in Guam,
Saipan, Thailand, Mexico, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines.
• Pepsi Gold: Limited edition gold colored variant as part of a 2006 FIFA World
Cup and ICC Cricket World Cup 2007 promotion.It had a hint of ginger, but
nowhere near the spice level of Pepsi Red, and was sold in Southeast Asia,
Central Europe, Russia and Egypt.
• Pepsi Green: a bright-green variety introduced in Thailand on January 15, 2009.
[2]

• Pepsi Holiday Spice: a limited edition variety which the company began selling
November 1, 2004 in the U.S.A. and Canada for an eight-week period, and again
in the 2006 Christmas season. It is flavored with a seasonal finish of cinnamon,
somewhat similar to the Swedish Julmust.
o Christmas Pepsi: Almost identical to Pepsi Holiday Spice, with nutmeg
and cocoa added to the ingredients list, and was marketed over the 2007
and 2008 Christmas seasons.
• Pepsi Ice: Pepsi with an icy mint flavor. Sold in Guam, Thailand, Malaysia,
Singapore and the Philippines. In summer 2007 Pepsi used the name Pepsi Ice in
the Czech Republic and Slovakia for a limited edition cola with apple flavor.
• Pepsi Ice Cucumber: Limited edition green, cucumber-flavored Pepsi sold in
Japan in summer 2007.
• Pepsi Kona, a coffee-flavored cola which was test-marketed on the East Coast of
the USA.
• Lemon Pepsi: Limited Edition to promote NFL kickoff 2008, same taste as Pepsi
Twist
• Pepsi Lime: with lime flavor added, introduced onto the market in the spring of
2005.
o Pepsi Limón: Pepsi with lime flavor released in Mexico in 2002, later
returns as Pepsi Twist in 2004, no longer produced.
o Pepsi A-ha: Lemon flavored Pepsi sold in India.
• Pepsi Mojito: Lemon flavored Pepsi, with a twist of mint. Alcohol Free. Limited
edition, summer 2009.
• Pepsi Raging Razzberry: Available in test markets in 1991 and it has been said
that it didn't really taste like raspberry, but was considered a raspberry twist,
introduced along with Pepsi Tropical Chill and Pepsi Strawberry Burst.
• Pepsi Raw: Cola made with all-natural ingredients and no artificial colours sold
in the United Kingdom.
• Pepsi Red: Released in Japan sometime in 2006, it has a general ginger flavor
and is somewhat spicy.
• Pepsi Retro (rendered in written advertisement as PEPSI retro): Released in
Mexico in February 2008. Pepsi made with natural ingredients, sugar cane and
cola nut extract.
• Pepsi Samba: A "Tropical Flavoured Cola" containing the flavors Mango &
Tamarind, distributed in Australia and could be found in some shops at Spain. It
was released in Australia in the 3rd Quarter of 2005 and was expected to be in
production for a limited time only. Many people did not like the taste. Recently
many Australian supermarkets were clearing out their remaining stock at prices as
low as 15 cents (2 litres).
• Pepsi Shiso: Limited edition green shiso flavored soda introduced in Japan during
summer 2009.
• Pepsi Strawberry Burst: Available in test markets in 1991 along with Pepsi
Tropical Chill and Pepsi Raging Razzberry.
• Pepsi Summer Chill: "Chilled Apple Cola". Sold in Poland during summer 2007.
In the Czech Republic and Slovakia the same product was sold as Pepsi Ice.
• Pepsi Summer Mix: Pepsi with tropical fruit flavors. Released in early Spring of
2007, and was discontinued Fall to Winter of 2007. Was available in limited areas
only; was a big hit for the northeastern United States.
• Pepsi Throwback: A version of Pepsi-Cola sweetened with sugar instead of corn
syrup. The use of sugar is the only difference between it and regular Pepsi.[citation
needed]

• Pepsi Tropical Chill: Available in test markets in 1991 along with Pepsi
Strawberry Burst and Pepsi Raging Razzberry.
 • Pepsi Freeze: Pepsi, Diet Pepsi, or Wild Cherry Pepsi flavored slushee available
at most convenience stores and some movie theatres.
• Pepsi Tropical: Short lived drink that was Available in the US, UK and Japan in
late 1994.
• Pepsi Twist: A lemon flavored variety.
• Pepsi Twist Mojito: A Pepsi with a mix of lemon and mojito taste. Has no
alcohol. Sold in Italy.
o Pepsi Twistão Sold during summertime in Brazil, it's a Pepsi with a
lemon flavor stronger than regular Pepsi Twist. "Twistão", in Portuguese,
is the augmentative of "Twist".
• Pepsi Vanilla: Released in Canada and the U.S. in 2003 as Pepsi's answer to
Vanilla Coke. Contains vanilla extract as well as both natural and artificial
flavors. No longer produced.
o Pepsi Ice Cream Sold in Russia
• Pepsi White: Pepsi with yogurt flavor, available in Japan
• Pepsi Wild Cherry: a cherry flavored variety, introduced in 1988. Available for a
brief period in the UK in the late 1980s. Originally called "Wild Cherry Pepsi", its
name was changed along with the formula in 2005. Still uses the 2003 Pepsi
design as of August 2009.
• Pepsi X Energy Cola: Contains more caffeine than regular Pepsi, and also
contains guaranine. Pepsi is the first major cola brand to have an energy drink line
extension. The cola-based product has a unique flavor and a reddish tint. It is sold
in several countries worldwide.
• Pepsi 100: Only available for a limited time to celebrate 100 years of the drink in
1998 and came back on 2003 to celebrate the name.

Diet-related
• Diet Crystal Pepsi: Low-calorie version of Crystal Pepsi.
• Diet Pepsi: Low-calorie version of Pepsi.
o Diet : Sugar-free version of Pepsi AM, and introduced in 1987. No
longer produced.
• Pepsi Edge: contains half the carbohydrates, calories and sugars of a normal
Pepsi, and is flavored by Splenda. Introduced in 2004, and discontinued in 2005.
It was featured on an episode of The Apprentice 2 in which teams had to design a
prototype bottle.
o Pepsi Avantage: the French name for Pepsi Edge, sold exclusively during
2005 in the province of Quebec.
• Diet Pepsi Free (now known as Caffeine-Free Diet Pepsi)
• Diet Pepsi Jazz flavored colas only available in diet styles. Introduced in July
2006.
o Black Cherry French Vanilla
o Strawberries and Cream
o Caramel Cream (introduced Feb. 2007)
• Diet Pepsi Kona
• Pepsi Kick: Introduced in Mexico in 2009. Calorie-free Pepsi with added
Caffeine and Ginseng. A Mexican equivalent of American Pepsi Max.
• Pepsi Light: Lemon-flavored Diet Pepsi sold in the 1970s and 1980s, also the
name under which Diet Pepsi is distributed outside the English-speaking
countries.
• Pepsi Light: a caffeine free, no sugar Pepsi sold in other countries besides the
United States. Similar to Diet Pepsi. (not sold in 1970s or 1980s)
o Diet Pepsi Faint Mojito Lemon Twist Vert Citron: Available in small
small amounts around the Powell River Canada area. Its said to have a
taste of Pepsi Twist with a little less lemon, and a little more Mojito Vert
Citron. Also you can buy it anywhere in Utah - on sale for 56 cents at the
dollar tree.
o Diet Pepsi Light
o Pepsi Light Twist
o Pepsi Light Lima: Pepsi Light, but with a touch of lime. Sold only in
Spain
o Pepsi Light mojito: Pepsi Light, but with a touch of mojito taste. Has no
alcohol. Sold in Germany in 2008.
• Diet Pepsi Lemon: A new flavor of Diet Pepsi released in 2009.
• Diet Pepsi Lime
• Diet Pepsi Max Was available in the United States and Canada. Diet Pepsi with
added Caffeine and Ginseng. This product is not related to Pepsi Max as it has
significantly different ingredients and no calories.[3] Diet Pepsi Max was renamed
"Pepsi Max" in 2008 along with the redesign of Pepsi.
• Pepsi Max Was only available outside the United States until the name change of
Diet Pepsi Max in 2008. Pepsi with no sugar.
o Pepsi Max Cool Lemon
o Pepsi Max Chill (flavored with apple)
o Pepsi Max Citron Citron Vert (sold in France)
o Pepsi Max Coffee Cino (UK - Pepsi Max with coffee) Discontinued
o Pepsi Max Energy Pepsi max with 66% more caffeine, flavored with
ginseng. Sold in Germany in 2008.
o Pepsi Max Gold (limited edition in the UK market for Christmas 2005 -
available September to December)
o Pepsi Max Twist Lemon and lime flavor available in the UK
o Pepsi Max Mojito Mojito flavor available in Denmark
• Pepsi NEX: A zero calorie Pepsi available in Japan developed by Suntory [4]
• Pepsi ONE: An alternative to Diet Pepsi, with one calorie per serving. Still uses
the 2003 Pepsi design as of May 2009.
• Diet Pepsi Twist
o Diet Pepsi Kickoff: Diet Pepsi with Lemon. To be released for the 2008
NFL season. As seen on eBay.[5]
o Diet Pepsi Twistão (see above)
• Diet Pepsi Vanilla Vanilla flavored diet soda. Pepsi's response to Diet Vanilla
Coke. Temporarily available.
 • Diet Pepsi Wild Cherry Not widely available until 2005, when Wild Cherry
Pepsi was reformulated. Now uses the 2009 Pepsi design
• Pepsi XL another mid-calorie cola targeted at males, and transition consumers
(those making the move from regular to diet colas).
• Pepsi Sugar Free Released on November 2007.
• Pepsi Twist 3: Released in Brazil in 2008. It has 3 calories of the natural lemon
juice.

Fictional varieties
• Cokesi: a cola mentioned in James Kunetka and Whitley Strieber's novel Nature's
End.
• Homemade Pepsi and Pepsi B are mentioned in episodes of The Simpsons.
• Horse Pepsi is mentioned in an episode of Futurama.[6]
• Pepsi Perfect a vitamin-enriched cola sold in 2015 in the 1989 film Back to the
Future Part II.
• Pepsi Plus: a Pepsi with chocolate sold in 2009 in Pilot, the episode featured in
Haste Makes Waste.
• Zesti: a soda brand appearing in various DC Comics stories.
• Piet Depsi: The eventual name of the drink "Kiet Doke" imagined by Ted L.
Nancy described in his follow-up letter to The Coca-Cola Company. Uses the
familiar slogan "It Tastes Nothing Like Coke!"
• Peppy-Cola: The soda brand featured in the popular teen show iCarly.
• Mepsi Pax: is a variant of Pepsi Max that was mentioned in the game Conker's
Bad Fur Day by Scarecrow Birdy
• Sepsi: A common joke in Spanish speaking countries, a play on words between
Pepsi and sexy.
• Pepsi Must: A necessary drink in The Onion article "Coca-Cola Introduces Coke
Mandatory"[7]

References and notes

General

• Pepsi Web Site's list of U.S. types

Inline

1. ^ Suntory to release Pepsi Azuki on October 20, 2009.(in Japanese)

2. ^ The Bangkok Post. Pepsi Eyes Growth Despite Slow Market, January 16, 2009.
Retrieved on January 27, 2009.
3. ^ BevNET.com - New Invigorating Zero-Calorie Cola Hits Shelves This Summer
4. ^ "Suntory News Release". http://www.suntory.com/about/news/2006/9340.html.
Retrieved 2006-07-04.
 5. ^ Diet Pepsi LEMON NFL Kickoff Can Limited Edition RARE - eBay (item
160234947776 end time May-02-08 19:40:11 PDT)
6. ^ Futurama episode "The Luck of the Fryrish"
7. ^ http://www.theonion.com/content/node/28135

[hide]
v•d•e
Varieties of Pepsi

Pepsi · Crystal Pepsi · Pepsi Blue · Pepsi Free · Pepsi Twist · Pepsi Raw (Pepsi
Colas
Natural)

Diet Diet Pepsi · Jazz Diet Pepsi · Pepsi Max (outside North America) · Pepsi Max
Colas (North America only) · Pepsi ONE

Coffe
e
Pepsi Kaffe · Pepsi Kona
related
Colas
Pepsi is a carbonated soft drink produced and manufactured by PepsiCo. It is sold in
many places such as retail stores, restaurants, schools, cinemas and from vending
machines. The drink was first made in the 1890s by pharmacist Caleb Bradham in New
Bern, North Carolina. The brand was trademarked on June 16, 1903. There have been
many Pepsi variants produced over the years since 1898.

In October 2008, Pepsi announced that it would be redesigning its logo and re-branding
many of its products by early 2009. In 2009, Pepsi, Diet Pepsi and Pepsi Max began
using all lower-case fonts for name brands, and Diet Pepsi Max was re-branded as Pepsi
Max. The brand's blue and red globe trademark became a series of "smiles," with the
central white band arcing at different angles depending on the product. Pepsi in countries
such as the U.S., Canada, Brazil, Bolivia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador,
Colombia, Argentina and Puerto Rico is carrying the "smile" logo, while the rest of the
countries continue to use the old design on all packaging.

