Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2
3-4 SD GRADE 3-4
human body:
BONES IN
9
BOTANy:
YOUR BODY
14 ROOTS AND
STEMS.
Physics:
SOME MATERIALS
DO RETURN BUT
OTHERS DO NOT 19 28
ASTRONOMy :
32 A STAR IN THE
REVEALING A SECRET:
HEH!
experiment: CENTER OF OUR ROOTSABOVE
dissolving SOLAR SYSTEM GROUND?!
solids - liquids
23 34
SCIENCE STORY: how it works :
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3
BONES IN YOUR BODY
WHAT AM I
DREAMING?!
4
A TALL BUILDING CAN STAND
THEN... UPRIGHT BECAUSE IT IS SUPPORTED
BY A STEEL FRAME… LIKEWISE, A
HUMAN BODY IS SUPPORTED ON THE
INSIDE BY A SKELETON…
YAA,
THE NUMBER OF BONES THAT
MAKE UP AN ADULT HUMAN
SKELETON TOTALS
206 BONES...
5
E-EH, DO WE HAVE
BONES IN OUR EARS AND
NOSE TOO?
HMM.. WE MOST
CERTAINLY DO,
SAKO...
HARD BONES
SOFT BONES
JUGA TULANG RAWAN... YANG LENTUR, KARENA TERSUSUN DARI
BANYAK ZAT PEREKAT (KOLAGEN) DAN SEDIKIT ZAT KAPUR (KALSIUM).
WHILE STILL
IN YOUR MOTHER’S WOMB, OR
WHEN YOU WERE STILL A BABY…
YOU HAD MANY SOFT BONES IN AS YOU GROW OLDER... MANY OF THE
YOUR BODY. SOFT BONES BECOME HARDER… AND
OVER TIME THEY TURN INTO
HARD BONES.
6
APART FROM GIVING SHAPE AND
SUPPORT TO THE BODY SO
THAT WE CAN STAND UPRIGHT …
WHAT ELSE DOES THE
SKELETON DO FOR US?
IT PROTECTS Protects
IMPORTANT PARTS INSIDE brain
THE BODY...
Protects:
heart,
lungs, liver, Protects eyes
intestines,
kidney
IT IS ALSO A PLACE FOR THE MUSCLES TO ATTACH THEMSELVES TO.... IF THE MUSCLES ARE NOT
SUPPORTED BY A SKELETON, THEY WILL JUST RESEMBLE A MASS OF FLESH.
YIKES, TERRIBLE!
7
COORDINATION BETWEEN
THE BODY SKELETON AND THE
MUSCLES, ALLOWS US TO MOVE
IN MANY WAYS .
Hard Bone
Soft bone
THE BONES OF OUR SKELETON
AFFECTS OUR GROWTH.
THE SOFT BONES BECOME HARD ... THEN
THE BONES GET LONGER... THIS MAKES
YOUR BODY GROW TALLER.
WAAAAH... GREEEAT!!
HMM, SAKO... I HAVE THANKS A LOT
A GIFT FOR YOU! DOKTRA!
8
ROOTS AND STEMS
TROY is always busy working on something ... WHAT IS HE UP
TO NOW ?! Oh oh... HE’S DESTROYING the GARDEN ?!
ARGGHHH...!!
OH NO... ! WHATARE
YOU DOING,
TROY ??
HU-UUH...
I THOUGHT I COULD GET SOME
CASSAVA AND POTATOES FROM
THOSE PLANTS! BUT,
TROY, TROY... FIRST OF ALL YOU MUST
WHERE... WHERE?!
KNOW WHAT CASSAVA AND POTATO
THERE’S NOTHING HERE!!
PLANTS LOOK LIKE... NOT ALL ROOTS
ARE LIKE CASSAVA ROOTS... AND NOT
WHAT’S ALL THE NOISE ALL STEMS ARE LIKE POTATO STEMS!
ABOUT?! HMM.. MAYBE
I’M DREAMING, YA... !