In mid-September 2009,the new logo has started to appear on 300 and 600ml bottles of
Pepsi in Australia. Pepsi Max bottles still carry the current logo as of 27th September.
Pepsi Max cans now have the new style Pepsi writing and logo, but still carry the current
style "Max" part of Pepsi Max.

As of October 2009, however, the flavors wild cherry and Pepsi ONE continue to use the
2003 Pepsi logo.

Contents
[hide]

• 1 Origins
• 2 Rise
• 3 Niche marketing
• 4 Marketing
o 4.1 Rivalry with Coca-Cola
o 4.2 Slogans
o 4.3 Pepsiman
• 5 Colas
• 6 Ingredients
• 7 Competitors
• 8 See also
 • 9 Notes
• 10 References

• 11 External links

Origins

Photo of a Pepsi can.

It was first introduced as "Brad's Drink"in New Bern, North Carolina in 1898 by Caleb
Bradham, who made it at his pharmacy where the drink was sold. It was later named
Pepsi Cola, possibly due to the digestive enzyme pepsin and kola nuts used in the recipe.
[1]
Bradham sought to create a fountain drink that was delicious and would aid in
digestion and boost energy.[2]

In 1903, Bradham moved the bottling of Pepsi-Cola from his drugstore to a rented
warehouse. That year, Bradham sold 7,968 gallons of syrup. The next year, Pepsi was
sold in six-ounce bottles, and sales increased to 19,848 gallons. In 1909, automobile race
pioneer Barney Oldfield was the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi-Cola, describing it as "A
bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race".[3] The advertising
theme "Delicious and Healthful" was then used over the next two decades. In 1926, Pepsi
received its first logo redesign since the original design of 1905. In the year 1929, the
logo was changed again.

In 1931, at the depth of the Great Depression, the Pepsi-Cola Company entered
bankruptcy - in large part due to financial losses incurred by speculating on wildly
fluctuating sugar prices as a result of World War I. Assets were sold and Roy C.
Megargel bought the Pepsi trademark.[4] Eight years later, the company went bankrupt
again. Pepsi's assets were then purchased by Charles Guth, the President of Loft Inc. Loft
was a candy manufacturer with retail stores that contained soda fountains. He sought to
replace Coca-Cola at his stores' fountains after Coke refused to give him a discount on
syrup. Guth then had Loft's chemists reformulate the Pepsi-Cola syrup formula.

Rise
During the Great Depression, Pepsi gained popularity following the introduction in 1936
of a 12-ounce bottle. Initially priced at 10 cents, sales were slow, but when the price was
slashed to five cents, sales increased substantially. With a radio advertising campaign
featuring the jingle "Pepsi-Cola hits the spot / Twelve full ounces, that's a lot / Twice as
much for a nickel, too / Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you," arranged in such a way that the
jingle never ends. Pepsi encouraged price-watching consumers to switch, obliquely
referring to the Coca-Cola standard of six ounces per bottle for the price of five cents (a
nickel), instead of the 12 ounces Pepsi sold at the same price.[5] Coming at a time of
economic crisis, the campaign succeeded in boosting Pepsi's status. In 1937 500,000,000
bottles of Pepsi were consumed. From 1936 to 1938, Pepsi-Cola's profits doubled.[6]

Pepsi's success under Guth came while the Loft Candy business was faltering. Since he
had initially used Loft's finances and facilities to establish the new Pepsi success, the
near-bankrupt Loft Company sued Guth for possession of the Pepsi-Cola company. A
long legal battle, Guth v. Loft, then ensued, with the case reaching the Delaware Supreme
Court and ultimately ending in a loss for Guth.

Niche marketing
1940s advertisement specifically targeting African Americans

Walter Mack was named the new President of Pepsi-Cola and guided the company
through the 1940s. Mack, who supported progressive causes, noticed that the company's
strategy of using advertising for a general audience either ignored African Americans or
used ethnic stereotypes in portraying blacks. He realized African Americans were an
untapped niche market and that Pepsi stood to gain market share by targeting its
advertising directly towards them.[7] To this end, he hired Hennan Smith, an advertising
executive "from the Negro newspaper field"[8] to lead an all-black sales team, which had
to be cut due to the onset of World War II. In 1947, Mack resumed his efforts, hiring
Edward F. Boyd to lead a twelve-man team. They came up with advertising portraying
black Americans in a positive light, such as one with a smiling mother holding a six pack
of Pepsi while her son (a young Ron Brown, who grew up to be Secretary of
Commerce[9]) reaches up for one. Another ad campaign, titled "Leaders in Their Fields",
profiled twenty prominent African Americans such as Nobel Peace Prize winner Ralph
Bunche and photographer Gordon Parks.

Boyd also led a sales team composed entirely of blacks around the country to promote
Pepsi. Racial segregation and Jim Crow laws were still in place throughout much of the
U.S.; Boyd's team faced a great deal of discrimination as a result,[8] from insults by Pepsi
co-workers to threats by the Ku Klux Klan.[9] On the other hand, they were able to use
racism as a selling point, attacking Coke's reluctance to hire blacks and support by the
chairman of Coke for segregationist Governor of Georgia Herman Talmadge.[7] As a
result, Pepsi's market share as compared to Coke's shot up dramatically. After the sales
team visited Chicago, Pepsi's share in the city overtook that of Coke for the first time.[7]

This focus on the market for black people caused some consternation within the company
and among its affiliates. They did not want to seem focused on black customers for fear
white customers would be pushed away.[7] In a meeting at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel,
Mack tried to assuage the 500 bottlers in attendance by pandering to them, saying, "We
don't want it to become known as a nigger drink."[10] After Mack left the company in
1950, support for the black sales team faded and it was cut.
Marketing

Pepsi logo (1973-87). In 1987, the font was modified slightly to a more rounded version
which was used until 1991.

Pepsi logo (2003-09). As of October 2009, this logo is still used with Pepsi ONE, Pepsi
Wild Cherry, and in some countries.

In 1975, Pepsi introduced the Pepsi Challenge marketing campaign where PepsiCo set up
a blind tasting between Pepsi-Cola and rival Coca-Cola. During these blind taste tests the
majority of participants picked Pepsi as the better tasting of the two soft drinks. PepsiCo
took great advantage of the campaign with television commercials reporting the results to
the public.[11].

In 1976 Pepsi, RKO Bottlers in Toledo, Ohio hired the first female Pepsi salesperson,
Denise Muck, to coincide with the United States bicentennial celebration.

In 1996, PepsiCo launched the highly successful Pepsi Stuff marketing strategy. By 2002,
the strategy was cited by Promo Magazine as one of 16 "Ageless Wonders" that "helped
redefine promotion marketing."[12]

In 2007, PepsiCo redesigned their cans for the fourteenth time, and for the first time,
included more than thirty different backgrounds on each can, introducing a new
background every three weeks.[13] One of their background designs includes a string of
repetitive numbers 73774. This is a numerical expression from a telephone keypad of the
word "Pepsi."

In late 2008, Pepsi overhauled their entire brand, simultaneously introducing a new logo
and a minimalist label design. The redesign was comparable to Coca-Cola's earlier
simplification of their can and bottle designs. Also in 4th quarter of 2008 Pepsi teamed up
with Google/Youtube to produce the first daily entertainment show on Youtube, Poptub.
This daily show deals with pop culture, internet viral videos, and celebrity gossip. Poptub
is updated daily from Pepsi.

Since 2007, Pepsi, Lay's, and Gatorade have had a "Bring Home the Cup," contest for
Canada's biggest hockey fans. Hockey fans were asked to submit content (videos,
pictures or essays) for a chance at winning a party in their hometown with the Stanley
Cup and Mark Messier.

In 2009, "Bring Home the Cup," changed to "Team Up and Bring Home the Cup." The
new installment of the campaign asks for team involvement and an advocate to submit
content on behalf of their team for the chance to have the Stanley Cup delivered to the
team's hometown by Mark Messier.

Pepsi has official sponsorship deals with three of the four major North American
professional sports leagues: the National Football League, National Hockey League and
Major League Baseball. Pepsi also sponsors Major League Soccer.

Pepsi also has sponsorship deals in international cricket teams. The Pakistan cricket team
are just one of the teams that the brand sponsors. The team wears the Pepsi logo on the
front of their test and ODI test match clothing.

On July 6, 2009, Pepsi announced it would make a $1 billion investment in Russia over
three years, bringing the total Pepsi investment in the country to $4 billion.[14]

In July 2009, Pepsi started marketing itself as Pecsi in Argentina in response to its name
being mispronounced by 25% of the population and as a way to connect more with all of
the population. [15]

Rivalry with Coca-Cola

Main article: Cola Wars

According to Consumer Reports, in the 1970s, the rivalry continued to heat up the
market. Pepsi conducted blind taste tests in stores, in what was called the "Pepsi
Challenge". These tests suggested that more consumers preferred the taste of Pepsi
(which is believed to have more lemon oil, less orange oil, and uses vanillin rather than
vanilla) to Coke. The sales of Pepsi started to climb, and Pepsi kicked off the "Challenge"
across the nation. This became known as the "Cola Wars."

In 1985, The Coca-Cola Company, amid much publicity, changed its formula. The theory
has been advanced that New Coke, as the reformulated drink came to be known, was
invented specifically in response to the Pepsi Challenge. However, a consumer backlash
led to Coca-Cola quickly introducing a modified version of the original formula
(removing the expensive Haitian lime oil and changing the sweetener to corn syrup) as
Coke "Classic".

According to Beverage Digest's 2008 report on Carbonated Soft Drinks (CSD), PepsiCo's
U.S. market share is 30.8 percent, while The Coca-Cola Company's is 42.7 percent.[16]
Coca-Cola outsells Pepsi in most parts of the U.S., notable exceptions being central
Appalachia, North Dakota, and Utah. In the city of Buffalo, New York, Pepsi outsells
Coca-Cola by a two-to-one margin.[17]

Overall, Coca-Cola continues to outsell Pepsi in almost all areas of the world. However,
exceptions include India; Saudi Arabia; Pakistan (Pepsi has been a dominant sponsor of
the Pakistan cricket team since the 1990s); the Dominican Republic; Guatemala the
Canadian provinces of Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince
Edward Island; and Northern Ontario.[18].

Pepsi had long been the drink of Canadian Francophones and it continues to hold its
dominance by relying on local Québécois celebrities (especially Claude Meunier, of La
Petite Vie fame) to sell its product.[19] PepsiCo use the slogan "here, it's Pepsi" (Ici, c'est
Pepsi) to answer to Coca-cola publicity "Everywhere in the world, it's Coke" (Partout
dans le monde, c'est Coke).

By most accounts, Coca-Cola was India's leading soft drink until 1977 when it left India
after a new government ordered The Coca-Cola Company to turn over its secret formula
for Coke and dilute its stake in its Indian unit as required by the Foreign Exchange
Regulation Act (FERA). In 1988, PepsiCo gained entry to India by creating a joint
venture with the Punjab government-owned Punjab Agro Industrial Corporation (PAIC)
and Voltas India Limited. This joint venture marketed and sold Lehar Pepsi until 1991
when the use of foreign brands was allowed; PepsiCo bought out its partners and ended
the joint venture in 1994. In 1993, The Coca-Cola Company returned in pursuance of
India's Liberalization policy.[20] In 2005, The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo together
held 95% market share of soft-drink sales in India. Coca-Cola India's market share was
52.5%.[21]

A sticker from a USSR-produced Pepsi bottle.

In Russia, Pepsi initially had a larger market share than Coke but it was undercut once the
Cold War ended. In 1972, Pepsico company struck a barter agreement with the then
government of the Soviet Union, in which Pepsico was granted exportation and Western
marketing rights to Stolichnaya vodka in exchange for importation and Soviet marketing
of Pepsi-Cola. [22] [23] This exchange led to Pepsi-Cola being the first foreign product
sanctioned for sale in the U.S.S.R.[24]

Reminiscent of the way that Coca-Cola became a cultural icon and its global spread
spawned words like "coca colonization", Pepsi-Cola and its relation to the Soviet system
turned it into an icon. In the early 1990s, the term "Pepsi-stroika" began appearing as a
pun on "perestroika", the reform policy of the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev.
Critics viewed the policy as a lot of fizz without substance and as an attempt to usher in
Western products in deals there with the old elites. Pepsi, as one of the first American
products in the Soviet Union, became a symbol of that relationship and the Soviet policy.
[25]
This was reflected in Russian author Victor Pelevin's book "Generation P".

In 1989, Billy Joel mentions the rivalry between the two companies in the song "We
Didn't Start The Fire". The line "Rock & Roll and Cola Wars" refers to Pepsi and Coke's
usage of various musicians in their advertising campaigns. Coke used Paula Abdul, while
Pepsi used Michael Jackson. They then continued to try to get other musicians to
advertise their beverages.

In 1992, following the Soviet collapse, Coca-Cola was introduced to the Russian market.
As it came to be associated with the new system, and Pepsi to the old, Coca-Cola rapidly
captured a significant market share that might otherwise have required years to achieve.
By July 2005, Coca-Cola enjoyed a market share of 19.4 percent, followed by Pepsi with
13 percent.[26]

Slogans

A large advertisement made to resemble a Pepsi cup at Nickelodeon Universe in the Mall
of America.