9
THE MAIN FUNCTION OF
THE ROOT IS TO ANCHOR THE PLANT IN THE
GROUND, AND ABSORb NUTRIENTS (WATER
aND mineralS)... APART FROM THAT, IN
SEVERAL PLANTS, THE ROOT FUNCTIONS AS A
STORAGE PLACE FOR NUTRIENTS… OR It can
be USED FOR REPRODUCTION.
10
XYLEM PHLOEM
THERE ARE TWO MAIN EPIDERMIS
KINDS OF ROOTS; TAP
ROOTS ON DICOT* PLANTS
AND DIFFUSE ROOTS ON
MONOCOT* PLANTS
DIFFUSE ROOT
Epidermis
Cortex
Endodermis
Pericycle
Root Pith
Xylem
Phloem
Root Hairs
EXAMPLES:
11
IN GENERAL THERE ARE TWO
KINDS OF STEMS... STEMS THAT
CONTAIN WOOD / CAMBIUM AND
STEMS THAT DO NOT CONTAIN
CAMBIUM.
Growth rings
Inner bark
Outer bark
Air
passages XYLEM
Epiderm
PHLOEM
12
a-AAh... IT’S EH FLO... IS THIS
almost A ROOT OR A OH… THESE ARE
FINISHED!! STEM, HEH?! CALLED AERIAL ROOTS. APART
FROM ON THIS BANYAN TREE,
YOU CAN ALSO SEE AERIAL
ROOTS ON ORCHID PLANTS.
ARE USED TO HELP SUPPORT THE TREE TO PLANTS WITH AERATING ROOTS, HELP TO EXCHANGE
STAND UPRIGHT. THE AIR NEEDED BY THE PLANT.
example : example:
PANDAN TREE RED MANGROVE TREE WHITE MANGROVE TREE ORCHID PLANT
OH HEMMM...
I JUST HAD A STRANGE DREAM, YOU
KNOW... EARLIER, THIS GARDEN WAS A
MESS! ALL THE PLANTS WERE PULLED UP!
FORTUNATELY, EVERYTHING
IS ALRIGHT NOW THOUGH!
13
“SOME MATERIALS RETURN
BUT OTHERS DO NOT”
spending spare time experimenting, is not unUSUAL For FIDEL
aNd hER friends… it seems that they never run out of ideas.
SO WHAT ARE THEY DOING THIS AFTERNOON?… THE BACK YARD OF FIDEL’S HOUSE
IS FILLED WITH LOTS OF EQUIPMENT! THERE ARE DIFFERENT SIZED PAILS, SMALL
BOWLS HOLDING DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOUR. SEVERAL BOTTLES AND CANS FILLED
WITH LIQUIDs… they are ALL laid out ON THE LONG TABLE...
14
HMM... I WILL START BY DISSOLVING BAKING SODA,
FOOD SEASONING (MSG), SALT AND SUGAR
iNTO A GLASS OF WATER…
shortly afterwards...
16
… HMM… several other materials
need a longER time to dissolve in
water! for example, … lollipops…
or palm sugar.
17
… THE SAME HAPPENS WITH SUGAR
SOLUTION, FLOUR SOLUTION,
MILK POWDER SOLUTION, OR
ORANGE ESSENCE POWDER
SOLUTION...
GOOD !!
NOW YOU CAN PROVE FOR
hmm, APART FROM WATER, IT YOURSELF… THAT SOME SOLID
SEEMSTHAT YOU HAVE ALSO MILK POWDER,
MATERIALS THAT DISSOLVE IN
PREPARED SEVERAL OTHER SUGAR, OR FLOUR, mIGHT
WATER, MIGHT NOT DISSOLVE IN
LIQUIDS, yaa... ?! DISSOLVE In WATER.. BUT, WOULD
OTHER KINDS OF LIQUIDS…
THEY ALSO DISSOLVE IN PETROL
OR COOKING OIL...?!
18
“THE STAR IN THE CENTRE
OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM”
ONE BRIGHT TWILIGHT EVENING THE TOPIC OF DISCUSSION TURNED TO
PLANET VENUS… A BEAUTIFUL PLANET THAT IS OFTEN
Venus
WRONGLY IDENTIFIED AS A STAR.
(PEOPLE OFTEN USE THE TERMS ‘’EVENING’’ STAR OR ‘’MORNING’’ STAR!)
PFFH… just because it looks like a star, it does not mean that it is a
star, LHO… just look at its glow! it’s not twinkling, YOU SEE?! NAH, that
shows that ITS light does not come from within itself! like the moon,
venus also reflects light it receives from the sun…
Sun
As a twinkling star As seen from Earth Image seen from the edge
of the Solar System
19
Solar SySTEM…?! HMM… it is called a sysTEM, because
why is it called a the solar system comprises OF layers
SySTEM, huh?! of celestial object groupINGS that
regularly interact with each other…
So that they create a complete
coordinated system!
Sun as centre
hmm…
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM,
THE SUN IS THE CENTER!
Solar System
20
… meanwhile, the second group is called ” Jovian planetS”,
because in terms of size and composition
THE PLANETS resemble planet jupiter....
Bu s s
ut us
us
nu riu
n
s
r
rn
Ve rku
te
nu
tu
s
o
M i
Ce s
m
re
tu
pi
ep
ar
is
ra
e
Sa
Ju
Er
Pl
M
N
U
Asteroid
Sabuk
Planet Planet
Kebumian Jovian
A collection of Asteroids randomly racing The groups of inner planets and the outer planets
to form the Asteroid belt.
Planet
… dwarf planets in the solar system include : Planet Kerdil
ceres, pluto, Eris (the new name for xena) or
commonly called 2003 UB313… Image of a group of Planets and Dwarf
Planets in the Solar System
Ceres
(planet kerdil)
21
nah, all PARTS ofthe solar system follow their
own PATH OF ORBIT called AN “orbit”! IT IS A Pluto
FACT THAT they all orbit around the central
Neptune
body, WHICH is THE “sun”, the center of our
solar system… Uranus
Saturn
Sun Mercury
Jupiter
… And of course those
satellites are also parts
Ganymede Callisto of the SOLAR SYSTEM…
Io Europa
Neptune
Saturn and some of its Uranus and its Neptune and Titan,
satellites satellites its satellite
TEXT: Bhak’s Illustrator: adam Designer: Gatut Editor: GST.
22
GALILEO GALILEI
one bright afternoon... Hmm, there ARE PEOPLE in the garden
relaxingand discussing science...
23
nAah, now do you
then believe it ?!
THAT’S STRANGE,
ya?!
Galileo Galilei
24
pisa?!
where there
is the leaning
MMHHH...
tower, yaa?!
GALILEO GALILEI was born t’s right! that
on 15 FEBRUARy 1564, in the tower is also
city of PISA, ITALy... called the tower
of pisa...
Menara
Pisa
An experiment
on ‘free falling motion’
at the Tower of Pisa
oh, there
were lots…
hey included
the pendulum
clock, sextant*,
thermometer…
25
after the telescope was
perfected by galileo,
the world of astronomy
developed in leaps and
bounds!
developed fast?!
like what?
heeeh... really?!
he couldn’t
because society did not express his
support galileo’s heliocentic opinion?!
theory, he was isolated
by society... he was even
imprisoned for his work...
in the past,
stating an opinion that opposed
public beliefs could be seen as an act
of heresy! scientists of those times
were often treated unjustly.
26
in simple terms,
in his old age, the law of motion or the
galileo put forward the basic principle of inertia, can
principle of relativity be described as...
or the law of motion.
law of
motion?!
what’s that?!
27
HEH! ROOTS ABOVE GROUND?!
Aluna and Miranda SPEND THE last day of their holidays at the mangrove
swamp ... because aluna really wants to see mangrove trees!
SEE, aluna!
there they are, those
are called
mangrove trees!
THAT’S STRANGE! kok,
the trunk spreads
out at the bottom,
mir ?!
hi-hi-hi! THAT IS
NOT THE TRUNK, florie said THAT roots
THOSE ARE ROOTS! WHICH grow at the base above
the ground and then spread
out in every direction are
called prop roots *
hmmm...
THOSE KIND OF ROOTS MAKE
THE PLANTS STRONGER, ya!
THAT WAY THEY CANNOT BE SO
EASILY SWEPT AWAY
BY THE WATER ...