• 1939–1950: "Twice as Much for a Nickel"

• 1950: "More Bounce to the Ounce"
• 1950–1957: "Any Weather is Pepsi Weather"
• 1957–1958: "Say Pepsi, Please"
• 1958–1961: "Be Sociable, Have a Pepsi"
• 1961-1963: "Now It's Pepsi for Those Who Think Young" (jingle sung by Joanie
Sommers)
• 1963–1967: "Come Alive, You're in the Pepsi Generation" (jingle sung by Joanie
Sommers)
• 1967–1969: "(Taste that beats the others cold) Pepsi Pours It On".
• 1969–1975: "You've Got a Lot to Live, and Pepsi's Got a Lot to Give"
• 1975–1977: "Have a Pepsi Day"
• 1977–1980: "Join the Pepsi People (Feeling Free)"
• 1980–1981: "Catch That Pepsi Spirit" [David Lucas, composer]
• 1981–1983: "Pepsi's got your taste for life"
• 1983: "It's cheaper than Coke!"
• 1983–1984: "Pepsi Now! Take the Challenge!"
• 1984–1991: "Pepsi. The Choice of a New Generation" (commercial with Michael
Jackson, featuring Pepsi version of Billie Jean)
• 1986–1987: "We've Got The Taste" (commercial with Tina Turner)
• 1987–1990: "Pepsi's Cool" (commercial with Michael Jackson, featuring Pepsi
version of Bad)
• 1990–1991: "You got the right one Baby UH HUH" (sung by Ray Charles for
Diet Pepsi)
• 1990–1991: "Yehi hai right choice Baby UH HUH" (Hindi - meaning "This is the
right choice Baby UH HUH") (India)
• 1991–1992: "Gotta Have It"/"Chill Out"
• 1992–1993: "Be Young, Have Fun, Drink Pepsi"
• 1993–1994: "Right Now"Van Halen song for the Crystal Pepsi advertisement.
• 1994–1995: "Double Dutch Bus" (Pepsi song sung by Brad Bentz)
• 1995: "Nothing Else is a Pepsi"
• 1995–1996: "Drink Pepsi. Get Stuff." Pepsi Stuff campaign
• 1996–1997: "Pepsi:There's nothing official about it" (During the Wills World Cup
(cricket) held in India/Pakistan/Sri Lanka)
• 1997–1998: "Generation Next" - with the Spice Girls.
• 1998–1999: "It's the cola" (100th anniversary commercial)
• 1999–2000: "For Those Who Think Young"/"The Joy of Pepsi-Cola"
(commercial with Britney Spears/commercial with Mary J. Blige)
• 2003: "It's the Cola"/"Dare for More" (Pepsi Commercial)
• 2005–2006: "An ice cold Pepsi. It's better than coke!" (Larry Sypolt)
• 2006–2007: "Why You Doggin' Me"/"Taste the one that's forever young"
Commercial featuring Mary J. Blige
• 2007–2008: "More Happy"/"Taste the once that's forever young" (Michael
Alexander)
• 2008: "Pepsi Stuff" Super Bowl Commercial (Justin Timberlake)
• 2008: "Рepsi is #1" Тv commercial (Luke Rosin)
• 2008–present: "Something for Everyone."
• 2009–present: "Refresh Everything"/"Every Generation Refreshes The World"
 • 2007-present: "Yeh hai youngistaan meri jaan" (Hindi - meaning "This is our
young country my baby") (India)

Pepsiman

Pepsiman is an official Pepsi mascot from Pepsi's Japanese corporate branch. The design
of the Pepsiman character is attributed to Canadian comic book artist Travis Charest,
created sometime around the mid 1990s. Pepsiman took on three different outfits, each
one representing the current style of the Pepsi can in distribution. Twelve commercials
were created featuring the character. His role in the advertisements is to appear with
Pepsi to thirsty people or people craving soda. Pepsiman happens to appear at just the
right time with the product. After delivering the beverage, sometimes Pepsiman would
encounter a difficult and action oriented situation which would result in injury.

Pepsiman was featured as a Japanese Exclusive Transformers toy "Pepsi Convoy," which
was based on G1 Optimus Prime. In 1996, Sega-AM2 released the Sega Saturn version of
their arcade fighting game Fighting Vipers. In this game Pepsiman was included as a
special character, with his specialty listed as being the ability to "quench one's thirst". He
does not appear in any other version or sequel. In 1999, KID developed a video game for
the PlayStation entitled Pepsiman. As Pepsiman, the player runs, skateboards, rolls, and
stumbles through various areas, avoiding dangers and collecting cans of Pepsi all while
trying to reach a thirsty person as in the commercials.

Colas
• Pepsi 'Edge': PepsiCo's New drink (Vanilla flavoured.)

• Pepsi: PepsiCo's signature cola flavor and its namesake cola.

• Diet Pepsi: artificial-sweetener variant
• Pepsi Free: The first major-brand caffeine-free cola introduced in 1982.
Currently marketed as Caffeine-Free Pepsi and Caffeine-Free Diet Pepsi.
• Pepsi Max: Low-calorie, sugar-free version of Pepsi.
• Crystal Pepsi: Clear cola; sold from 1992–1993.

• Crystal from Pepsi: Citrus-flavored reformulation of Crystal

Pepsi.
• Pepsi Clear: Clear soda released in Mexico as a limited edition
during Christmas 2005, the Mexican equivalent of Crystal Pepsi

• Pepsi AM: Increased caffeine; marketed as a morning drink. Sold 1989–1990.

• Pepsi Boom: Caffeine, sugar and artificial sweetener-free. Sold in Germany, Italy
and Spain
• Pepsi Fresh: Introduced Summer 2007
• Pepsi Natural (Pepsi Raw in United Kingdom): Containing only "natural
ingredients". Released in select markets in U.S. and Mexico in 2009.
• Pepsi Shiso: Introduced only in Japan as a limited edition for Summer 2009, it's
transparent green. Size: 147ml can, price:147 yen. Also available in 500ml plastic
bottles. Shiso in English is "labiate" or "perilla".
• Pepsi NEX: Zero calories. Distributed by Suntory.
• Pepsi Blue: Blue-colored berry-flavored soda. Available 2002–2004 in the U.S.;
remains available in other countries.
• Pepsi Blue Hawaii: Blue-colored, pineapple and lemon flavored. Released in
Japan.
• Pepsi Carnival: Tropical fruit-flavored, Introduced in Japan for a limited time
Summer 2006. Later released as Pepsi Summer Mix in 2007 in the U.S.
• Pepsi Fire: Limited edition, cinnamon-flavored. Sold in Guam, Saipan, Thailand,
Mexico, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines.
• Pepsi Gold: Gold-colored, ginger-flavored variant available as part of a 2006
FIFA World Cup and ICC Cricket World Cup 2007 promotion. Sold in Southeast
Asia, Central Europe and Russia.
• Pepsi Green: Bright-green variety introduced in Thailand in early 2009.
• Pepsi Holiday Spice: Seasonal, cinnamon-flavored variant available Fall 2004
and 2006 in the U.S. and Canada.
• Christmas Pepsi: Similar to Holiday Spice, with nutmeg and cocoa added to the
ingredients list. Available during 2007–2008 holiday seasons.
• Pepsi Ice: Icy mint flavor. Sold in Guam, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and the
Philippines. In Summer 2007, Pepsi used the name Pepsi Ice in the Czech
Republic and Slovakia for a limited edition cola with apple flavor.
• Pepsi Ice Cucumber: Limited edition green, cucumber-flavored Pepsi sold in
Japan in Summer 2007.
• Pepsi Jazz: Jazz with Black Cherry and French Vanilla, Jazz with Strawberries
and Cream, and Caramel Cream made in 2006.
• Pepsi Kona, Coffee-flavored, test-marketed on the U.S. East Coast.
• Pepsi Kick, Regular formula, with Ginseng. Uses the recent Pepsi logo. Sold only
in Mexico.
• Lemon Pepsi: Lemon-flavored, available as a promotion for the beginning of the
2008 NFL season.
• Pepsi Lime: Lime-flavored, introduced in Spring 2005.
• Pepsi Limón: Lime-flavored, released in Mexico in 2002. Re-introduced as Pepsi
Twist in 2004, since discontinued.
• Pepsi A-ha: Lemon-flavored, sold in India.
• Pepsi ONE: One-calorie Pepsi. Introduced in 1997.
• Pepsi Raging Razzberry: Raspberry-flavored, available in 1991.
• Pepsi Raw: British name for Pepsi Natural
• Pepsi Red: Spicy, ginger-flavored. Released in Japan in 2006.
• Pepsi Retro: With "natural" ingredients (sugar cane and kola nut extract).
Released in Mexico in February 2008, relaunched as Pepsi Natural in August
2009.
• Pepsi Samba: Tropical-flavored (mango and tamarind). Introduced in Australia in
2005.
• Pepsi Si: Marketed in predominantly Hispanic areas.
 • Pepsi Strawberry Burst
• Pepsi Summer Chill: Apple-flavored, sold in Poland during Summer 2007.
Marketed as Pepsi Ice in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
• Pepsi Summer Mix: Pepsi with tropical fruit flavors. Available in 2007 in limited
areas.
• Pepsi Throwback: Sweetened with sugar instead of high-fructose corn syrup and
in retro-styled packaging.
• Pepsi Tropical Chill
• Pepsi Tropical: Tropical-flavored, available in the U.S., U.K. and Japan in late
1994.
• Pepsi Twist: Lemon-flavored
• Pepsi Twist Mojito: Mojito and lemon-flavored. Non-alcoholic. Sold in Italy.
• Pepsi Twistão: Strong lemon flavor, sold during summertime in Brazil.
"Twistão", in Portuguese, is the augmentative of "Twist".
• Pepsi Vanilla: Vanilla-flavored, released in Canada and the U.S. in 2003 in
response to Vanilla Coke. Marketed as Pepsi Ice Cream in Russia.
• Pepsi White: Yogurt-flavored, available in Japan .
• Pepsi Wild Cherry: Cherry-flavored, introduced in 1988 as "Wild Cherry Pepsi".
Changed name and formula in 2005. Still uses the 2003 Pepsi design as of
September 2009.
• Pepsi X Energy Cola: Guaranine and a higher amount of caffeine. Reddish color.
Available in several countries.
• Pepsi 100: Available in 1998 for the anniversary of the drink and in 2003 for the
anniversary of the name "Pepsi".

Ingredients
Pepsi-Cola contains basic ingredients found in most other similar drinks including
carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, sugar, colorings, phosphoric acid, caffeine,
citric acid, and natural flavors. The caffeine-free Pepsi-Cola contains the same
ingredients but without the caffeine.

The original Pepsi-Cola recipe was available from documents filed with the court at the
time that the Pepsi-Cola Company went bankrupt in 1929. The original formula
contained neither cola nor caffeine.

Competitors
• Coca-Cola
• R.C. Cola

See also
• PepsiCo
• Pepsi Stuff
 • Soft drink
• Cola wars
• Pepsi Globe
• Pepsiman
• Pepsi spokespersons
• The Coca-Cola Company (Competitor)
• List of Pepsi types
• Pepsi Max Big One (Roller coaster)
• Pepsi Orange Streak (Roller coaster)
• Pepsi Python (Roller coaster)

• Mountain Dew

Notes
1. ^ "Brad's drink" becomes "Pepsi Cola"
2. ^ The History of the Birthplace of Pepsi-Cola
3. ^ "Pepsi - FAQs". PepsiCo. http://www.pepsiusa.com/faqs.php?
section=highlights. Retrieved 12 October 2009. "1909: Automobile racing pioneer
Barney Oldfield becomes the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi when he appears in
newspaper ads describing Pepsi: "A bully drink…refreshing, invigorating, a fine
bracer before a race." The theme "Delicious and Healthful" appears and will be
used intermittently over the next two decades."
4. ^ "The History of Pepsi-Cola", sodamuseum.bigstep.com paragraph 8
5. ^ 1939 Radio Commaial (Twice as Much for a Nickel)
6. ^ Jones, Eleanor & Ritzmann, Florian. "Coca-Cola at Home". Retrieved June 17,
2006
7. ^ a b c d Martin, Douglas (May 6, 2007). "Edward F. Boyd Dies at 92; Marketed
Pepsi to Blacks.". The New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/06/business/06boyd.html?
_r=1&ref=obituaries&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
8. ^ a b Archer, Michelle (January 22, 2007). "Pepsi's challenge in 1940s: Color
barrier". USA Today.
9. ^ a b Stewart, Jocelyn Y (May 5, 2007). "Edward Boyd, 92; Pepsi ad man broke
color barriers". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-
me-boyd5may05,0,7240282,full.story?coll=la-news-obituaries. Retrieved 2007-
05-05.
10. ^ Tavis, Smiley (February 27, 2007). "Edward Boyd" (interview). PBS.
http://www.pbs.org/kcet/tavissmiley/archive/200702/20070227_boyd.html.
Retrieved 2007-05-04.
11. ^ SODAmuseum.com "The History of Pepsi-Cola", sodamuseum.bigstep.com,
paragraph 31
12. ^ PepsiCo - Company - Honors (2002), Promo Magazine, 2002.
13. ^ Pepsi Can Gallery
14. ^ Business2Press.com "Pepsi Announces $1B Russian Investment"
 15. ^ Vescovi, Valentina (July 15, 2009). "In Argentina, Pepsi Becomes 'Pecsi'".
AdAge.com. http://adage.com/globalnews/article?article_id=137946.
16. ^ "Special Issue: Top-10 CSD Results for 2008", Beverage Digest, March 30,
2009 (PDF)
17. ^ [1]
18. ^ [http://www.strategymag.com/articles/magazine/20041015/vive.html "Vive la
difference 'Does that mean I have to have a separate campaign?"], Strategy
Magazine, October 2004
19. ^ "The Pepsi 'Meunier' Campaign" (PDF). Canadian Advertising Success Stories
(Cassies) Case Library.
http://www.cassies.ca/caselibrary/winners/PepsiMeunier.pdf. Retrieved 2007-08-
21.
20. ^ "India: Soft Drinks, Hard Cases", The Water Dossier, March 14, 2005
21. ^ "Fizzical Facts: Coke claims 60% mkt share in India", Times News Network,
August 5, 2005
22. ^ Robert Laing (2006-03-28). "Pepsi's comeback, Part II". Mail & Guardian
online. http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?
articleid=267835&area=/insight/insight__economy__business/. Retrieved 2007-
07-21.
23. ^ Free-Essays.us - Coke Vs. Pepsi
24. ^ "PepsiCo Company History (1972)". PepsiCo, Inc.
http://www.pepsico.com/PEP_Company/History/index.cfm#. Retrieved 2007-07-
21.
25. ^ The word first appeared in an exhibit in the Harvard University Law School
Library in December 1990 to February 1991, then in several articles and books by
anthropologist David Lempert, who coined the phrase. Most notable is the third
book inside the two volume set, "Pepsi-stroika" in Daily Life in a Crumbling
Empire: The Absorption of Russia into the World Economy, Columbia University
Press/ Eastern European Monographs, 1996.
26. ^ "Coke Versus Pepsi, Santa Versus Moroz", The Moscow Times, December 30,
2005

References
• Beverage World Magazine, January 1998, "Celebrating a Century of
Refreshment: Pepsi — The First 100 Years"
• Stoddard, Bob. Pepsi-Cola - 100 Years (1997), General Publishing Group, Los
Angeles, CA, USA
• "History & Milestones" (1996), Pepsi packet
• Louis, J.C. & Yazijian, Harvey Z. "The Cola Wars" (1980), Everest House,
Publishers, New York, NY, USA

External links
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pepsi

• Pepsi website
• Pepsi World
• Pepsi Gallery - Pepsi Promotional site
• Pepsico, Inc. at Knowmore.org
• Pepsi page on PepsiCo UK & Ireland
• Pepsi progamme "I Can"

v•d•e
PepsiCo, Incorporated

Indra Nooyi (Chairwoman and CEO) · Robert Allen · Dina Dublon · Victor
Corporate Dzau · Ray Hunt · Alberto Ibargüen · Arthur Martinez · Steven Reinemund ·
Directors: Sharon Rockefeller · James Schiro · Franklin Thomas · Cynthia Trudell · River
King

Brands: Pepsi · 7-Up · Tropicana · Frito-Lay · Quaker Oats · Gatorade

Annual Revenue: $35.1 billion USD (▲16% FY 2006) · Employees: 168,000 · Stock
Symbol: NYSE: PEP · Website: www.pepsico.com
v•d•e
Varieties of Pepsi

Pepsi · Crystal Pepsi · Pepsi Blue · Pepsi Free · Pepsi Twist · Pepsi Raw (Pepsi
Colas
Natural)

Diet Diet Pepsi · Jazz Diet Pepsi · Pepsi Max (outside North America) · Pepsi Max
Colas (North America only) · Pepsi ONE

Coffe
e
Pepsi Kaffe · Pepsi Kona
related
Colas
v•d•e
Brands of cola

Coca-Cola · Pepsi · RC Cola

Afri-Cola · Amrat Cola · Apotekarnes Cola · A-Treat · Baikal · Barr Cola · Beed Cola ·
Big 8 Cola · Big Cola · Big K Cola · Boylan Cane Cola · Breizh Cola · Bubba Cola ·
Campa Cola · Cassinelli · Cavan Cola · Celeste Cola · Chek Cola · China Cola · Classic
Cola (UK) · Olvi Cola · Club Cola · Cockta · Cola Turka · Cole Cold · Corsica Cola ·
Count Cola · Cricket Cola · Cuba Cola · Diet Coke · Diet Rite · Double Cola · Euro
Shopper Cola · Evoca Cola · El Ché-Cola · Export Cola · Fada Cola · Faygo Cola ·
Fentiman's Curiosity Cola · Frescolita · fritz-kola · Fruti Kola · Fuji-Cola · Future Cola ·
Inca Kola · Isaac Kola · Jolly Cola · Jolt Cola · Jones · Kiri · Kitty Kola · Kofola · Kola
Inglesa · Kola Real · Kola Román · Kristal Kola · LA Ice Cola · Like Cola · Mecca-Cola ·
Mr. Cola · OK Cola · OpenCola · Parsi Cola · Perú Cola · Polo-Cockta · Premium-cola ·
Qibla Cola · Red Bull Cola · Red Kola · Rola Cola · Sam's Cola · Schin Cola · Schweppes
Cola · Shasta Cola · Sinalco · Tab · Thums Up · Triple Kola · tuKola · Ubuntu Cola ·
Virgin Cola · Vita-Cola · White Rock Cola · XL Cola · Zam Zam Cola · Zelal Cola

has produced a number of variations on its primary cola, Pepsi, over the years, including
the following:

Contents
[hide]

• 1 Colas
• 2 Diet-related
• 3 Fictional varieties
• 4 References and notes
o 4.1 General

o 4.2 Inline

Colas
This article may contain too much repetition or redundant language. Please
help improve it to fix this issue. (August 2008)
Pepsi Fresh

Pepsi Summer Chill

Pepsi X
Pepsi Ice Cucumber

• Pepsi: PepsiCo's signature cola flavor and its namesake cola.

o Diet Pepsi: The sugarfree equivalent.
• Pepsi Free: Introduced in 1982 by PepsiCo as the first major-brand caffeine-free
cola and is today sold as Caffeine-Free Pepsi and Caffeine-Free Diet Pepsi.
• Crystal Pepsi: Discontinued; clear version of cola; introduced in 1992 and sold
until 1993.
o Crystal from Pepsi: Discontinued (non-cola) citrus flavored
reformulation of Crystal Pepsi.
o Pepsi Clear: Clear soda released in Mexico as a limited edition during
Christmas 2005, the Mexican equivalent of Crystal Pepsi
• Pepsi AM: Contains more caffeine than a regular Pepsi and marketed as a
morning drink. Introduced in 1989 and discontinued in 1990.
• Pepsi Azuki: An Azuki bean flavored limited Edition Pepsi to release in Japan in
Autumn 2009 [1]
• Pepsi Boom: A caffeine, sugar and artificial sweetener-free Pepsi only sold in
Germany, Italy and Spain
• Pepsi Fresh: More fresh Pepsi. Designed for summer 2007.
• Pepsi Natural: "a new cola made with only natural ingredients", released in
select markets in 2009.
• Pepsi Blue: A blue colored fruity soda (non-cola). Given a huge marketing push,
often considered a major flop on the order of New Coke. No longer produced. In
Iceland, Pepsi Blue was sold for a brief period of time during the winter of
2003/2004, and in India during the 2003 Cricket World Cup. It was sold for a
longer period in Austria, and is still available in some parts of Mexico. It was also
sold in the Philippines for a limited time only, usually it appears during Christmas
season. Likewise, it was sold for a limited time in Australia and Finland.[citation needed]
• Pepsi Blue Hawaii: A Limited Edition Pepsi released in Japan. A pineapple and
lemon flavored soda, blue in color.
• Pepsi Carnival: A tropical fruit flavored Pepsi available in Japan for a limited
time that debuted in summer 2006. Later Released as Pepsi Summer Mix in 2007
in the US, However the formula was most likely different.
• Pepsi Fire: a limited edition, cinnamon flavored variety that is sold in Guam,
Saipan, Thailand, Mexico, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines.
• Pepsi Gold: Limited edition gold colored variant as part of a 2006 FIFA World
Cup and ICC Cricket World Cup 2007 promotion.It had a hint of ginger, but
nowhere near the spice level of Pepsi Red, and was sold in Southeast Asia,
Central Europe, Russia and Egypt.
• Pepsi Green: a bright-green variety introduced in Thailand on January 15, 2009.
[2]

• Pepsi Holiday Spice: a limited edition variety which the company began selling
November 1, 2004 in the U.S.A. and Canada for an eight-week period, and again
in the 2006 Christmas season. It is flavored with a seasonal finish of cinnamon,
somewhat similar to the Swedish Julmust.
o Christmas Pepsi: Almost identical to Pepsi Holiday Spice, with nutmeg
and cocoa added to the ingredients list, and was marketed over the 2007
and 2008 Christmas seasons.
• Pepsi Ice: Pepsi with an icy mint flavor. Sold in Guam, Thailand, Malaysia,
Singapore and the Philippines. In summer 2007 Pepsi used the name Pepsi Ice in
the Czech Republic and Slovakia for a limited edition cola with apple flavor.
• Pepsi Ice Cucumber: Limited edition green, cucumber-flavored Pepsi sold in
Japan in summer 2007.
• Pepsi Kona, a coffee-flavored cola which was test-marketed on the East Coast of
the USA.
• Lemon Pepsi: Limited Edition to promote NFL kickoff 2008, same taste as Pepsi
Twist
• Pepsi Lime: with lime flavor added, introduced onto the market in the spring of
2005.
o Pepsi Limón: Pepsi with lime flavor released in Mexico in 2002, later
returns as Pepsi Twist in 2004, no longer produced.
o Pepsi A-ha: Lemon flavored Pepsi sold in India.
• Pepsi Mojito: Lemon flavored Pepsi, with a twist of mint. Alcohol Free. Limited
edition, summer 2009.
• Pepsi Raging Razzberry: Available in test markets in 1991 and it has been said
that it didn't really taste like raspberry, but was considered a raspberry twist,
introduced along with Pepsi Tropical Chill and Pepsi Strawberry Burst.
• Pepsi Raw: Cola made with all-natural ingredients and no artificial colours sold
in the United Kingdom.
• Pepsi Red: Released in Japan sometime in 2006, it has a general ginger flavor
and is somewhat spicy.
• Pepsi Retro (rendered in written advertisement as PEPSI retro): Released in
Mexico in February 2008. Pepsi made with natural ingredients, sugar cane and
cola nut extract.
• Pepsi Samba: A "Tropical Flavoured Cola" containing the flavors Mango &
Tamarind, distributed in Australia and could be found in some shops at Spain. It
was released in Australia in the 3rd Quarter of 2005 and was expected to be in
production for a limited time only. Many people did not like the taste. Recently
 many Australian supermarkets were clearing out their remaining stock at prices as
low as 15 cents (2 litres).
• Pepsi Shiso: Limited edition green shiso flavored soda introduced in Japan during
summer 2009.
• Pepsi Strawberry Burst: Available in test markets in 1991 along with Pepsi
Tropical Chill and Pepsi Raging Razzberry.
• Pepsi Summer Chill: "Chilled Apple Cola". Sold in Poland during summer 2007.
In the Czech Republic and Slovakia the same product was sold as Pepsi Ice.
• Pepsi Summer Mix: Pepsi with tropical fruit flavors. Released in early Spring of
2007, and was discontinued Fall to Winter of 2007. Was available in limited areas
only; was a big hit for the northeastern United States.
• Pepsi Throwback: A version of Pepsi-Cola sweetened with sugar instead of corn
syrup. The use of sugar is the only difference between it and regular Pepsi.[citation
needed]

• Pepsi Tropical Chill: Available in test markets in 1991 along with Pepsi
Strawberry Burst and Pepsi Raging Razzberry.
• Pepsi Freeze: Pepsi, Diet Pepsi, or Wild Cherry Pepsi flavored slushee available
at most convenience stores and some movie theatres.
• Pepsi Tropical: Short lived drink that was Available in the US, UK and Japan in
late 1994.
• Pepsi Twist: A lemon flavored variety.
• Pepsi Twist Mojito: A Pepsi with a mix of lemon and mojito taste. Has no
alcohol. Sold in Italy.
o Pepsi Twistão Sold during summertime in Brazil, it's a Pepsi with a
lemon flavor stronger than regular Pepsi Twist. "Twistão", in Portuguese,
is the augmentative of "Twist".
• Pepsi Vanilla: Released in Canada and the U.S. in 2003 as Pepsi's answer to
Vanilla Coke. Contains vanilla extract as well as both natural and artificial
flavors. No longer produced.
o Pepsi Ice Cream Sold in Russia
• Pepsi White: Pepsi with yogurt flavor, available in Japan
• Pepsi Wild Cherry: a cherry flavored variety, introduced in 1988. Available for a
brief period in the UK in the late 1980s. Originally called "Wild Cherry Pepsi", its
name was changed along with the formula in 2005. Still uses the 2003 Pepsi
design as of August 2009.
• Pepsi X Energy Cola: Contains more caffeine than regular Pepsi, and also
contains guaranine. Pepsi is the first major cola brand to have an energy drink line
extension. The cola-based product has a unique flavor and a reddish tint. It is sold
in several countries worldwide.
• Pepsi 100: Only available for a limited time to celebrate 100 years of the drink in
1998 and came back on 2003 to celebrate the name.