28
DO YOU KNOW WHY THE ROOTS
SPREAD OVER THE SURFACE LIKE
nah, WHATABOUT THIS one?! THAT ?!
the stems spread all over the
surface like that?!
DO YOU KNOW WHY THE IT’S BECAUSE THE SUPPLY OF OXYGEN IN THE SWAMP
ROOTS SPREAD OVER THE LAND IS SO lITTLE ... SO THE ROOT OF THE MANGROVE
SURFACE LIKE THAT ?! TREE GROWS NEW ROOTS THAT SPREAD UP AND OVER THE
SURFACE TO ABSORB OXYGEN.
Aerating roots
Main Roots
29
BETEL anD WEEDS HAVE
DIFFERENT KINDS OF
ROOT, YOU KNOW, lho! Stalk of betel
leaf stem
HE BETEL ROOT grows
OUT OF THE STEM
NODES AND sticks
TO the STEM of A
host pLANT ... ROOTS
LIKE THIS ARE CALLED Parasitic
aerial roots root
Tali putri is a parasite plant! the root does not only stick
to the host plant but it also siphons nutrients from the
stem of the plant that it is living off.
roots like these are called parasitic roots
Parasitic
weed
(Cuscuta)
Host plant
(main plant)
Parasitic root intrudes
Parastic root on the into the stem of the
weed’s stem principal plant
30
e-eh, mir! wHATABOUT TREE HH, YOU MEAN THE ROOTS ABOVE SURFACE THAT CAN BE
ROOTS THAT LOOK LIKE BOARDS SEEN ON LARGE TREES, YA?! ROOTS LIKE THESE ARE CALLED
ON THE SURFACE OF EARTH WHAT butTress ROOTS. buTtress ROOTS ARE USED TO support
ARE THEY CALLED? the tree’S growth, SO THAT THE TREE CAN GROW UPRIGHT
rigggght!
31
DISSOLVING SOLIDS - LIQUID
Yang kalian butuhkan:
stirrer
enought
water
stove
What to do
30
32
3. Put a few spoonfuls of sand into
another container (used tin can).
Mix with a little water, and stir.
Then, heat the container of sand
and water on top of the stove
until the water evaporates. 3
(picture 3)
SUGAR
Returns to its original solid
state but it changes into caramel
5. Apart from salt, sugar and sand,
you can also try other solid materials.
For instance, use wheat flour, rice flour,
corn flour (maizena), tapioca, etc.
Observe how each of the materials
reacts in a different way.
SALT
Returns to its
original state
ATTENTION!!!
Because these experiments use heat, ask help from adults for supervision or
assistance. If possible, it is better to do the experiment outside!t
Explanation:
Some solid objects can dissolve in water, but others cannot dissolve! Salt and sugar
do dissolve in water, however sand does not dissolve in water… to dissolve in water
means, to melt/disintegrate luluh/ lebur and become one with the water,
so that it disappears from view.
Even still, we can restore salt or sugar that has been dissolved in water (even though
it may not resemble its original state) by heating it on a stove until all the water
completely evaporates!
PARENTAL
31
33 ADVISORY
From sawdust
to boards
one morning by the edge of the forest... our friends are enjoying the fresh air
of the tropical forest… amongst the foliage and the twittering birds... HMM, it’s
hard to find an atmosphere that can match that...
wUAAH, i just
realised... FIDEL is a HMM, we can enjoy these
clever poet too… conditions anytime, if we
yaA... who would are clever about preserving
have believed that our forest environment
the tomboy could from acts of irresponsible
be like that… destruction...
34
destroying the
forest?! do you mean actually, it’s alright to cut
by cutting down down trees… as long as it is
the trees?! done correctly and responsibly!
because, we can use the processed
iya, i also hate to see wood for many of our needs.
the forest trees being
cut down.
7 6 5
Pressed Molded Mixed with
Multiplex wood board Polyplex wood board resin
35
hmm...
so they have a
the recently cut tree trunks are sent to
machine to peel the
the wood processing factory in the form of logs...
bark, yaa...?!
at the factory, the first step is to separate
the tree bark from the trunks with a peeling machine.
then, in the big container the flakes are dried with the help
of a drying machine.
the wood flakes must be dried to ensure the final quality of the board…
because wet and damp wood will cause the board to disintegrate easily
and become a nest for wood lice…
36
the next step is to mix the sawdust with a resin in a mixer machine…
this process takes quite a long time because the materials
must mix together evenly.
after mixing?
and then?!