Diet-related
• Diet Crystal Pepsi: Low-calorie version of Crystal Pepsi.
• Diet Pepsi: Low-calorie version of Pepsi.
 o Diet : Sugar-free version of Pepsi AM, and introduced in 1987. No
longer produced.
• Pepsi Edge: contains half the carbohydrates, calories and sugars of a normal
Pepsi, and is flavored by Splenda. Introduced in 2004, and discontinued in 2005.
It was featured on an episode of The Apprentice 2 in which teams had to design a
prototype bottle.
o Pepsi Avantage: the French name for Pepsi Edge, sold exclusively during
2005 in the province of Quebec.
• Diet Pepsi Free (now known as Caffeine-Free Diet Pepsi)
• Diet Pepsi Jazz flavored colas only available in diet styles. Introduced in July
2006.
o Black Cherry French Vanilla
o Strawberries and Cream
o Caramel Cream (introduced Feb. 2007)
• Diet Pepsi Kona
• Pepsi Kick: Introduced in Mexico in 2009. Calorie-free Pepsi with added
Caffeine and Ginseng. A Mexican equivalent of American Pepsi Max.
• Pepsi Light: Lemon-flavored Diet Pepsi sold in the 1970s and 1980s, also the
name under which Diet Pepsi is distributed outside the English-speaking
countries.
• Pepsi Light: a caffeine free, no sugar Pepsi sold in other countries besides the
United States. Similar to Diet Pepsi. (not sold in 1970s or 1980s)
o Diet Pepsi Faint Mojito Lemon Twist Vert Citron: Available in small
small amounts around the Powell River Canada area. Its said to have a
taste of Pepsi Twist with a little less lemon, and a little more Mojito Vert
Citron. Also you can buy it anywhere in Utah - on sale for 56 cents at the
dollar tree.
o Diet Pepsi Light
o Pepsi Light Twist
o Pepsi Light Lima: Pepsi Light, but with a touch of lime. Sold only in
Spain
o Pepsi Light mojito: Pepsi Light, but with a touch of mojito taste. Has no
alcohol. Sold in Germany in 2008.
• Diet Pepsi Lemon: A new flavor of Diet Pepsi released in 2009.
• Diet Pepsi Lime
• Diet Pepsi Max Was available in the United States and Canada. Diet Pepsi with
added Caffeine and Ginseng. This product is not related to Pepsi Max as it has
significantly different ingredients and no calories.[3] Diet Pepsi Max was renamed
"Pepsi Max" in 2008 along with the redesign of Pepsi.
• Pepsi Max Was only available outside the United States until the name change of
Diet Pepsi Max in 2008. Pepsi with no sugar.
o Pepsi Max Cool Lemon
o Pepsi Max Chill (flavored with apple)
o Pepsi Max Citron Citron Vert (sold in France)
o Pepsi Max Coffee Cino (UK - Pepsi Max with coffee) Discontinued
 o Pepsi Max Energy Pepsi max with 66% more caffeine, flavored with
ginseng. Sold in Germany in 2008.
o Pepsi Max Gold (limited edition in the UK market for Christmas 2005 -
available September to December)
o Pepsi Max Twist Lemon and lime flavor available in the UK
o Pepsi Max Mojito Mojito flavor available in Denmark
• Pepsi NEX: A zero calorie Pepsi available in Japan developed by Suntory [4]
• Pepsi ONE: An alternative to Diet Pepsi, with one calorie per serving. Still uses
the 2003 Pepsi design as of May 2009.
• Diet Pepsi Twist
o Diet Pepsi Kickoff: Diet Pepsi with Lemon. To be released for the 2008
NFL season. As seen on eBay.[5]
o Diet Pepsi Twistão (see above)
• Diet Pepsi Vanilla Vanilla flavored diet soda. Pepsi's response to Diet Vanilla
Coke. Temporarily available.
• Diet Pepsi Wild Cherry Not widely available until 2005, when Wild Cherry
Pepsi was reformulated. Now uses the 2009 Pepsi design
• Pepsi XL another mid-calorie cola targeted at males, and transition consumers
(those making the move from regular to diet colas).
• Pepsi Sugar Free Released on November 2007.
• Pepsi Twist 3: Released in Brazil in 2008. It has 3 calories of the natural lemon
juice.

Fictional varieties
• Cokesi: a cola mentioned in James Kunetka and Whitley Strieber's novel Nature's
End.
• Homemade Pepsi and Pepsi B are mentioned in episodes of The Simpsons.
• Horse Pepsi is mentioned in an episode of Futurama.[6]
• Pepsi Perfect a vitamin-enriched cola sold in 2015 in the 1989 film Back to the
Future Part II.
• Pepsi Plus: a Pepsi with chocolate sold in 2009 in Pilot, the episode featured in
Haste Makes Waste.
• Zesti: a soda brand appearing in various DC Comics stories.
• Piet Depsi: The eventual name of the drink "Kiet Doke" imagined by Ted L.
Nancy described in his follow-up letter to The Coca-Cola Company. Uses the
familiar slogan "It Tastes Nothing Like Coke!"
• Peppy-Cola: The soda brand featured in the popular teen show iCarly.
• Mepsi Pax: is a variant of Pepsi Max that was mentioned in the game Conker's
Bad Fur Day by Scarecrow Birdy
• Sepsi: A common joke in Spanish speaking countries, a play on words between
Pepsi and sexy.
• Pepsi Must: A necessary drink in The Onion article "Coca-Cola Introduces Coke
Mandatory"[7]
References and notes
General

• Pepsi Web Site's list of U.S. types

Inline

1. ^ Suntory to release Pepsi Azuki on October 20, 2009.(in Japanese)

2. ^ The Bangkok Post. Pepsi Eyes Growth Despite Slow Market, January 16, 2009.
Retrieved on January 27, 2009.
3. ^ BevNET.com - New Invigorating Zero-Calorie Cola Hits Shelves This Summer
4. ^ "Suntory News Release". http://www.suntory.com/about/news/2006/9340.html.
Retrieved 2006-07-04.
5. ^ Diet Pepsi LEMON NFL Kickoff Can Limited Edition RARE - eBay (item
160234947776 end time May-02-08 19:40:11 PDT)
6. ^ Futurama episode "The Luck of the Fryrish"
7. ^ http://www.theonion.com/content/node/28135

[hide]
v•d•e
Varieties of Pepsi

Pepsi · Crystal Pepsi · Pepsi Blue · Pepsi Free · Pepsi Twist · Pepsi Raw (Pepsi
Colas
Natural)

Diet Diet Pepsi · Jazz Diet Pepsi · Pepsi Max (outside North America) · Pepsi Max
Colas (North America only) · Pepsi ONE

Coffe
e
Pepsi Kaffe · Pepsi Kona
related
Colas
Types of Products
Pepsi Blue
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Pepsi Blue

Type Flavored Cola

Manufacturer PepsiCo, Inc.
Country of origin United States
Introduced mid-2002
Discontinued 2004 (Canadian markets)
Related products Crystal Pepsi, New Coke

Pepsi Blue is a berry-flavored soft drink produced by PepsiCo.

Contents
[hide]

• 1 History
• 2 Promotion
• 3 International distribution
• 4 Ingredients
 • 5 See also

• 6 References

History
Pepsi Blue was launched in mid-2002 and discontinued in the United States in 2004,
although it remains available in some other countries. Its berry flavor was the result of
taste-testing over 100 flavors over a 9-month period.[1][2] Designed to compete with Coca-
Cola's Vanilla Coke,[3] it is due to its failure compared to New Coke, a second failure
along with the much maligned Crystal Pepsi.[4] The flavor of Pepsi Blue was described by
Pepsi only as "berry" and described by drinkers as like blueberries or raspberries, or
similar to cotton candy with a berry-like aftertaste and much more sugary and syrupy
than regular cola. It was tinted using Blue 1,[5] a highly controversial coloring agent
banned in numerous countries at the time. The move to make a brightly-colored version
of the flagship Pepsi brand was spurred by 2001's introduction of Mountain Dew Code
Red, which had bumped PepsiCo's Mountain Dew division sales up 6%.[3]

Promotion
Although heavily promoted by PepsiCo (including advertisements by the pop singer
Britney Spears[6] and the bands Sev[7] and Papa Roach,[8] as well as in the movies The
Italian Job and Garfield: The Movie), it is widely seen as a commercial flop as sales
remained low. Even with the failure of Pepsi Blue, PepsiCo still managed to post double-
digit growth. Also, multiple groups claim to be "bringing back" Pepsi Blue, but are so far
unsuccessful.[1]

Pepsi Blue was promoted after New York Mets games during the summer of 2002, where
the color blue was one of the symbolic colors of the ball club. Other promotions included
handing out free bottles from a Pepsi Blue themed VW New Beetle at popular shopping
centers around the country. Jolt makes a similar beverage called Jolt Blue CX2; a blue
raspberry soda in a battery shaped metal can with a flavor often described as like that of
cotton candy. Mountain Dew Voltage also has a similar flavor[original research?].

International distribution
Pepsi Blue also was released in some countries as a limited edition during Christmas time
in 2003, including Mexico, Panama, Colombia and Costa Rica (but without the fruity
flavor). It was withdrawn from the US and Canadian markets in early 2004. Pepsi Blue
was later reintroduced into the Hong Kong market. Its availability was short lived in
Australia, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Poland due to its commercial
failure there.

Pepsi Blue was released in India, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica and Canada as a
limited edition variant during the period when the Indian Cricket Team was having a
successful run after the 2003 Cricket World Cup, because the color of their jersey was
blue. Pepsi Blue was released in the Philippines in 2002 coinciding with college-
basketball team the Ateneo Blue Eagles winning the UAAP championship. It was also
released in Turkey as a limited edition in 2005 but it was, once again, unsuccessful. It
was sold in Bulgaria, Bolivia and Romania as a limited edition for Christmas. It also
appeared in Russia as "Christmas special" for 2–3 years, but also wasn't successful. It is
still sold in Indonesia and Mexico.[9]

2) Caffeine-Free Pepsi

Wikipedia: Caffeine-Free Pepsi

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Caffeine-Free Pepsi

Type Caffeine-free Cola

Manufacturer PepsiCo, Inc.
Country of origin USA
Introduced 1982
Related products Diet Coke

Pepsi Free was introduced in 1982 by PepsiCo as the first major-brand caffeine-free
cola. A sugar-free variant known as Diet Pepsi Free was also introduced. The Pepsi Free
name itself was phased out in 1987, and today these colas are known simply as Caffeine-
Free Pepsi and Caffeine-Free Diet Pepsi. The term "Free" had been reintroduced by
Pepsico on their Sierra Mist line in response to Coca-Cola's successful introduction of
their Zero line (although the "Free" refers to a lack of sugar rather than caffeine), though
in 2008 that drink had reverted to its previous name of Diet Sierra Mist.
Contents
[hide]

• 1 Background
• 2 In popular culture
• 3 See also

• 4 External links

Background
When first introduced, Pepsi Caffeine Free background was originally red, then changed
to gold in 1987. As part of Pepsi's redesigning their background in 1998 with the blue
ocean background, Pepsi Caffeine Free joined right in. In 2008, the caffeine free version
has reverted to its gold background.

In popular culture
Pepsi Free was the subject of a scene in the classic 1985 film Back to the Future. Upon
entering a café in 1955, Marty McFly (Michael J. Fox) asks for a Tab (The competing
Coca-Cola Company's first version of a sugar-free soft drink which was not available
until 1963) and is told that he cannot have a "tab" (when you receive goods under the
condition you must pay for them later) unless he orders something. He then asks for a
Pepsi Free and is told, "If you want a Pepsi, pal, you're gonna pay for it!" Finally he asks
for "something without any sugar in it", and is served black coffee.

A can of Diet Pepsi Free can be seen beside Marty's alarm clock towards the beginning of
the movie when Doc (Christopher Lloyd) calls him to remind him to meet him at the
mall. The can also be seen toward the end of the movie when Marty wakes up the
morning after Doc drops him off at his house in 1985.

3) Pepsi Twist

Wikipedia: Pepsi Twist

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Pepsi Twist

Type Lemon Flavored Cola

Manufacturer PepsiCo, Inc.
Country of origin United States
July 12, 2000
Introduced
June 12, 2001
Variants Diet Pepsi Twist
Coca-Cola with Lemon, Pepsi Light,
Related products
Pepsi Lime

Pepsi Twist is a lemon flavored cola, marketed by PepsiCo as an alternative to regular

Pepsi.

Contents
[hide]

• 1 History
• 2 Marketing
• 3 See also

• 4 External links

History
Pepsi Twist was introduced in the United States in the summer of 2000 and again in the
summer of 2001. Pepsi had previously produced a lemon-flavored diet cola in the 1970s
and 1980s in the United States called Pepsi Light. Pepsi launched Pepsi A-ha, with a
lemon flavor in India, in 2002.
Pepsi Twist has been successfully marketed in Brazil (with lime instead of lemon), where
a limited-edition version was also sold, the Pepsi Twistão, with an even stronger lime
flavor. In Brazil, Pepsi Twist is still sold and in many markets, it outsells the original
Pepsi.

In the Philippines, it was released in 2002 and was an instant hit among the teenagers but
failed to capture the market, but still is available in the Philippine market.

Pepsi Twist was also marketed in Pakistan in 2006. The product failed to capture the
market, but it is still available in some supermarkets.

It is marketed in Romania under the name Pepsi Twist Lemon. It was sold under the
name of Pepsi Twist until recently, and its diet counterpart, Pepsi Twist Light Lemon.

It was also introduced in Poland in the summer of 2002 and is sold thereafter.

In the United Kingdom Pepsi Twist is no longer sold. There is now a "lemon and lime"
version, under the Pepsi Max brand.

In Ukraine Pepsi Twist was marketed and sold during 2004.

Pepsi Twist made a brief return in the Summer of 2008 with the NFL Kickoff Limited
Edition Flavor, which boasted that it was Pepsi "with a kick of Lemon."

Marketing
The product was advertised during Super Bowl 2003, with Ozzy, Jack, and Kelly
Osbourne appearing in the commercial, along with Florence Henderson and Donny and
Marie Osmond.

It was also endorsed by pop singer Britney Spears in 2002 and 2003 as part of her
contract with the company; it also appeared in a promotion with Austin Powers in
Goldmember.

The product appears to be no longer actively marketed and does not appear on the list of
brands on Pepsi's official website. Pepsi Twist production was ended in the U.S. during
the summer of 2006 however the drink is still available in Malaysia, Japan and some
other nations.

Professional wrestler CM Punk has a signature move called the Pepsi Twist. He also has
the Pepsi logo tattooed on his arm, due to his love of the drink.

In 2005, Japanese toy company Takara released a special edition Transformers Optimus
Prime (known as "Convoy" in Japan) figure in Pepsi colors with a bottle/can holding
trailer. Known as Pepsi Convoy, this figure comes pre-packaged with a cardboard Pepsi
Twist bottle. This figure was later released two years later in America as "Pepsi Optimus
Prime", with some slight modifications.

In 2008, the product was very briefly re-introduced for the beginning of the on coming
football season, but was in very short supply.

Notable Steel City Wrestling tag team Pepsi Twist, named their team after the drink.

4) Pepsi Raw

Wikipedia: Pepsi Raw

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A bottle of Pepsi Raw

Pepsi Raw is a cola soft drink created by PepsiCo and introduced in the United Kingdom
in 2008 as a "Sparkling Cola Drink with Natural Plant Extracts". Pepsi Raw contains
naturally sourced ingredients that are free from artificial flavouring, colourings,
preservatives and sweeteners. Advertising for Pepsi Raw presents the product as a natural
alternative to other colas. Pepsi Raw is being marketed in the United States and Mexico
under the name Pepsi Natural.

Contents
[hide]

• 1 Ingredients
• 2 Nutritional information
• 3 Availability and packaging
 • 4 External links

• 5 References

Ingredients
• Sparkling water.
• Cane sugar.
• Apple extract.
• Colour: plain caramel.
• Natural plant extracts (including natural caffeine and kola nut extract).
• citric, tartaric and lactic acids.
• Stabiliser: gum arabic.
• Thickener: xanthan gum.

Nutritional information
Nutritional information per 300ml bottle:

• Calories: 117.
• Sugars: 28.8g.
• Fat: 0g.
• Saturates: 0g.
• Salt: Trace.

Availability and packaging

Pepsi Raw is sold in the United Kingdom across the following outlets: ASDA,
Sainsbury's, Somerfield, Morrison's, Tesco, London bars, All Bar One, Selfridges,
Harvey Nichols, Waitrose, Boots, WHSmith Travel and Superdrug.

It is sold individually in 300ml glass bottles and 250ml cans. It is also now available in
four-bottle and four-can multipacks.

Pepsi Natural is sold in Mexico and the United States in these outlets: Target(Minnesota,
California and Pennsylvania), Costco, Albertsons and Woodmans

Pepsi Raw is being marketed in parts of the US in an 8 fl oz (237 ml) and a 12 fl oz (355
ml) glass bottle.

Diet Cola
1)Diet Pepsi

Wikipedia: Diet Pepsi

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Diet Pepsi

Type Diet Cola

Manufacturer PepsiCo, Inc.
Country of
USA
origin
Introduced 1964
Diet Pepsi Lime Twist, Diet Pepsi Lemon
Variants
Twist, Diet Wild Cherry Pepsi
Related products Diet Coke, Pepsi ONE, Pepsi Max
Nutrition Facts
Serving Size 12 fl oz (355 ml)
Servings Per Container 1

Amount Per Serving

Calories 0 Calories from Fat 0

% Daily Value*
Total Fat 0 g 0%
 Saturated Fat 0 g 0%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 0 mg 0%
Sodium 25 mg 1%
Potassium 0 mg 0%
Total Carbohydrate 0 g 0%
Dietary Fiber 0 g 0%
Sugars 0 g
Protein 0 g

Vitamin A 0% Vitamin C 0%
Calcium 0% Iron 0%

*Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000-calorie diet.

Your Daily Values may be higher or lower depending on
your calorie needs.

The logo for Caffeine Free Diet Pepsi.

A Diet Pepsi can.

Diet Pepsi is a low-calorie carbonated cola, introduced in 1964 as a variant of Pepsi-Cola
with no sugar. Its current formula in the United States contains only the artificial
sweetener aspartame. The current Canadian formulation contains both aspartame (124
mg/355 ml) and acesulfame potassium (32 mg/355 ml)[citation needed]. Pepsi does not list on
its United States labeling the exact amount of aspartame/Nutrasweet present.

In some countries, Diet Pepsi is known as Pepsi Light. This is not to be confused with an
earlier U.S. product of the same name which was essentially 1970s Diet Pepsi with lemon
flavoring.

Diet Pepsi contains 35mg/12 fl oz. of caffeine as listed on their can. Another version is
available without caffeine. Additional variations of Diet Pepsi have been introduced over
the years, wherein other flavors (such as wild cherry, vanilla, lemon, and lime) have been
added to the cola. Their availability and brand identification vary by country.

Diet Pepsi's current slogan is "Light.Crisp.Refreshing."

In October 2008, Pepsi announced they would be redesigning their logo and re-branding
many of their products. Pepsi, Diet Pepsi and Pepsi Max uses all lower-case fonts for
name brands, Mountain Dew is now labeled "Mtn Dew," and Diet Pepsi Max was re-
branded as Pepsi Max. The brand's blue and red globe trademark became a series of
"smiles," with the central white band arcing at different angles depending on the product.
The new imagery has started to be used. In the case of Diet Pepsi, the logo has a small
"smile", while the new lower-case font used on Pepsi's products are reminiscent of the
font used in Diet Pepsi's logo from the 1960s to the mid-1980s.

Contents
[hide]

• 1 Test Marketing
• 2 Marketing
• 3 Advertising
• 4 Health concerns
• 5 See also
• 6 References

• 7 External links

Test Marketing
Diet Pepsi was first introduced as Patio Diet Cola in 1963. After the drink received
positive reviews, it was re-introduced as Diet Pepsi in 1964. [1]

Marketing
In the United States Diet Pepsi is marketed as calorie-free, as FDA guidelines allow
products with less than five calories per serving to be labeled as containing zero calories
[2].

PepsiCo also markets low-calorie colas known as Pepsi Max and Pepsi ONE.

When Diet Pepsi was introduced, it originally contained one calorie (just like Pepsi ONE)
until the late '90s. Then it was marked to having zero calories.

Advertising
In 1985, immediately following Super Bowl XIX, the game's respective quarterbacks, Joe
Montana and Dan Marino, meet in a hallway of what appears to be a football stadium.
Montana of the winning team, buys Marino a Diet Pepsi, and Marino promises to buy the
drink the next year.[citation needed]

During the early-1990s, blues singer Ray Charles was featured in a series of Diet Pepsi
ads featuring the brand's then-current tagline, "You got the right one, baby!"[1]

In the United States, Diet Pepsi commercials featured a Diet Pepsi vending machine
(simply called Machine) being drafted into the NFL by the New England Patriots.[2] The
machine cannot be tackled because of its size compared to the human players, therefore
leading to many touchdown catches as a wide receiver. In a more recent commercial,
Machine now plays for the New Orleans Saints, competing with running back Reggie
Bush.[3]

Other commercials have featured Diet Pepsi (the can) as an entertainer represented by
"agent" Jay Mohr, appearing in a music video produced by Diddy ("Brown and Bubbly")
[4]
and in an action film featuring Jackie Chan (in which a rival Diet Coke can serves as an
oft-abused "stunt double").[5] Diet Pepsi (the can) has also been portrayed as a great poker
player, winning hand after hand against champions Daniel Negreanu, Phil Hellmuth, and
Scotty Nguyen.[citation needed]

In an instance of product placement, a futuristic Diet Pepsi bottle can be seen in the
background of "Cafe '80s" in Back to the Future Part II.[6]

Health concerns
Pepsi Light bottle from Germany

Diet Pepsi is acidic; drinking acidic drinks over a long period of time can erode the tooth
enamel, particularly when they are sipped throughout the day rather than consumed with
food. Drinking through a straw is often advised by dentists as the drink is then swallowed
from the back of the mouth and does not come into so much contact with the teeth. It has
also been suggested that brushing teeth right after drinking soft drinks should be avoided
as this can result in additional erosion to the teeth due to the presence of acid. Caffeine
and phosphoric acid may also be concerns; see soft drink controversy.

Diet Pepsi does not contain ascorbic acid or erythorbic acid, so benzene levels do not
appear to be a significant concern.

Since the artificial sweetener in Diet Pepsi, aspartame, contains the amino acid
phenylalanine, it should not be consumed by individuals that suffer the metabolic
disorder phenylketonuria.

See also
• List of Pepsi types
• Cola wars
• Patio (soda)

References
1. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3D_srHpH6jg&fmt=18
 2. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRKpKqylR_o&fmt=18
3. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6RiJabBuW4Y&fmt=18
4. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJn6WVOZaqQ&fmt=18
5. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHM3_3BMGFc&fmt=18
6. ^
http://www.rocw.raifoundation.org/management/mba/eventmanagement/lecture-
notes/lecture-13.pdf

External links
• PepsiCo
• Pepsi
• Diet Pepsi

v•d•e
Varieties of Pepsi

Pepsi · Crystal Pepsi · Pepsi Blue · Pepsi Free · Pepsi Twist · Pepsi Raw (Pepsi
Colas
Natural)

Diet Diet Pepsi · Jazz Diet Pepsi · Pepsi Max (outside North America) · Pepsi Max
Colas (North America only) · Pepsi ONE

Coffe
e
Pepsi Kaffe · Pepsi Kona
related
Colas

Jazz

Wikipedia: Jazz (soft drink)

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Diet Pepsi Jazz
 Type Diet Cola
Manufacturer PepsiCo, Inc.
Country of
USA
origin
Introduced 2006
Black Cherry & French Vanilla,
Variants
Strawberries & Cream, Caramel Cream

'Diet Pepsi Jazz' is a brand of soda made by the Pepsi company in 2006. The name was
first recommended to Pepsi Co. by a student, Chip Boyle, who called the company and
left a suggestion for the company's marketing campaign to "have more jazz, something
like 'Pepsi Jazz'". It is a specifically named variant of Pepsi's popular Diet Pepsi product,
combining several different flavors.

There are currently three different kinds available: Jazz with Black Cherry and French
Vanilla, Jazz with Strawberries and Cream, and Caramel Cream.

Jazz currently uses the 2003 Pepsi Logo.

Pepsi Jazz is mentioned in the motion picture The Promotion as John C. Reilly is setting
up a soda display.

Ingredients
Black Cherry and French Vanilla

• Carbonated water
• Caramel color
• Natural & artificial flavors
• Phosphoric acid
• Aspartame
• Potassium benzoate (Preserves freshness)
• Citric acid
• Potassium citrate
• Caffeine
• Acesulfame potassium
• Calcium disodium EDTA (To protect flavor)
carbonated water

Dictionary: car·bon·at·ed water (kär'bə-nā'tĭd)

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n.