37
where are
they sold?
Well,
OBVIOUSLY
THEY ARE sold
to wood
furniture-
making
businesses..
or to building
construction
material
stores!
Processing polyplex wood boards at
the furniture-making factory
yes,
to preserve our forests, it …like this
would be good if we replant forest…!!!
the forest land with new
trees...
38
EVALUATION
L E V E L
2 GRADE 3-4
a. upper limbs
b. upper arm
c. upper arm bones
d. upper limb bones
2. The number of bones in a human hand is not the same as the number of bones
in the chest. In the human body a total of 206 bones can be found in ...
a.The chest bone
b.The limb bones
c.A baby’s skeleton
d.An adult’s skeleton
1
4. The human bone in the picture below is...
a. shin bone c. thigh bone
b.calf bone d. upper arm bone
5. The picture below shows the shape of the spinal cord bone!
2
11. The human body’s growth is affected by …
a.the growth of bones
b.the growth of flesh
c.the growth of muscles
d.the growth of nerves
14. The plants that store food reserves in their roots are…
a.peanuts
b.green beans
c.cucumbers
d.carrots
a.sugar cane
b.grass
c.paddy rice
d.answers a, b, and c are correct
3
17. Which of the following groups is from the dicotyl seed group…
a.corn, orange seeds, peanuts
b.corn, peanuts, green beans
c.peanuts, jambu seeds, durian seeds
d.green beans, jambu seeds, areca nut
18. Amongst these plants, the one which has aerating roots is …
a.beringin tree
b.coconut tree
c.banana tree
d.durian tree
19. Aerating roots are found on several types of plants.
An example of a plant that has aerating roots is …
a.orchid
b.cassava
c.fir tree
d.answers a, b, and c are correct
20. Which plant has aerating roots that grow up from under the ground….
a.Green coconut tree
b.Kopyor coconut tree
c.Mangrove tree
d.Pandan plant
21. Look at the picture below:
4
22. vBelow is a picture of the mangrove tree called api-api.
What is the name of the part pointed to?
a.bud
b.prop root
c.taproot
d.aerating root
23. One type of root is called a parasitic root.
The plant that has parasitic roots is….
a.Beringin c. tali putri weed
b.betel nut plant d. mangrove
24. Look at the picture below.
5
26. One spoonful of salt is dissolved in half a glass of water.
After that the salt water is heated in a pan on the stove.
What happens to the salt solution?
a.salt will be on the surface of the hot water
b.salt will be in the middle of the hot water
c.salt will evaporate with the water
d.salt will remain in the pan after the water has evaporated.
27. A block of salt is put into water.
What can we do to the water to make the salt dissolve faster?
a.heat it
b.blow on it
c.cool it
d.answers a , b, and c are correct
28. An important part of a bicycle is the brake.
What happens when we brake is...
6
31. In the sky is a star whose energy gives life to earth.
What is the name of that star?
a.Alfa century c. sun
b.morning star d. eastern star
32. Below is diagram of the planets in the Solar system.
7
36. Look at the picture !
What is the name of the celestial object the finger is pointing at in the picture?
a.Comet c. Mars
b.Venus d. Jupiter
37. Which of the celestial objects below is a dwarf planet?
a. Mercury c. Asteroid
b. Moon d. Pluto
38. The moon can be seen
in the sky at night and
in the day. Another name
for the moon is…
a. asteroid
b. meteorid
c. meteoroid
d. satellite
39. The orbit of Planet Venus is less than the orbit of Planet Mars.
The meaning of the planet’s orbit is ….
a. The weight of the planet c. The path of the planet’s orbit
b.The size of the planet d. The light that is reflected by the planet
40. Galileo Galilei conducted an experiment on ‘free falling objects’
from a high place. The name of the place is….
a.Leaning Tower of Pisa c. Eiffel Tower
b.Peak of Mount Everest d. Statue of Liberty