Effervescent water, usually containing salts, charged under pressure with purified carbon
dioxide gas, used as a beverage or mixer. Also called club soda, seltzer, Also called soda,
soda water.

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Columbia Encyclopedia: carbonated beverage

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carbonated beverage, an effervescent drink that releases carbon dioxide under conditions
of normal atmospheric pressure. Carbonation may occur naturally in spring water that has
absorbed carbon dioxide at high pressures underground. It can also be a byproduct of
fermentation, such as beer and some wines (see champagne). Many curative properties
have been attributed to effervescent waters (e.g., aiding digestion and calming nerves),
but few have been scientifically tested. The term seltzer once referred to the effervescent
mineral water obtained from the natural springs near the village of Niederseltsers in SW
Germany. Today, however, seltzer is simply well-filtered tap water with artificially added
carbonation. Club soda is also artificially carbonated but contains other additives as well,
including sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium phosphate, sodium citrate, and
sometimes light flavoring. Artificial carbonation was first introduced in 1767 by an
Englishman, Joseph Priestley, and was commercialized in 1807 by Benjamin Silliman, a
Yale Univ. chemistry professor, who bottled and sold seltzer water. After 1830,
sweetened and flavored (lemon-lime, grape, orange) carbonated drinks became popular.
In 1838, Eugene Roussel added a "soda counter" to his Philadelphia shop; by 1891, New
York City had more soda fountains than bars. In 1886, John S. Pemberton, an Atlanta
druggist seeking a headache and hangover remedy, added kola nut extract to coca extract
and produced Coca-Cola. A pharmacist named Hires invented root beer in 1893. Today,
heavily sweetened, carbonated drinks, or sodas, are among the most popular beverages in
the world. In the last two decades, the introduction of diet drinks containing artificial
sweeteners has increased sales of carbonated beverages. Annual Coca-Cola sales alone
total more than a billion dollars, and sodas account for one-fourth of the annual sugar
consumption in the United States.
WordNet: carbonated water
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Home > Library > Literature & Language > WordNet
Note: click on a word meaning below to see its connections and related words.

The noun has one meaning:

Meaning #1: effervescent beverage artificially charged with carbon dioxide

Synonyms: soda water, club soda, seltzer, sparkling water

Wikipedia: Carbonated water

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Effervescence from soda.

Carbonated water, also known as sparkling water, fizzy water, seltzer, and water
with gas, (collectively as an aerated beverage), is plain water into which carbon dioxide
gas has been dissolved, and is the major and defining component of most soft drinks. The
process of dissolving carbon dioxide gas is called carbonation. It results in the formation
of carbonic acid (which has the chemical formula H2CO3).

Carbonated water, also known as soda water, can be produced in the home by "charging"
a refillable seltzer bottle by filling it with water and then adding carbon dioxide. Club
soda may be identical to plain carbonated water or it may contain a small amount of table
salt, sodium citrate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate,
potassium sulfate, or disodium phosphate, depending on the bottler. These additives are
included to emulate the slightly salty taste of homemade soda water. The process can also
occur naturally to produce carbonated mineral water, such as in Mihalkovo in the
Bulgarian Rhodopes, or Medzitlija in Macedonia.
Contents
[hide]

• 1 History
• 2 Health effects
• 3 References

• 4 External links

History
In 1767 Englishman Joseph Priestley invented Carbonated water when he first discovered
a method of infusing water with carbon dioxide when he suspended a bowl of water
above a beer vat at a local brewery in Leeds, England.[1] The air blanketing the
fermenting beer—called 'fixed air'—was known to kill mice suspended in it. Priestley
found water thus treated had a pleasant taste and he offered it to friends as a refreshing
drink. In 1772 Priestley published a paper entitled Impregnating Water with Fixed Air in
which he describes dripping oil of vitriol (or sulfuric acid as it is now called) onto chalk
to produce carbon dioxide gas, and encouraging the gas to dissolve into an agitated bowl
of water.[2]

In 1771 Swedish chemistry professor Torbern Bergman independently invented a similar

process to make carbonated water. In poor health at the time yet frugal, he was trying to
reproduce naturally-effervescent spring waters thought at the time to be beneficial to
health.[citation needed]

Ányos Jedlik (1800-1895), a Hungarian, invented consumable soda-water that continues

to be a popular drink today. He also built the world's first carbonated water factory in
Budapest, Hungary[citation needed]. After this invention, a Hungarian drink made of wine and
soda water called "fröccs" (wine spritzers) was spread throughout several countries in
Europe.

Since then, carbonated water is made by passing pressurized carbon dioxide through
water. The pressure increases the solubility and allows more carbon dioxide to dissolve
than would be possible under standard atmospheric pressure. When the bottle is opened,
the pressure is released, allowing the gas to come out of the solution, thus forming the
characteristic bubbles.

In the United States, carbonated water was commonly known by the name of soda water
until World War II. During the Great Depression, it was also referred to as two cents
plain, a reference to its place as the cheapest drink available at the soda fountain. In the
1950s new terms such as sparkling water and seltzer water began to be used. The term
seltzer water is a genericized trademark that derives from the German town Selters,
meaning "water from Selters",[3] where naturally carbonated water has been commercially
bottled and shipped into all parts of the world at least since the 18th century.[4]

Flavored carbonated water is also commercially available. It differs from sodas in that it
contains flavors (usually sour fruit flavors such as lemon, lime, cherry, orange, or
raspberry) but no sweetener.

Health effects
Sparkling mineral water is a negligible cause of dental erosion. While the dissolution
potential of sparkling water is greater than still water, levels remain low: by comparison,
carbonated soft drinks cause tooth decay at a rate of several hundred times that of regular
sparkling water. De-gassing of a sparkling mineral water reduces its dissolution potential,
but the total levels are still relatively low, suggesting that carbonation of drinks may not
be an important factor in causing dental erosion.[5]

Intake of carbonated beverages has not been associated with increased bone fracture risk
in observational studies, and the net effect of carbonated beverage constituents on the
amount of calcium in the body is negligible, leaving carbonated water as harmless as
regular water.[5]

Recent advertisements by the State of New York USA encourages the citizens to drink
water, seltzer and fat free milk instead of sugary beverages. [6]

References
caramel

Dictionary: car·a·mel (kăr'ə-məl, -mĕl', kär'məl)

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n.

1. A smooth chewy candy made with sugar, butter, cream or milk, and flavoring.
2. Burnt sugar, used for coloring and sweetening fo

flavor
Dictionary: fla·vor (flā'vər)
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n.

1. Distinctive taste; savor: a flavor of smoke in bacon. See synonims at taste.

2. A distinctive yet intangible quality felt to be characteristic of a given thing: "What
matters in literature . . . is surely the idiosyncratic, the individual, the flavor or
color of a particular human suffering" (Harold Bloom).
3. A flavoring: contains no artificial flavors.
4. Physics. Any of six classifications of quark varieties (up, down, strange, charm,
top, and bottom), distinguished by mass and electric charge.
5. Archaic. Aroma; fragrance.

phosphoric acid

Dictionary: phosphoric acid

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n.

A clear colorless liquid, H3PO4, used in fertilizers, detergents, food flavoring, and
pharmaceuticals.

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Food and Nutrition: phosphoric acid

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May be one of three types: orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4), metaphosphoric acid (HPO3),
or pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7). Orthophosphoric acid and its salts are used as acidity
regulators and in acid-fruit-flavoured beverages.

Dental Dictionary: phosphoric acid

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n
A clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is irritating to the skin and eyes and moderately
toxic, if ingested. It is used in the production of fertilizers, soaps, detergents, animal
feeds, and certain drugs.

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Columbia Encyclopedia: phosphoric acid
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phosphoric acid, any one of three chemical compounds made up of phosphorus, oxygen,
and hydrogen (see acids and bases). The most common, orthophosphoric acid, H3PO4, is
usually simply called phosphoric acid. Two molecules of it are formed by adding three
molecules of water, H2O, to one molecule of phosphorus pentoxide (phosphoric
anhydride, P2O5). It occurs as rhombic crystals or as a viscous liquid; both are
deliquescent. The crystals melt at about 42°C. It has specific gravity 1.834 at 18°C, is
soluble in alcohol, and is very soluble in water. It is a tribasic acid and forms
orthophosphate salts with either one, two, or all three of the hydrogens replaced by some
other positive ion. When it is heated to about 225°C, it dehydrates to form
pyrophosphoric acid, H4P2O7; at still higher temperatures metaphosphoric acid, HPO3, is
formed. Salts of pyrophosphoric acid are pyrophosphates; salts of metaphosphoric acid
are metaphosphates. Phosphoric acid is prepared commercially by heating calcium
phosphate rock with sulfuric acid; purer grades may be prepared by treating red
phosphorus with nitric acid. It is used in pickling and rust-proofing metals, in acidifying
jellies and beverages, and in preparing phosphate salts.
Veterinary Dictionary: phosphoric acid
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A crystalline acid formed by oxidation of phosphorus; its salts are called phosphates. See
also phosphate.

Wikipedia: Phosphoric acid

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Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Wikipedia
This article is about orthophosphoric acid. For other acids commonly called "phosphoric
acid", see Phosphoric acids and phosphates.
Phosphoric acid

IUPAC name trihydroxidooxidophosphorus

phosphoric acid
Other names Orthophosphoric acid
Identifiers
7664-38-2 ,
CAS number
16271-20-8 (hemihydrate)
EC number 231-633-2
UN number 1805
RTECS number TB6300000
ChemSpider ID 979
Properties
Molecular formula H3PO4
Molar mass 98.00 g/mol
white solid or colourless, viscous liquid
Appearance
(>42 °C)
1.885 g/ml (liquid)
Density 1.685 g/ml (85 % solution)
2.030 g/ml (crystal at 25 °C)
42.35 °C (anhydrous)
Melting point
29.32 (hemihydrate)
Boiling point 158 °C (decomp)
Solubility in water 548 g/100 mL
Acidity (pKa) 2.12, 7.21, 12.67
 2.4–9.4 cP (85% aq. soln.)
Viscosity
147 cP (100 %)
Hazards
MSDS ICSC 1008
EU Index 015-011-00-6
EU classification Corrosive (C)
R-phrases R34
S-phrases (S1/2), S26, S45

NFPA 704 0
2
0
COR
Flash point Non-flammable
Related compounds
Hypophosphorous acid
Phosphorous acid
Pyrophosphoric acid
Related phosphorus
Tripolyphosphoric acid
oxoacids
Hypophosphoric acid
Perphosphoric acid
Permonophosphoric acid
(what is this?) (verify)
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in
their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid, is a

mineral (inorganic) acid having the chemical formula H3PO4. Orthophosphoric acid
molecules can combine with themselves to form a variety of compounds which are also
referred to as phosphoric acids, but in a more general way. The term phosphoric acid
can also refer to a chemical or reagent consisting of phosphoric acids, usually
orthophosphoric acid.

Contents
[hide]

• 1 Orthophosphoric acid chemistry

o 1.1 pH and composition of a phosphoric acid aqueous solution
• 2 Chemical reagent
o 2.1 Preparation of hydrogen halides
 o 2.2 Rust removal
o 2.3 Processed food use
 2.3.1 Biological effects on bone calcium and kidney health
o 2.4 Medical use
• 3 Preparation
o 3.1 Thermal phosphoric acid
o 3.2 Wet phosphoric acid
o 3.3 Kiln Phosphoric Acid
• 4 Other applications
• 5 References

• 6 External links

Orthophosphoric acid chemistry

Pure anhydrous phosphoric acid is a white solid that melts at 42.35 °C to form a
colorless, viscous liquid.

Most people and even chemists refer to orthophosphoric acid as phosphoric acid, which
is the IUPAC name for this compound. The prefix ortho is used to distinguish the acid
from other phosphoric acids, called polyphosphoric acids. Orthophosphoric acid is a non-
toxic, inorganic, rather weak triprotic acid, which, when pure, is a solid at room
temperature and pressure. The chemical structure of orthophosphoric acid is shown above
in the data table. Orthophosphoric acid is a very polar molecule; therefore it is highly
soluble in water. The oxidation state of phosphorus (P) in ortho- and other phosphoric
acids is +5; the oxidation state of all the oxygen atoms (O) is -2 and all the hydrogen
atoms (H) is +1. Triprotic means that an orthophosphoric acid molecule can dissociate up
to three times, giving up an H+ each time, which typically combines with a water
molecule, H2O, as shown in these reactions:

H3PO4(s) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + H2PO4–(aq) Ka1= 7.25×10−3

H2PO4–(aq)+ H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + HPO42–(aq) Ka2= 6.31×10−8

HPO42–(aq)+ H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + PO43–(aq) Ka3= 3.98×10−13

The anion after the first dissociation, H2PO4–, is the dihydrogen phosphate anion. The
anion after the second dissociation, HPO42–, is the hydrogen phosphate anion. The anion
after the third dissociation, PO43–, is the phosphate or orthophosphate anion. For each of
the dissociation reactions shown above, there is a separate acid dissociation constant,
called Ka1, Ka2, and Ka3 given at 25°C. Associated with these three dissociation constants
are corresponding pKa1=2.12 , pKa2=7.21 , and pKa3=12.67 values at 25°C. Even though
all three hydrogen (H ) atoms are equivalent on an orthophosphoric acid molecule, the
successive Ka values differ since it is energetically less favorable to lose another H+ if one
(or more) has already been lost and the molecule/ion is more negatively-charged.
Because the triprotic dissociation of orthophosphoric acid, the fact that its conjugate
bases (the phosphates mentioned above) cover a wide pH range, and, because phosphoric
acid/phosphate solutions are, in general, non-toxic, mixtures of these types of phosphates
are often used as buffering agents or to make buffer solutions, where the desired pH
depends on the proportions of the phosphates in the mixtures. Similarly, the non-toxic,
anion salts of triprotic organic citric acid are also often used to make buffers. Phosphates
are found pervasively in biology, especially in the compounds derived from
phosphorylated sugars, such as DNA, RNA, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). There is
a separate article on phosphate as an anion or its salts.

Upon heating orthophosphoric acid, condensation of the phosphoric units can be induced
by driving off the water formed from condensation. When one molecule of water has
been removed for each two molecules of phosphoric acid, the result is pyrophosphoric
acid (H4P2O7). When an average of one molecule of water per phosphoric unit has been
driven off, the resulting substance is a glassy solid having an empirical formula of HPO3
and is called metaphosphoric acid.[1] Metaphosphoric acid is a singly anhydrous version
of orthophosphoic acid and is sometimes used as a water- or moisture-absorbing reagent.
Further dehydrating is very difficult, and can be accomplished only by means of an
extremely strong desiccant (and not by heating alone). It produces phosphoric anhydride,
which has an empirical formula P2O5, although an actual molecule has a chemical
formula of P4O10. Phosphoric anhydride is a solid, which is very strongly moisture-
absorbing and is used as a desiccant.

pH and composition of a phosphoric acid aqueous solution

For a given total acid concentration [A] = [H3PO4] + [H2PO4−] + [HPO42−] + [PO43−] ([A]
is the total number of moles of pure H3PO4 which have been used to prepare 1 liter of
solution) , the composition of an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid can be calculated
using the equilibrium equations associated with the three reactions described above
together with the [H+][OH−] = 10−14 relation and the electrical neutrality equation.
Possible concentrations of polyphosphoric molecules and ions is neglected. The system
may be reduced to a fifth degree equation for [H+] which can be solved numerically,
yielding:

[A] [H3PO4]/[A] [H2PO4−]/[A] [HPO42−]/[A]

pH [PO43−]/[A] (%)
(mol/L) (%) (%) (%)
1 1.08 91.7 8.29 6.20×10−6 1.60×10−17
10−1 1.62 76.1 23.9 6.20×10−5 5.55×10−16
10−2 2.25 43.1 56.9 6.20×10−4 2.33×10−14
10−3 3.05 10.6 89.3 6.20×10−3 1.48×10−12
10−4 4.01 1.30 98.6 6.19×10−2 1.34×10−10
10−5 5.00 0.133 99.3 0.612 1.30×10−8
10−6 5.97 1.34×10−2 94.5 5.50 1.11×10−6
10−7 6.74 1.80×10−3 74.5 25.5 3.02×10−5
10−10 7.00 8.24×10−4 61.7 38.3 8.18×10−5

For large acid concentrations, the solution is mainly composed of H3PO4. For [A] = 10−2,
the pH is closed to pKa1, giving an equimolar mixture of H3PO4 and H2PO4−. For [A]
below 10−3, the solution is mainly composed of H2PO4− with [HPO42−] becoming non
negligible for very dilute solutions. [PO43−] is always negligible.

Chemical reagent
Pure 75-85% aqueous solutions (the most common) are clear, colourless, odourless, non-
volatile, rather viscous, syrupy liquids, but still pourable. Phosphoric acid is very
commonly used as an aqueous solution of 85% phosphoric acid or H3PO4. Because it is a
concentrated acid, an 85% solution can be corrosive, although nontoxic when diluted.
Because of the high percentage of phosphoric acid in this reagent, at least some of the
orthophosphoric acid is condensed into polyphosphoric acids in a temperature-dependent
equilibrium, but, for the sake of labeling and simplicity, the 85% represents H3PO4 as if it
were all orthophosphoric acid. Other percentages are possible too, even above 100%,
where the phosphoric acids and water would be in an unspecified equilibrium, but the
overall elemental mole content would be considered specified. When aqueous solutions
of phosphoric acid and/or phosphate are dilute, they are in or will reach an equilibrium
after a while where practically all the phosphoric/phosphate units are in the ortho- form.

Preparation of hydrogen halides

Phosphoric acid reacts with halides to form the corresponding hydrogen halide gas
(steamy fumes are observed on warming the reaction mixture). This is a common practice
for the laboratory preparation of hydrogen halides.

NaCl(s) + H3PO4(l) → NaH2PO4(s) + HCl(g)

NaBr(s) + H3PO4(l) → NaH2PO4(s) + HBr(g)
NaI(s) + H3PO4(l) → NaH2PO4(s) + HI(g)

Rust removal

Phosphoric acid may be used by direct application to rusted iron, steel tools, or surfaces
to convert iron(III) oxide (rust) to a water-soluble phosphate compound. It is usually
available as a greenish liquid, suitable for dipping (acid bath), but is more generally used
as a component in a gel, commonly called naval jelly. It is sometimes sold under other
names, such as "rust remover" or "rust killer." As a thick gel, it may be applied to
sloping, vertical, or even overhead surfaces.
After treatment, the reddish-brown iron oxide will be converted to a black iron phosphate
compound coating that may be scrubbed off. Multiple applications of phosphoric acid
may be required to remove all rust. The resultant black compound can provide further
corrosion resistance (such protection is somewhat provided by the superficially similar
Parkerizing and blued electrochemical conversion coating processes).

Following application and removal of rust using phosphoric acid compounds, the metal
should be oiled (if to be used bare, as in a tool) or appropriately painted, by using a
multiple coat process of primer, intermediate, and finish coats.

Care must be taken to avoid acid burns of the skin and especially the eyes, but the residue
is easily diluted with water. When sufficiently diluted, it can even be nutritious to plant
life, containing the essential nutrients phosphorus and iron. It should not be directly
introduced into surface water such as creeks or into drains, however.

Processed food use

Food-grade phosphoric acid (additive E338) is used to acidify foods and beverages such
as various colas, but not without controversy regarding its health effects. It provides a
tangy or sour taste and, being a mass-produced chemical, is available cheaply and in large
quantities. The low cost and bulk availability is unlike more expensive natural seasonings
that give comparable flavors, such as citric acid which is obtainable from lemons and
limes. (However most citric acid in the food industry is not extracted from citrus fruit, but
fermented by Aspergillus niger mold from scrap molasses, waste starch hydrolysates and
phosphoric acid.)

Biological effects on bone calcium and kidney health

Phosphoric acid, used in many soft drinks (primarily cola), has been linked to lower bone
density in epidemiological studies. For example, a study[2] using dual-energy X-ray
absorptiometry rather than a questionnaire about breakage, provides reasonable evidence
to support the theory that drinking cola results in lower bone density. This study was
published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. A total of 1672 women and 1148
men were studied between 1996 and 2001. Dietary information was collected using a
food frequency questionnaire that had specific questions about the number of servings of
cola and other carbonated beverages and that also made a differentiation between regular,
caffeine-free, and diet drinks. The paper cites significant statistical evidence to show that
women who consume cola daily have lower bone density. Total phosphorus intake was
not significantly higher in daily cola consumers than in nonconsumers; however, the
calcium-to-phosphorus ratios were lower. The study also suggests that further research is
needed to confirm the findings.

On the other hand, a study funded by Pepsi suggests that low intake of phosphorus leads
to lower bone density. The study does not examine the effect of phosphoric acid, which
binds with magnesium and calcium in the digestive tract to form salts that are not
absorbed but rather studies general phosphorus intake.[3]
However, a well-controlled clinical study by Heaney and Rafferty using calcium-balance
methods found no impact of carbonated soft drinks containing phosphoric acid on
calcium excretion.[4] The study compared the impact of water, milk, and various soft
drinks (two with caffeine and two without; two with phosphoric acid and two with citric
acid) on the calcium balance of 20- to 40-year-old women who customarily consumed ~3
or more cups (680 ml) of a carbonated soft drink per day. They found that, relative to
water, only milk and the two caffeine-containing soft drinks increased urinary calcium,
and that the calcium loss associated with the caffeinated soft drink consumption was
about equal to that previously found for caffeine alone. Phosphoric acid without caffeine
had no impact on urine calcium, nor did it augment the urinary calcium loss related to
caffeine. Because studies have shown that the effect of caffeine is compensated for by
reduced calcium losses later in the day,[5] Heaney and Rafferty concluded that the net
effect of carbonated beverages – including those with caffeine and phosphoric acid - is
negligible, and that the skeletal effects of carbonated soft drink consumption are likely
due primarily to milk displacement.

Other chemicals such as caffeine (also a significant component of popular common cola
drinks) were also suspected as possible contributors to low bone density, due to the
known effect of caffeine on calciuria. One other study, involving 30 women over the
course of a week, suggests that phosphoric acid in colas has no such effect, and postulates
that caffeine has only a temporary effect, which is later reversed. The authors of this
study conclude that the skeletal effects of carbonated beverage consumption are likely
due primarily to milk displacement.[4] (Another possible confounding factor may be an
association between high soft drink consumption and sedentary lifestyle.)

Cola consumption has also been linked to chronic kidney disease and kidney stones
through medical research.[6] This study differentiated between the effects of cola
(generally contains phosphoric acid), non-cola carbonated beverages (substitute citric
acid) and coffee (control for caffeine), and found that drinking 2 or more colas per day
more than doubled the incidence of kidney disease.

Medical use

Phosphoric acid is used in dentistry and orthodontics as an etching solution, to clean and
roughen the surfaces of teeth where dental appliances or fillings will be placed.
Phosphoric acid is also an ingredient in over-the-counter anti-nausea medications that
also contain high levels of sugar (glucose and fructose). This acid is also used in many
teeth whiteners to eliminate plaque that may be on the teeth before application.

Preparation
Phosphoric acid can be prepared by three routes - the Thermal Process, the Wet Process
and the dry Kiln Process.

Thermal phosphoric acid

This very pure phosphoric acid is obtained by burning elemental phosphorus to produce
phosphorus pentoxide and dissolving the product in dilute phosphoric acid. This produces
a very pure phosphoric acid, since most impurities present in the rock have been removed
when extracting phosphorus from the rock in a furnace. The end result is food-grade,
thermal phosphoric acid; however, for critical applications, additional processing to
remove arsenic compounds may be needed.

Wet phosphoric acid

Wet process phosphoric acid is prepared by adding sulfuric acid to tricalcium phosphate
rock.

The simplified reaction is:

3 H2SO4 + Ca3(PO4)2 + 6 H2O ↔ 2 H3PO4 + 3 CaSO4.2H2O

Wet-process acid can be purified by removing fluorine to produce animal-grade

phosphoric acid, or by solvent extraction and arsenic removal to produce food-grade
phosphoric acid.

Kiln Phosphoric Acid

Kiln phosphoric acid (KPA) process technology is the most recent technology. Called the
“Improved Hard Process”,[7] this technology will both make low grade phosphate rock
reserves commercially viable and will increase the P2O5 recovery from existing phosphate
reserves. This will significantly extend the commercial viability of phosphate reserves.

Other applications
• Phosphoric acid is used as the electrolyte in phosphoric-acid fuel cells. It is also
used as an external standard for phosphorus-31 Nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR).
• Phosphoric acid is used as a cleaner by construction trades to remove mineral
deposits, cementitious smears, and hard water stains. It is also used as a chelant in
some household cleaners aimed at similar cleaning tasks.
• Hot phosphoric acid is used in microfabrication to etch silicon nitride (Si3N4). It is
highly selective in etching Si3N4 instead of SiO2, silicon dioxide. [8]
• Phosphoric acid is used as a flux by hobbyists (such as model railroaders) as an
aid to soldering.
• Phosphoric acid is also used in hydroponics pH solutions to lower the pH of
nutrient solutions. While other types of acids can be used, phosphorus is a nutrient
used by plants, especially during flowering, making phosphoric acid particularly
desirable. General Hydroponics pH Down liquid solution contains phosphoric
acid in addition to citric acid and ammonium bisulfate with buffers to maintain a
stable pH in the nutrient reservoir.
• Phosphoric acid is used as an electrolyte in copper electropolishing for burr
removal and circuit board planarization.
• Phosphoric acid is used as a pH adjuster in cosmetics and skin-care products.[9]
• Phosphoric acid is used as a chemical oxidizing agent for activated carbon
production.[10]
• Phosphoric acid is also used for High Performance Liquid Chromatography.
• Phosphoric acid can be used as an additive to stabilize acidic aqueous solutions
within a wanted and specified pH range
• Phosphoric acid is the key ingredient that gives the bite taste in widely consumed
Coca-Cola and Pepsi sodas.